1
αἱρετώτερον ὄνομα καλὸν ἢ πλοῦτος πολύς ὑπὲρ δὲ ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον χάρις ἀγαθή
A good name is more desirable than great wealth, and good favor than silver and gold.
The chapter begins by ranking intangible goods above visible wealth. Reputation and gracious regard are treated as more durable and truly valuable than material accumulation.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
αἱρετώτερονmore desirableA1 NSNC · αἱρετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἱρετός: meaning 'more desirable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καλὸνgoodA1 NSN · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢthanC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλοῦτοςwealthN2 NSM · πλοῦτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλοῦτος: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολύςgreatA1P NSM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὲρrather thanP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'rather than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χάριςfavorN3 NSF · χάριςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχάρις: meaning 'favor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγαθήgoodA1 NSF · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
2
πλούσιος καὶ πτωχὸς συνήντησαν ἀλλήλοις ἀμφοτέρους δὲ ὁ κύριος ἐποίησεν
Rich man and poor man have met one another, and the Lord made both of them.
Social difference is relativized by creation. The proverb refuses to let wealth erase the common fact that both stand equally under the one Maker.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πλούσιοςrich manA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλούσιος: meaning 'rich man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτωχὸςpoor manN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτωχός: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συνήντησανmeet togetherVAI AAI3P · ἀντάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀντάω + συν: meaning 'meet together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀλλήλοιςone anotherRD DPM · ἀλλήλωpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἀλλήλοις: meaning 'one another'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀμφοτέρουςboth of themA1A APM · ἀμφότεροιaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμφότεροι: meaning 'both of them'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐποίησενmakeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
πανοῦργος ἰδὼν πονηρὸν τιμωρούμενον κραταιῶς αὐτὸς παιδεύεται οἱ δὲ ἄφρονες παρελθόντες ἐζημιώθησαν
A shrewd man, seeing a wicked man being punished, strongly disciplines himself, but fools pass by and are harmed.
Prudence learns from observed judgment before judgment falls personally. Folly ignores visible warning and therefore turns experience into self-loss.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πανοῦργοςshrewdA1B NSM · πανοῦργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπανοῦργος: meaning 'shrewd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰδὼνseeingVB · ααπνσμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ ὁράω: meaning 'seeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πονηρὸνwicked manA1A ASM · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'wicked man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τιμωρούμενονbeing punishedV2 · πμπασμ τιμωρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασμ τιμωρέω: meaning 'being punished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κραταιῶςstronglyD · κραταιῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκραταιῶς: meaning 'strongly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhimselfRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παιδεύεταιis disciplinedV1 PPI3S · παιδεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπαιδεύω: meaning 'is disciplined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρονεςfoolA3N NPM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρελθόντεςpassing byVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'passing by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐζημιώθησανwere harmedVCI API3P · ζημιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristζημιόω: meaning 'were harmed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
γενεὰ σοφίας φόβος κυρίου καὶ πλοῦτος καὶ δόξα καὶ ζωή
The offspring of wisdom is the fear of the Lord, and wealth and glory and life.
Wisdom is not abstract but generative: its lineage issues in reverence, and reverence in the goods of a well-ordered life. The cluster of wealth, honor, and life is framed as secondary to fear of the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
γενεὰoffspringN1A NSF · γενεάnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγενεά: meaning 'offspring'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφίαςwisdomN1A GSF · σοφίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλοῦτοςwealthN2 NSM · πλοῦτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλοῦτος: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζωήlifeN1 NSF · ζωήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
5
τρίβολοι καὶ παγίδες ἐν ὁδοῖς σκολιαῖς ὁ δὲ φυλάσσων τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ψυχὴν ἀφέξεται αὐτῶν
Thorns and snares lie in crooked ways, but he who guards his own soul will keep far from them.
The wicked path is dangerous by structure, not merely by accident. Self-guarding becomes a form of moral distance from preventable harm.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τρίβολοιthornsN2 NPM · τρίβολοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρίβολος: meaning 'thorns'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παγίδεςsnaresN3D NPF · παγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαγίς: meaning 'snares'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῖςwaysN2 DPF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σκολιαῖςcrookedA1A DPF · σκολιόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσκολιός: meaning 'crooked'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάσσωνπαπνσμ φυλάσσωV1 · παπνσμ φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φυλάσσω: meaning 'παπνσμ φυλάσσω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ψυχὴνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀφέξεταιwill keep awayVF FMI3S · ἔχω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔχω + ἀπο: meaning 'will keep away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνhimselfRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
πλούσιοι πτωχῶν ἄρξουσιν καὶ οἰκέται ἰδίοις δεσπόταις δανιοῦσιν
The rich will rule over the poor, and servants will lend to their own masters.
The proverb names the asymmetries that wealth creates within social life. Its tone is descriptive and cautionary, revealing how economic relation can invert or harden dependence.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
πλούσιοιthe richA1A NPM · πλούσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλούσιος: meaning 'the rich'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πτωχῶνof the poorN2 GPM · πτωχόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτωχός: meaning 'of the poor'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄρξουσινwill ruleVF FAI3P · ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄρχω: meaning 'will rule'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκέταιservantsN1M NPM · οἰκέτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκέτης: meaning 'servants'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰδίοιςtheir ownA1A DPM · ἴδιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἴδιος: meaning 'their own'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δεσπόταιςmastersN1M DPM · δεσπότηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδεσπότης: meaning 'masters'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δανιοῦσινwill lendVF2 FAI3P · δανείζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδανείζω: meaning 'will lend'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίσει κακά πληγὴν δὲ ἔργων αὐτοῦ συντελέσει ἄνδρα ἱλαρὸν καὶ δότην εὐλογεῖ ὁ θεός ματαιότητα δὲ ἔργων αὐτοῦ συντελέσει
He who sows worthless things will reap evils, and the blow of his works will be completed. God blesses a cheerful man and giver, but will bring the vanity of his works to completion.
The verse holds together two moral economies: destructive sowing ripens into harm, while generous cheerfulness draws divine blessing. What one does is not lost but brought to full consequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπείρωνsowingV1 · παπνσμ σπείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ σπείρω: meaning 'sowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φαῦλαworthless thingsA1 APN · φαῦλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφαῦλος: meaning 'worthless things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θερίσειwill reapVF FAI3S · θερίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureθερίζω: meaning 'will reap'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακάevilsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πληγὴνblowN1 ASF · πληγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπληγή: meaning 'blow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔργωνworksN2N GPN · ἔργονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συντελέσειwill bring to completionVF FAI3S · τελέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτελέω + συν: meaning 'will bring to completion'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἱλαρὸνcheerfulA1A ASM · ἱλαρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱλαρός: meaning 'cheerful'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δότηνgiverN1M ASM · δότηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδότης: meaning 'giver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὐλογεῖblessV2 PAI3S · εὐλογέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὐλογέω: meaning 'bless'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ματαιότηταvanityN3T ASF · ματαιότηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔργωνworksN2N GPN · ἔργονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συντελέσειwill bring to completionVF FAI3S · τελέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτελέω + συν: meaning 'will bring to completion'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
ὁ ἐλεῶν πτωχὸν αὐτὸς διατραφήσεται τῶν γὰρ ἑαυτοῦ ἄρτων ἔδωκεν τῷ πτωχῷ νίκην καὶ τιμὴν περιποιεῖται ὁ δῶρα δούς τὴν μέντοι ψυχὴν ἀφαιρεῖται τῶν κεκτημένων
He who has mercy on a poor man will himself be nourished, for from his own loaves he has given to the poor. He acquires victory and honor; but the giver of gifts takes away the very life of those who possess them.
Mercy toward the poor becomes a source of sustenance and honor, whereas manipulative giving corrupts and strips life away. The saying distinguishes generosity from transactional bribery.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλεῶνhaving mercyV2 · παπνσμ ἐλεέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἐλεέω: meaning 'having mercy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτωχὸνpoor manN2 ASM · πτωχόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτὸςhimselfRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διατραφήσεταιwill be nourishedVD FPI3S · τρέφω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτρέφω + δια: meaning 'will be nourished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄρτωνloavesN2 GPM · ἄρτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄρτος: meaning 'loaves'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔδωκενhe gaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'he gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτωχῷpoor manN2 DSM · πτωχόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπτωχός: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
νίκηνvictoryN1 ASF · νίκηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνίκη: meaning 'victory'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιμὴνhonorN1 ASF · τιμήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτιμή: meaning 'honor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
περιποιεῖταιacquiresV2 PMI3S · ποιέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω + περι: meaning 'acquires'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶραgiftN2N APN · δῶρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδῶρον: meaning 'gift'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δούςhaving givenVO · ααπνσμ δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ δίδωμι: meaning 'having given'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέντοιhoweverX · μέντοιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμέντοι: meaning 'however'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψυχὴνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀφαιρεῖταιtakes awayV2 PMI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'takes away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκτημένωνthose possessingVM · χμπγπμ κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπγπμ κτάομαι: meaning 'those possessing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
ἔκβαλε ἐκ συνεδρίου λοιμόν καὶ συνεξελεύσεται αὐτῷ νεῖκος ὅταν γὰρ καθίσῃ ἐν συνεδρίῳ πάντας ἀτιμάζει
Cast a pestilence out from the council, and strife will go out with it; for whenever he sits in the council he dishonors everyone.
The troublemaker contaminates deliberative space like a disease. Removing the source of contempt restores communal order and quiets quarrels.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἔκβαλεcast outVB AAD2S · βάλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'cast out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκἐκP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συνεδρίουcouncilN2N GSN · συνέδριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυνέδριον: meaning 'council'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λοιμόνpestilenceA1B ASM · λοιμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλοιμός: meaning 'pestilence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεξελεύσεταιwill go out withVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + συν + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + συν + ἐκ: meaning 'will go out with'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷwith itRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
νεῖκοςstrifeN3E NSN · νεῖκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεῖκος: meaning 'strife'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτανwheneverD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθίσῃhe sitsVF FMI2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + κατα: meaning 'he sits'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συνεδρίῳcouncilN2N DSN · συνέδριονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυνέδριον: meaning 'council'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πάνταςeveryoneA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀτιμάζειdishonorV1 PAI3S · ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
11
ἀγαπᾷ κύριος ὁσίας καρδίας δεκτοὶ δὲ αὐτῷ πάντες ἄμωμοι χείλεσιν ποιμαίνει βασιλεύς
The Lord loves holy hearts, and all the blameless are acceptable to him; a king shepherds with his lips.
The proverb links divine affection to inward holiness and outward blamelessness. The closing line shifts to royal speech, implying that just rule also has a pastoral, verbal dimension.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀγαπᾷloveV3 PAI3S · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀγαπάω: meaning 'love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁσίαςholyA1A APF · ὅσιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅσιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καρδίαςheartN1A APF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεκτοὶacceptableA1 NPM · δεκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεκτός: meaning 'acceptable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷwith itRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάντεςeveryoneA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄμωμοιblamelessA1B NPM · ἄμωμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄμωμος: meaning 'blameless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χείλεσινlipN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lip'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ποιμαίνειshepherdV1 PAI3S · ποιμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιμαίνω: meaning 'shepherd'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βασιλεύςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
12
οἱ δὲ ὀφθαλμοὶ κυρίου διατηροῦσιν αἴσθησιν φαυλίζει δὲ λόγους παράνομος
The eyes of the Lord preserve discernment, but a lawless man cheapens words.
The Lord safeguards what is perceptive and sound, whereas the lawless undermine speech itself by making it empty or degraded. Truthful discourse remains under divine care.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διατηροῦσινpreserveV2 PAI3P · τηρέω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτηρέω + δια: meaning 'preserve'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἴσθησινdiscernmentN3I ASF · αἴσθησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἴσθησις: meaning 'discernment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φαυλίζειcheapenV1 PAI3S · φαυλίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφαυλίζω: meaning 'cheapen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παράνομοςlawlessA1B NSM · παράνομοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
13
προφασίζεται καὶ λέγει ὀκνηρός λέων ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς ἐν δὲ ταῖς πλατείαις φονευταί
The lazy man makes excuses and says, 'There is a lion in the roads, and in the squares there are murderers.'
Sloth speaks in exaggerated dangers in order to avoid ordinary duty. The proverb unmasks excuse-making as a verbal strategy of indolence.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
προφασίζεταιmakes excusesV1 PMI3S · φασίζω + προverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφασίζω + προ: meaning 'makes excuses'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀκνηρόςlazy manA1A NSM · ὀκνηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀκνηρός: meaning 'lazy man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λέωνlionN3W NSM · λέωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςwaysN2 DPF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλατείαιςsquaresA3U DPF · πλατύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'squares'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φονευταίmurdererN1M NPM · φονευτήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφονευτής: meaning 'murderer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
14
βόθρος βαθὺς στόμα παρανόμου ὁ δὲ μισηθεὶς ὑπὸ κυρίου ἐμπεσεῖται εἰς αὐτόν εἰσὶν ὁδοὶ κακαὶ ἐνώπιον ἀνδρός καὶ οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ τοῦ ἀποστρέψαι ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἀποστρέφειν δὲ δεῖ ἀπὸ ὁδοῦ σκολιᾶς καὶ κακῆς
The mouth of a lawless man is a deep pit, and the man hated by the Lord will fall into it. There are evil ways before a man, and he does not love to turn away from them; but one must turn away from a crooked and evil way.
Destructive speech is figured as a trap, and stubborn attachment to evil paths deepens the danger. The added admonition insists that avoidance of crooked ways is an obligation, not a suggestion.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
βόθροςpitN2 NSM · βόθροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβόθρος: meaning 'pit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βαθὺςdeepA3U NSM · βαθύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαθύς: meaning 'deep'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
στόμαστόμαN3M NSN · στόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστόμα: meaning 'στόμα'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρανόμουlawlessA1B GSM · παράνομοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισηθεὶςbeing hatedVC · αππνσμ μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ μισέω: meaning 'being hated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐμπεσεῖταιfall intoVF2 FMI3S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'fall into'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτόνhimselfRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰσὶνthere areV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδοὶwayN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κακαὶevilA1 NPF · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνώπιονbeforeD · ἐνώπιονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρόςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκοὐD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'οὐ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαπᾷloveV3 PAI3S · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀγαπάω: meaning 'love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστρέψαιto turn awayVA AAN · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'to turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'ἀπόP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'ἀπό'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνhimselfRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀποστρέφεινto turn awayV1 PAN · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'to turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεῖit is necessaryV2 PAI3S · δέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδέω: meaning 'it is necessary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸἀπόP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'ἀπό'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῦwayN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σκολιᾶςcrookedA1A GSF · σκολιόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσκολιός: meaning 'crooked'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακῆςevilsA1 GSF · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
15
ἄνοια ἐξῆπται καρδίας νέου ῥάβδος δὲ καὶ παιδεία μακρὰν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ
Folly is fastened to the heart of a young man, but rod and discipline are far from him.
Youth is depicted as naturally entangled with folly unless correction intervenes. The proverb assumes the need for formative discipline to break that attachment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἄνοιαfollyN1A NSF · ἄνοιαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνοια: meaning 'folly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξῆπταιis fastenedVM XMI3S · ἅπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἅπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'is fastened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
νέουyoung manA1A GSM · νέοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνέος: meaning 'young man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ῥάβδοςrodN2 NSF · ῥάβδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥάβδος: meaning 'rod'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παιδείαdisciplineN1A NSF · παιδείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μακρὰνfar fromD · μακράνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακρὰν: meaning 'far from'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπ'ἀπόP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'ἀπό'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
16
ὁ συκοφαντῶν πένητα πολλὰ ποιεῖ τὰ ἑαυτοῦ δίδωσιν δὲ πλουσίῳ ἐπ' ἐλάσσονι
He who slanders a poor man greatly multiplies his own possessions, but gives to the rich toward lesser gain.
The saying exposes perverse economic behavior: exploiting the vulnerable and currying favor with the already wealthy. Such gain is morally distorted and finally diminished.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκοφαντῶνslanderingV2 · παπνσμ συκοφαντέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ συκοφαντέω: meaning 'slandering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πένηταpoor manN3T ASM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπένης: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολλὰgreatlyA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'greatly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ποιεῖmakeV2 PAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δίδωσινgiveV8 PAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλουσίῳrich manA1A DSM · πλούσιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλούσιος: meaning 'rich man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐλάσσονιlesserA3C DSM · ἐλαχύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐλαχύς: meaning 'lesser'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
17
λόγοις σοφῶν παράβαλλε σὸν οὖς καὶ ἄκουε ἐμὸν λόγον τὴν δὲ σὴν καρδίαν ἐπίστησον ἵνα γνῷς ὅτι καλοί εἰσιν
With the words of the wise incline your ear and hear my word, and set your heart upon it so that you may know that they are good.
The chapter now shifts from individual maxims to direct instruction. Hearing must become inward appropriation if wisdom is to be recognized as genuinely good.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
λόγοιςwith wordsN2 DPM · λόγοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλόγος: meaning 'with words'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σοφῶνwiseA1 GPM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
παράβαλλεinclineV1 PAD2S · βάλλω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβάλλω + παρα: meaning 'incline'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὸνyourA1 ASN · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὖςearN3T ASN · οὖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant referenceοὖς: meaning 'ear'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄκουεἀκούωV1 PAD2S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'ἀκούω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμὸνmyA1 ASM · ἐμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμός: meaning 'my'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὴνyourA1 ASF · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπίστησονset uponVA AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἐπι: meaning 'set upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἵναἵναC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'ἵνα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῷςyou may knowVZ AAS2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγιγνώσκω: meaning 'you may know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιὅτιC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'ὅτι'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλοίgoodA1 NPM · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰσινεἰμίV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
καὶ ἐὰν ἐμβάλῃς αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν καρδίαν σου εὐφρανοῦσίν σε ἅμα ἐπὶ σοῖς χείλεσιν
And if you place them in your heart, they will gladden you together upon your lips.
Stored wisdom does not remain hidden; what is inwardly received becomes outwardly fruitful speech. Joyful lips are the sign of rightly housed instruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμβάλῃςyou placeVB AAS2S · βάλλω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyβάλλω + ἐν: meaning 'you place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὐφρανοῦσίνthey will gladdenVF2 FAI3P · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὐφραίνω: meaning 'they will gladden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεσύRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'σύ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἅμα: meaning 'together'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῖςyourA1 DPN · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χείλεσινlipN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lip'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
19
ἵνα σου γένηται ἐπὶ κύριον ἡ ἐλπὶς καὶ γνωρίσῃ σοι τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ
So that your hope may be in the Lord, and so that he may make his way known to you.
The goal of wisdom is not autonomous cleverness but trust in the Lord. Right instruction orders the learner toward dependence upon God's path.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἵναἵναC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'ἵνα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γένηταιmay beVB AMS3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγίγνομαι: meaning 'may be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κύριονLordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλπὶςhopeN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνωρίσῃhe may make knownVA AAS3S · γνωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγνωρίζω: meaning 'he may make known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοισύRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'σύ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸνwayN2 ASF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
20
καὶ σὺ δὲ ἀπόγραψαι αὐτὰ σεαυτῷ τρισσῶς εἰς βουλὴν καὶ γνῶσιν ἐπὶ τὸ πλάτος τῆς καρδίας σου
And do you write these things down for yourself threefold, for counsel and knowledge upon the breadth of your heart.
Wisdom is to be inscribed deliberately and repeatedly. Writing it 'threefold' emphasizes thorough internalization for judgment and understanding.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺσύRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'σύ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόγραψαιwrite downVA AMD2S · γράφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγράφω + ἀπο: meaning 'write down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfRD DSM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσεαυτῷ: meaning 'for yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τρισσῶςthreefoldD · τρισσῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτρισσῶς: meaning 'threefold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βουλὴνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῶσινknowledgeN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλάτοςbreadthN3E ASN · πλάτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλάτος: meaning 'breadth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
21
διδάσκω οὖν σε ἀληθῆ λόγον καὶ γνῶσιν ἀγαθὴν ὑπακούειν τοῦ ἀποκρίνεσθαι λόγους ἀληθείας τοῖς προβαλλομένοις σοι
So I teach you a true word and good knowledge, to heed and answer words of truth to those who put matters before you.
The wise learner is formed not only to know but to answer well. Truthful response in real situations is the practical end of instruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
διδάσκωI teachV1 PAI1S · διδάσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδιδάσκω: meaning 'I teach'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὖνοὖνX · οὖνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'οὖν'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεσύRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'σύ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀληθῆtrueA3H ASM · ἀληθήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀληθής: meaning 'true'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῶσινknowledgeN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀγαθὴνgoodA1 ASF · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑπακούεινheedV1 PAN · ἀκούω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀκούω + ὑπο: meaning 'heed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποκρίνεσθαικρίνω + ἀποV1 PMN · κρίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'κρίνω + ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀληθείαςἀλήθειαN1A GSF · ἀλήθειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλήθεια: meaning 'ἀλήθεια'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῖςto thoseRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβαλλομένοιςputting matters beforeV1 · πμπδπμ βάλλω + προverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδπμ βάλλω + προ: meaning 'putting matters before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοισύRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'σύ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
22
μὴ ἀποβιάζου πένητα πτωχὸς γάρ ἐστιν καὶ μὴ ἀτιμάσῃς ἀσθενῆ ἐν πύλαις
Do not use force against a poor man, for he is poor, and do not dishonor the weak in the gates.
Poverty is not a permission for exploitation but a reason for restraint and protection. The city gate, seat of public judgment, is named as a place where weakness must not be abused.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποβιάζουuse force againstV1 PMD2S · βιάζομαι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβιάζομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'use force against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πένηταpoor manN3T ASM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπένης: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πτωχὸςpoor manN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτωχός: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γάρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινεἰμίV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτιμάσῃςdishonorVA AAS2S · ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσθενῆweakA3H ASM · ἀσθενήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσθενής: meaning 'weak'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πύλαιςgateN1 DPF · πύληdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
23
ὁ γὰρ κύριος κρινεῖ αὐτοῦ τὴν κρίσιν καὶ ῥύσῃ σὴν ἄσυλον ψυχήν
For the Lord will judge his case and will rescue your life as an asylum.
The reason for protecting the poor is theological: the Lord himself takes up their case. Divine advocacy makes oppression dangerous for the oppressor.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κρινεῖjudgeVF2 FAI3S · κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκρίνω: meaning 'judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίσινcaseN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίσις: meaning 'case'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥύσῃwill rescueVF FMI2S · ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureῥύομαι: meaning 'will rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὴνyourA1 ASF · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄσυλονasylumA1B ASF · ἄσυλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄσυλος: meaning 'asylum'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ψυχήνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
24
μὴ ἴσθι ἑταῖρος ἀνδρὶ θυμώδει φίλῳ δὲ ὀργίλῳ μὴ συναυλίζου
Do not be a companion to an angry man, and with an irascible friend do not lodge.
Temperament is contagious in companionship. The proverb warns that shared space with rage shapes character and consequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴσθιbeV9 PAD2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑταῖροςcompanionN2 NSM · ἑταῖροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἑταῖρος: meaning 'companion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὶmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θυμώδειangryA3H DSM · θυμώδηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθυμώδης: meaning 'angry'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φίλῳfriendA1 DSM · φίλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀργίλῳirascibleA1 DSM · ὀργίλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀργίλος: meaning 'irascible'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναυλίζουlodge withV1 PMD2S · αὐλίζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαὐλίζω + συν: meaning 'lodge with'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
25
μήποτε μάθῃς τῶν ὁδῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ λάβῃς βρόχους τῇ σῇ ψυχῇ
Lest you learn his ways and take snares for your own soul.
Bad company educates by imitation. What seems like friendship becomes an inward trap.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μήποτεlestD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάθῃςyou learnVB AAS2S · μανθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμανθάνω: meaning 'you learn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῶνwayN2 GPF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάβῃςtakeVB AAS2S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βρόχουςsnaresN2 APM · βρόχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβρόχος: meaning 'snares'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῇyourRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῇyourA1 DSF · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
26
μὴ δίδου σεαυτὸν εἰς ἐγγύην αἰσχυνόμενος πρόσωπον
Do not give yourself as a surety, being ashamed before a face.
Rash financial pledging out of social pressure is condemned. The proverb treats misplaced shame as a cause of imprudent self-entanglement.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δίδουgiveV8 PAD2S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεαυτὸνyourselfRD ASM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσεαυτὸν: meaning 'yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐγγύηνsuretyN1 ASF · ἐγγύηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐγγύη: meaning 'surety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αἰσχυνόμενοςbeing ashamedV1 · πμπνσμ αἰσχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ αἰσχύνω: meaning 'being ashamed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
27
ἐὰν γὰρ μὴ ἔχῃς πόθεν ἀποτείσῃς λήμψονται τὸ στρῶμα τὸ ὑπὸ τὰς πλευράς σου
For if you have nothing from which to repay, they will take the bed from beneath your sides.
The image of losing one's bedding makes debt concrete and humiliating. Reckless obligation threatens the basic securities of ordinary life.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχῃςhaveV1 PAS2S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόθενfrom whereD · πόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπόθεν: meaning 'from where'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποτείσῃςyou repayVA AAS2S · τίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'you repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λήμψονταιthey will takeVF FMI3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'they will take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρῶμαbedN3M ASN · στρῶμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστρῶμα: meaning 'bed'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλευράςsideN1A APF · πλευράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλευρά: meaning 'side'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
28
μὴ μέταιρε ὅρια αἰώνια ἃ ἔθεντο οἱ πατέρες σου
Do not move ancient boundaries which your fathers set.
Inherited limits mark communal justice and memory. To shift them is to violate both property and ancestral order.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέταιρεmoveV1 PAD2S · αἴρω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαἴρω + μετα: meaning 'move'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅριαboundariesN2N APN · ὅριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅριον: meaning 'boundaries'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αἰώνιαancientA1B APN · αἰώνιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰώνιος: meaning 'ancient'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἃὅςRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'ὅς'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔθεντοsetVEI AMI3P · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
29
ὁρατικὸν ἄνδρα καὶ ὀξὺν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ βασιλεῦσι δεῖ παρεστάναι καὶ μὴ παρεστάναι ἀνδράσι νωθροῖς
A man of vision, sharp in his works, must stand before kings and not stand before sluggish men.
The chapter ends by praising skilled diligence and perceptive labor. Competence lifts a person into worthy company, unlike sluggishness, which confines him to lesser associations.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὁρατικὸνvisionaryA1 ASM · ὁρατικόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁρατικός: meaning 'visionary'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀξὺνsharpA3U ASM · ὀξύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀξύς: meaning 'sharp'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςto thoseRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργοιςworksN2N DPN · ἔργονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βασιλεῦσιkingN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δεῖit is necessaryV2 PAI3S · δέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδέω: meaning 'it is necessary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρεστάναιto stand beforeVXI XAN · ἵστημι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἵστημι + παρα: meaning 'to stand before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴμήD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'μή'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεστάναιto stand beforeVXI XAN · ἵστημι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἵστημι + παρα: meaning 'to stand before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνδράσιbefore menN3 DPM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'before men'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
νωθροῖςsluggishA1A DPM · νωθρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνωθρός: meaning 'sluggish'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.