1
τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους υἱέ φοβήθητι καὶ δεξάμενος αὐτοὺς μετανόει τάδε λέγει ὁ ἀνὴρ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν θεῷ καὶ παύομαι
My son, fear my words, and having received them, repent. These things says the man to those who trust in God, and I come to an end.
The chapter begins like a framed instruction, presenting the speaker's words as a concluding admonition addressed to trusting hearers.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμοὺςmyA1 APM · ἐμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμός: meaning 'my'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
φοβήθητιfearVC APD2S · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεξάμενοςhaving receivedVA · αμπνσμ δέχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαμπνσμ δέχομαι: meaning 'having received'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετανόειrepentV2 PAD2S · νοέω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateνοέω + μετα: meaning 'repent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τάδεthese thingsRD APN · ὅδεpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγειsaysV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςto thoseRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πιστεύουσινtrustingV1 PAI3P · πιστεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπιστεύω: meaning 'trusting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεῷin GodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'in God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παύομαιI ceaseV1 PMI1S · παύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπαύω: meaning 'I cease'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
ἀφρονέστατος γάρ εἰμι πάντων ἀνθρώπων καὶ φρόνησις ἀνθρώπων οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἐμοί
For I am the most senseless of all men, and human understanding is not in me.
The speaker grounds the chapter in confessed insufficiency rather than in self-advertised mastery.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀφρονέστατοςmost senselessA3N NSMS · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'most senseless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γάρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰμιI amV9 PAI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'I am'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάντωνof allA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'of all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνθρώπωνmenN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρόνησιςunderstandingN3I NSF · φρόνησιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνησις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπωνof menN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'of men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοίmeRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐμοί: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
3
θεὸς δεδίδαχέν με σοφίαν καὶ γνῶσιν ἁγίων ἔγνωκα
God has taught me wisdom, and I have come to know the knowledge of holy things.
What wisdom the speaker has is received as divine instruction, not as native possession.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δεδίδαχένhas taughtVX XAI3S · διδάσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδιδάσκω: meaning 'has taught'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σοφίανwisdomN1A ASF · σοφίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῶσινknowledgeN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἁγίωνof holy thingsA1A GPM · ἅγιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἅγιος: meaning 'of holy things'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔγνωκαI have knownVX XAI1S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγιγνώσκω: meaning 'I have known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
τίς ἀνέβη εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ κατέβη τίς συνήγαγεν ἀνέμους ἐν κόλπῳ τίς συνέστρεψεν ὕδωρ ἐν ἱματίῳ τίς ἐκράτησεν πάντων τῶν ἄκρων τῆς γῆς τί ὄνομα αὐτῷ ἢ τί ὄνομα τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτοῦ ἵνα γνῷς
Who has gone up into heaven and come down? Who has gathered the winds into his bosom? Who has wrapped up water in a garment? Who has grasped all the ends of the earth? What is his name, or what is the name of his children, that you may know?
A chain of cosmic questions magnifies the distance between human frailty and the creator's sovereign power.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνέβηwent upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηcame downVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'came down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συνήγαγενgathered togetherVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'gathered together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνέμουςwindsN2 APM · ἄνεμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνεμος: meaning 'winds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κόλπῳbosomN2 DSM · κόλποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκόλπος: meaning 'bosom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συνέστρεψενwrapped togetherVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + συν: meaning 'wrapped together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕδωρwaterN3 ASN · ὕδωρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἱματίῳgarmentN2N DSN · ἱμάτιονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: meaning 'garment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενgraspedVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'grasped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρωνendsA1A GPM · ἄκροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄκρος: meaning 'ends'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildrenN2N DPM · τέκνονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναthatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῷςyou may knowVZ AAS2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγιγνώσκω: meaning 'you may know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
πάντες λόγοι θεοῦ πεπυρωμένοι ὑπερασπίζει δὲ αὐτὸς τῶν εὐλαβουμένων αὐτόν
All the words of God are refined, and he himself shields those who revere him.
The response to the preceding questions is trust in the purity and protective reliability of God's speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λόγοιwordsN2 NPM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πεπυρωμένοιrefinedVM · χππνπμ πυρόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνπμ πυρόω: meaning 'refined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπερασπίζειshieldsV1 PAI3S · ἀσπίζω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀσπίζω + ὑπερ: meaning 'shields'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῶνof the ones reveringRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐλαβουμένωνhimV2 · πμπγπμ εὐλαβέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ εὐλαβέομαι: meaning 'him'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
μὴ προσθῇς τοῖς λόγοις αὐτοῦ ἵνα μὴ ἐλέγξῃ σε καὶ ψευδὴς γένῃ
Do not add to his words, lest he rebuke you and you become a liar.
The purified word is not to be supplemented by human correction or embellishment.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσθῇςaddV2 PAS2S · θέω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyθέω + προς: meaning 'add'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοιςwordsN2 DPM · λόγοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναlestC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέγξῃhe rebukeVF FMI2S · ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐλέγχω: meaning 'he rebuke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψευδὴςa liarA3H NSM · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψευδής: meaning 'a liar'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γένῃyou becomeVB AMS2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγίγνομαι: meaning 'you become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
δύο αἰτοῦμαι παρὰ σοῦ μὴ ἀφέλῃς μου χάριν πρὸ τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν με
Two things I ask from you; do not take favor from me before I die.
The speaker turns from general wisdom to personal petition, framing what follows as a dying request.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
δύοtwo thingsM NDM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two things'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰτοῦμαιI askV2 PMI1S · αἰτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἰτέω: meaning 'I ask'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφέλῃςtake awayVB AAS2S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'take away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μουfrom meRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'from me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
χάρινfavorN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχάρις: meaning 'favor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieVB AAN · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'to die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
μάταιον λόγον καὶ ψευδῆ μακράν μου ποίησον πλοῦτον δὲ καὶ πενίαν μή μοι δῷς σύνταξον δέ μοι τὰ δέοντα καὶ τὰ αὐτάρκη
Remove vain speech and lies far from me; give me neither wealth nor poverty, but appoint for me what is necessary and sufficient.
The prayer seeks moral and material moderation: truthfulness in speech and sufficiency in provision.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
μάταιονvainA1A ASM · μάταιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμάταιος: meaning 'vain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λόγονspeechN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'speech'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψευδῆfalsehoodsA3H ASM · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψευδής: meaning 'falsehoods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μακράνfarD · μακράνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακράν: meaning 'far'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μουfrom meRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'from me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ποίησονmakeVA AAD2S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πλοῦτονwealthN2 ASM · πλοῦτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλοῦτος: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πενίανpovertyN1A ASF · πενίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπενία: meaning 'poverty'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μήnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δῷςgiveVO AAS2S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σύνταξονappointVA AAD2S · τάσσω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτάσσω + συν: meaning 'appoint'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοιfor meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὰthe thingsRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέονταnecessaryV2 · παπασμ δέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ δέω: meaning 'necessary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthe thingsRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτάρκηsufficientA3H APN · αὐτάρκηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαὐτάρκης: meaning 'sufficient'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
ἵνα μὴ πλησθεὶς ψευδὴς γένωμαι καὶ εἴπω τίς με ὁρᾷ ἢ πενηθεὶς κλέψω καὶ ὀμόσω τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ
Lest, having been filled, I become false and say, 'Who sees me?' or, becoming poor, I steal and swear by the name of God.
Both abundance and deprivation are dangerous because each can deform truthfulness before God.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἵναlestC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλησθεὶςhaving been filledVS · αππνσμ πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ πίμπλημι: meaning 'having been filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ψευδὴςfalseA3H NSM · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γένωμαιI becomeVB AMS1S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγίγνομαι: meaning 'I become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπωI sayVB AAS1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἶπον: meaning 'I say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁρᾷseesV3 PAI3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὁράω: meaning 'sees'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πενηθεὶςhaving become poorVC · αππνσμ πενέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ πενέω: meaning 'having become poor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κλέψωI stealVF FAI1S · κλέπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκλέπτω: meaning 'I steal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀμόσωI swear byVF FAI1S · ὄμνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὄμνυμι: meaning 'I swear by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
10
μὴ παραδῷς οἰκέτην εἰς χεῖρας δεσπότου μήποτε καταράσηταί σε καὶ ἀφανισθῇς
Do not hand a servant over into the hands of his master, lest he curse you and you be destroyed.
Abusive interference in dependent relationships can bring just retaliation on the meddler.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραδῷςhand overVO AAS2S · δίδωμι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'hand over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἰκέτηνservantN1M ASM · οἰκέτηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἰκέτης: meaning 'servant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεσπότουof a masterN1M GSM · δεσπότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδεσπότης: meaning 'of a master'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μήποτεlest everD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταράσηταίhe curseVA AMS3S · ἀράομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀράομαι + κατα: meaning 'he curse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφανισθῇςyou be destroyedVS APS2S · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'you be destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
11
ἔκγονον κακὸν πατέρα καταρᾶται τὴν δὲ μητέρα οὐκ εὐλογεῖ
A wicked offspring curses its father and does not bless its mother.
The first mark of the corrupt generation is contempt toward those who gave it life.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἔκγονονoffspringA1B ASM · ἔκγονοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔκγονος: meaning 'offspring'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακὸνwickedA1 ASM · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'wicked'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καταρᾶταιcursesV3 PMI3S · ἀράομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀράομαι + κατα: meaning 'curses'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μητέραmotherN3 ASF · μήτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογεῖblessesV2 PAI3S · εὐλογέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὐλογέω: meaning 'blesses'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
ἔκγονον κακὸν δίκαιον ἑαυτὸν κρίνει τὴν δὲ ἔξοδον αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἀπένιψεν
A wicked offspring judges itself righteous, but has not washed away its own filth.
Self-justification stands beside uncleanness, exposing moral blindness rather than innocence.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἔκγονονoffspringA1B ASM · ἔκγονοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔκγονος: meaning 'offspring'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακὸνwickedA1 ASM · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'wicked'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἑαυτὸνitselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'itself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κρίνειjudgesV1 PAI3S · κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκρίνω: meaning 'judges'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔξοδονfilthN2 ASF · ἔξοδοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔξοδος: meaning 'filth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof itRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπένιψενhas washed awayVAI AAI3S · νίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristνίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'has washed away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
ἔκγονον κακὸν ὑψηλοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχει τοῖς δὲ βλεφάροις αὐτοῦ ἐπαίρεται
A wicked offspring has lofty eyes, and with its eyelids it lifts itself up.
Pride is pictured physically in the face and gaze of the corrupt generation.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἔκγονονoffspringA1B ASM · ἔκγονοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔκγονος: meaning 'offspring'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακὸνwickedA1 ASM · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'wicked'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑψηλοὺςloftyA1 APM · ὑψηλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'lofty'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχειhasV1 PAI3S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'has'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςwith theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βλεφάροιςeyelidsN2N DPN · βλέφαρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβλέφαρον: meaning 'eyelids'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof itRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπαίρεταιis lifted upV1 PMI3S · αἴρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἴρω + ἐπι: meaning 'is lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ἔκγονον κακὸν μαχαίρας τοὺς ὀδόντας ἔχει καὶ τὰς μύλας τομίδας ὥστε ἀναλίσκειν καὶ κατεσθίειν τοὺς ταπεινοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ τοὺς πένητας αὐτῶν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων
A wicked offspring has its teeth like swords and its molars like blades, so as to consume and devour the lowly from the earth and their poor from among men.
The generation's arrogance matures into predatory violence against the vulnerable.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἔκγονονoffspringA1B ASM · ἔκγονοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔκγονος: meaning 'offspring'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακὸνwickedA1 ASM · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'wicked'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μαχαίραςswordsN1 APF · μάχαιραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμάχαιρα: meaning 'swords'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀδόνταςteethN3T APM · ὀδούςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀδούς: meaning 'teeth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχειhasV1 PAI3S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'has'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μύλαςmolarsN1 APF · μύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμύλη: meaning 'molars'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τομίδαςbladesN3D APF · τομίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτομίς: meaning 'blades'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὥστεso asC · ὥστεconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναλίσκεινto consumeV1 PAN · ἁλίσκω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἁλίσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'to consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεσθίεινto devourV1 PAN · ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'to devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπεινοὺςlowlyA1 APM · ταπεινόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταπεινός: meaning 'lowly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πένηταςpoorN3T APM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπένης: meaning 'poor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'of them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνamong menN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'among men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
15
τῇ βδέλλῃ τρεῖς θυγατέρες ἦσαν ἀγαπήσει ἀγαπώμεναι καὶ αἱ τρεῖς αὗται οὐκ ἐνεπίμπλασαν αὐτήν καὶ ἡ τετάρτη οὐκ ἠρκέσθη εἰπεῖν ἱκανόν
The leech had three daughters, dearly loved, and these three did not satisfy her, and the fourth was not content to say, 'Enough.'
The numbered form begins with the image of appetite that continues asking and never rests.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τῇto theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βδέλλῃleechN1A DSF · βδέλλαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβδέλλα: meaning 'leech'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τρεῖςthreeA3 NPF · τρεῖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαπήσειshe will loveVF FAI3S · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀγαπάω: meaning 'she will love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαπώμεναιbeing lovedV3 · πμπνπφ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπφ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'being loved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeA3 NPF · τρεῖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
αὗταιtheseRD NPF · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὗται: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεπίμπλασανfilled upV6I IAI3P · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'filled up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετάρτηfourthA1 NSF · τέταρτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτέταρτος: meaning 'fourth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρκέσθηwas satisfiedVCI API3S · ἀρκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀρκέω: meaning 'was satisfied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰπεῖνto sayVB AAN · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἶπον: meaning 'to say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἱκανόνenoughA1 NSN · ἱκανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱκανός: meaning 'enough'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
16
ᾅδης καὶ ἔρως γυναικὸς καὶ τάρταρος καὶ γῆ οὐκ ἐμπιπλαμένη ὕδατος καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ πῦρ οὐ μὴ εἴπωσιν ἀρκεῖ
Hades and a woman's passion and Tartarus and earth not filled with water, and water and fire, will never say, 'It is enough.'
The list moves through realms, desires, and elements to portray insatiability as a fundamental feature of fallen life.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ᾅδηςHadesN1M NSM · ᾅδηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceᾅδης: meaning 'Hades'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρωςdesireN3T NSM · ἔρωςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔρως: meaning 'desire'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γυναικὸςof a womanN3K GSF · γυνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'of a woman'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάρταροςTartarusN2 NSM · τάρταροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτάρταρος: meaning 'Tartarus'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γῆearthN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπιπλαμένηbeing filledV6 · πμπνσφ πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ πίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'being filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕδατοςwith waterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'with water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴsurely notD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'surely not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπωσινwill sayVB AAS3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἶπον: meaning 'will say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀρκεῖit is enoughV2 PAI3S · ἀρκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀρκέω: meaning 'it is enough'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
ὀφθαλμὸν καταγελῶντα πατρὸς καὶ ἀτιμάζοντα γῆρας μητρός ἐκκόψαισαν αὐτὸν κόρακες ἐκ τῶν φαράγγων καὶ καταφάγοισαν αὐτὸν νεοσσοὶ ἀετῶν
The eye that mocks a father and dishonors a mother's old age, may ravens from the ravines pluck it out and young eagles devour it.
Parental contempt receives a grim judgment image drawn from carrion birds and exposed places.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ὀφθαλμὸνeyeN2 ASM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καταγελῶνταmockingV3 · παπασμ γελάω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ γελάω + κατα: meaning 'mocking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πατρὸςof a fatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'of a father'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτιμάζονταdishonoringV1 · παπασμ ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ ἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonoring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γῆραςold ageN3 ASN · γῆραςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆρας: meaning 'old age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μητρόςof a motherN3 GSF · μήτηρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'of a mother'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκκόψαισανmay they pluck outVA AAO3P · κόπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'may they pluck out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνitRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κόρακεςravensN3K NPM · κόραξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκόραξ: meaning 'ravens'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαράγγωνravinesN3G GPF · φάραγξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφάραγξ: meaning 'ravines'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφάγοισανmay they devourVB AAO3P · ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'may they devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνitRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
νεοσσοὶyoung onesN2 NPM · νεοσσόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεοσσός: meaning 'young ones'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀετῶνof eaglesN2 GPM · ἀετόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀετός: meaning 'of eagles'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
18
τρία δέ ἐστιν ἀδύνατά μοι νοῆσαι καὶ τὸ τέταρτον οὐκ ἐπιγινώσκω
There are three things too difficult for me to understand, and a fourth that I do not know.
Another numerical saying opens, this time not with appetite but with confessed wonder.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τρίαthree thingsA3 NPN · τρεῖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countτρία: meaning 'three things'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δέbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινareV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδύνατάtoo difficultA1B NPN · ἀδύνατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδύνατος: meaning 'too difficult'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μοιfor meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
νοῆσαιto understandVA AAN · νοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementνοέω: meaning 'to understand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέταρτονfourthA1 ASN · τέταρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτέταρτος: meaning 'fourth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιγινώσκωI knowV1 PAI1S · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: meaning 'I know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
ἴχνη ἀετοῦ πετομένου καὶ ὁδοὺς ὄφεως ἐπὶ πέτρας καὶ τρίβους νηὸς ποντοπορούσης καὶ ὁδοὺς ἀνδρὸς ἐν νεότητι
The tracks of an eagle in flight, the ways of a serpent upon a rock, the paths of a ship crossing the sea, and the ways of a man in youth.
These images describe movements whose mystery lies in their fleetingness and difficulty to trace.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἴχνηtracksN3E APN · ἴσνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἴσνος: meaning 'tracks'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀετοῦof an eagleN2 GSM · ἀετόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀετός: meaning 'of an eagle'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πετομένουflyingV1 · πμπγσμ πέτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσμ πέτομαι: meaning 'flying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὄφεωςof a serpentN3I GSM · ὄφιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄφις: meaning 'of a serpent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πέτραςrockN1A GSF · πέτραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπέτρα: meaning 'rock'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίβουςpathsN2 APF · τρίβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτρίβος: meaning 'paths'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
νηὸςof a shipN3 GSF · ναῦςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationναῦς: meaning 'of a ship'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ποντοπορούσηςsailing the seaV2 · παπγσφ ποντοπορέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ ποντοπορέω: meaning 'sailing the sea'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νεότητιyouthN3T DSF · νεότηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεότης: meaning 'youth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
20
τοιαύτη ὁδὸς γυναικὸς μοιχαλίδος ἥ ὅταν πράξῃ ἀπονιψαμένη οὐδέν φησιν πεπραχέναι ἄτοπον
Such is the way of an adulterous woman: whenever she acts, having washed herself off, she says she has done nothing out of place.
The mysterious way of verse 19 is darkly paralleled by adultery that erases its traces and denies its guilt.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τοιαύτηsuchA1 NSF · τοιοῦτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτοιοῦτος: meaning 'such'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁδὸςwayN2 NSF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γυναικὸςof a womanN3K GSF · γυνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'of a woman'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μοιχαλίδοςadulteressN3D GSF · μοιχαλίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμοιχαλίς: meaning 'adulteress'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἥwhoRR NSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἥ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτανwheneverD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πράξῃshe actsVF FMI2S · πράσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπράσσω: meaning 'she acts'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπονιψαμένηhaving washed herselfVA · αμπνσφ νίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαμπνσφ νίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'having washed herself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδένnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φησινsaysV6 PAI3S · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πεπραχέναιto have doneVX XAN · πράσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπράσσω: meaning 'to have done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄτοπονout of placeA1B ASM · ἄτοποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄτοπος: meaning 'out of place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
διὰ τριῶν σείεται ἡ γῆ τὸ δὲ τέταρτον οὐ δύναται φέρειν
Because of three things the earth shakes, and a fourth it cannot bear.
The chapter now turns from mystery to social arrangements so intolerable they make the earth tremble.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τριῶνthree thingsA3 GPM · τρεῖςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτρεῖς: meaning 'three things'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σείεταιshakesV1 PMI3S · σείωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processσείω: meaning 'shakes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆearthN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέταρτονfourthA1 ASN · τέταρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτέταρτος: meaning 'fourth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδύναμαι: meaning 'is able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φέρεινto bearV1 PAN · φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφέρω: meaning 'to bear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
22
ἐὰν οἰκέτης βασιλεύσῃ καὶ ἄφρων πλησθῇ σιτίων
When a servant becomes king, and a fool is filled with food.
The first intolerable reversal joins social misplacement with unruled appetite.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἐὰνwhenC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκέτηςservantN1M NSM · οἰκέτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκέτης: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλεύσῃbecomes kingVA AAS2S · βασιλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyβασιλεύω: meaning 'becomes king'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλησθῇis filledVS APS3S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίμπλημι: meaning 'is filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σιτίωνwith foodsN2N GPN · σιτίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσιτίον: meaning 'with foods'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
23
καὶ οἰκέτις ἐὰν ἐκβάλῃ τὴν ἑαυτῆς κυρίαν καὶ μισητὴ γυνὴ ἐὰν τύχῃ ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ
And when a maidservant casts out her own mistress, and when a hated woman obtains a good husband.
The next reversals describe domestic upheaval and the unsettling success of the ill-disposed.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκέτιςmaidservantN3D NSF · οἰκέτιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκέτις: meaning 'maidservant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐὰνwhenC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκβάλῃcasts outVB AAS3S · βάλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'casts out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτῆςof herselfRD GSF · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτῆς: meaning 'of herself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κυρίανmistressN1A ASF · κυρίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκυρία: meaning 'mistress'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισητὴhatedA1 NSF · μισητόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμισητός: meaning 'hated'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γυνὴwomanN3K NSF · γυνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐὰνwhenC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τύχῃobtainsVB AAS3S · τυγχάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτυγχάνω: meaning 'obtains'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνδρὸςa husbandN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'a husband'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀγαθοῦgoodA1 GSM · ἀγαθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
24
τέσσαρα δέ ἐστιν ἐλάχιστα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ταῦτα δέ ἐστιν σοφώτερα τῶν σοφῶν
There are four things small upon the earth, yet these are wiser than the wise.
The final numerical sequence shifts from intolerable greatness to humble but exemplary creaturely wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
τέσσαραfour thingsA3 NPN · τέσσαρεςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countτέσσαρα: meaning 'four things'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δέbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινareV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλάχισταsmallestA1 NPNS · ἐλαχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλαχύς: meaning 'smallest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ταῦταthese thingsRD NPN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δέbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινareV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοφώτεραwiserA1 NPNC · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wiser'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνthan theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφῶνwiseA1 GPM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
25
οἱ μύρμηκες οἷς μὴ ἔστιν ἰσχὺς καὶ ἑτοιμάζονται θέρους τὴν τροφήν
The ants, which have no strength, yet prepare their food in summer.
The ant embodies foresight that compensates for lack of power.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μύρμηκεςantsN3K NPM · μύρμηξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμύρμηξ: meaning 'ants'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἷςwhichRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑτοιμάζονταιprepareV1 PMI3P · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'prepare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θέρουςin summerN3E GSN · θέροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθέρος: meaning 'in summer'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροφήνfoodN1 ASF · τροφήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτροφή: meaning 'food'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
26
καὶ οἱ χοιρογρύλλιοι ἔθνος οὐκ ἰσχυρόν οἳ ἐποιήσαντο ἐν πέτραις τοὺς ἑαυτῶν οἴκους
And the rock-badgers, a nation not strong, made their houses among the rocks.
Fragile creatures show wisdom by placing themselves in secure terrain.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοιρογρύλλιοιrock-badgersN2 NPM · χοιρογρύλλιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχοιρογρύλλιος: meaning 'rock-badgers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰσχυρόνstrongA1A NSN · ἰσχυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: meaning 'strong'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἳwhichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐποιήσαντοmadeVAI AMI3P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πέτραιςrocksN1A DPF · πέτραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπέτρα: meaning 'rocks'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτῶνof themselvesRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτῶν: meaning 'of themselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
27
ἀβασίλευτόν ἐστιν ἡ ἀκρὶς καὶ ἐκστρατεύει ἀφ' ἑνὸς κελεύσματος εὐτάκτως
The locust has no king, yet it marches out at a single command in good order.
Ordered cooperation appears even where there is no visible monarch.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀβασίλευτόνwithout a kingA1B NSN · ἀβασίλευτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀβασίλευτος: meaning 'without a king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκρὶςlocustN3D NSF · ἀκρίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκρίς: meaning 'locust'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκστρατεύειmarches outV1 PAI3S · στρατεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστρατεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'marches out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑνὸςoneA3 GSN · εἷςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κελεύσματοςcommandN3M GSN · κέλευσμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκέλευσμα: meaning 'command'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εὐτάκτωςin good orderD · εὐτάκτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεὐτάκτως: meaning 'in good order'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
28
καὶ καλαβώτης χερσὶν ἐρειδόμενος καὶ εὐάλωτος ὢν κατοικεῖ ἐν ὀχυρώμασιν βασιλέως
And the lizard, bracing itself with its hands, though vulnerable, dwells in royal strongholds.
Smallness and exposure do not prevent entry into places of highest security.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλαβώτηςlizardN1M NSM · καλαβώτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλαβώτης: meaning 'lizard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χερσὶνwith handsN3 DPF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'with hands'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐρειδόμενοςbracing itselfV1 · πμπνσμ ἐρειδόμενοςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἐρειδόμενος: meaning 'bracing itself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐάλωτοςvulnerableA1B NSM · εὐάλωτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐάλωτος: meaning 'vulnerable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὢνbeingV9 · παπνσμ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατοικεῖdwellsV2 PAI3S · οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwells'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὀχυρώμασινstrongholdsN3M DPN · ὀχύρωμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀχύρωμα: meaning 'strongholds'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
βασιλέωςof a kingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'of a king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
29
τρία δέ ἐστιν ἃ εὐόδως πορεύεται καὶ τὸ τέταρτον ὃ καλῶς διαβαίνει
There are three things that go well, and a fourth that passes along nobly.
The chapter's final set praises stately movement and commanding presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τρίαthree thingsA3 NPN · τρεῖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countτρία: meaning 'three things'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δέbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινareV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἃwhichRR NPN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὐόδωςwellD · εὐόδωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεὐόδως: meaning 'well'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύεταιgoesV1 PMI3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'goes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέταρτονfourthA1 ASM · τέταρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτέταρτος: meaning 'fourth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃwhichRR NSN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καλῶςwellD · καλῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαλῶς: meaning 'well'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαβαίνειpasses alongV1 PAI3S · βαίνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβαίνω + δια: meaning 'passes along'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
30
σκύμνος λέοντος ἰσχυρότερος κτηνῶν ὃς οὐκ ἀποστρέφεται οὐδὲ καταπτήσσει κτῆνος
A lion's cub, stronger than beasts, which does not turn back nor shrink from any creature.
The first example of stately motion is fearless strength that yields ground to nothing.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
σκύμνοςcubN2 NSM · σκύμνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκύμνος: meaning 'cub'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λέοντοςof a lionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'of a lion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἰσχυρότεροςstrongerA1A NSMC · ἰσχυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: meaning 'stronger'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κτηνῶνthan beastsN3E GPN · κτῆνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκτῆνος: meaning 'than beasts'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὃςwhichRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστρέφεταιturns backV1 PMI3S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turns back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταπτήσσειcowers beforeV1 PAI3S · πτήσσω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπτήσσω + κατα: meaning 'cowers before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κτῆνοςbeastN3E ASN · κτῆνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκτῆνος: meaning 'beast'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
31
καὶ ἀλέκτωρ ἐμπεριπατῶν θηλείαις εὔψυχος καὶ τράγος ἡγούμενος αἰπολίου καὶ βασιλεὺς δημηγορῶν ἐν ἔθνει
And a rooster strutting among hens, high-spirited, and a goat leading the flock, and a king speaking publicly among a nation.
The final images combine vigor, leadership, and public authority in orderly display.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλέκτωρroosterN3R NSM · ἀλέκτωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀλέκτωρ: meaning 'rooster'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐμπεριπατῶνwalking amongV2 · παπνσμ πατέω + ἐν + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ πατέω + ἐν + περι: meaning 'walking among'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θηλείαιςhensA3U DPF · θῆλυςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθῆλυς: meaning 'hens'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εὔψυχοςhigh-spiritedA1B NSM · εὔψυχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὔψυχος: meaning 'high-spirited'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τράγοςgoatN2 NSM · τράγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτράγος: meaning 'goat'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡγούμενοςleadingV2 · πμπνσμ ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἡγέομαι: meaning 'leading'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἰπολίουa flock of goatsN2N GSN · αἰπόλιονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰπόλιον: meaning 'a flock of goats'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δημηγορῶνspeaking publiclyV2 · παπνσμ δημηγορέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ δημηγορέω: meaning 'speaking publicly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔθνειa nationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'a nation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
32
ἐὰν πρόῃ σεαυτὸν εἰς εὐφροσύνην καὶ ἐκτείνῃς τὴν χεῖρά σου μετὰ μάχης ἀτιμασθήσῃ
If you give yourself over to merriment and stretch out your hand for a fight, you will be dishonored.
The numbered observations end in direct moral counsel against swagger that escalates into conflict.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόῃyou put forwardV9 PAS3S · εἰμί + προverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἰμί + προ: meaning 'you put forward'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεαυτὸνyourselfRD ASM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσεαυτὸν: meaning 'yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐφροσύνηνmerrimentN1 ASF · εὐφροσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'merriment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτείνῃςyou stretch outVA AAS2S · τείνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'you stretch out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουof youRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μάχηςfightN1 GSF · μάχηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμάχη: meaning 'fight'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀτιμασθήσῃyou will be dishonoredVS FPI2S · ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀτιμάζω: meaning 'you will be dishonored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
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ἄμελγε γάλα καὶ ἔσται βούτυρον ἐὰν δὲ ἐκπιέζῃς μυκτῆρας ἐξελεύσεται αἷμα ἐὰν δὲ ἐξέλκῃς λόγους ἐξελεύσονται κρίσεις καὶ μάχαι
Milk out milk and butter will come; but if you squeeze the nostrils, blood will come out; and if you drag out words, judgments and fights will come out.
The final proverb argues from physical pressure to social pressure: what is forced produces its fitting, often violent, result.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἄμελγεmilkV1 PAD2S · ἀμέλγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀμέλγω: meaning 'milk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γάλαmilkN3 ASN · γάλαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγάλα: meaning 'milk'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'will be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βούτυρονbutterN2N NSN · βούτυρονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβούτυρον: meaning 'butter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκπιέζῃςyou squeeze outV1 PAS2S · πιέζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπιέζω + ἐκ: meaning 'you squeeze out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μυκτῆραςnostrilsN3 APM · μυκτήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμυκτήρ: meaning 'nostrils'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξελεύσεταιwill come outVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will come out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἷμαbloodN3M NSN · αἷμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλκῃςyou drag outV1 PAS2S · ἔλκω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔλκω + ἐκ: meaning 'you drag out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξελεύσονταιwill come outVF FMI3P · ἔρχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will come out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρίσειςjudgmentsN3I NPF · κρίσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάχαιfightsN1 NPF · μάχηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχη: meaning 'fights'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.