1
υἱέ ἐὰν ἐγγυήσῃ σὸν φίλον παραδώσεις σὴν χεῖρα ἐχθρῷ
My son, if you stand surety for your friend and give your hand to an enemy,
The chapter opens by treating rash surety as a dangerous entanglement created by one's own pledged hand.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγγυήσῃyou stand surety forVA AMS2S · ἐγγυάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐγγυάω: meaning 'you stand surety for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὸνyourA1 ASM · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παραδώσειςyou giveVF FAI2S · δίδωμι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'you give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὴνyourA1 ASF · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐχθρῷto an enemyA1A DSM · ἐχθρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐχθρός: meaning 'to an enemy'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
2
παγὶς γὰρ ἰσχυρὰ ἀνδρὶ τὰ ἴδια χείλη καὶ ἁλίσκεται χείλεσιν ἰδίου στόματος
for a man's own lips are a strong snare, and he is caught by the lips of his own mouth,
The warning is grounded in the binding power of speech itself: spoken pledges become traps.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
παγὶςsnareN3D NSF · παγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαγίς: meaning 'snare'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰσχυρὰstrongA1A NSF · ἰσχυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: meaning 'strong'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὶfor a manN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'for a man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἴδιαone's ownA1A NPN · ἴδιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἴδιος: meaning 'one's own'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁλίσκεταιhe is caughtV1 PPI3S · ἁλίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἁλίσκω: meaning 'he is caught'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χείλεσινby the lipsN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος: meaning 'by the lips'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἰδίουof his ownA1A GSN · ἴδιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἴδιος: meaning 'of his own'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
3
ποίει υἱέ ἃ ἐγώ σοι ἐντέλλομαι καὶ σῴζου ἥκεις γὰρ εἰς χεῖρας κακῶν διὰ σὸν φίλον ἴθι μὴ ἐκλυόμενος παρόξυνε δὲ καὶ τὸν φίλον σου ὃν ἐνεγυήσω
do this, my son, as I command you, and save yourself, for you have come into the hands of evils because of your friend: go, do not grow slack, and provoke even the friend for whom you stood surety,
The response must be immediate and energetic: self-rescue requires urgent action and relentless appeal.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ποίειdoV2 PAD2S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ἃwhatRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐντέλλομαιcommandV1 PMI1S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'command'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σῴζουsave yourselfV1 PMD2S · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσώζω: meaning 'save yourself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἥκειςyou have comeV1 PAI2S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἥκω: meaning 'you have come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακῶνof evilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'of evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὸνyourA1 ASM · σόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἴθιgoV9 PAD2S · εἶμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἶμι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλυόμενοςgrowing slackV1 · πμπνσμ λύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ λύω + ἐκ: meaning 'growing slack'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρόξυνεstir upV1 PAD2S · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'stir up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὃνfor whomRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'for whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνεγυήσωyou stood suretyVA AMI2S · ἐγγυάω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐγγυάω + ἐν: meaning 'you stood surety'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
μὴ δῷς ὕπνον σοῖς ὄμμασιν μηδὲ ἐπινυστάξῃς σοῖς βλεφάροις
do not give sleep to your eyes, nor slumber to your eyelids,
The father forbids delay by denying the son even the ordinary rest that would postpone escape.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δῷςyou giveVO AAS2S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδίδωμι: meaning 'you give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕπνονsleepN2 ASM · ὕπνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕπνος: meaning 'sleep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σοῖςyourA1 DPN · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὄμμασινeyesN3M DPN · ὄμμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὄμμα: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μηδὲnorC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπινυστάξῃςyou slumberVA AAS2S · νυστάζω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyνυστάζω + ἐπι: meaning 'you slumber'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοῖςyourA1 DPN · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
βλεφάροιςeyelidsN2N DPN · βλέφαρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβλέφαρον: meaning 'eyelids'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
5
ἵνα σῴζῃ ὥσπερ δορκὰς ἐκ βρόχων καὶ ὥσπερ ὄρνεον ἐκ παγίδος
so that you may save yourself like a gazelle from snares and like a bird from a trap.
Escape imagery from the hunting field underscores the urgency and vulnerability of the situation.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σῴζῃyou may save yourselfV1 PMS2S · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσώζω: meaning 'you may save yourself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερlikeD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δορκὰςa gazelleN3D NSF · δορκάςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδορκάς: meaning 'a gazelle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βρόχωνsnaresN2 GPM · βρόχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβρόχος: meaning 'snares'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερlikeD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄρνεονa birdN2N NSN · ὄρνεονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄρνεον: meaning 'a bird'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παγίδοςtrapN3D GSF · παγίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαγίς: meaning 'trap'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
6
ἴθι πρὸς τὸν μύρμηκα ὦ ὀκνηρέ καὶ ζήλωσον ἰδὼν τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ γενοῦ ἐκείνου σοφώτερος
Go to the ant, O sluggard, and, having seen its ways, be more wise than it;
The discourse shifts from surety to sloth and sends the lazy learner to creation for instruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἴθιgoV9 PAD2S · εἶμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἶμι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μύρμηκαantN3K ASM · μύρμηξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμύρμηξ: meaning 'ant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὦOI · ὦadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀκνηρέsluggardA1A VSM · ὀκνηρόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressὀκνηρός: meaning 'sluggard'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήλωσονbe zealousVA AAD2S · ζηλόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateζηλόω: meaning 'be zealous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰδὼνhaving seenVB · ααπνσμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ ὁράω: meaning 'having seen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενοῦbecomeVB AMD2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκείνουthan itRD GSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐκείνου: meaning 'than it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σοφώτεροςwiserA1 NSMC · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wiser'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
7
ἐκείνῳ γὰρ γεωργίου μὴ ὑπάρχοντος μηδὲ τὸν ἀναγκάζοντα ἔχων μηδὲ ὑπὸ δεσπότην ὢν
for though it has no farmland, nor one compelling it, nor is it under a master,
The ant's diligence is striking precisely because it works without visible overseer or coercion.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐκείνῳfor itRD DSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῳ: meaning 'for it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεωργίουof a farmN2N GSN · γεώργιονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγεώργιον: meaning 'of a farm'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπάρχοντοςexistingV1 · παπγσμ ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'existing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μηδὲnorC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναγκάζονταone compellingV1 · παπασμ ἀγκάζω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ ἀγκάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'one compelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μηδὲnorC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δεσπότηνa masterN1M ASM · δεσπότηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεσπότης: meaning 'a master'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὢνbeingV9 · παπνσμ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
ἑτοιμάζεται θέρους τὴν τροφὴν πολλήν τε ἐν τῷ ἀμήτῳ ποιεῖται τὴν παράθεσιν ἢ πορεύθητι πρὸς τὴν μέλισσαν καὶ μάθε ὡς ἐργάτις ἐστὶν τήν τε ἐργασίαν ὡς σεμνὴν ποιεῖται ἧς τοὺς πόνους βασιλεῖς καὶ ἰδιῶται πρὸς ὑγίειαν προσφέρονται ποθεινὴ δέ ἐστιν πᾶσιν καὶ ἐπίδοξος καίπερ οὖσα τῇ ῥώμῃ ἀσθενής τὴν σοφίαν τιμήσασα προήχθη
it prepares abundant food in summer and in harvest makes its store. Or go to the bee and learn how industrious she is, and how dignified a work she makes; kings and private people alike bring her labors for health. She is desired by all and renowned, and though weak in strength, because she honored wisdom she was advanced.
The Septuagint broadens the natural lesson through the bee, whose smallness is overcome by wise and useful labor.
Word-by-word analysis· 52 words
ἑτοιμάζεταιit preparesV1 PMI3S · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'it prepares'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θέρουςin summerN3E GSN · θέροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθέρος: meaning 'in summer'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροφὴνfoodN1 ASF · τροφήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτροφή: meaning 'food'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολλήνabundantA1 ASF · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'abundant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τεandX TEadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμήτῳharvestN2 DSM · ἀμητόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμητός: meaning 'harvest'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ποιεῖταιit makesV2 PMI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'it makes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παράθεσινstoreN3I ASF · παράθεσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαράθεσις: meaning 'store'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύθητιgoVC APD2S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέλισσανbeeN1A ASF · μέλισσαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέλισσα: meaning 'bee'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάθεlearnVB AAD2S · μανθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμανθάνω: meaning 'learn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςwheneverC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐργάτιςworkerN3D NSF · ἐργάτιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐργάτις: meaning 'worker'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστὶνshe isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'she is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τήνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεandX TEadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐργασίανworkN1A ASF · ἐργασίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐργασία: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςwheneverC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεμνὴνdignifiedA1 ASF · σεμνόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσεμνός: meaning 'dignified'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ποιεῖταιit makesV2 PMI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'it makes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἧςwhoseRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'whose'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόνουςlaborsN2 APM · πόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'labors'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βασιλεῖςkingsN3V APM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδιῶταιprivate peopleN1M NPM · ἰδιώτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰδιώτης: meaning 'private people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑγίειανhealthN1A ASF · ὑγίειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑγίεια: meaning 'health'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
προσφέρονταιbringV1 PMI3P · φέρω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφέρω + προς: meaning 'bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ποθεινὴdesiredA1 NSF · ποθεινόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceποθεινός: meaning 'desired'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δέandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσινall the thingsA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all the things'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίδοξοςrenownedA1B NSF · ἐπίδοξοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπίδοξος: meaning 'renowned'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καίπερalthoughC · καίπερconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαίπερ: meaning 'although'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὖσαbeingV9 · παπνσφ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇinRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥώμῃstrengthN1 DSF · ῥώμηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceῥώμη: meaning 'strength'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀσθενήςweakA3H NSF · ἀσθενήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσθενής: meaning 'weak'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφίανwisdomN1A ASF · σοφίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τιμήσασαhaving honoredVA · ααπνσφ τιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσφ τιμάω: meaning 'having honored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
προήχθηwas advancedVQI API3S · ἄγω + προverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + προ: meaning 'was advanced'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
ἕως τίνος ὀκνηρέ κατάκεισαι πότε δὲ ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθήσῃ
How long, sluggard, will you lie down, and when will you rise from sleep?
The teacher now addresses the sluggard directly with impatient questions.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίνοςwhenRI GSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτίνος: meaning 'when'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὀκνηρέsluggardA1A VSM · ὀκνηρόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressὀκνηρός: meaning 'sluggard'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
κατάκεισαιyou lie downV5 PMI2S · κεῖμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκεῖμαι + κατα: meaning 'you lie down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πότεwhenD · πότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπότε: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὕπνουsleepN2 GSM · ὕπνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕπνος: meaning 'sleep'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐγερθήσῃwill you riseVC FPI2S · ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐγείρω: meaning 'will you rise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
ὀλίγον μὲν ὑπνοῖς ὀλίγον δὲ κάθησαι μικρὸν δὲ νυστάζεις ὀλίγον δὲ ἐναγκαλίζῃ χερσὶν στήθη
For a little you sleep, a little you sit, and a little you slumber, and for a little you embrace your chest with your hands,
The lazy pattern is mimed in repetitive, incremental gestures of delay and self-enclosure.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὀλίγονa littleA1 ASN · ὀλίγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀλίγος: meaning 'a little'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μὲνindeedX · μένadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπνοῖςyou sleepN2 DPM · ὕπνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὕπνος: meaning 'you sleep'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὀλίγονa littleA1 ASN · ὀλίγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀλίγος: meaning 'a little'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάθησαιyou sitV5 PMI2S · ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'you sit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μικρὸνa littleA1A ASN · μικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμικρός: meaning 'a little'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νυστάζειςyou slumberV1 PAI2S · νυστάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processνυστάζω: meaning 'you slumber'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀλίγονa littleA1 ASN · ὀλίγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀλίγος: meaning 'a little'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐναγκαλίζῃyou embraceV1 PMS2S · ἀγκαλίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀγκαλίζω + ἐν: meaning 'you embrace'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χερσὶνwith handsN3 DPF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'with hands'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
στήθηchestN3E APN · στῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστῆθος: meaning 'chest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
11
εἶτ' ἐμπαραγίνεταί σοι ὥσπερ κακὸς ὁδοιπόρος ἡ πενία καὶ ἡ ἔνδεια ὥσπερ ἀγαθὸς δρομεύς ἐὰν δὲ ἄοκνος ᾖς ἥξει ὥσπερ πηγὴ ὁ ἀμητός σου ἡ δὲ ἔνδεια ὥσπερ κακὸς δρομεὺς ἀπαυτομολήσει
then poverty comes upon you like a bad traveler, and need like a good runner. But if you are untiring, your harvest will come like a spring, and need will flee like a bad runner.
Poverty is personified as a swift intruder, yet diligent labor reverses the outcome with abundance and escape from want.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
εἶτ'thenV9 PAO2P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'then'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμπαραγίνεταίcomes uponV1 PMI3S · γίγνομαι + ἐν + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι + ἐν + παρα: meaning 'comes upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὥσπερlikeD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακὸςa badA1 NSM · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'a bad'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁδοιπόροςtravelerA1B NSM · ὁδοιπόροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδοιπόρος: meaning 'traveler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πενίαpovertyN1A NSF · πενίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπενία: meaning 'poverty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνδειαneedN1A NSF · ἔνδειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔνδεια: meaning 'need'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὥσπερlikeD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθὸςa goodA1 NSM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'a good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δρομεύςrunnerN3V NSM · δρομεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδρομεύς: meaning 'runner'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄοκνοςuntiringA1B NSM · ἄοκνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄοκνος: meaning 'untiring'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ᾖςyou areV9 PAS2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceᾖς: meaning 'you are'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερlikeD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πηγὴa springN1 NSF · πηγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπηγή: meaning 'a spring'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμητόςharvestN2 NSM · ἀμητόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀμητός: meaning 'harvest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔνδειαneedN1A NSF · ἔνδειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔνδεια: meaning 'need'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὥσπερlikeD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακὸςa badA1 NSM · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'a bad'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δρομεὺςrunnerN3V NSM · δρομεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδρομεύς: meaning 'runner'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπαυτομολήσειwill desertVF FAI3S · αὐτομολέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαὐτομολέω + ἀπο: meaning 'will desert'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
ἀνὴρ ἄφρων καὶ παράνομος πορεύεται ὁδοὺς οὐκ ἀγαθάς
A foolish and lawless man travels ways that are not good.
A new portrait begins with the worthless man as a traveler on morally bad roads.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρωνfoolishA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παράνομοςlawlessA1B NSM · παράνομοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πορεύεταιtravelsV1 PMI3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'travels'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθάςgoodA1 APF · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
13
ὁ δ' αὐτὸς ἐννεύει ὀφθαλμῷ σημαίνει δὲ ποδί διδάσκει δὲ ἐννεύμασιν δακτύλων
That same man winks with the eye, signals with the foot, and teaches with gestures of the fingers.
His body itself becomes a covert language of deceit and manipulation.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δ'same oneX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'same one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςsame oneRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'same one'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐννεύειwinksV1 PAI3S · νεύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processνεύω + ἐν: meaning 'winks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀφθαλμῷwith the eyeN2 DSM · ὀφθαλμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'with the eye'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σημαίνειsignalsV1 PAI3S · σημαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processσημαίνω: meaning 'signals'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποδίwith the footN3D DSM · πούςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπούς: meaning 'with the foot'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
διδάσκειteachesV1 PAI3S · διδάσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδιδάσκω: meaning 'teaches'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐννεύμασινwith gesturesN3M DPN · ἔννευμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔννευμα: meaning 'with gestures'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δακτύλωνof fingersN2 GPM · δάκτυλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδάκτυλος: meaning 'of fingers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
14
διεστραμμένῃ δὲ καρδίᾳ τεκταίνεται κακὰ ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ὁ τοιοῦτος ταραχὰς συνίστησιν πόλει
With a twisted heart he devises evils at every time; such a man stirs up disturbances in the city.
The inner crookedness of the worthless man issues outward into civic disorder.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
διεστραμμένῃwith a twistedVP · χμπδσφ στρέφω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπδσφ στρέφω + δια: meaning 'with a twisted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τεκταίνεταιdevisesV1 PMI3S · τεκταίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτεκταίνω: meaning 'devises'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακὰevilsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶeveryA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοιοῦτοςsuch a oneA1 NSM · τοιοῦτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτοιοῦτος: meaning 'such a one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ταραχὰςdisturbancesN1 APF · ταραχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταραχή: meaning 'disturbances'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συνίστησινstirs upV6 PAI3S · ἵστημι + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἵστημι + συν: meaning 'stirs up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόλειin a cityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'in a city'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
15
διὰ τοῦτο ἐξαπίνης ἔρχεται ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτοῦ διακοπὴ καὶ συντριβὴ ἀνίατος
Because of this his destruction comes suddenly, a breaking and ruin without healing.
The lawless man's end arrives abruptly and irreparably.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξαπίνηςsuddenlyD · ἐξαπίνηςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐξαπίνης: meaning 'suddenly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχεταιcomesV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'comes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπώλειαdestructionN1A NSF · ἀπώλειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διακοπὴbreakingN1 NSF · διακοπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιακοπή: meaning 'breaking'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συντριβὴruinN1 NSF · συντριβήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυντριβή: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνίατοςwithout healingA1B NSF · ἀνίατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνίατος: meaning 'without healing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
16
ὅτι χαίρει πᾶσιν οἷς μισεῖ ὁ κύριος συντρίβεται δὲ δι' ἀκαθαρσίαν ψυχῆς
For he is shattered by all the things that the Lord hates, and because of uncleanness of soul.
The source of his fall is theological as well as moral: he delights in what the Lord hates.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαίρειhe delights inV1 PAI3S · χαίρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processχαίρω: meaning 'he delights in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσινall the thingsA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all the things'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἷςwhichRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μισεῖhatesV2 PAI3S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμισέω: meaning 'hates'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συντρίβεταιis shatteredV1 PMI3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτρίβω + συν: meaning 'is shattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίανuncleannessN1A ASF · ἀκαθαρσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleanness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ψυχῆςof soulN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'of soul'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
17
ὀφθαλμὸς ὑβριστοῦ γλῶσσα ἄδικος χεῖρες ἐκχέουσαι αἷμα δικαίου
The eye of the insolent, an unjust tongue, and hands pouring out the blood of the righteous,
The hated things are now listed, beginning with pride, lying speech, and violent hands.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ὀφθαλμὸςeyeN2 NSM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑβριστοῦof the insolentA1 GSM · ὕβριστοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕβριστος: meaning 'of the insolent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
γλῶσσαtongueN1S NSF · γλῶσσαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄδικοςunjustA1B NSF · ἄδικοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χεῖρεςhandsN3 NPF · χείρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκχέουσαιpouring outV2 · παπνπφ χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ χέω + ἐκ: meaning 'pouring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἷμαbloodN3M ASN · αἷμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δικαίουof the righteousA1A GSN · δίκαιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'of the righteous'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
18
καὶ καρδία τεκταινομένη λογισμοὺς κακοὺς καὶ πόδες ἐπισπεύδοντες κακοποιεῖν
and a heart devising evil thoughts, and feet hurrying to do evil,
The catalogue continues from inner plotting to eager participation in wrongdoing.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τεκταινομένηdevisingV1 · πμπνσφ τεκταίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ τεκταίνω: meaning 'devising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λογισμοὺςthoughtsN2 APM · λογισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'thoughts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακοὺςevilA1 APM · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόδεςfeetN3D NPM · πούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπούς: meaning 'feet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπισπεύδοντεςhurryingV1 · παπνπμ σπεύδω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ σπεύδω + ἐπι: meaning 'hurrying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακοποιεῖνto do evilV2 PAN · κακοποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκακοποιέω: meaning 'to do evil'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
ἐκκαίει ψεύδη μάρτυς ἄδικος καὶ ἐπιπέμπει κρίσεις ἀνὰ μέσον ἀδελφῶν
an unjust witness kindling lies and sending judgments in the midst of brothers.
The list culminates in false witness and the sowing of destructive conflict among kin.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐκκαίειkindlesV1 PAI3S · καίω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαίω + ἐκ: meaning 'kindles'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ψεύδηliesA3H APN · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψευδής: meaning 'lies'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μάρτυςwitnessN3 NSM · μάρτυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄδικοςunjustA1B NSM · ἄδικοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιπέμπειsendsV1 PAI3S · πέμπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπέμπω + ἐπι: meaning 'sends'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρίσειςjudgmentsN3I APF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίσις: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνὰamongP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀδελφῶνof brothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'of brothers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
20
υἱέ φύλασσε νόμους πατρός σου καὶ μὴ ἀπώσῃ θεσμοὺς μητρός σου
My son, keep your father's laws and do not reject your mother's ordinances.
Against the worthlessness just described, the son is recalled to the stable authority of parental instruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
φύλασσεkeepV1 PAD2S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νόμουςlawsN2 APM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'laws'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πατρόςof your fatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'of your father'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώσῃrejectVA AMS2S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'reject'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεσμοὺςordinancesN2 APM · θεσμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεσμός: meaning 'ordinances'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μητρόςof your motherN3 GSF · μήτηρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'of your mother'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
21
ἄφαψαι δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ σῇ ψυχῇ διὰ παντὸς καὶ ἐγκλοίωσαι ἐπὶ σῷ τραχήλῳ
Fasten them upon your soul continually, and bind them upon your neck,
The laws are to be worn inwardly and outwardly as permanent moral adornment.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἄφαψαιfastenVA AMD2S · ἅπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἅπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'fasten'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σῇyourA1 DSF · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὸςall timeA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all time'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκλοίωσαιbindVA AMD2S · ἐγκλοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐγκλοιόω: meaning 'bind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σῷyourA1 DSM · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τραχήλῳneckN2 DSM · τράχηλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτράχηλος: meaning 'neck'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
22
ἡνίκα ἂν περιπατῇς ἐπάγου αὐτήν καὶ μετὰ σοῦ ἔστω ὡς δ' ἂν καθεύδῃς φυλασσέτω σε ἵνα ἐγειρομένῳ συλλαλῇ σοι
so that whenever you walk, lead with it, and let it be with you; and whenever you sleep, let it guard you, so that when you awake it may converse with you.
Instruction is pictured as a constant companion in movement, sleep, and waking speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἡνίκαwheneverD · ἡνίκαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιπατῇςyou walkV2 PAS2S · πατέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπατέω + περι: meaning 'you walk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπάγουlead withN2 GSM · πάγοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπάγος: meaning 'lead with'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτήνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔστωlet it beV9 PAD3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'let it be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςwheneverC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δ'same oneX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'same one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθεύδῃςyou sleepV1 PAS2S · εὕδω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεὕδω + κατα: meaning 'you sleep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φυλασσέτωlet it guardV1 PAD3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'let it guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγειρομένῳto the one risingV1 · πμπδσμ ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδσμ ἐγείρω: meaning 'to the one rising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συλλαλῇit may converseV2 PAS3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλαλέω: meaning 'it may converse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
23
ὅτι λύχνος ἐντολὴ νόμου καὶ φῶς καὶ ὁδὸς ζωῆς ἔλεγχος καὶ παιδεία
For the commandment of the law is a lamp and light, and reproof and discipline are a way of life,
This companionship is justified because command and discipline illuminate the path of life itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λύχνοςlampN2 NSM · λύχνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλύχνος: meaning 'lamp'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐντολὴcommandmentN1 NSF · ἐντολήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐντολή: meaning 'commandment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νόμουof lawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'of law'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φῶςlightN3T NSN · φῶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁδὸςwayN2 NSF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςof lifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'of life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔλεγχοςreproofN2 NSM · ἔλεγχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔλεγχος: meaning 'reproof'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παιδείαdisciplineN1A NSF · παιδείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
24
τοῦ διαφυλάσσειν σε ἀπὸ γυναικὸς ὑπάνδρου καὶ ἀπὸ διαβολῆς γλώσσης ἀλλοτρίας
to guard you from the married woman and from the slander of an alien tongue.
The preserving function of instruction now narrows toward the chapter's final warning against sexual temptation.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαφυλάσσεινguardV1 PAN · φυλάσσω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφυλάσσω + δια: meaning 'guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γυναικὸςa womanN3K GSF · γυνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'a woman'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑπάνδρουmarriedA1B GSF · ὕπανδροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕπανδρος: meaning 'married'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
διαβολῆςslanderN1 GSF · διαβολήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδιαβολή: meaning 'slander'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
γλώσσηςof a tongueN1S GSF · γλῶσσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγλῶσσα: meaning 'of a tongue'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀλλοτρίαςalienA1A GSF · ἀλλότριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλλότριος: meaning 'alien'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
25
μή σε νικήσῃ κάλλους ἐπιθυμία μηδὲ ἀγρευθῇς σοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς μηδὲ συναρπασθῇς ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῆς βλεφάρων
Let not desire for beauty conquer you, nor be caught by your eyes, nor be swept away by her eyelids.
The warning begins at the level of desire and visual capture.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
μήlestD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
νικήσῃconquerVA AAS3S · νικάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyνικάω: meaning 'conquer'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κάλλουςwith beautyN3E GSN · κάλλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκάλλος: meaning 'with beauty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπιθυμίαdesireN1A NSF · ἐπιθυμίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιθυμία: meaning 'desire'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μηδὲnorC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγρευθῇςbe caughtVC APS2S · ἀγρεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀγρεύω: meaning 'be caught'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοῖςyourA1 DPM · σόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσός: meaning 'your'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesN2 DPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μηδὲnorC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναρπασθῇςbe swept awayVS APS2S · ἀρπάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀρπάζω + συν: meaning 'be swept away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βλεφάρωνeyelidsN2N GPN · βλέφαρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβλέφαρον: meaning 'eyelids'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
26
τιμὴ γὰρ πόρνης ὅση καὶ ἑνὸς ἄρτου γυνὴ δὲ ἀνδρῶν τιμίας ψυχὰς ἀγρεύει
For the price of a prostitute is as much as a single loaf, but a married woman hunts precious souls of men.
Adultery is shown to be more costly than prostitution, because it hunts lives, not merely money.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
τιμὴpriceN1 NSF · τιμήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτιμή: meaning 'price'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόρνηςof a prostituteN1 GSF · πόρνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπόρνη: meaning 'of a prostitute'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅσηas much asA1 NSF · ὅσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅσος: meaning 'as much as'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑνὸςof oneA3 GSM · εἷςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεἷς: meaning 'of one'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄρτουloafN2 GSM · ἄρτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄρτος: meaning 'loaf'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
γυνὴwomanN3K NSF · γυνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρῶνof menN3 GPM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τιμίαςpreciousA1A GSF · τίμιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτίμιος: meaning 'precious'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ψυχὰςsoulsN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'souls'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀγρεύειhuntsV1 PAI3S · ἀγρεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀγρεύω: meaning 'hunts'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
27
ἀποδήσει τις πῦρ ἐν κόλπῳ τὰ δὲ ἱμάτια οὐ κατακαύσει
Will anyone bind fire in his bosom and his garments not be burned?
The first question makes the folly vivid: proximity to illicit desire is like holding fire against cloth.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀποδήσειwill anyone bindVF FAI3S · δέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδέω + ἀπο: meaning 'will anyone bind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τιςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κόλπῳbosomN2 DSM · κόλποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκόλπος: meaning 'bosom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱμάτιον: meaning 'garments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακαύσειbe burnedVF FAI3S · καύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαύω + κατα: meaning 'be burned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
28
ἢ περιπατήσει τις ἐπ' ἀνθράκων πυρός τοὺς δὲ πόδας οὐ κατακαύσει
Or will anyone walk upon coals of fire and his feet not be burned?
The second question presses the same impossibility through the image of walking on live coals.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιπατήσειwill walkVF FAI3S · πατέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπατέω + περι: meaning 'will walk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τιςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνθράκωνcoalsN3K GPM · ἄνθραξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθραξ: meaning 'coals'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πυρόςof fireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'of fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόδαςfeetN3D APM · πούςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπούς: meaning 'feet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακαύσειbe burnedVF FAI3S · καύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαύω + κατα: meaning 'be burned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
29
οὕτως ὁ εἰσελθὼν πρὸς γυναῖκα ὕπανδρον οὐκ ἀθῳωθήσεται οὐδὲ πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος αὐτῆς
So too the one who goes in to a married woman will not be acquitted, nor anyone who touches her.
The metaphor is now applied directly: adultery burns and leaves no innocence behind.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὕτωςso tooD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'so too'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσελθὼνgoing inVB · ααπνσμ ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ ἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'going in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γυναῖκαa womanN3K ASF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'a woman'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὕπανδρονmarriedA1B ASF · ὕπανδροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕπανδρος: meaning 'married'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀθῳωθήσεταιwill be acquittedVC FPI3S · ἀθῳόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀθῳόω: meaning 'will be acquitted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςtouchingV1 · πμπνσμ ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἅπτομαι: meaning 'touching'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
30
οὐ θαυμαστὸν ἐὰν ἁλῷ τις κλέπτων κλέπτει γὰρ ἵνα ἐμπλήσῃ τὴν ψυχὴν πεινῶν
It is not surprising if someone is caught stealing, for he steals in order to fill his hungry soul,
The discourse compares theft and adultery, first noting that hunger partly explains the thief.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θαυμαστὸνsurprisingA1 ASM · θαυμαστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθαυμαστός: meaning 'surprising'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁλῷis caughtVZ AAS3S · ἁλίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἁλίσκω: meaning 'is caught'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τιςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κλέπτωνstealingV1 · παπνσμ κλέπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κλέπτω: meaning 'stealing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κλέπτειhe stealsV1 PAI3S · κλέπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκλέπτω: meaning 'he steals'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπλήσῃhe may fillVH AAS3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'he may fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πεινῶνhungeringN1 GPF · πείνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπείνη: meaning 'hungering'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
31
ἐὰν δὲ ἁλῷ ἀποτείσει ἑπταπλάσια καὶ πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ δοὺς ῥύσεται ἑαυτόν
but if he is caught, he will repay sevenfold, and by giving all that belongs to him he will rescue himself.
Even theft, though costly, still leaves open a path of restitution.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁλῷis caughtVZ AAS3S · ἁλίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἁλίσκω: meaning 'is caught'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀποτείσειhe will repayVF FAI3S · τίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'he will repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑπταπλάσιαsevenfoldA1A APN · ἑπταπλάσιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἑπταπλάσιος: meaning 'sevenfold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπάρχονταpossessionsV1 · παπαπν ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπν ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'possessions'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δοὺςgivingVO · ααπνσμ δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ δίδωμι: meaning 'giving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥύσεταιhe will rescueVF FMI3S · ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureῥύομαι: meaning 'he will rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτόνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτόν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
32
ὁ δὲ μοιχὸς δι' ἔνδειαν φρενῶν ἀπώλειαν τῇ ψυχῇ αὐτοῦ περιποιεῖται
But the adulterer, because of lack of sense, works destruction for his own soul.
Unlike the thief, the adulterer is defined by mental deficiency and self-destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοιχὸςadultererN2 NSM · μοιχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμοιχός: meaning 'adulterer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔνδειανlackN1A ASF · ἔνδειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔνδεια: meaning 'lack'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φρενῶνof senseN3 GPF · φρήνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφρήν: meaning 'of sense'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῇinRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιποιεῖταιworksV2 PMI3S · ποιέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω + περι: meaning 'works'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
33
ὀδύνας τε καὶ ἀτιμίας ὑποφέρει τὸ δὲ ὄνειδος αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐξαλειφθήσεται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα
He bears pains and dishonors, and his reproach will not be wiped away forever,
Adultery brings enduring shame that cannot simply be erased.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὀδύναςpainsN1 APF · ὀδύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀδύνη: meaning 'pains'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τεandX TEadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτιμίαςdishonorsN1A APF · ἀτιμίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀτιμία: meaning 'dishonors'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑποφέρειhe bearsV1 PAI3S · φέρω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφέρω + ὑπο: meaning 'he bears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνειδοςreproachN3E NSN · ὄνειδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνειδος: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦitsRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαλειφθήσεταιwill be wiped awayVV FPI3S · ἀλείφω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀλείφω + ἐκ: meaning 'will be wiped away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναageN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
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μεστὸς γὰρ ζήλου θυμὸς ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς οὐ φείσεται ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως
for the anger of her husband is full of jealousy, and he will not spare in the day of judgment,
The offended husband embodies the implacable human consequence of the act.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μεστὸςfullA1 NSM · μεστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμεστός: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήλουof jealousyN2 GSM · ζῆλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζῆλος: meaning 'of jealousy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θυμὸςangerN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'anger'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὸςof a husbandN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a husband'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φείσεταιwill spareVF FMI3S · φείδομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφείδομαι: meaning 'will spare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κρίσεωςof judgmentN3I GSF · κρίσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκρίσις: meaning 'of judgment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
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οὐκ ἀνταλλάξεται οὐδενὸς λύτρου τὴν ἔχθραν οὐδὲ μὴ διαλυθῇ πολλῶν δώρων
he will exchange the enmity for no ransom, nor be reconciled by many gifts.
The chapter closes by denying any easy settlement: this enmity cannot be bought off.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταλλάξεταιwill exchangeVF FMI3S · ἀλλάσσω + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀλλάσσω + ἀντι: meaning 'will exchange'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδενὸςfor anyA3 GSN · οὐδείςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'for any'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λύτρουransomN2N GSN · λύτρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλύτρον: meaning 'ransom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔχθρανenmityA1A ASF · ἐχθρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enmity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαλυθῇbe reconciledVC APS3S · λύω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλύω + δια: meaning 'be reconciled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πολλῶνby manyA1 GPN · πολύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'by many'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δώρωνgiftsN2N GPN · δῶρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδῶρον: meaning 'gifts'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.