1
θλῖψιν καὶ φωνὴν πολέμου ἤκουσεν τὸ οὖς μου φωνὴν σάλπιγγος ἠχούσης σφαγὴν καὶ ὄλεθρον
My ear heard distress and the sound of war, the sound of a trumpet resounding, slaughter and ruin.
Opening with the raw acoustics of invasion before any theological explanation is supplied.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
θλῖψινdistressN3I ASF · θλῖψιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantθλῖψις: meaning 'distress'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνὴνsound/voiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
πολέμουof warN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantπόλεμος: meaning 'of war'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἤκουσενheardVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὖςearN3 ASN · οὖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantοὖς: meaning 'ear'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
φωνὴνsound/voiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σάλπιγγοςof trumpetN3G GS · σάλπιγξgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantσάλπιγξ: meaning 'of trumpet'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἠχούσηςresoundingV2 · παπγσφ ἠχέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventπαπγσφ ἠχέω: meaning 'resounding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
σφαγὴνslaughterN1 ASF · σφαγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantσφαγή: meaning 'slaughter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄλεθρονruinN2 ASM · ὄλεθροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantὄλεθρος: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
2
φωνὴ λαοῦ πολλοῦ ὡς ἀνέμου πολλοῦ σφόδρα ὡς καταιγὶς πυρὸς πολλοῦ φερομένου δι' ἐρήμου
The sound of a great people was like a mighty wind, like a storm of great fire sweeping through the wilderness.
The invading force is compared to elemental violence, giving the scene cosmic and destructive scale.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
φωνὴsound/voiceN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λαοῦof peopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantλαός: meaning 'of people'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
πολλοῦgreatA1 GSM · πολύςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέμουof windN2 GSM · ἄνεμοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἄνεμος: meaning 'of wind'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
πολλοῦgreatA1 GSM · πολύςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
σφόδραgreatlyD · σφόδραconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταιγὶςstormN3I NSF · καταιγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκαταιγίς: meaning 'storm'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πυρὸςof fireN2 NSM · πῦρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπῦρ: meaning 'of fire'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολλοῦgreatA1 GSM · πολύςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
φερομένουsweepingV1 · πμπγσμ φέρωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπμπγσμ φέρω: meaning 'sweeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
δι'throughP · διάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἐρῆμοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἐρῆμος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
3
καὶ εἶπα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ μου ποῦ ἄρα κρινεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ θεός
And I said in my heart, “Where then will God judge him?”
The speaker’s first response is bewildered reflection over where God’s judgment is about to fall.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageποῦ: meaning 'where'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄραthenX · ἄραconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageἄρα: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρινεῖwill judgeVF2 FAI3S · κρίνωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ future assertionκρίνω: meaning 'will judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
4
φωνὴν ἤκουσα εἰς Ιερουσαλημ πόλιν ἁγιάσματος
I heard a voice in Jerusalem, the city of the sanctuary.
The threatening sound is localized in Jerusalem itself, the city of the sanctuary.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
φωνὴνsound/voiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἤκουσαI heardV1 · παπνσφ ἀκούωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventπαπνσφ ἀκούω: meaning 'I heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
εἰςforP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN AS · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἁγιάσματοςof sanctuaryN3M GSN · ἁγίασμαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἁγίασμα: meaning 'of sanctuary'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
5
συνετρίβη ἡ ὀσφύς μου ἀπὸ ἀκοῆς παρελύθη γόνατά μου ἐφοβήθη ἡ καρδία μου ἐταράχθη τὰ ὀστᾶ μου ὡς λίνον
My loins were shattered by the report, my knees gave way, my heart was afraid, and my bones were shaken like flax.
The report of war produces bodily collapse, mirroring the communal shock that the city’s fall provokes.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
συνετρίβηwas shatteredVDI API3S · τρίβω + συνmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionτρίβω + συν: meaning 'was shattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύςloinN3U NSF · ὀσφύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὀσφύς: meaning 'loin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἀκοῆςreport/hearingN1 GSF · ἀκοήgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἀκοή: meaning 'report'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
παρελύθηgave wayVCI API3S · λύω + παραmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionλύω + παρα: meaning 'gave way'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
γόνατάkneesN3 APN · γόνυaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantγόνυ: meaning 'knees'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐφοβήθηwas afraidVCI API3S · φοβέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionφοβέω: meaning 'was afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐταράχθηwas shakenVQI API3S · ταράσσωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionταράσσω: meaning 'was shaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesN2N APN · ὀστέονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίνονflaxN2N ASN · λίνονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantλίνον: meaning 'flax'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
6
εἶπα κατευθυνοῦσιν ὁδοὺς αὐτῶν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ
I said, “They are directing their ways in righteousness.”
The speaker recalls an initial assumption that the city’s ways were being directed in righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
κατευθυνοῦσινare directingV1 PAI3P · εὐθύνω + καταmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionεὐθύνω + κατα: meaning 'are directing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ὁδοὺςroads/waysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantὁδός: meaning 'roads'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessN1 DSF · δικαιοσύνηdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
7
ἀνελογισάμην τὰ κρίματα τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς ἐδικαίωσα τὸν θεὸν ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἀπ' αἰῶνος
I considered the judgments of God from the creation of heaven and earth; I declared God righteous in his judgments from of old.
The lament turns into theological interpretation by considering the judgments of God across all creation.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀνελογισάμηνI consideredVAI AMI1S · λογίζομαι + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventλογίζομαι + ἀνα: meaning 'I considered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίματαjudgmentsN3M APN · κρίμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
κτίσεωςcreationN3I GSF · κτίσιςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantκτίσις: meaning 'creation'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐδικαίωσαI declared righteousVAI AAI1S · δικαιόωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventδικαιόω: meaning 'I declared righteous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμασινjudgmentsN3M DPN · κρίμαdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
αἰῶνοςof old/foreverN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantαἰών: meaning 'of old'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
8
ἀνεκάλυψεν ὁ θεὸς τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν ἐναντίον τοῦ ἡλίου ἔγνω πᾶσα ἡ γῆ τὰ κρίματα τοῦ θεοῦ τὰ δίκαια
God uncovered their sins before the sun; the whole earth came to know the righteous judgments of God.
God’s righteousness is displayed by uncovering sins that had been hidden from public sight.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἀνεκάλυψενuncoveredVAI AAI3S · καλύπτω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventκαλύπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'uncovered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinsN1A GSF · ἁμαρτίαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἁμαρτία: meaning 'sins'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλίουsunN2 GSM · ἥλιοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἔγνωcame to knowVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventγιγνώσκω: meaning 'came to know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆearthN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίματαjudgmentsN3M APN · κρίμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιαrighteousA1A APN · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
9
ἐν καταγαίοις κρυφίοις αἱ παρανομίαι αὐτῶν ἐν παροργισμῷ υἱὸς μετὰ μητρὸς καὶ πατὴρ μετὰ θυγατρὸς συνεφύροντο
In hidden underground places were their acts of lawlessness; in provocation son with mother and father with daughter were mingled together.
The psalm catalogues hidden sexual and familial corruption as evidence of deep covenantal disorder.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
καταγαίοιςundergroundA1 DPM · καταγαίοςdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ descriptionκαταγαίος: meaning 'underground'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
κρυφίοιςhidden placesA1A DPM · κρύφιοςdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ descriptionκρύφιος: meaning 'hidden places'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρανομίαιlawless deedsN1A NPF · παρανομίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπαρανομία: meaning 'lawless deeds'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
παροργισμῷprovocationN2 GPM · παροργισμόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantπαροργισμός: meaning 'provocation'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
μητρὸςmotherN3 GSF · μήτηρgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
θυγατρὸςdaughterN3 GSF · θυγάτηρgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
συνεφύροντοwere mingledVBI IMI3P · φύρω + συνmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionφύρω + συν: meaning 'were mingled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
10
ἐμοιχῶντο ἕκαστος τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον αὐτοῦ συνέθεντο αὑτοῖς συνθήκας μετὰ ὅρκου περὶ τούτων
Each committed adultery with his neighbor’s wife; they made covenants with one another under oath concerning these things.
Adultery and sworn collusion show that sin had become organized, social, and deliberate.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐμοιχῶντοcommitted adulteryV3I IMI3P · μοιχάωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionμοιχάω: meaning 'committed adultery'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἕκαστοςeachA1 NSM · ἕκαστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwifeN3K ASF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
συνέθεντοmadeVE1 AMI3P · τίθημι + συνmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionτίθημι + συν: meaning 'made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
αὑτοῖςfor themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ referenceαὑτοῖς: meaning 'for themselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
συνθήκαςcovenantsN1 APF · συνθήκηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantσυνθήκη: meaning 'covenants'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μετὰwithP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ὅρκουoathN2 GSM · ὅρκοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantὅρκος: meaning 'oath'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
περὶconcerningP · περίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τούτωνthese thingsRD GPM · οὗτοςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceτούτων: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
11
τὰ ἅγια τοῦ θεοῦ διηρπάζοσαν ὡς μὴ ὄντος κληρονόμου λυτρουμένου
They plundered the holy things of God as though there were no heir to redeem them.
The holy things are treated as ownerless plunder, signaling contempt for God’s sanctuary order.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιαholy thingsA1A APN · ἅγιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionἅγιος: meaning 'holy things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
διηρπάζοσανplunderedVAI AAI3P · ἁρπάζω + διαmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionἁρπάζω + δια: meaning 'plundered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄντοςbeingV9 · παπγσμ εἰμίparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπαπγσμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
κληρονόμουheirN2 GSM · κληρονόμοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantκληρονόμος: meaning 'heir'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
λυτρουμένουredeemingV4 · πμπγσμ λυτρόωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπμπγσμ λυτρόω: meaning 'redeeming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
12
ἐπατοῦσαν τὸ θυσιαστήριον κυρίου ἀπὸ πάσης ἀκαθαρσίας καὶ ἐν ἀφέδρῳ αἵματος ἐμίαναν τὰς θυσίας ὡς κρέα βέβηλα
They trampled the altar of the Lord with every kind of uncleanness, and with the filth of blood they defiled the sacrifices like profane meat.
The charge intensifies from theft to direct pollution of altar and sacrifice.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐπατοῦσανtrampledVBI AAI3P · πατέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionπατέω: meaning 'trampled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarN2N ASN · θυσιαστήριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
πάσηςeveryA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessesN1A GSF · ἀκαθαρσίαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleannesses'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἀφέδρῳfilthN2 DSF · ἄφεδροςdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantἄφεδρος: meaning 'filth'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αἵματοςof bloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantαἷμα: meaning 'of blood'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐμίανανdefiledVAI AAI3P · μιαίνωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionμιαίνω: meaning 'defiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςsacrificesN1A GSF · θυσίαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantθυσία: meaning 'sacrifices'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρέαmeatN3 NPN · κρέαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκρέας: meaning 'meat'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βέβηλαprofaneA1B NPN · βέβηλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionβέβηλος: meaning 'profane'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
13
οὐ παρέλιπον ἁμαρτίαν ἣν οὐκ ἐποίησαν ὑπὲρ τὰ ἔθνη
They left no sin undone beyond the nations.
The city’s guilt is summed up as exhaustive and exceeding that of the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐnotD · οὐconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέλιπονleft undoneVBI AAI3P · λείπω + παραmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionλείπω + παρα: meaning 'left undone'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἁμαρτίανsinN1A ASF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἣνwhichRR ASF · ὅςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
οὐκοὐD · οὐconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationοὐκ: meaning 'οὐ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey actedVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionποιέω: meaning 'they acted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ὑπὲρbeyondP · ὑπέρprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationὑπὲρ: meaning 'beyond'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
14
διὰ τοῦτο ἐκέρασεν αὐτοῖς ὁ θεὸς πνεῦμα πλανήσεως ἐπότισεν αὐτοὺς ποτήριον οἴνου ἀκράτου εἰς μέθην
Because of this God mixed for them a spirit of delusion; he gave them a cup of undiluted wine for drunkenness.
Because of that corruption, God gives the people over to delusion and intoxicated confusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
διὰbecause ofP · διάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐκέρασενmixedVEI AAI3S · κεράννυμιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventκεράννυμι: meaning 'mixed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ referenceαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
πλανήσεωςof delusionN3I GSF · πλάνησιςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantπλάνησις: meaning 'of delusion'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐπότισενgave to drinkVAI AAI3S · ποτίζωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventποτίζω: meaning 'gave to drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ποτήριονcupN2N ASN · ποτήριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantποτήριον: meaning 'cup'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
οἴνουof wineN2 GSM · οἶνοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantοἶνος: meaning 'of wine'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀκράτουundilutedA1B GSM · ἄκρατοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionἄκρατος: meaning 'undiluted'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
εἰςforP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
μέθηνdrunkennessN1 ASF · μέθηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantμέθη: meaning 'drunkenness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
15
ἤγαγεν τὸν ἀπ' ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς τὸν παίοντα κραταιῶς ἔκρινεν τὸν πόλεμον ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τὴν γῆν αὐτῆς
He brought the one who strikes mightily from the end of the earth; he decreed war against Jerusalem and her land.
The foreign conqueror is introduced as the one God brings from afar for Jerusalem’s reckoning.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἤγαγενledVBI AAI3S · ἄγωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventἄγω: meaning 'led'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἐσχάτουfar endA1 GSM · ἔσχατοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionἔσχατος: meaning 'far end'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίονταstrikingV1 · παπασν παίωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπαπασν παίω: meaning 'striking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
κραταιῶςmightilyD · κραταιῶςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageκραταιῶς: meaning 'mightily'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκρινενdecreedVAI AAI3S · κρίνωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventκρίνω: meaning 'decreed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐπὶfor/intoP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐπὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DS · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
16
ἀπήντησαν αὐτῷ οἱ ἄρχοντες τῆς γῆς μετὰ χαρᾶς εἶπαν αὐτῷ ἐπευκτὴ ἡ ὁδός σου δεῦτε εἰσέλθατε μετ' εἰρήνης
The rulers of the land met him with joy; they said to him, “Your way is greatly desired. Come, enter in peace.”
The rulers’ joyful welcome reveals that judgment came through the city’s own compromised leadership.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἀπήντησανmetVAI AAI3P · ἀντάω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionἀντάω + ἀπο: meaning 'met'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN · ἄρχωνindeclinable or specialized element functioning within the clause→ participantἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
μετὰwithP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
χαρᾶςjoyN1A GSF · χαράgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantχαρά: meaning 'joy'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
εἶπανsaidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
ἐπευκτὴdesiredA1 NSF · ἐπευκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἐπευκτός: meaning 'desired'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδόςwayN2 NSF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
δεῦτεcomeD · δεῦτεconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageδεῦτε: meaning 'come'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσέλθατεenterVB AAI2P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
μετ'withP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
εἰρήνηςpeaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
17
ὡμάλισαν ὁδοὺς τραχείας ἀπὸ εἰσόδου αὐτοῦ ἤνοιξαν πύλας ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ ἐστεφάνωσαν τείχη αὐτῆς
They smoothed the rough roads for his entrance; they opened the gates into Jerusalem; they crowned her walls.
The roads, gates, and walls are prepared for the invader, dramatizing willing surrender.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὡμάλισανsmoothedVAI AAI3P · ὁμαλίζωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionὁμαλίζω: meaning 'smoothed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ὁδοὺςroads/waysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantὁδός: meaning 'roads'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τραχείαςroughA3U GSF · τραχύςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionτραχύς: meaning 'rough'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
εἰσόδουentranceN2 GSF · εἴσοδοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantεἴσοδος: meaning 'entrance'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἤνοιξανopenedVAI AAI3P · οἴγω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionοἴγω + ἀνα: meaning 'opened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
πύλαςgatesN1 APF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐπὶfor/intoP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐπὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DS · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
ἐστεφάνωσανcrownedVAI AAI3P · στεφανόωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionστεφανόω: meaning 'crowned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τείχηwallsN3E APN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantτεῖχος: meaning 'walls'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
18
εἰσῆλθεν ὡς πατὴρ εἰς οἶκον υἱῶν αὐτοῦ μετ' εἰρήνης ἔστησεν τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ μετὰ ἀσφαλείας πολλῆς
He entered like a father into the house of his sons, in peace; he set his feet down with great security.
The conqueror enters with the deceptive calm of a father in his own house, heightening the irony of the takeover.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
εἰσῆλθενenteredVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'entered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςforP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
μετ'withP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
εἰρήνηςpeaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἔστησενsetVAI AAI3S · ἵστημιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventἵστημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαςfeetN3D APM · πούςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπούς: meaning 'feet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
μετὰwithP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἀσφαλείαςsecurityN1A GSF · ἀσφάλειαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἀσφάλεια: meaning 'security'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
πολλῆςgreatA1 GSF · πολύςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
19
κατελάβετο τὰς πυργοβάρεις αὐτῆς καὶ τὸ τεῖχος Ιερουσαλημ ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἤγαγεν αὐτὸν μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ἐν τῇ πλανήσει αὐτῶν
He took possession of her towered heights and the wall of Jerusalem, because God led him in security through their delusion.
The conquest is explicitly read as something God permitted through the people’s own delusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
κατελάβετοtook possession ofVBI AMI3S · λαμβάνω + καταmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventλαμβάνω + κατα: meaning 'took possession of'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυργοβάρειςtowered heightsN3V APF · πυργόβαριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπυργόβαρις: meaning 'towered heights'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GS · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ groundὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἤγαγενledVBI AAI3S · ἄγωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventἄγω: meaning 'led'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μετὰwithP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἀσφαλείαςsecurityN1A GSF · ἀσφάλειαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἀσφάλεια: meaning 'security'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλανήσειdelusionN3I DSF · πλάνησιςdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantπλάνησις: meaning 'delusion'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
20
ἀπώλεσεν ἄρχοντας αὐτῶν καὶ πᾶν σοφὸν ἐν βουλῇ ἐξέχεεν τὸ αἷμα τῶν οἰκούντων Ιερουσαλημ ὡς ὕδωρ ἀκαθαρσίας
He destroyed their rulers and every wise man in counsel; he poured out the blood of Jerusalem’s inhabitants like unclean water.
Political destruction and bloodshed complete the humiliation of the city.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἄρχονταςrulersN · ἄρχωνindeclinable or specialized element functioning within the clause→ participantἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryA3 NSN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφὸνwise manA1 ASM · σοφόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionσοφός: meaning 'wise man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
βουλῇcounselN1 DSF · βουλήdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
ἐξέχεενpoured outV2I IAI3S · χέω + ἐκmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventχέω + ἐκ: meaning 'poured out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodN3M ASN · αἷμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκούντωνinhabitantsV2 · παπγπμ οἰκέωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπαπγπμ οἰκέω: meaning 'inhabitants'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GS · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessesN1A APF · ἀκαθαρσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleannesses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
21
ἀπήγαγεν τοὺς υἱοὺς καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας αὐτῶν ἃ ἐγέννησαν ἐν βεβηλώσει
He carried away their sons and daughters, whom they had begotten in defilement.
The judgment extends to the children born within the polluted social order already condemned.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἀπήγαγενcarried awayVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventἄγω + ἀπο: meaning 'carried away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραςdaughtersN3 APF · θυγάτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἃwhom/whichRR APN · ὅςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἃ: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐγέννησανthey begotVAI AAI3P · γεννάωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionγεννάω: meaning 'they begot'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
βεβηλώσειdefilementN3I DSF · βεβήλωσιςdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantβεβήλωσις: meaning 'defilement'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
22
ἐποίησαν κατὰ τὰς ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτῶν καθὼς οἱ πατέρες αὐτῶν ἐμίαναν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τὰ ἡγιασμένα τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ θεοῦ
They acted according to their uncleannesses, just as their fathers had done; they defiled Jerusalem and the things sanctified by the name of God.
The present generation’s defilement is tied directly to the pattern of the fathers.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐποίησανthey actedVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionποιέω: meaning 'they acted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessesN1A GSF · ἀκαθαρσίαgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleannesses'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐμίανανdefiledVAI AAI3P · μιαίνωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionμιαίνω: meaning 'defiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN AS · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡγιασμέναsanctified thingsVT · χμπαπν ἁγιάζωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceχμπαπν ἁγιάζω: meaning 'sanctified things'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματιnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
23
ἐδικαιώθη ὁ θεὸς ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν τῆς γῆς καὶ οἱ ὅσιοι τοῦ θεοῦ ὡς ἀρνία ἐν ἀκακίᾳ ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν
God was vindicated in his judgments among the nations of the earth, and the holy ones of God were like lambs in innocence in their midst.
After the catalogue of sin and punishment, the psalm openly declares God righteous before the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐδικαιώθηwas vindicatedVCI API3S · δικαιόωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionδικαιόω: meaning 'was vindicated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμασινjudgmentsN3M DPN · κρίμαdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινamong nationsN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantἔθνος: meaning 'among nations'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅσιοιholy oneA1A NPM · ὅσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionὅσιος: meaning 'holy one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρνίαlambsN2N NPN · ἀρνίονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἀρνίον: meaning 'lambs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἀκακίᾳinnocenceN1A NSF · ἀκακίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἀκακία: meaning 'innocence'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSM · μέσοςdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ descriptionμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
24
αἰνετὸς κύριος ὁ κρίνων πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ αὐτοῦ
Praised be the Lord who judges all the earth in his righteousness.
A doxological line distills the chapter’s theology into praise of the universal judge.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
αἰνετὸςpraisedA1 NSM · αἰνετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionαἰνετός: meaning 'praised'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίνωνjudgingN2N GPN · κρίνονgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantκρίνον: meaning 'judging'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessN1 DSF · δικαιοσύνηdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
25
ἰδοὺ δή ὁ θεός ἔδειξας ἡμῖν τὸ κρίμα σου ἐν τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ σου εἴδοσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν τὰ κρίματά σου ὁ θεός
Behold now, O God, you have shown us your judgment in your righteousness; our eyes have seen your judgments, O God.
The community addresses God directly, confessing that his judgment has been visibly displayed.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἰδοὺbeholdV1 PMD2S · ὁράωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionὁράω: meaning 'behold'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
δήnow indeedX · δήconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ attentionδή: meaning 'now indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔδειξαςyou showedVAI AAI2S · δεικνύωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventδεικνύω: meaning 'you showed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώdative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ referenceἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessN1 DSF · δικαιοσύνηdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
εἴδοσανsawVBI AAI3P · ὁράωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίματάjudgmentsN3M APN · κρίμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
26
ἐδικαιώσαμεν τὸ ὄνομά σου τὸ ἔντιμον εἰς αἰῶνας ὅτι σὺ ὁ θεὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης κρίνων τὸν Ισραηλ ἐν παιδείᾳ
We have declared your honored name righteous forever, because you are the God of righteousness, judging Israel with discipline.
Israel justifies God’s honored name by acknowledging that even disciplinary judgment is righteous.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐδικαιώσαμενwe declared righteousVAI AAI1S · δικαιόωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventδικαιόω: meaning 'we declared righteous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομάnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔντιμονhonoredA1B ASM · ἔντιμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionἔντιμος: meaning 'honored'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
εἰςforP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
αἰῶναςage/of oldN3W APM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ groundὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςrighteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
κρίνωνjudgingV1 · παπνσμ κρίνωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπαπνσμ κρίνω: meaning 'judging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN AS · Ἰσραήλproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
παιδείᾳdisciplineN1A DSF · παιδείαdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
27
ἐπίστρεψον ὁ θεός τὸ ἔλεός σου ἐφ' ἡμᾶς καὶ οἰκτίρησον ἡμᾶς
Turn back your mercy upon us, O God, and have pity on us.
The psalm now moves from praise of justice to a direct plea for restored mercy.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐπίστρεψονturn backVF · φαπασν στρέφω + ἐπιparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceφαπασν στρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turn back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔλεόςmercyN3E ASN · ἔλεοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκτίρησονhave pityVF · φαπασν οἰκτείρωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceφαπασν οἰκτείρω: meaning 'have pity'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
28
συνάγαγε τὴν διασπορὰν Ισραηλ μετὰ ἐλέους καὶ χρηστότητος ὅτι ἡ πίστις σου μεθ' ἡμῶν
Gather the dispersion of Israel with mercy and kindness, because your faithfulness is with us.
The requested mercy takes concrete form as the regathering of scattered Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
συνάγαγεgatherVB AAD2S · ἄγω + συνmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διασπορὰνdispersionN1A ASF · διασποράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantδιασπορά: meaning 'dispersion'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ΙσραηλIsraelN AS · Ἰσραήλproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
μετὰwithP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἐλέουςmercyN3E GSN · ἔλεοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρηστότητοςkindnessN3T GSF · χρηστότηςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantχρηστότης: meaning 'kindness'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ groundὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πίστιςfaithfulnessN3I NSF · πίστιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπίστις: meaning 'faithfulness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
μεθ'withP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
29
καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐσκληρύναμεν τὸν τράχηλον ἡμῶν καὶ σὺ παιδευτὴς ἡμῶν εἶ
And we have hardened our neck, but you are our disciplinarian.
The people admit their stubbornness while still naming God as the one who disciplines them.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςI/weRP NP · ἐγώnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐσκληρύναμενwe hardenedVAI AAI1P · σκληρύνωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionσκληρύνω: meaning 'we hardened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράχηλονneckN2 ASM · τράχηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantτράχηλος: meaning 'neck'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παιδευτὴςdisciplinarianN1M NSM · παιδευτήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπαιδευτής: meaning 'disciplinarian'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
εἶareV9 PAI2S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
30
μὴ ὑπερίδῃς ἡμᾶς ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἵνα μὴ καταπίωσιν ἡμᾶς ἔθνη ὡς μὴ ὄντος λυτρουμένου
Do not overlook us, O our God, lest the nations swallow us up as though there were no redeemer.
The prayer asks that judgment not end in obliteration by the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
μὴnotD · μήconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπερίδῃςoverlookVB AAS2S · ὁράω + ὑπερmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventὁράω + ὑπερ: meaning 'overlook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἵναἵναC · ἵναconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ purposeἵνα: meaning 'ἵνα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταπίωσινswallow upVB AAS3P · πίνω + καταmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ present assertionπίνω + κατα: meaning 'swallow up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὡςas thoughC · ὡςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ comparisonὡς: meaning 'as though'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄντοςbeingV9 · παπγσμ εἰμίparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπαπγσμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
λυτρουμένουredeemingV4 · πμπγσμ λυτρόωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπμπγσμ λυτρόω: meaning 'redeeming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description.
31
καὶ σὺ ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐπὶ σὲ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν κύριε
And you are our God from the beginning, O Lord, and our hope is upon you.
Hope is grounded in the enduring fact that the Lord has been Israel’s God from the beginning.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶfor/intoP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐπὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
σὲσύRP AS · σύaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceσὲ: meaning 'σύ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλπὶςhopeN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςvocative term used for direct address→ participantκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as vocative term used for direct address.
32
καὶ ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἀφεξόμεθά σου ὅτι χρηστὰ τὰ κρίματά σου ἐφ' ἡμᾶς
And we will not turn away from you, because your judgments upon us are good.
The refusal to turn away is grounded in the conviction that God’s judgments are good.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςI/weRP NP · ἐγώnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκοὐD · οὐconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationοὐκ: meaning 'οὐ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεξόμεθάwe will turn awayVF FMI1P · ἔχω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ future assertionἔχω + ἀπο: meaning 'we will turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ groundὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρηστὰgoodA1 APN · χρηστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionχρηστός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίματάjudgmentsN3M APN · κρίμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
33
ἡμῖν καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις ἡμῶν ἡ εὐδοκία εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κύριε σωτὴρ ἡμῶν οὐ σαλευθησόμεθα ἔτι τὸν αἰῶνα χρόνον
For us and for our children is your good pleasure forever, O Lord our savior; we shall never again be shaken for all time.
The closing hope extends to future generations and imagines lasting stability under divine favor.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώdative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ referenceἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative pronominal element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildrenN2N DPN · τέκνονdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐδοκίαgood pleasureN1A NSF · εὐδοκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantεὐδοκία: meaning 'good pleasure'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςforP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage/of oldN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςvocative term used for direct address→ participantκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as vocative term used for direct address.
σωτὴρsaviorN3 NSM · σωτήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantσωτήρ: meaning 'savior'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
οὐnotD · οὐconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλευθησόμεθαwe shall be shakenVC FPI1P · σαλεύωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ future assertionσαλεύω: meaning 'we shall be shaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ἔτιagainD · ἔτιconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ linkageἔτι: meaning 'again'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage/of oldN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
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αἰνετὸς κύριος ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν αὐτοῦ ἐν στόματι ὁσίων καὶ εὐλογημένος Ισραηλ ὑπὸ κυρίου εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τῷ Σαλωμων εἰς ἔλεγχον
Praised be the Lord in his judgments, in the mouth of the holy ones; and blessed be Israel by the Lord forever. Of Solomon, for reproof.
Ends in praise of the Lord’s judgments and blessing over Israel forever.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
αἰνετὸςpraisedA1 NSM · αἰνετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionαἰνετός: meaning 'praised'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμασινjudgmentsN3M DPN · κρίμαdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantκρίμα: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive pronominal element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient→ participantστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, means, reference, or recipient.
ὁσίωνholy onesA1A GPM · ὅσιοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ descriptionὅσιος: meaning 'holy ones'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
καὶandC · καίconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause’s flow, nuance, or emphasis→ additionκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογημένοςblessedVM · χμπνσμ εὐλογέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report→ eventχμπνσμ εὐλογέω: meaning 'blessed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal element carrying the clause’s action, assertion, or report.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GS · Ἰσραήλproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description→ participantκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, source, possession, or description.
εἰςforP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage/of oldN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonN DSM · Σαλωμώνproper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure→ participantΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name identifying a key people, place, or covenantal figure.
εἰςforP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement and marking relation.
ἔλεγχονreproofN2 ASM · ἔλεγχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἔλεγχος: meaning 'reproof'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.