1
κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονία συνετοῦ τεταγμένη ἔσται
A wise judge will instruct his people, and the rule of an intelligent man will be well ordered.
Opens with political wisdom: communal order reflects the character of the one who judges.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
κριτὴςjudgeN1M NSM · κριτήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκριτής: lexical item rendered 'judge' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σοφὸςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσοφός: lexical item rendered 'wise' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
παιδεύσειwill instructVF FAI3S · παιδεύωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultπαιδεύω: lexical item rendered 'will instruct' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἡγεμονίαruleN1A NSF · ἡγεμονίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἡγεμονία: lexical item rendered 'rule' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
συνετοῦintelligentA1 GSM · συνετόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationσυνετός: lexical item rendered 'intelligent' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τεταγμένηorderedVK · χμπνσφ τάσσωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionτάσσω: lexical item rendered 'ordered' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'will be' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
2
κατὰ τὸν κριτὴν τοῦ λαοῦ οὕτως καὶ οἱ λειτουργοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ κατὰ τὸν ἡγούμενον τῆς πόλεως πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες αὐτήν
As the judge of the people is, so also are his ministers; and as the ruler of the city is, so are all who dwell in it.
Sirach extends the principle from the judge to the whole civic body, so leadership becomes socially contagious.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
κατὰasP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κριτὴνjudgeN1M ASM · κριτήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκριτής: lexical item rendered 'judge' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὕτως: lexical item rendered 'so' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
λειτουργοὶministersN2 NPM · λειτουργόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceλειτουργός: lexical item rendered 'ministers' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
κατὰasP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἡγούμενονrulerV2 · πμπασμ ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionἡγέομαι: lexical item rendered 'ruler' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationπόλις: lexical item rendered 'city' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'all' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionκατα: lexical item rendered 'dwelling' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτήνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
3
βασιλεὺς ἀπαίδευτος ἀπολεῖ τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ πόλις οἰκισθήσεται ἐν συνέσει δυναστῶν
An undisciplined king will destroy his people, but a city will be inhabited through the understanding of its rulers.
The contrast between the undisciplined king and the well-ordered city sharpens the practical stakes of rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceβασιλεύς: lexical item rendered 'king' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀπαίδευτοςundisciplinedA1B NSM · ἀπαίδευτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀπαίδευτος: lexical item rendered 'undisciplined' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀπολεῖwill destroyVF2 FAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀπο: lexical item rendered 'will destroy' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπόλις: lexical item rendered 'city' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
οἰκισθήσεταιwill be inhabitedVS FPI3S · οἰκίζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionοἰκίζω: lexical item rendered 'will be inhabited' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
συνέσειunderstandingN3I DSF · σύνεσιςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceσύνεσις: lexical item rendered 'understanding' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δυναστῶνrulersN1M GPM · δυνάστηςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationδυνάστης: lexical item rendered 'rulers' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
4
ἐν χειρὶ κυρίου ἡ ἐξουσία τῆς γῆς καὶ τὸν χρήσιμον ἐγερεῖ εἰς καιρὸν ἐπ' αὐτῆς
In the hand of the Lord is the authority of the earth, and at the right season he will raise up over it the useful man.
Human government is subordinated to divine providence: the Lord ultimately grants authority and raises the right ruler at the appointed time.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceχείρ: lexical item rendered 'hand' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κυρίουthe LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐξουσίαauthorityN1A NSF · ἐξουσίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἐξουσία: lexical item rendered 'authority' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationγῆ: lexical item rendered 'earth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
χρήσιμονuseful manA1 ASM · χρήσιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalχρήσιμος: lexical item rendered 'useful man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐγερεῖwill raiseVF2 FAI3S · ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἐγείρω: lexical item rendered 'will raise' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καιρὸνseasonN2 ASM · καιρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκαιρός: lexical item rendered 'season' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
5
ἐν χειρὶ κυρίου εὐοδία ἀνδρός καὶ προσώπῳ γραμματέως ἐπιθήσει δόξαν αὐτοῦ
In the hand of the Lord is the success of a man, and upon the face of the scribe he will place his glory.
Administrative dignity and public success are likewise placed under the Lord's hand, not under self-made prestige.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceχείρ: lexical item rendered 'hand' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κυρίουthe LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
εὐοδίαsuccessN1A NSF · εὐοδίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceεὐοδία: lexical item rendered 'success' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀνδρόςa manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἀνήρ: lexical item rendered 'a man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
προσώπῳfaceN2N DSN · πρόσωπονdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered 'face' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γραμματέωςof a scribeN3V GSM · γραμματεύςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationγραμματεύς: lexical item rendered 'of a scribe' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐπιθήσειwill placeVF FAI3S · τίθημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἐπι: lexical item rendered 'will place' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδόξα: lexical item rendered 'glory' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
6
ἐπὶ παντὶ ἀδικήματι μὴ μηνιάσῃς τῷ πλησίον καὶ μὴ πρᾶσσε μηδὲν ἐν ἔργοις ὕβρεως
Do not rage at your neighbor over any wrong, and do nothing in deeds of insolence.
The public theme narrows to personal conduct: injustice in the city must not be reproduced in private wrath or insolent behavior.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'over' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
παντὶeveryA3 DSN · πᾶςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'every' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀδικήματιwrongN3M DSN · ἀδίκημαdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἀδίκημα: lexical item rendered 'wrong' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
μὴdo notD · μήnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
μηνιάσῃςrageVA AAS2S · μηνιάωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionμηνιάω: lexical item rendered 'rage' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τῷyourRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionπλησίον: lexical item rendered 'neighbor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
μὴdo notD · μήnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πρᾶσσεdoV1 PAD2S · πράσσωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductπράσσω: lexical item rendered 'do' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
μηδὲνnothingA3P ASN · μηδείςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalμηδείς: lexical item rendered 'nothing' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔργοιςdeedsN2N DPN · ἔργονdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἔργον: lexical item rendered 'deeds' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὕβρεωςof insolenceN3I GSF · ὕβριςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationὕβρις: lexical item rendered 'of insolence' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
7
μισητὴ ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ ἀνθρώπων ὑπερηφανία καὶ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων πλημμελὴς ἡ ἀδικία
Pride is hateful before the Lord and before men, and injustice is offensive to both.
Pride and injustice are evaluated from both divine and human vantage, marking them as universally ruinous.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μισητὴhatefulA1 NSF · μισητόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceμισητός: lexical item rendered 'hateful' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔναντιbeforeP · ἔναντιpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἔναντι: lexical item rendered 'before' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κυρίουthe LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἀνθρώπωνmenN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'men' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὑπερηφανίαprideN1A NSF · ὑπερηφανίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceὑπερηφανία: “pride / arrogance”; a key vice in this chapter, treated as the root from which sin and collapse spread.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐκ: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀμφοτέρωνbothA1A GPM · ἀμφότεροιgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἀμφότεροι: lexical item rendered 'both' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πλημμελὴςoffensiveA3H NSF · πλημμελήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπλημμελής: lexical item rendered 'offensive' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀδικίαinjusticeN1A NSF · ἀδικίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀδικία: lexical item rendered 'injustice' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
8
βασιλεία ἀπὸ ἔθνους εἰς ἔθνος μετάγεται διὰ ἀδικίας καὶ ὕβρεις καὶ χρήματα
Kingship passes from nation to nation because of injustice and acts of insolence and wealth.
Regimes change hands because moral corruption hollows them out from within.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
βασιλείαkingshipN1A NSF · βασιλείαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceβασιλεία: lexical item rendered 'kingship' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔθνουςnationN3E GSN · ἔθνοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἔθνος: lexical item rendered 'nation' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἔθνος: lexical item rendered 'nation' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
μετάγεταιpassesV1 PMI3S · ἄγω + μεταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present-state assertionμετα: lexical item rendered 'passes' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingδιά: lexical item rendered 'because of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀδικίαςinjusticeN1A APF · ἀδικίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀδικία: lexical item rendered 'injustice' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ὕβρειςinsolencesN3I APF · ὕβριςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὕβρις: lexical item rendered 'insolences' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
χρήματαwealthN3M APN · χρῆμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalχρῆμα: lexical item rendered 'wealth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
9
τί ὑπερηφανεύεται γῆ καὶ σποδός ὅτι ἐν ζωῇ ἔρριψα τὰ ἐνδόσθια αὐτοῦ
Why is earth and ashes proud? For in life it casts out its own entrails.
The famous address to “earth and ashes” punctures arrogance by reminding mortals of their frailty and bodily decay.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τίwhyRI ASN · τίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalτίς: lexical item rendered 'why' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὑπερηφανεύεταιis proudV1 PMI3S · ὑπερηφανεύωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present-state assertionὑπερηφανεύω: lexical item rendered 'is proud' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γῆearthN1 NSF · γῆnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceγῆ: lexical item rendered 'earth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
σποδόςashesN2 NSM · σποδόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσποδός: lexical item rendered 'ashes' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageὅτι: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ζωῇlifeN1 DSF · ζωήdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceζωή: lexical item rendered 'life' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔρριψαhas cast outVAI AAI1S · ῥίπτωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeῥίπτω: lexical item rendered 'has cast out' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐνδόσθιαentrailsN2N APN · ἐνδόσθιαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐνδόσθια: lexical item rendered 'entrails' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
10
μακρὸν ἀρρώστημα σκώπτει ἰατρός καὶ βασιλεὺς σήμερον καὶ αὔριον τελευτήσει
A long illness mocks the physician, and a king today will die tomorrow.
Mortality mocks every illusion of permanence, even in royal power and medical competence.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
μακρὸνlongA1A ASN · μακρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalμακρός: lexical item rendered 'long' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀρρώστημαillnessN3M ASN · ἀρρώστημαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀρρώστημα: lexical item rendered 'illness' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σκώπτειmocksV1 PAI3S · σκώπτωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present-state assertionσκώπτω: lexical item rendered 'mocks' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἰατρόςphysicianN2 NSM · ἰατρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἰατρός: lexical item rendered 'physician' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceβασιλεύς: lexical item rendered 'king' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σήμερονtodayD · σήμερονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionσήμερον: lexical item rendered 'today' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
αὔριονtomorrowD · αὔριονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionαὔριον: lexical item rendered 'tomorrow' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τελευτήσειwill dieVF FAI3S · τελευτάωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultτελευτάω: lexical item rendered 'will die' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
11
ἐν γὰρ τῷ ἀποθανεῖν ἄνθρωπον κληρονομήσει ἑρπετὰ καὶ θηρία καὶ σκώληκας
For when a man dies, creeping things and beasts and worms will inherit him.
Death hands the body back to the lowest creatures, pressing the humiliation of human pride further.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γὰρforX · γάρlexical element contributing to the clause in its local context→ local semantic contributionγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τῷyourRA DSN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieVB AAN · θνήσκω + ἀποinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in a dependent construction→ verbal abstraction within the argumentἀπο: lexical item rendered 'to die' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἄνθρωπονa manN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'a man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κληρονομήσειwill inheritVF FAI3S · κληρονομέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκληρονομέω: lexical item rendered 'will inherit' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἑρπετὰcreeping thingsN2N APN · ἑρπετόνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἑρπετόν: lexical item rendered 'creeping things' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
θηρίαbeastsN2N APN · θηρίονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalθηρίον: lexical item rendered 'beasts' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
σκώληκαςwormsN3K APM · σκώληξaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσκώληξ: lexical item rendered 'worms' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
12
ἀρχὴ ὑπερηφανίας ἀνθρώπου ἀφίστασθαι ἀπὸ κυρίου καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ποιήσαντος αὐτὸν ἀπέστη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ
The beginning of human pride is to depart from the Lord, and his heart has withdrawn from the One who made him.
Sirach defines pride theologically as apostasy: the proud heart pulls away from its maker.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀρχὴbeginningN1 NSF · ἀρχήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀρχή: lexical item rendered 'beginning' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὑπερηφανίαςof prideN1A GSF · ὑπερηφανίαgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationὑπερηφανία: “pride / arrogance”; a key vice in this chapter, treated as the root from which sin and collapse spread.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'of man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀφίστασθαιto departV6 PMN · ἵστημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'to depart' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κυρίουthe LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ποιήσαντοςthe one who madeVA · ααπγσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionποιέω: lexical item rendered 'the one who made' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀπέστηhas departedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἀπο: lexical item rendered 'has departed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'heart' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
13
ὅτι ἀρχὴ ὑπερηφανίας ἁμαρτία καὶ ὁ κρατῶν αὐτῆς ἐξομβρήσει βδέλυγμα διὰ τοῦτο παρεδόξασεν κύριος τὰς ἐπαγωγὰς καὶ κατέστρεψεν εἰς τέλος αὐτούς
For the beginning of pride is sin, and the one who clings to it will pour out abomination; therefore the Lord made their calamities astounding and overthrew them completely.
Pride generates sin and then multiplies loathsome consequences, so the Lord's overthrow of the proud appears as fitting judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageὅτι: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀρχὴbeginningN1 NSF · ἀρχήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀρχή: lexical item rendered 'beginning' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὑπερηφανίαςof prideN1A GSF · ὑπερηφανίαgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationὑπερηφανία: “pride / arrogance”; a key vice in this chapter, treated as the root from which sin and collapse spread.
ἁμαρτίαsinN1A NSF · ἁμαρτίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἁμαρτία: lexical item rendered 'sin' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κρατῶνholding fast toV2 · παπνσμ κρατέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionκρατέω: lexical item rendered 'holding fast to' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐξομβρήσειwill pour downVF FAI3S · ὀμβρέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἐκ: lexical item rendered 'will pour down' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
βδέλυγμαabominationN3M ASN · βδέλυγμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalβδέλυγμα: lexical item rendered 'abomination' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingδιά: lexical item rendered 'because of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ object focus or directional goalοὗτος: lexical item rendered 'this' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
παρεδόξασενmade astonishingVAI AAI3S · δοξάζω + παραverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeπαρα: lexical item rendered 'made astonishing' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κύριοςthe LordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐπαγωγὰςcalamitiesN1 APF · ἐπαγωγήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐπαγωγή: lexical item rendered 'calamities' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
κατέστρεψενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκατα: lexical item rendered 'destroyed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τέλοςendN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalτέλος: lexical item rendered 'end' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
14
θρόνους ἀρχόντων καθεῖλεν ὁ κύριος καὶ ἐκάθισεν πραεῖς ἀντ' αὐτῶν
The Lord cast down the thrones of rulers and seated the meek in their place.
The reversal of thrones shows that the Lord actively dethrones the exalted and installs the meek.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
θρόνουςthronesN2 APM · θρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalθρόνος: lexical item rendered 'thrones' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀρχόντωνof rulersN3 GPM · ἄρχωνgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἄρχων: lexical item rendered 'of rulers' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καθεῖλενcast downVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκατα: lexical item rendered 'cast down' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κύριοςthe LordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἐκάθισενseatedVAI AAI3S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκατα: lexical item rendered 'seated' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πραεῖςthe meekA3U APM · πραύ̈ςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπραύ̈ς: lexical item rendered 'the meek' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀντ'in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀντί: lexical item rendered 'in place of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
15
ῥίζας ἐθνῶν ἐξέτιλεν ὁ κύριος καὶ ἐφύτευσεν ταπεινοὺς ἀντ' αὐτῶν
The Lord uprooted the roots of nations and planted the lowly in their place.
The same reversal works at the level of peoples: uprooted nations give place to the lowly.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ῥίζαςrootsN1S APF · ῥίζαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalῥίζα: lexical item rendered 'roots' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐθνῶνof nationsN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἔθνος: lexical item rendered 'of nations' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐξέτιλενuprootedVAI AAI3S · τίλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἐκ: lexical item rendered 'uprooted' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κύριοςthe LordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἐφύτευσενplantedVAI AAI3S · φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeφυτεύω: lexical item rendered 'planted' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ταπεινοὺςthe lowlyA1 APM · ταπεινόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalταπεινός: lexical item rendered 'the lowly' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀντ'in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀντί: lexical item rendered 'in place of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
16
χώρας ἐθνῶν κατέστρεψεν ὁ κύριος καὶ ἀπώλεσεν αὐτὰς ἕως θεμελίων γῆς
The Lord destroyed the lands of nations and wiped them out to the foundations of the earth.
National destruction is described in totalizing terms to underscore how completely pride can be judged.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
χώραςlandsN1A APF · χώραaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalχώρα: lexical item rendered 'lands' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐθνῶνof nationsN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἔθνος: lexical item rendered 'of nations' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κατέστρεψενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκατα: lexical item rendered 'destroyed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κύριοςthe LordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἀπο: lexical item rendered 'destroyed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτὰςthemRD APF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἕωςtoP · ἕωςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἕως: lexical item rendered 'to' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
θεμελίωνfoundationsN2N GPN · θεμέλιονgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationθεμέλιον: lexical item rendered 'foundations' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationγῆ: lexical item rendered 'earth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
17
ἐξῆρεν ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπώλεσεν αὐτοὺς καὶ κατέπαυσεν ἀπὸ γῆς τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῶν
He removed some of them and destroyed them, and he caused their memory to cease from the earth.
Even memory is erased, so the proud lose not only power but lasting name.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐξῆρενremovedVAI AAI3S · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἐκ: lexical item rendered 'removed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐκ: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἀπο: lexical item rendered 'destroyed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
κατέπαυσενcaused to ceaseVAI AAI3S · παύω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκατα: lexical item rendered 'caused to cease' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationγῆ: lexical item rendered 'earth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
μνημόσυνονmemoryN2 ASN · μνημόσυνονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalμνημόσυνον: lexical item rendered 'memory' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
18
οὐκ ἔκτισται ἀνθρώποις ὑπερηφανία οὐδὲ ὀργὴ θυμοῦ γεννήμασιν γυναικῶν
Pride was not created for human beings, nor furious anger for those born of women.
Pride and rage are unnatural to creaturely humanity; they do not belong to life as God fashioned it.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔκτισταιwas createdVT XMI3S · κτίζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionκτίζω: lexical item rendered 'was created' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀνθρώποιςfor human beingsN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'for human beings' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὑπερηφανίαprideN1A NSF · ὑπερηφανίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceὑπερηφανία: “pride / arrogance”; a key vice in this chapter, treated as the root from which sin and collapse spread.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageοὐδέ: lexical item rendered 'nor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὀργὴwrathN1 NSF · ὀργήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceὀργή: lexical item rendered 'wrath' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
θυμοῦof angerN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationθυμός: lexical item rendered 'of anger' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γεννήμασινfor offspringN3M DPN · γέννημαdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceγέννημα: lexical item rendered 'for offspring' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γυναικῶνof womenN3K GPF · γυνήgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationγυνή: lexical item rendered 'of women' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
19
σπέρμα ἔντιμον ποῖον σπέρμα ἀνθρώπου σπέρμα ἔντιμον ποῖον οἱ φοβούμενοι τὸν κύριον σπέρμα ἄτιμον ποῖον σπέρμα ἀνθρώπου σπέρμα ἄτιμον ποῖον οἱ παραβαίνοντες ἐντολάς
What seed is honorable? The seed of man. What seed is honorable? Those who fear the Lord. What seed is dishonorable? The seed of man. What seed is dishonorable? Those who transgress the commandments.
The repetitive question-and-answer pattern classifies humanity by reverence and disobedience rather than lineage alone.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
σπέρμαseedN3M NSN · σπέρμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσπέρμα: lexical item rendered 'seed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔντιμονhonorableA1B ASN · ἔντιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἔντιμος: lexical item rendered 'honorable' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ποῖονwhat sort ofA1A NSN · ποῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceποῖος: lexical item rendered 'what sort of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σπέρμαseedN3M NSN · σπέρμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσπέρμα: lexical item rendered 'seed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'of man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σπέρμαseedN3M NSN · σπέρμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσπέρμα: lexical item rendered 'seed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔντιμονhonorableA1B ASN · ἔντιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἔντιμος: lexical item rendered 'honorable' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ποῖονwhat sort ofA1A NSN · ποῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceποῖος: lexical item rendered 'what sort of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
φοβούμενοιthose fearingV2 · πμπνπμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionφοβέομαι / φόβος: fear of the Lord in the reverential sense that marks true honor and right standing.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κύριονthe LordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
σπέρμαseedN3M NSN · σπέρμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσπέρμα: lexical item rendered 'seed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἄτιμονdishonorableA1B ASN · ἄτιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἄτιμος: lexical item rendered 'dishonorable' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ποῖονwhat sort ofA1A NSN · ποῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceποῖος: lexical item rendered 'what sort of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σπέρμαseedN3M NSN · σπέρμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσπέρμα: lexical item rendered 'seed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'of man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σπέρμαseedN3M NSN · σπέρμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσπέρμα: lexical item rendered 'seed' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἄτιμονdishonorableA1B ASN · ἄτιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἄτιμος: lexical item rendered 'dishonorable' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ποῖονwhat sort ofA1A NSN · ποῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceποῖος: lexical item rendered 'what sort of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
παραβαίνοντεςthose transgressingV1 · παπνπμ βαίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionπαρα: lexical item rendered 'those transgressing' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐντολάςcommandmentsN1A APF · ἐντολήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐντολή: lexical item rendered 'commandments' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
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ἐν μέσῳ ἀδελφῶν ὁ ἡγούμενος αὐτῶν ἔντιμος καὶ οἱ φοβούμενοι κύριον ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ
Among brothers their leader is honored, and those who fear the Lord are honored in his eyes.
Honor within human society reaches its proper measure only when it is viewed under the eyes of the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
μέσῳamongA1 DSN · μέσοςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceμέσος: lexical item rendered 'among' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἀδελφός: lexical item rendered 'brothers' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἡγούμενοςleaderV2 · πμπνσμ ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionἡγέομαι: lexical item rendered 'leader' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔντιμοςhonoredA1B NSM · ἔντιμοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἔντιμος: lexical item rendered 'honored' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
φοβούμενοιthose fearingV2 · πμπνπμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionφοβέομαι / φόβος: fear of the Lord in the reverential sense that marks true honor and right standing.
κύριονthe LordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesN2 DPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eyes' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
22
πλούσιος καὶ ἔνδοξος καὶ πτωχός τὸ καύχημα αὐτῶν φόβος κυρίου
Rich and distinguished and poor alike - their boast is the fear of the Lord.
Social distinctions collapse into one true ground of boasting: the fear of the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πλούσιοςrichA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἔνδοξοςdistinguishedA1B NSM · ἔνδοξοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἔνδοξος: lexical item rendered 'distinguished' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
πτωχόςpoorN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπτωχός: lexical item rendered 'poor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
καύχημαboastN3M NSN · καύχημαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκαύχημα: lexical item rendered 'boast' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceφοβέομαι / φόβος: fear of the Lord in the reverential sense that marks true honor and right standing.
κυρίουthe LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
23
οὐ δίκαιον ἀτιμάσαι πτωχὸν συνετόν καὶ οὐ καθήκει δοξάσαι ἄνδρα ἁμαρτωλόν
It is not right to dishonor an intelligent poor man, and it is not fitting to honor a sinful man.
Wisdom in poverty deserves respect, whereas sin does not become admirable merely by status.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δίκαιονrightA1A NSN · δίκαιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceδίκαιος: lexical item rendered 'right' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἀτιμάσαιto dishonorVA AAN · ἀτιμάζωinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in a dependent construction→ verbal abstraction within the argumentἀτιμάζω: lexical item rendered 'to dishonor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πτωχὸνa poor manN2 ASM · πτωχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπτωχός: lexical item rendered 'a poor man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
συνετόνintelligentA1 ASM · συνετόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσυνετός: lexical item rendered 'intelligent' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καθήκειit is fittingV1 PAI3S · ἥκω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present-state assertionκατα: lexical item rendered 'it is fitting' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δοξάσαιto honorVA AAN · δοξάζωinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in a dependent construction→ verbal abstraction within the argumentδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'to honor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἄνδραa manN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀνήρ: lexical item rendered 'a man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἁμαρτωλόνsinfulA1B ASM · ἁμαρτωλόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἁμαρτωλός: lexical item rendered 'sinful' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
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μεγιστὰν καὶ κριτὴς καὶ δυνάστης δοξασθήσεται καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῶν τις μείζων τοῦ φοβουμένου τὸν κύριον
Magnate and judge and ruler will be honored, but none of them is greater than the one who fears the Lord.
Even the highest offices remain below the one who fears the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
μεγιστὰνmagnateN3 NSM · μεγιστάνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceμεγιστάν: lexical item rendered 'magnate' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
κριτὴςjudgeN1M NSM · κριτήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκριτής: lexical item rendered 'judge' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
δυνάστηςrulerN1M NSM · δυνάστηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceδυνάστης: lexical item rendered 'ruler' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δοξασθήσεταιwill be honoredVS FPI3S · δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'will be honored' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present-state assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'there is' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τιςanyoneRI NSM · τιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτις: lexical item rendered 'anyone' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
μείζωνgreaterA3C NSM · μέγαςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceμέγας: lexical item rendered 'greater' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
φοβουμένουone fearingV2 · πμπγσμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionφοβέομαι / φόβος: fear of the Lord in the reverential sense that marks true honor and right standing.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κύριονthe LordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκύριος: “Lord”; the title used for God as the one who governs history, raises rulers, and judges pride.
25
οἰκέτῃ σοφῷ ἐλεύθεροι λειτουργήσουσιν καὶ ἀνὴρ ἐπιστήμων οὐ γογγύσει
Free men will serve a wise slave, and an understanding man will not grumble.
The proverb reverses social expectations by letting wisdom outrank legal freedom or class standing.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οἰκέτῃto a slaveN1M DSM · οἰκέτηςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceοἰκέτης: lexical item rendered 'to a slave' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σοφῷwiseA1 DSM · σοφόςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceσοφός: lexical item rendered 'wise' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐλεύθεροιfree menA1A NPM · ἐλεύθεροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἐλεύθερος: lexical item rendered 'free men' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
λειτουργήσουσινwill serveVF FAI3P · λειτουργέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultλειτουργέω: lexical item rendered 'will serve' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἀνὴρa manN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀνήρ: lexical item rendered 'a man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐπιστήμωνunderstandingA3N NSM · ἐπιστήμωνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἐπιστήμων: lexical item rendered 'understanding' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
γογγύσειwill grumbleVF FAI3S · γογγύζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultγογγύζω: lexical item rendered 'will grumble' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
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μὴ σοφίζου ποιῆσαι τὸ ἔργον σου καὶ μὴ δοξάζου ἐν καιρῷ στενοχωρίας σου
Do not play the wise man in doing your work, and do not glorify yourself in a time of distress.
Sirach warns against performative cleverness and self-display when life is constricted.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μὴdo notD · μήnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σοφίζουplay the wise manV1 PMD2S · σοφίζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductσοφίζω: lexical item rendered 'play the wise man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ποιῆσαιto doVA AAN · ποιέωinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in a dependent construction→ verbal abstraction within the argumentποιέω: lexical item rendered 'to do' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἔργονworkN2N ASN · ἔργονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἔργον: lexical item rendered 'work' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationσύ: lexical item rendered 'your' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
μὴdo notD · μήnegative particle qualifying the clause or command→ negation or prohibitionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δοξάζουglorify yourselfV1 PMD2S · δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'glorify yourself' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καιρῷin a timeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceκαιρός: lexical item rendered 'in a time' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
στενοχωρίαςof distressN1A GSF · στενοχωρίαgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationστενοχωρία: lexical item rendered 'of distress' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationσύ: lexical item rendered 'your' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
27
κρείσσων ἐργαζόμενος καὶ περισσεύων ἐν πᾶσιν ἢ περιπατῶν δοξαζόμενος καὶ ἀπορῶν ἄρτων
Better is one who works and has abundance in everything than one who goes about boasting and lacks bread.
Quiet labor with sufficiency is better than proud appearance joined to want.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκρείσσων: lexical item rendered 'better' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐργαζόμενοςworkingV1 · πμπνσμ ἐργάζομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐργάζομαι: lexical item rendered 'working' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
περισσεύωνhaving abundanceV1 · παπνσμ περισσεύωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionπερισσεύω: lexical item rendered 'having abundance' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πᾶσινin all thingsA3 DPN · πᾶςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'in all things' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἢthanC · ἤcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageἤ: lexical item rendered 'than' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
περιπατῶνwalking aboutV2 · παπνσμ πατέω + περιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionπερι: lexical item rendered 'walking about' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δοξαζόμενοςbeing boastfulV1 · πμπνσμ δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'being boastful' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἀπορῶνlackingV2 · παπνσμ ἀπορέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀπορέω: lexical item rendered 'lacking' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἄρτωνbreadN2 GPM · ἄρτοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἄρτος: lexical item rendered 'bread' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
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τέκνον ἐν πραύ̈τητι δόξασον τὴν ψυχήν σου καὶ δὸς αὐτῇ τιμὴν κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν αὐτῆς
Child, honor your soul in meekness, and give it honor according to its worth.
The hearer is told to honor his own life rightly, but to do so in meekness rather than vanity.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τέκνονchildN2N VSN · τέκνονlexical element contributing to the clause in its local context→ local semantic contributionτέκνον: lexical item rendered 'child' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πραύ̈τητιin meeknessN3T DSF · πραύ̈τηςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπραύ̈της: lexical item rendered 'in meekness' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δόξασονhonorVA AAD2S · δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist imperative urging decisive actionδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'honor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ψυχήνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalψυχή: lexical item rendered 'soul' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationσύ: lexical item rendered 'your' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
δὸςgiveVO AAD2S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist imperative urging decisive actionδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'give' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῇto itRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to it' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τιμὴνhonorN1 ASF · τιμήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalτιμή: lexical item rendered 'honor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
κατὰasP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀξίανworthN1A ASF · ἀξίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀξία: lexical item rendered 'worth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
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τὸν ἁμαρτάνοντα εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τίς δικαιώσει καὶ τίς δοξάσει τὸν ἀτιμάζοντα τὴν ζωὴν αὐτοῦ
Who will justify a man sinning against his own soul, and who will honor one who dishonors his own life?
Self-destructive sin and contempt for one's own life strip away any credible claim to honor.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἁμαρτάνονταsinningV1 · παπασμ ἁμαρτάνωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionἁμαρτάνω: lexical item rendered 'sinning' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ψυχὴνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalψυχή: lexical item rendered 'life' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: lexical item rendered 'who' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δικαιώσειwill justifyVF FAI3S · δικαιόωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultδικαιόω: lexical item rendered 'will justify' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: lexical item rendered 'who' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δοξάσειwill honorVF FAI3S · δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'will honor' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀτιμάζονταdishonoringV1 · παπασμ ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionἀτιμάζω: lexical item rendered 'dishonoring' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ζωὴνlifeN1 ASF · ζωήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalζωή: lexical item rendered 'life' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
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πτωχὸς δοξάζεται δι' ἐπιστήμην αὐτοῦ καὶ πλούσιος δοξάζεται διὰ τὸν πλοῦτον αὐτοῦ
A poor man is honored for his knowledge, and a rich man is honored for his wealth.
Both poverty and wealth attract honor in different ways, but the saying invites discernment about what truly grounds reputation.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πτωχὸςpoor manN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπτωχός: lexical item rendered 'poor man' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δοξάζεταιis honoredV1 PMI3S · δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present-state assertionδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'is honored' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δι'forP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingδιά: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐπιστήμηνknowledgeN1 ASF · ἐπιστήμηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐπιστήμη: lexical item rendered 'knowledge' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
πλούσιοςrichA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
δοξάζεταιis honoredV1 PMI3S · δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ present-state assertionδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'is honored' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingδιά: lexical item rendered 'because of' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
πλοῦτονwealthN2 ASM · πλοῦτοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπλοῦτος: lexical item rendered 'wealth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phrase→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
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ὁ δεδοξασμένος ἐν πτωχείᾳ καὶ ἐν πλούτῳ ποσαχῶς καὶ ὁ ἄδοξος ἐν πλούτῳ καὶ ἐν πτωχείᾳ ποσαχῶς
If one is honored in poverty, how much more in wealth? And if one is dishonored in wealth, how much more in poverty?
The closing comparison presses the hearer to see that honor or dishonor only intensifies when carried through wealth or poverty.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
δεδοξασμένοςhonoredVT · χμπνσμ δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ local semantic contributionδοξάζω: lexical item rendered 'honored' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πτωχείᾳpovertyN1A DSF · πτωχείαdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπτωχεία: lexical item rendered 'poverty' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πλούτῳwealthN2 DSM · πλοῦτοςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπλοῦτος: lexical item rendered 'wealth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ποσαχῶςhow much moreD · ποσαχῶςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionποσαχῶς: lexical item rendered 'how much more' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἄδοξοςdishonoredA1B NSM · ἄδοξοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἄδοξος: lexical item rendered 'dishonored' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πλούτῳwealthN2 DSM · πλοῦτοςdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπλοῦτος: lexical item rendered 'wealth' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or list items→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking clauses or items in Sirach's sapiential sequence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
πτωχείᾳpovertyN1A DSF · πτωχείαdative term marking sphere, means, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceπτωχεία: lexical item rendered 'poverty' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.
ποσαχῶςhow much moreD · ποσαχῶςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionποσαχῶς: lexical item rendered 'how much more' in this chapter's argument about rule, pride, and true honor.