3
ἀφροσύνη ἀνδρὸς λυμαίνεται τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ τὸν δὲ θεὸν αἰτιᾶται τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ
A man’s folly ruins his ways, but in his heart he blames God.
The saying turns misplaced blame back on the sinner: folly wrecks a path and then accuses God for the wreckage.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀφροσύνηfollyN1 NSF · ἀφροσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀφροσύνη: meaning 'folly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λυμαίνεταιruinsV1 PMI3S · λυμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλυμαίνω: meaning 'ruins'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αἰτιᾶταιαἰτιᾶταιV3 PMI3S · αἰτιάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἰτιάομαι: meaning 'αἰτιᾶται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
πλοῦτος προστίθησιν φίλους πολλούς ὁ δὲ πτωχὸς καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑπάρχοντος φίλου λείπεται
Wealth adds many friends, but the poor man is abandoned even by the friend he already has.
Social attachments multiply around wealth, while poverty exposes how conditional many friendships are.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
πλοῦτοςwealthN2 NSM · πλοῦτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλοῦτος: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
προστίθησινaddsV7 PAI3S · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτίθημι + προς: meaning 'adds'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλουςfriendsA1 APM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολλούςmanyA1 APM · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτωχὸςpoorN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπάρχοντοςexistingV1 · παπγσμ ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'existing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλουfriendA1 GSM · φίλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λείπεταιis left behindV1 PMI3S · λείπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλείπω: meaning 'is left behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
μάρτυς ψευδὴς οὐκ ἀτιμώρητος ἔσται ὁ δὲ ἐγκαλῶν ἀδίκως οὐ διαφεύξεται
A false witness will not be unpunished, and the one who accuses unjustly will not escape.
The chapter returns repeatedly to the theme that false testimony inevitably meets judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μάρτυςwitnessN3 NSM · μάρτυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψευδὴςfalseA3H NSM · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτιμώρητοςunpunishedA1B NSM · ἀτιμώρητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀτιμώρητος: meaning 'unpunished'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκαλῶνbringing accusationV2 · παπνσμ καλέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ καλέω + ἐν: meaning 'bringing accusation'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδίκωςunjustlyD · ἀδίκωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἀδίκως: meaning 'unjustly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαφεύξεταιshall escapeVF FMI3S · φεύγω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφεύγω + δια: meaning 'shall escape'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
πολλοὶ θεραπεύουσιν πρόσωπα βασιλέων πᾶς δὲ ὁ κακὸς γίνεται ὄνειδος ἀνδρί
Many court the faces of kings, but every evil man becomes a reproach to another man.
Royal favor attracts many suitors, but wickedness makes a person socially shameful rather than honorable.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θεραπεύουσινcourtV1 PAI3P · θεραπεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processθεραπεύω: meaning 'court'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόσωπαfacesN2N APN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'faces'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βασιλέωνof kingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'of kings'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πᾶςeveryA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακὸςevil manA1 NSM · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evil man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γίνεταιbecomesV1 PMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'becomes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὄνειδοςa reproachN3E NSN · ὄνειδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνειδος: meaning 'a reproach'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρίmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
7
πᾶς ὃς ἀδελφὸν πτωχὸν μισεῖ καὶ φιλίας μακρὰν ἔσται ἔννοια ἀγαθὴ τοῖς εἰδόσιν αὐτὴν ἐγγιεῖ ἀνὴρ δὲ φρόνιμος εὑρήσει αὐτήν ὁ πολλὰ κακοποιῶν τελεσιουργεῖ κακίαν ὃς δὲ ἐρεθίζει λόγους οὐ σωθήσεται
Everyone who hates a poor brother will also keep friendships far away; a good thought will draw near to those who know it, and a prudent man will find it. The one who does much evil perfects wickedness, but the one who provokes words will not be saved.
The proverb moves from the social abandonment of the poor into a wider reflection on good sense, prudence, and the self-propagating force of wicked behavior.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
πᾶςeveryA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherN2 ASM · ἀδελφόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πτωχὸνneedy / poor manN2 ASM · πτωχόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'needy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μισεῖhatingV2 PAI3S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμισέω: meaning 'hating'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιλίαςfriendshipsN1A APF · φιλίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφιλία: meaning 'friendships'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μακρὰνfar awayD · μακράνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακρὰν: meaning 'far away'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔννοιαthoughtN1A NSF · ἔννοιαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔννοια: meaning 'thought'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγαθὴgoodA1 NSF · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςto thoseRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰδόσινknowingVX · χαπδπμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπδπμ ὁράω: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγγιεῖcome nearVF2 FAI3S · ἐγγίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐγγίζω: meaning 'come near'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρόνιμοςwiseA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὑρήσειwill findVF FAI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'will find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολλὰmuchA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακοποιῶνdo evil / harmV2 · παπνσμ κακοποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κακοποιέω: meaning 'do evil'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τελεσιουργεῖperfectsV2 PAI3S · τελεσιουργέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτελεσιουργέω: meaning 'perfects'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακίανevilN1A ASF · κακίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακία: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεθίζειprovokesV1 PAI3S · ἐρεθίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐρεθίζω: meaning 'provokes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σωθήσεταιshall be savedVC FPI3S · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσώζω: meaning 'shall be saved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
ὁ κτώμενος φρόνησιν ἀγαπᾷ ἑαυτόν ὃς δὲ φυλάσσει φρόνησιν εὑρήσει ἀγαθά
The one who acquires prudence loves himself, and the one who keeps prudence will find good things.
Prudence is framed not as abstraction but as a form of self-love that leads into tangible good.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτώμενοςacquiringV3 · πμπνσμ κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ κτάομαι: meaning 'acquiring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φρόνησινprudenceN3I ASF · φρόνησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφρόνησις: meaning 'prudence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀγαπᾷlovesV3 PAI3S · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀγαπάω: meaning 'loves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτόνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτόν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάσσειkeepsV1 PAI3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω: meaning 'keeps'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φρόνησινprudenceN3I ASF · φρόνησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφρόνησις: meaning 'prudence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὑρήσειwill findVF FAI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'will find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθάgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
μάρτυς ψευδὴς οὐκ ἀτιμώρητος ἔσται ὃς δ' ἂν ἐκκαύσῃ κακίαν ἀπολεῖται ὑπ' αὐτῆς
A false witness will not be unpunished, and the one who kindles evil will perish by it.
The false witness motif is sharpened by showing evil as something that consumes its own kindler.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μάρτυςwitnessN3 NSM · μάρτυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψευδὴςfalseA3H NSM · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτιμώρητοςunpunishedA1B NSM · ἀτιμώρητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀτιμώρητος: meaning 'unpunished'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δ'butX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκαύσῃkindlesVF FMI2S · καύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαύω + ἐκ: meaning 'kindles'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακίανevilN1A ASF · κακίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακία: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπολεῖταιshall perishVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'shall perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπ'byP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπ': meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
οὐ συμφέρει ἄφρονι τρυφή καὶ ἐὰν οἰκέτης ἄρξηται μεθ' ὕβρεως δυναστεύειν
Luxury is not fitting for a fool, especially if a servant begins to rule with insolence.
The proverb rejects social and moral inversions in which folly or servile arrogance seize honors they cannot bear.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμφέρειbe advantageousV1 PAI3S · φέρω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφέρω + συν: meaning 'be advantageous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄφρονιfor a foolA3N DSM · ἄφρωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄφρων: meaning 'for a fool'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τρυφήluxuryN1 NSF · τρυφήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρυφή: meaning 'luxury'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκέτηςservantN1M NSM · οἰκέτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκέτης: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄρξηταιbeginsVA AMS3S · ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἄρχω: meaning 'begins'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεθ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὕβρεωςinsolenceN3I GSF · ὕβριςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕβρις: meaning 'insolence'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δυναστεύεινto lord it overV1 PAN · δυναστεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementδυναστεύω: meaning 'to lord it over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
11
ἐλεήμων ἀνὴρ μακροθυμεῖ τὸ δὲ καύχημα αὐτοῦ ἐπέρχεται παρανόμοις
A merciful man is patient, but his boast comes upon lawless men.
Merciful patience is contrasted with lawless pride, suggesting that true glory comes through restrained compassion.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐλεήμωνmercifulA3N NSM · ἐλεήμωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλεήμων: meaning 'merciful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μακροθυμεῖis patientV2 PAI3S · μακροθυμέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμακροθυμέω: meaning 'is patient'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καύχημαboast / gloryingN3M NSN · καύχημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαύχημα: meaning 'boast'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπέρχεταιcomes uponV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'comes upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρανόμοιςlawless menA1B DPM · παράνομοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless men'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
12
βασιλέως ἀπειλὴ ὁμοία βρυγμῷ λέοντος ὥσπερ δὲ δρόσος ἐπὶ χόρτῳ οὕτως τὸ ἱλαρὸν αὐτοῦ
The king’s threat is like the roaring of a lion, but as dew upon grass so is his cheerfulness.
Royal displeasure is dangerous like a beast, but royal favor refreshes like dew.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
βασιλέωςof a kingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'of a king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπειλὴthreatN1 NSF · ἀπειλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπειλή: meaning 'threat'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁμοίαlikeA1A NSF · ὅμοιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅμοιος: meaning 'like'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βρυγμῷroaringN2 DSM · βρυγμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβρυγμός: meaning 'roaring'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λέοντοςof a lionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'of a lion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δρόσοςdewN2 NSF · δρόσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδρόσος: meaning 'dew'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χόρτῳgrassN2 DSM · χόρτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχόρτος: meaning 'grass'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλαρὸνἱλαρόςA1A NSN · ἱλαρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱλαρός: meaning 'ἱλαρός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
αἰσχύνη πατρὶ υἱὸς ἄφρων καὶ οὐχ ἁγναὶ εὐχαὶ ἀπὸ μισθώματος ἑταίρας
A foolish son is a shame to his father, and prayers from the wages of a courtesan are not pure.
Family disgrace and tainted offerings are placed side by side as forms of corruption that shame the household.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
αἰσχύνηshameN1 NSF · αἰσχύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰσχύνη: meaning 'shame'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πατρὶto a fatherN3 DSM · πατήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπατήρ: meaning 'to a father'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρωνfoolishA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγναὶpureA1 NPF · ἁγνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἁγνός: meaning 'pure'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐχαὶprayersN1 NPF · εὐχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐχή: meaning 'prayers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μισθώματοςwagesN3M GSN · μίσθωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμίσθωμα: meaning 'wages'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἑταίραςof a courtesanN1A GSF · ἑταίραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἑταίρα: meaning 'of a courtesan'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
14
οἶκον καὶ ὕπαρξιν μερίζουσιν πατέρες παισίν παρὰ δὲ θεοῦ ἁρμόζεται γυνὴ ἀνδρί
House and property fathers divide to children, but from God a wife is fitted to a husband.
Some goods are inherited from human parents, but a fitting spouse is marked out as a gift ordered by God.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕπαρξινpropertyN3I ASF · ὕπαρξιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕπαρξις: meaning 'property'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μερίζουσινdivideV1 PAI3P · μερίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμερίζω: meaning 'divide'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παισίνto childrenN3D DPM · παῖςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπαῖς: meaning 'to children'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἁρμόζεταιis fittedV1 PMI3S · ἁρμόζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἁρμόζω: meaning 'is fitted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γυνὴwifeN3K NSF · γυνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρίmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
15
δειλία κατέχει ἀνδρογύναιον ψυχὴ δὲ ἀεργοῦ πεινάσει
Cowardice seizes an effeminate man, but the soul of the idle will hunger.
The proverb links moral weakness and laziness to deprivation rather than rest.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
δειλίαcowardiceN1A NSF · δειλίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδειλία: meaning 'cowardice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατέχειtakes hold ofV1 PAI3S · ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω + κατα: meaning 'takes hold of'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνδρογύναιονan effeminate manA1B ASM · ἀνδρογύναιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνδρογύναιος: meaning 'an effeminate man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ψυχὴsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀεργοῦidle manA1B GSM · ἀεργόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀεργός: meaning 'idle man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πεινάσειwill hungerVF FAI3S · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπεινάω: meaning 'will hunger'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
ὃς φυλάσσει ἐντολήν τηρεῖ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ψυχήν ὁ δὲ καταφρονῶν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ὁδῶν ἀπολεῖται
Whoever keeps a commandment guards his own soul, but the one who despises his own ways shall perish.
Obedience preserves life, whereas contempt for one’s own way proves self-destructive.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φυλάσσειkeepsV1 PAI3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω: meaning 'keeps'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐντολήνcommandmentN1 ASF · ἐντολήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐντολή: meaning 'commandment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τηρεῖguardsV2 PAI3S · τηρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτηρέω: meaning 'guards'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ψυχήνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφρονῶνdespisingV2 · παπνσμ φρονέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φρονέω + κατα: meaning 'despising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁδῶνwaysN2 GPF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπολεῖταιshall perishVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'shall perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
δανίζει θεῷ ὁ ἐλεῶν πτωχόν κατὰ δὲ τὸ δόμα αὐτοῦ ἀνταποδώσει αὐτῷ
The one who has mercy on a poor man lends to God, and according to his gift he will repay him.
Mercy to the poor is treated as a loan made to God himself, with divine repayment assured.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
δανίζειlendsV1 PAI3S · δανείζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδανείζω: meaning 'lends'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεῷto GodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'to God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλεῶνshowing mercy toV2 · παπνσμ ἐλεέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἐλεέω: meaning 'showing mercy to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτωχόνa poor manN2 ASM · πτωχόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'a poor man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόμαas a giftN3M ASN · δόμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδόμα: meaning 'as a gift'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνταποδώσειwill repayVF FAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'will repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
παίδευε υἱόν σου οὕτως γὰρ ἔσται εὔελπις εἰς δὲ ὕβριν μὴ ἐπαίρου τῇ ψυχῇ σου
Discipline your son, for thus he will be hopeful; but do not let your soul be lifted up to insolence.
Parental correction is hopeful when measured and purposeful, but it must not turn into prideful exasperation.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
παίδευεdisciplineV1 PAD2S · παιδεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαιδεύω: meaning 'discipline'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
υἱόνyour sonN2 ASM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'your son'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εὔελπιςwell-hopedN3I NSF · εὔελπιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὔελπις: meaning 'well-hoped'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςtowardP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕβρινinsolenceN3I ASF · ὕβριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕβρις: meaning 'insolence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπαίρουbe lifted upV1 PMD2S · αἴρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαἴρω + ἐπι: meaning 'be lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
19
κακόφρων ἀνὴρ πολλὰ ζημιωθήσεται ἐὰν δὲ λοιμεύηται καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ προσθήσει
An ill-tempered man will suffer many losses, and if he acts pestilently he will add to the ruin of his own life.
Unruled temperament multiplies its own losses and deepens its own damage.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
κακόφρωνill-temperedA3N NSM · κακόφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακόφρων: meaning 'ill-tempered'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολλὰmuchA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ζημιωθήσεταιwill suffer lossVC FPI3S · ζημιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζημιόω: meaning 'will suffer loss'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λοιμεύηταιacts pestilentlyV1 PPS3S · λοιμεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλοιμεύομαι: meaning 'acts pestilently'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
προσθήσειwill addVF FAI3S · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι + προς: meaning 'will add'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
20
ἄκουε υἱέ παιδείαν πατρός σου ἵνα σοφὸς γένῃ ἐπ' ἐσχάτων σου
Listen, son, to your father’s instruction, so that you may become wise at your latter end.
The filial address resumes the chapter’s pedagogical thread by directing the son toward wisdom’s end.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἄκουεlistenV1 PAD2S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'listen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
παιδείανinstructionN1A ASF · παιδείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'instruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πατρόςof your fatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'of your father'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφὸςskilled / wiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'skilled'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γένῃbelongVB AMS2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγίγνομαι: meaning 'belong'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'atP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐσχάτωνthe lastA1 GPM · ἔσχατοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔσχατος: meaning 'the last'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
21
πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα μένει
Many are the plans in a man’s heart, but the counsel of the Lord remains forever.
Human plans are many, but only the Lord’s counsel has enduring permanence.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λογισμοὶreasonN2 NPM · λογισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλογισμός: meaning 'reason'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνδρόςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βουλὴcounselN1 NSF · βουλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςtowardP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναageN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μένειremainsV1 PAI3S · μένωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμένω: meaning 'remains'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
22
καρπὸς ἀνδρὶ ἐλεημοσύνη κρείσσων δὲ πτωχὸς δίκαιος ἢ πλούσιος ψεύστης
Mercy is a fruit for a man; better is a poor righteous man than a rich liar.
Mercy is treated as a man’s true yield, and righteous poverty is preferred to prosperous falsehood.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καρπὸςfruitN2 NSM · καρπόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρπός: meaning 'fruit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὶmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐλεημοσύνηalmsgiving / mercyN1 NSF · ἐλεημοσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλεημοσύνη: meaning 'almsgiving'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτωχὸςpoorN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δίκαιοςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢthanC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλούσιοςthe richA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλούσιος: meaning 'the rich'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψεύστηςliarN1M NSM · ψεύστηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψεύστης: meaning 'liar'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
23
φόβος κυρίου εἰς ζωὴν ἀνδρί ὁ δὲ ἄφοβος αὐλισθήσεται ἐν τόποις οὗ οὐκ ἐπισκοπεῖται γνῶσις
The fear of the Lord is for life to a man, but the fearless man will lodge in places where knowledge is not visited.
The fear of the Lord gives life and settled security, while fearlessness without reverence leaves a person outside true knowledge.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςtowardP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ζωὴνlifeN1 ASF · ζωήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνδρίmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφοβοςfearlessA1B NSM · ἄφοβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφοβος: meaning 'fearless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐλισθήσεταιwill lodgeVS FPI3S · αὐλίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαὐλίζω: meaning 'will lodge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τόποιςplacesN2 DPM · τόποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'places'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπισκοπεῖταιis visitedV2 PMI3S · σκοπέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processσκοπέω + ἐπι: meaning 'is visited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνῶσιςknowledge / discernmentN3I NSF · γνῶσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
24
ὁ ἐγκρύπτων εἰς τὸν κόλπον αὐτοῦ χεῖρας ἀδίκως οὐδὲ τῷ στόματι οὐ μὴ προσαγάγῃ αὐτάς
The one who hides his hands unjustly in his bosom will not even bring them up to his mouth.
The image mocks sloth and injustice so extreme that even self-feeding action is withheld.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγκρύπτωνhidingV1 · παπνσμ κρύπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κρύπτω + ἐν: meaning 'hiding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςtowardP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόλπονbosomN2 ASM · κόλποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόλπος: meaning 'bosom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀδίκωςunjustlyD · ἀδίκωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἀδίκως: meaning 'unjustly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδὲnot evenC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'not even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσαγάγῃbringVB AAS3S · ἄγω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἄγω + προς: meaning 'bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάςthemRD APF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτάς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
25
λοιμοῦ μαστιγουμένου ἄφρων πανουργότερος γίνεται ἐὰν δὲ ἐλέγχῃς ἄνδρα φρόνιμον νοήσει αἴσθησιν
When a pestilent man is flogged, a fool becomes more shrewd; but if you rebuke a prudent man, he will understand perception.
Punishment may sharpen a fool somewhat, but wise correction properly received yields genuine understanding in the prudent.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
λοιμοῦof a pestilent manA1B GSM · λοιμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλοιμός: meaning 'of a pestilent man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μαστιγουμένουbeing floggedV4 · πμπγσμ μαστιγόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσμ μαστιγόω: meaning 'being flogged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄφρωνfoolishA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πανουργότεροςmore shrewdA1B NSMC · πανοῦργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπανοῦργος: meaning 'more shrewd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γίνεταιbecomesV1 PMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'becomes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέγχῃςyou rebukeV1 PAS2S · ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐλέγχω: meaning 'you rebuke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνδραa manN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'a man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φρόνιμονwise personA1B ASM · φρόνιμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφρόνιμος: meaning 'wise person'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
νοήσειperceivedVF FAI3S · νοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureνοέω: meaning 'perceived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἴσθησινsenseN3I ASF · αἴσθησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἴσθησις: meaning 'sense'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
26
ὁ ἀτιμάζων πατέρα καὶ ἀπωθούμενος μητέρα αὐτοῦ καταισχυνθήσεται καὶ ἐπονείδιστος ἔσται
The one who dishonors his father and drives away his mother will be put to shame and become disgraced.
Dishonoring parents is named as a path not only to guilt but to public shame.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀτιμάζωνdishonoringV1 · παπνσμ ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonoring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπωθούμενοςrejectingV2 · πμπνσμ ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'rejecting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μητέραmotherN3 ASF · μήτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καταισχυνθήσεταιshall be put to shameVC FPI3S · αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'shall be put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπονείδιστοςdisgracedA1B NSM · ἐπονείδιστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπονείδιστος: meaning 'disgraced'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
27
υἱὸς ἀπολειπόμενος φυλάξαι παιδείαν πατρὸς μελετήσει ῥήσεις κακάς
A son who ceases to keep a father’s instruction will meditate on evil sayings.
To abandon paternal discipline is already to give attention to destructive speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπολειπόμενοςceasingV1 · πμπνσμ λείπω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ λείπω + ἀπο: meaning 'ceasing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φυλάξαιphulassoVA AAN · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφυλάσσω: meaning 'phulasso'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παιδείανinstructionN1A ASF · παιδείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'instruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μελετήσειmeditateVF FAI3S · μελετάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμελετάω: meaning 'meditate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥήσειςsayingsN3I APF · ῥῆσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥῆσις: meaning 'sayings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακάςevilA1 APF · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
28
ὁ ἐγγυώμενος παῖδα ἄφρονα καθυβρίζει δικαίωμα στόμα δὲ ἀσεβῶν καταπίεται κρίσεις
The one who stands surety for a foolish child insults justice, and the mouth of the ungodly will swallow judgments.
Becoming surety for folly is itself an insult to justice, and the wicked mouth proves eager to swallow what is right.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγγυώμενοςstanding surety forV3 · πμπνσμ ἐγγυάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἐγγυάω: meaning 'standing surety for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παῖδαa childN3D ASM · παῖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαῖς: meaning 'a child'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄφροναfoolishA3N ASM · ἄφρωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καθυβρίζειinsultsV1 PAI3S · ὑβρίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὑβρίζω + κατα: meaning 'insults'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δικαίωμαδικαίωμαN3M ASN · δικαίωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδικαίωμα: meaning 'δικαίωμα'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
στόμαmouthN3M NSN · στόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβῶνof the ungodlyA3H GPM · ἀσεβήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'of the ungodly'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καταπίεταιswallows downVF FMI3S · πίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίνω + κατα: meaning 'swallows down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρίσειςlawsuitsN3I APF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίσις: meaning 'lawsuits'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
29
ἑτοιμάζονται ἀκολάστοις μάστιγες καὶ τιμωρίαι ὤμοις ἀφρόνων
Whips are prepared for the undisciplined, and punishments for the backs of fools.
The chapter closes by insisting that undisciplined folly has punishments already prepared for it.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἑτοιμάζονταιthey are preparingV1 PMI3P · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'they are preparing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀκολάστοιςfor the undisciplinedA1B DPM · ἀκόλαστοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀκόλαστος: meaning 'for the undisciplined'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μάστιγεςwhipsN3G NPF · μάστιξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάστιξ: meaning 'whips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιμωρίαιpunishmentsN1A NPF · τιμωρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτιμωρία: meaning 'punishments'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὤμοιςshouldersN2 DPM · ὦμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὦμος: meaning 'shoulders'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀφρόνωνfoolishA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.