1
ἵνα τί ἐφρύαξαν ἔθνη καὶ λαοὶ ἐμελέτησαν κενά
Why did the nations rage, and the peoples meditate on empty things?
The psalm begins with astonishment: international uproar is exposed as noisy but hollow resistance to divine rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἵναwhyC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'why'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhyRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'why'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐφρύαξανragedVAI AAI3P · φρυάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφρυάσσω: meaning 'raged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαοὶpeoplesN2 NPM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'peoples'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐμελέτησανmeditatedVAI AAI3P · μελετέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμελετέω: meaning 'meditated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κενάempty thingsA1 APN · κενόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκενός: meaning 'empty things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
2
παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες συνήχθησαν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ κατὰ τοῦ χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ διάψαλμα
The kings of the earth stood by, and the rulers were gathered together against the Lord and against his Anointed. Pause.
The revolt is now personified in kings and rulers who deliberately assemble against both the Lord and the king he has consecrated.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
παρέστησανstood byVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + παρα: meaning 'stood by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συνήχθησανwere gathered togetherVQI API3P · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'were gathered together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶforP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸsameRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'same'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατὰagainstP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰagainstP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χριστοῦAnointedA1 GSM · χριστόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχριστός: meaning 'Anointed'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διάψαλμαPauseN3M NSN · διάψαλμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιάψαλμα: meaning 'Pause'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
3
διαρρήξωμεν τοὺς δεσμοὺς αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπορρίψωμεν ἀφ' ἡμῶν τὸν ζυγὸν αὐτῶν
Let us break their bonds apart, and let us cast their yoke away from us.
The conspirators are briefly allowed to speak, revealing that divine rule is experienced by them as restraint to be violently thrown off.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
διαρρήξωμενlet us break apartVA AAS1P · ῥήγνυμι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyῥήγνυμι + δια: meaning 'let us break apart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεσμοὺςbondsN2 APM · δεσμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεσμός: meaning 'bonds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπορρίψωμενlet us cast awayVA AAS1P · ῥίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyῥίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'let us cast away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμῶνusRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζυγὸνyokeN2 ASM · ζυγόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζυγός: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
ὁ κατοικῶν ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἐκγελάσεται αὐτούς καὶ ὁ κύριος ἐκμυκτηριεῖ αὐτούς
He who dwells in the heavens shall laugh at them, and the Lord will mock them.
The scene shifts upward. Human coalition meets not divine anxiety but sovereign laughter from the heavenly throne.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικῶνdwellingV2 · παπνσμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οὐρανοῖςheavensN2 DPM · οὐρανόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοὐρανός: meaning 'heavens'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐκγελάσεταιshall laugh atV3 PMI3S · γελάω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγελάω + ἐκ: meaning 'shall laugh at'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκμυκτηριεῖwill mockVF2 FAI3S · μυκτηρίζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμυκτηρίζω + ἐκ: meaning 'will mock'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
5
τότε λαλήσει πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐν ὀργῇ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ θυμῷ αὐτοῦ ταράξει αὐτούς
Then he will speak to them in his wrath, and in his anger he will trouble them.
Laughter is not the last word. The heavenly king now addresses the rebels with wrath that unsettles and terrifies them.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαλήσειwill speakVF FAI3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαλέω: meaning 'will speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὀργῇwrathN1 DSF · ὀργήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμῷangerN2 DSM · θυμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθυμός: meaning 'anger'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ταράξειwill troubleVF FAI3S · ταράσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureταράσσω: meaning 'will trouble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
ἐγὼ δὲ κατεστάθην βασιλεὺς ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ Σιων ὄρος τὸ ἅγιον αὐτοῦ
But I was established as king by him upon Zion, his holy mountain.
Against the nations' refusal stands the king's testimony: his throne on Zion is not self-asserted but bestowed by God.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεστάθηνwas establishedVCI API1S · ἵστημι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + κατα: meaning 'was established'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπ'byP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπ': meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΣιωνZionN AS · Σιωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastΣιων: meaning 'Zion'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιονholyA1A ASN · ἅγιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
διαγγέλλων τὸ πρόσταγμα κυρίου κύριος εἶπεν πρός με υἱός μου εἶ σύ ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε
Declaring the ordinance of the Lord, the Lord said to me: "You are my Son; today I have begotten you."
The king does not invent his status; he publicly recites the Lord's decree, climaxing in sonship language that grounds royal identity.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
διαγγέλλωνdeclaringV1 · παπνσμ ἀγγέλλω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀγγέλλω + δια: meaning 'declaring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσταγμαordinanceN3M ASN · πρόσταγμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσταγμα: meaning 'ordinance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κύριοςthe LordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
υἱόςSonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'Son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶareV9 PAI2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σύyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσύ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σήμερονtodayD · σήμερονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσήμερον: meaning 'today'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεγέννηκάhave begottenVX XAI1S · γεννάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγεννάω: meaning 'have begotten'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
αἴτησαι παρ' ἐμοῦ καὶ δώσω σοι ἔθνη τὴν κληρονομίαν σου καὶ τὴν κατάσχεσίν σου τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς
Ask of me, and I will give you nations as your inheritance and the ends of the earth as your possession.
The decree widens from Zion to the world: the son-king is invited to receive the nations themselves as a granted inheritance.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
αἴτησαιaskVA AMD2S · αἰτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαἰτέω: meaning 'ask'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρ'fromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοῦmeRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveVF FAI1S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδίδωμι: meaning 'I will give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίανinheritanceN1A ASF · κληρονομίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάσχεσίνpossessionN3I ASF · κατάσχεσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: meaning 'possession'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέραταendsN3T APN · πέραςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπέρας: meaning 'ends'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
9
ποιμανεῖς αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ ὡς σκεῦος κεραμέως συντρίψεις αὐτούς
You shall shepherd them with an iron rod; like a potter's vessel you shall crush them.
The gifted dominion is not sentimental. Royal shepherding includes the power to shatter resistant nations with irresistible force.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ποιμανεῖςyou shall shepherdVF2 FAI2S · ποιμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιμαίνω: meaning 'you shall shepherd'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ῥάβδῳrodN2 DSF · ῥάβδοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceῥάβδος: meaning 'rod'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σιδηρᾷironA1A DSF · σιδήρεοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσιδήρεος: meaning 'iron'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεῦοςvesselN3E ASN · σκεῦοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κεραμέωςof a potterN3V GSM · κεραμεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκεραμεύς: meaning 'of a potter'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συντρίψειςyou shall crushVF FAI2S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτρίβω + συν: meaning 'you shall crush'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
καὶ νῦν βασιλεῖς σύνετε παιδεύθητε πάντες οἱ κρίνοντες τὴν γῆν
And now, O kings, understand; be instructed, all who judge the earth.
After decree and threat, the psalm turns directly to living rulers and calls them to intelligence, correction, and teachability.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεῖςO kingsN3V VPM · βασιλεύςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressβασιλεύς: meaning 'O kings'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
σύνετεunderstandV7 PAD2P · ἵημι + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵημι + συν: meaning 'understand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παιδεύθητεbe instructedVC APS2P · παιδεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπαιδεύω: meaning 'be instructed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱwhoRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίνοντεςjudgingV1 · παπνπμ κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ κρίνω: meaning 'judging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
11
δουλεύσατε τῷ κυρίῳ ἐν φόβῳ καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε αὐτῷ ἐν τρόμῳ
Serve the Lord with fear, and rejoice in him with trembling.
The demanded response is not mere surrender but worshipful service, where joy and trembling are held together before the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
δουλεύσατεserveVA AAD2P · δουλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδουλεύω: meaning 'serve'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φόβῳfearN2 DSM · φόβοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαλλιᾶσθεrejoiceV3 PMD2P · ἀγαλλιάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀγαλλιάομαι: meaning 'rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷin himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'in him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τρόμῳtremblingN2 DSM · τρόμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτρόμος: meaning 'trembling'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
12
δράξασθε παιδείας μήποτε ὀργισθῇ κύριος καὶ ἀπολεῖσθε ἐξ ὁδοῦ δικαίας ὅταν ἐκκαυθῇ ἐν τάχει ὁ θυμὸς αὐτοῦ μακάριοι πάντες οἱ πεποιθότες ἐπ' αὐτῷ
Lay hold of instruction, lest at any time the Lord be angry and you perish from the righteous way, whenever his wrath is quickly kindled. Blessed are all who trust in him.
The psalm ends by fusing admonition with promise: rulers must seize discipline before wrath flares, yet refuge remains open and blessed.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
δράξασθεlay hold ofVA AMD2P · δράσσομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδράσσομαι: meaning 'lay hold of'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παιδείαςinstructionN1A APF · παιδείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'instruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μήποτεlest at any timeD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest at any time'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀργισθῇbe angryVS APS3S · ὀργίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὀργίζω: meaning 'be angry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςthe LordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολεῖσθεyou perishVF2 FMI2P · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'you perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῦwayN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δικαίαςrighteousA1A GSF · δίκαιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτανwheneverD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'whenever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκαυθῇis kindledVC APS3S · καίω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκαίω + ἐκ: meaning 'is kindled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τάχειquicklyA3U DSM · ταχύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceταχύς: meaning 'quickly'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμὸςwrathN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μακάριοιblessedA1A NPM · μακάριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακάριος: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱwhoRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεποιθότεςtrustingVX · χαπνπμ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνπμ πείθω: meaning 'trusting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'inP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.