1
ὁ ἁπτόμενος πίσσης μολυνθήσεται καὶ ὁ κοινωνῶν ὑπερηφάνῳ ὁμοιωθήσεται αὐτῷ
The one who touches pitch will be defiled, and the one who associates with a proud man will become like him.
The opening proverb frames companionship as morally contagious.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἁπτόμενοςtouchingV1 · πμπνσμ ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ participant characterizationπμπνσμ ἅπτομαι: lexical item rendered 'touching' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πίσσηςpitchN1S GSF · πίσσαgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationπίσσα: lexical item rendered 'pitch' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μολυνθήσεταιwill be defiledVC FPI3S · μολύνωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultμολύνω: lexical item rendered 'will be defiled' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κοινωνῶνassociatingV2 · παπνσμ κοινωνέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ participant characterizationπαπνσμ κοινωνέω: lexical item rendered 'associating' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑπερηφάνῳproud manA1B DSM · ὑπερήφανοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceὑπερήφανος: lexical item rendered 'proud man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὁμοιωθήσεταιwill become likeVC FPI3S · ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultὁμοιόω: lexical item rendered 'will become like' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτῷfor himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'for him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
2
βάρος ὑπὲρ σὲ μὴ ἄρῃς καὶ ἰσχυροτέρῳ σου καὶ πλουσιωτέρῳ μὴ κοινώνει τί κοινωνήσει χύτρα πρὸς λέβητα αὕτη προσκρούσει καὶ αὕτη συντριβήσεται
Do not lift a weight heavier than yourself, and do not associate with one stronger and richer than you; what fellowship has a clay pot with a kettle? This one will strike against it, and it will be shattered.
The cookware image interprets unequal partnership as structurally destructive to the weaker party.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
βάροςweightN3E ASN · βάροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalβάρος: lexical item rendered 'weight' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑπὲρbeyondP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingὑπέρ: lexical item rendered 'beyond' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σὲyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἄρῃςyou liftVA AAS2S · αἴρωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionαἴρω: lexical item rendered 'you lift' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἰσχυροτέρῳstronger manA1A DSMC · ἰσχυρόςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceἰσχυρός: lexical item rendered 'stronger man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationσύ: pronominal form rendered 'your' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πλουσιωτέρῳricher manA1A DSMC · πλούσιοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'richer man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κοινώνειassociateV2 PAD2S · κοινωνέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ direct command or prohibitionκοινωνέω: lexical item rendered 'associate' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalτίς: pronominal form rendered 'what' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κοινωνήσειwill have fellowshipVF FAI3S · κοινωνέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκοινωνέω: lexical item rendered 'will have fellowship' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
χύτραclay potN1A NSF · χύτραnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceχύτρα: lexical item rendered 'clay pot' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πρὸςforP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingπρός: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λέβηταkettleN3T ASM · λέβηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalλέβης: lexical item rendered 'kettle' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὕτηitRD NSF · οὗτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceοὗτος: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσκρούσειwill strike againstVF FAI3S · κρούω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκρούω + προς: lexical item rendered 'will strike against' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὕτηitRD NSF · οὗτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceοὗτος: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
συντριβήσεταιwill be shatteredVD FPI3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultτρίβω + συν: lexical item rendered 'will be shattered' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
3
πλούσιος ἠδίκησεν καὶ αὐτὸς προσενεβριμήσατο πτωχὸς ἠδίκηται καὶ αὐτὸς προσδεηθήσεται
A rich man did wrong and he himself rages; a poor man is wronged and he himself must beg.
The same event yields opposite social consequences depending on wealth.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πλούσιοςrich manA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἠδίκησενdid wrongVAI AAI3S · ἀδικέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἀδικέω: lexical item rendered 'did wrong' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτὸςhimselfRD NSM · αὐτόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'himself' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσενεβριμήσατοgrowled loudlyVAI AMI3S · βριμάομαι + προς + ἐνverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionβριμάομαι + προς + ἐν: lexical item rendered 'growled loudly' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πτωχὸςpoor manN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπτωχός: lexical item rendered 'poor man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἠδίκηταιis wrongedVM XMI3S · ἀδικέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἀδικέω: lexical item rendered 'is wronged' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτὸςhimselfRD NSM · αὐτόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'himself' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσδεηθήσεταιwill begVC FPI3S · δέω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultδέω + προς: lexical item rendered 'will beg' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
4
ἐὰν χρησιμεύσῃς ἐργᾶται ἐν σοί καὶ ἐὰν ὑστερήσῃς καταλείψει σε
If you are useful, he will work you; and if you are lacking, he will leave you behind.
The stronger associate values the poor man only for utility.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἐάν: connective rendered 'if' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
χρησιμεύσῃςyou are usefulVA AAS2S · χρησιμεύωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionχρησιμεύω: lexical item rendered 'you are useful' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐργᾶταιwill workV1 PMI3S · ἐργάζομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἐργάζομαι: lexical item rendered 'will work' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σοίto youRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: pronominal form rendered 'to you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἐάν: connective rendered 'if' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑστερήσῃςyou are lackingVA AAS2S · ὑστερέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionὑστερέω: lexical item rendered 'you are lacking' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καταλείψειwill abandonVF FAI3S · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultλείπω + κατα: lexical item rendered 'will abandon' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
5
ἐὰν ἔχῃς συμβιώσεταί σοι καὶ ἀποκενώσει σε καὶ αὐτὸς οὐ πονέσει
If you have something, he will live with you and will empty you out, while he himself will not labor.
Parasitic friendship consumes the resources of the weaker without reciprocal cost.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἐάν: connective rendered 'if' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἔχῃςyou haveV1 PAS2S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἔχω: lexical item rendered 'you have' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
συμβιώσεταίwill live withVF FMI3S · βιόω + συνverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultβιόω + συν: lexical item rendered 'will live with' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: pronominal form rendered 'to you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀποκενώσειwill empty outVF FAI3S · κενόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκενόω + ἀπο: lexical item rendered 'will empty out' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτὸςhimselfRD NSM · αὐτόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'himself' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πονέσειwill laborVF FAI3S · πονέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultπονέω: lexical item rendered 'will labor' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
6
χρείαν ἔσχηκέν σου καὶ ἀποπλανήσει σε καὶ προσγελάσεταί σοι καὶ δώσει σοι ἐλπίδα λαλήσει σοι καλὰ καὶ ἐρεῖ τίς ἡ χρεία σου
Has he had need of you? He will mislead you and smile at you and give you hope; he will speak good words to you and say, “What is your need?”
Manipulation comes wrapped in warmth, promises, and solicitous speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
χρείανneedN1A ASF · χρείαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalχρεία: lexical item rendered 'need' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἔσχηκένhas hadVX XAI3S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἔχω: lexical item rendered 'has had' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationσύ: pronominal form rendered 'your' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀποπλανήσειwill misleadVF FAI3S · πλανάω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultπλανάω + ἀπο: lexical item rendered 'will mislead' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσγελάσεταίwill smile atVF FMI3S · γελάω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultγελάω + προς: lexical item rendered 'will smile at' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: pronominal form rendered 'to you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
δώσειwill giveVF FAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'will give' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: pronominal form rendered 'to you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐλπίδαhopeN3D ASF · ἐλπίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'hope' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λαλήσειwill speakVF FAI3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultλαλέω: lexical item rendered 'will speak' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: pronominal form rendered 'to you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καλὰgood thingsA1 APN · καλόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκαλός: lexical item rendered 'good things' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐρεῖhe will sayVF2 FAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultεἶπον: lexical item rendered 'he will say' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τίςwhoRI NSF · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: pronominal form rendered 'who' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
χρείαneedN1A NSF · χρείαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceχρεία: lexical item rendered 'need' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationσύ: pronominal form rendered 'your' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
7
καὶ αἰσχυνεῖ σε ἐν τοῖς βρώμασιν αὐτοῦ ἕως οὗ ἀποκενώσῃ σε δὶς ἢ τρίς καὶ ἐπ' ἐσχάτων καταμωκήσεταί σου μετὰ ταῦτα ὄψεταί σε καὶ καταλείψει σε καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ κινήσει ἐπὶ σοί
Then he will put you to shame with his foods until he has emptied you out twice or three times, and at last he will mock you. After this he will see you and leave you, and he will shake his head at you.
The patron’s hospitality ends in humiliation, extraction, ridicule, and dismissal.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αἰσχυνεῖwill shameVF FAI3S · αἰσχύνωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultαἰσχύνω: lexical item rendered 'will shame' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τοῖςto theRA DPN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'to the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
βρώμασινfoodsN3M DPN · βρῶμαdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceβρῶμα: lexical item rendered 'foods' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἕως: connective rendered 'until' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὗwhereverRR GSM · ὅςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationὅς: lexical item rendered 'wherever' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀποκενώσῃhas emptied outVA AAS3S · κενόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionκενόω + ἀπο: lexical item rendered 'has emptied out' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
δὶςtwiceD · δίςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionδίς: lexical item rendered 'twice' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἢorC · ἤconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἤ: connective rendered 'or' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τρίςthree timesD · τρίςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionτρίς: lexical item rendered 'three times' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐπ'atP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'at' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐσχάτωνthe endA1 GPN · ἔσχατοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἔσχατος: lexical item rendered 'the end' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καταμωκήσεταίwill mockVF FMI3S · μωκάομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultμωκάομαι + κατα: lexical item rendered 'will mock' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationσύ: pronominal form rendered 'your' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalοὗτος: lexical item rendered 'these things' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὄψεταίhe will seeVF FMI3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultὁράω: lexical item rendered 'he will see' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καταλείψειwill abandonVF FAI3S · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultλείπω + κατα: lexical item rendered 'will abandon' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκεφαλή: lexical item rendered 'head' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κινήσειwill shakeVF FAI3S · κινέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκινέω: lexical item rendered 'will shake' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σοίto youRP DS · σύdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceσύ: pronominal form rendered 'to you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
8
πρόσεχε μὴ ἀποπλανηθῇς καὶ μὴ ταπεινωθῇς ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ σου
Take heed lest you be misled and brought low in your foolishness.
The hearer is called to vigilance before the pattern repeats itself on him.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πρόσεχεpay attentionV1 PAD2S · ἔχω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ direct command or prohibitionἔχω + προς: lexical item rendered 'pay attention' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀποπλανηθῇςyou are misledVC APS2S · πλανάω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionπλανάω + ἀπο: lexical item rendered 'you are misled' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ταπεινωθῇςyou are humbledVC APS2S · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionταπεινόω: lexical item rendered 'you are humbled' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀφροσύνῃfoolishnessN1 DSF · ἀφροσύνηdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceἀφροσύνη: lexical item rendered 'foolishness' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationσύ: pronominal form rendered 'your' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
9
προσκαλεσαμένου σε δυνάστου ὑποχωρῶν γίνου καὶ τόσῳ μᾶλλόν σε προσκαλέσεται
When a ruler invites you, become one who withdraws, and all the more he will invite you.
Measured reserve rather than eager self-advancement is the wise posture before power.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
προσκαλεσαμένουwhen invitingVA · αμπγσμ καλέω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionαμπγσμ καλέω + προς: lexical item rendered 'when inviting' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
δυνάστουrulerN1M GSM · δυνάστηςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationδυνάστης: lexical item rendered 'ruler' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑποχωρῶνwithdrawingV2 · παπνσμ χωρέω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ participant characterizationπαπνσμ χωρέω + ὑπο: lexical item rendered 'withdrawing' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
γίνουbecomeV1 PMD2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionγίγνομαι: lexical item rendered 'become' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τόσῳso muchA1 DSM · τόσοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceτόσος: lexical item rendered 'so much' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μᾶλλόνmoreD · μᾶλλονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμᾶλλον: lexical item rendered 'more' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσκαλέσεταιwill inviteVF FMI3S · καλέω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκαλέω + προς: lexical item rendered 'will invite' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
10
μὴ ἔμπιπτε μὴ ἀπωσθῇς καὶ μὴ μακρὰν ἀφίστω ἵνα μὴ ἐπιλησθῇς
Do not press in, lest you be pushed away, and do not stand too far off, lest you be forgotten.
Sirach counsels prudent distance that avoids both presumption and erasure.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἔμπιπτεpress inV1 PAD2S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ direct command or prohibitionπίπτω + ἐν: lexical item rendered 'press in' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀπωσθῇςyou are pushed awayVS APS2S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionὠθέω + ἀπο: lexical item rendered 'you are pushed away' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μακρὰνfar offD · μακράνadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμακράν: lexical item rendered 'far off' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀφίστωstand awayV6 PAS1S · ἵστημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἵστημι + ἀπο: lexical item rendered 'stand away' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἵναlestC · ἵναconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἵνα: connective rendered 'lest' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐπιλησθῇςyou are forgottenVS APS2S · λανθάνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionλανθάνω + ἐπι: lexical item rendered 'you are forgotten' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
11
μὴ ἔπεχε ἰσηγορεῖσθαι μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ μὴ πίστευε τοῖς πλείοσιν λόγοις αὐτοῦ ἐκ πολλῆς γὰρ λαλιᾶς πειράσει σε καὶ ὡς προσγελῶν ἐξετάσει σε
Do not think to speak with him as an equal, and do not trust his many words; for by much talk he will test you, and while smiling he will examine you.
The ruler’s friendliness can function as scrutiny rather than fellowship.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἔπεχεattemptV1 PAD2S · ἔχω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ direct command or prohibitionἔχω + ἐπι: lexical item rendered 'attempt' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἰσηγορεῖσθαιto speak as an equalV1 PMN · ἰσηγορέομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἰσηγορέομαι: lexical item rendered 'to speak as an equal' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πίστευεtrustV1 PAD2S · πιστεύωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ direct command or prohibitionπιστεύω: lexical item rendered 'trust' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'to the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πλείοσινmanyA3C DPM · πολύςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceπολύς: lexical item rendered 'many' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λόγοιςwordsN2 DPM · λόγοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceλόγος: lexical item rendered 'words' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐκ: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πολλῆςmuchA1 GSF · πολύςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationπολύς: lexical item rendered 'much' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λαλιᾶςtalkN1A GSF · λαλιάgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationλαλιά: lexical item rendered 'talk' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πειράσειwill testVF FAI3S · πειράζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultπειράζω: lexical item rendered 'will test' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageὡς: connective rendered 'as' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσγελῶνwhile smilingV3 · παπνσμ γελάω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ participant characterizationπαπνσμ γελάω + προς: lexical item rendered 'while smiling' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐξετάσειwill examineVF FAI3S · ἐτάζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἐτάζω + ἐκ: lexical item rendered 'will examine' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύ: pronominal form rendered 'you' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
12
ἀνελεήμων ὁ μὴ συντηρῶν λόγους καὶ οὐ μὴ φείσηται περὶ κακώσεως καὶ δεσμῶν
Pitiless is the one who does not keep words, and he will by no means spare you from injury and chains.
Power without fidelity to speech proves merciless when it chooses to harm.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀνελεήμωνpitilessA3N NSM · ἀνελεήμωνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀνελεήμων: lexical item rendered 'pitiless' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
συντηρῶνkeepingV2 · παπνσμ τηρέω + συνverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ participant characterizationπαπνσμ τηρέω + συν: lexical item rendered 'keeping' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalλόγος: lexical item rendered 'words' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μὴdo notD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'do not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
φείσηταιwill spareVA AMS3S · φείδομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionφείδομαι: lexical item rendered 'will spare' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
περὶfor the sake ofP · περίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingπερί: lexical item rendered 'for the sake of' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κακώσεωςinjuryN3I GSF · κάκωσιςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκάκωσις: lexical item rendered 'injury' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
δεσμῶνchainsN2 GPM · δεσμόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationδεσμός: lexical item rendered 'chains' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
13
συντήρησον καὶ πρόσεχε σφοδρῶς ὅτι μετὰ τῆς πτώσεώς σου περιπατεῖς
Keep watch and take great care, for you are walking alongside your own downfall.
The warning culminates in a compressed imperative of vigilance.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
συντήρησονkeepVA AAD2S · τηρέω + συνverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ direct command or prohibitionτηρέω + συν: lexical item rendered 'keep' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πρόσεχεpay attentionV1 PAD2S · ἔχω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ direct command or prohibitionἔχω + προς: lexical item rendered 'pay attention' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σφοδρῶςcarefullyD · σφοδρῶςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionσφοδρῶς: lexical item rendered 'carefully' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageὅτι: connective rendered 'because' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πτώσεώςfallN3I GSF · πτῶσιςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationπτῶσις: lexical item rendered 'fall' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationσύ: pronominal form rendered 'your' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
περιπατεῖςyou are walkingV2 PAI2S · πατέω + περιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ participant characterizationπατέω + περι: lexical item rendered 'you are walking' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
15
πᾶν ζῷον ἀγαπᾷ τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτῷ καὶ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ
Every living thing loves its like, and every human being loves his neighbor.
Broadens from courtly caution to a general law of affinity.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πᾶνeverythingA3 NSN · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'everything' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ζῷονliving thingN2N NSN · ζῷονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceζῷον: lexical item rendered 'living thing' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀγαπᾷlovesV3 PAI3S · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἀγαπάω: lexical item rendered 'loves' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὅμοιονsameA1A ASN · ὅμοιοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὅμοιος: lexical item rendered 'same' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτῷfor himRD DSN · αὐτόςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'for him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πᾶςeveryA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'every' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἄνθρωποςhuman beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'human being' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionπλησίον: lexical item rendered 'neighbor' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
16
πᾶσα σὰρξ κατὰ γένος συνάγεται καὶ τῷ ὁμοίῳ αὐτοῦ προσκολληθήσεται ἀνήρ
All flesh gathers according to kind, and a man will cling to one like himself.
Natural and human communities alike form by resemblance.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'all' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σὰρξfleshN3K NSF · σάρξnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceσάρξ: lexical item rendered 'flesh' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'according to' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
γένοςkindN3E ASN · γένοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalγένος: lexical item rendered 'kind' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
συνάγεταιgathersV1 PMI3S · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἄγω + συν: lexical item rendered 'gathers' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'to the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὁμοίῳto one like himselfA1A DSM · ὅμοιοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceὅμοιος: lexical item rendered 'to one like himself' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσκολληθήσεταιwill clingVC FPI3S · κολλάω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκολλάω + προς: lexical item rendered 'will cling' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀνήρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀνήρ: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
17
τί κοινωνήσει λύκος ἀμνῷ οὕτως ἁμαρτωλὸς πρὸς εὐσεβῆ
What fellowship will a wolf have with a lamb? So a sinner with a godly person.
The moral gap between sinner and devout person is cast as predator and prey.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: pronominal form rendered 'what' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κοινωνήσειwill have fellowshipVF FAI3S · κοινωνέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultκοινωνέω: lexical item rendered 'will have fellowship' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λύκοςwolfN2 NSM · λύκοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceλύκος: lexical item rendered 'wolf' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀμνῷlambN2 DSM · ἀμνόςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceἀμνός: lexical item rendered 'lamb' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὕτωςso alsoD · οὕτωςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὕτως: lexical item rendered 'so also' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἁμαρτωλὸςsinnerA1B NSM · ἁμαρτωλόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἁμαρτωλός: lexical item rendered 'sinner' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πρὸςforP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingπρός: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
εὐσεβῆgodly personA3H APN · εὐσεβήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalεὐσεβής: lexical item rendered 'godly person' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
18
τίς εἰρήνη ὑαίνῃ πρὸς κύνα καὶ τίς εἰρήνη πλουσίῳ πρὸς πένητα
What peace has a hyena with a dog? And what peace has a rich man with a poor man?
The social contrast between rich and poor is made as stark as incompatible animals.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τίςwhoRI NSF · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: pronominal form rendered 'who' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
εἰρήνηpeaceN1 NSF · εἰρήνηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceεἰρήνη: lexical item rendered 'peace' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑαίνῃhyenaN1A DSF · ὕαιναdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceὕαινα: lexical item rendered 'hyena' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πρὸςforP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingπρός: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κύναdogN3 ASM · κύωνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκύων: lexical item rendered 'dog' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τίςwhoRI NSF · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: pronominal form rendered 'who' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
εἰρήνηpeaceN1 NSF · εἰρήνηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceεἰρήνη: lexical item rendered 'peace' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πλουσίῳrich manA1A DSM · πλούσιοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πρὸςforP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingπρός: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πένηταpoor manN3T ASM · πένηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπένης: lexical item rendered 'poor man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
19
κυνήγια λεόντων ὄναγροι ἐν ἐρήμῳ οὕτως νομαὶ πλουσίων πτωχοί
Wild asses in the wilderness are the prey of lions; so the poor are the pastures of the rich.
The rich are portrayed not merely as separate from the poor but as feeding upon them.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
κυνήγιαpreyN2N NPN · κυνήγιονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκυνήγιον: lexical item rendered 'prey' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λεόντωνof lionsN3 GPM · λέωνgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationλέων: lexical item rendered 'of lions' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὄναγροιwild assesN2 NPM · ὄναγροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceὄναγρος: lexical item rendered 'wild asses' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐρήμῳwildernessN2 DSF · ἐρῆμοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceἐρῆμος: lexical item rendered 'wilderness' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὕτωςso alsoD · οὕτωςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὕτως: lexical item rendered 'so also' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
νομαὶpasturesN1 NPF · νομήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceνομή: lexical item rendered 'pastures' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πλουσίωνof rich menA1A GPM · πλούσιοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'of rich men' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πτωχοίpoor peopleN2 NPM · πτωχόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπτωχός: lexical item rendered 'poor people' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
20
βδέλυγμα ὑπερηφάνῳ ταπεινότης οὕτως βδέλυγμα πλουσίῳ πτωχός
Humility is an abomination to a proud man; so a poor man is an abomination to a rich man.
The proud and the rich instinctively despise what exposes their pretensions.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
βδέλυγμαabominationN3M NSN · βδέλυγμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceβδέλυγμα: lexical item rendered 'abomination' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑπερηφάνῳproud manA1B DSM · ὑπερήφανοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceὑπερήφανος: lexical item rendered 'proud man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ταπεινότηςhumilityN3T NSF · ταπεινότηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceταπεινότης: lexical item rendered 'humility' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὕτωςso alsoD · οὕτωςadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὕτως: lexical item rendered 'so also' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
βδέλυγμαabominationN3M NSN · βδέλυγμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceβδέλυγμα: lexical item rendered 'abomination' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πλουσίῳrich manA1A DSM · πλούσιοςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πτωχόςpoorN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπτωχός: lexical item rendered 'poor' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
21
πλούσιος σαλευόμενος στηρίζεται ὑπὸ φίλων ταπεινὸς δὲ πεσὼν προσαπωθεῖται ὑπὸ φίλων
A rich man who stumbles is supported by friends, but a humble man who falls is even pushed away by friends.
Social support follows status rather than justice or need.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πλούσιοςrich manA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σαλευόμενοςstaggeringV1 · πμπνσμ σαλεύωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ participant characterizationπμπνσμ σαλεύω: lexical item rendered 'staggering' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
στηρίζεταιis supportedV1 PMI3S · στηρίζωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionστηρίζω: lexical item rendered 'is supported' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingὑπό: lexical item rendered 'by' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
φίλωνfriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationφίλος: lexical item rendered 'friends' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ταπεινὸςhumble manA1 NSM · ταπεινόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceταπεινός: lexical item rendered 'humble man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionδέ: lexical item rendered 'but' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πεσὼνhaving fallenVB · ααπνσμ πίπτωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionααπνσμ πίπτω: lexical item rendered 'having fallen' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσαπωθεῖταιis pushed awayV2 PMI3S · ὠθέω + προς + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionὠθέω + προς + ἀπο: lexical item rendered 'is pushed away' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingὑπό: lexical item rendered 'by' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
φίλωνfriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationφίλος: lexical item rendered 'friends' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
22
πλουσίου σφαλέντος πολλοὶ ἀντιλήμπτορες ἐλάλησεν ἀπόρρητα καὶ ἐδικαίωσαν αὐτόν ταπεινὸς ἔσφαλεν καὶ προσεπετίμησαν αὐτῷ ἐφθέγξατο σύνεσιν καὶ οὐκ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ τόπος
When a rich man slips, there are many helpers; he spoke things not to be spoken, and they justified him. A humble man slipped, and they rebuked him; he uttered understanding, and no place was given to him.
Wealth purchases excuse and attention, while lowliness attracts censure and exclusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
πλουσίουrichA1A GSM · πλούσιοςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σφαλέντοςhaving slippedVD · αππγσμ σφάλλωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionαππγσμ σφάλλω: lexical item rendered 'having slipped' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπολύς: lexical item rendered 'many' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀντιλήμπτορεςhelpersN3R NPM · ἀντιλήπτωρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀντιλήπτωρ: lexical item rendered 'helpers' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐλάλησενspokeVAI AAI3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionλαλέω: lexical item rendered 'spoke' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀπόρρηταunmentionable thingsA1B APN · ἀπόρρητοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀπόρρητος: lexical item rendered 'unmentionable things' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐδικαίωσανthey justifiedVAI AAI3S · δικαιόωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionδικαιόω: lexical item rendered 'they justified' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ταπεινὸςhumble manA1 NSM · ταπεινόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceταπεινός: lexical item rendered 'humble man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἔσφαλενslippedVAI AAI3S · σφάλλωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionσφάλλω: lexical item rendered 'slipped' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσεπετίμησανthey rebukedVAI AAI3P · τιμάω + προς + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionτιμάω + προς + ἐπι: lexical item rendered 'they rebuked' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτῷfor himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'for him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐφθέγξατοutteredVAI AMI3S · φθέγγομαιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionφθέγγομαι: lexical item rendered 'uttered' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
σύνεσινunderstandingN3I ASF · σύνεσιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalσύνεσις: lexical item rendered 'understanding' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐδόθηwas givenVCI API3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'was given' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτῷfor himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'for him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τόποςplaceN2 NSM · τόποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτόπος: lexical item rendered 'place' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
23
πλούσιος ἐλάλησεν καὶ πάντες ἐσίγησαν καὶ τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ ἀνύψωσαν ἕως τῶν νεφελῶν πτωχὸς ἐλάλησεν καὶ εἶπαν τίς οὗτος κἂν προσκόψῃ προσανατρέψουσιν αὐτόν
A rich man spoke, and everyone was silent, and they exalted his word up to the clouds; a poor man spoke, and they said, “Who is this?” and if he stumbles, they will push him down.
Public speech is valued by status, not by truth.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πλούσιοςrich manA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπλούσιος: lexical item rendered 'rich man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐλάλησενspokeVAI AAI3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionλαλέω: lexical item rendered 'spoke' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'all' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐσίγησανwere silentVAI AAI3P · σιγάωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionσιγάω: lexical item rendered 'were silent' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalλόγος: lexical item rendered 'word' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀνύψωσανthey exaltedVA AAI3P · ὑψόω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionὑψόω + ἀνα: lexical item rendered 'they exalted' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἕως: lexical item rendered 'until' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
νεφελῶνcloudsN1 GPF · νεφέληgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationνεφέλη: lexical item rendered 'clouds' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πτωχὸςpoor manN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπτωχός: lexical item rendered 'poor man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐλάλησενspokeVAI AAI3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionλαλέω: lexical item rendered 'spoke' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionεἶπον: lexical item rendered 'they said' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: pronominal form rendered 'who' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
οὗτοςthis manRD NSM · οὗτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceοὗτος: lexical item rendered 'this man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κἂνeven ifC+X · καί̈ἄνconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί̈ἄν: connective rendered 'even if' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσκόψῃhe stumblesVA AAS3S · κόπτω + προςverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionκόπτω + προς: lexical item rendered 'he stumbles' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
προσανατρέψουσινthey will overturnVF FAI3P · τρέπω + προς + ἀναverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ future projection or promised resultτρέπω + προς + ἀνα: lexical item rendered 'they will overturn' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
24
ἀγαθὸς ὁ πλοῦτος ᾧ μή ἐστιν ἁμαρτία καὶ πονηρὰ ἡ πτωχεία ἐν στόματι ἀσεβοῦς
Wealth is good when there is no sin in it, and poverty is evil in the mouth of an ungodly man.
Sirach does not condemn wealth absolutely; he evaluates both wealth and poverty morally.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀγαθὸςgoodA1 NSM · ἀγαθόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἀγαθός: lexical item rendered 'good' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πλοῦτοςwealthN2 NSM · πλοῦτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπλοῦτος: lexical item rendered 'wealth' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ᾧin whichRR DSM · ὅςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceὅς: lexical item rendered 'in which' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μήnotD · μήadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionμή: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'is' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἁμαρτίαsinN1A NSF · ἁμαρτίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἁμαρτία: lexical item rendered 'sin' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πονηρὰevilA1A NSF · πονηρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπονηρός: lexical item rendered 'evil' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πτωχείαpovertyN1A NSF · πτωχείαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπτωχεία: lexical item rendered 'poverty' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceστόμα: lexical item rendered 'mouth' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀσεβοῦςof the ungodlyA3H GSM · ἀσεβήςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἀσεβής: lexical item rendered 'of the ungodly' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
25
καρδία ἀνθρώπου ἀλλοιοῖ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἐάν τε εἰς ἀγαθὰ ἐάν τε εἰς κακά
A man’s heart alters his face, whether toward good things or toward bad.
The closing maxim turns from social perception to the inner source that shapes outward appearance.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'heart' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀνθρώπουof a manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'of a man' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀλλοιοῖaltersV4 PAI3S · ἀλλοιόωverbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ event or state assertionἀλλοιόω: lexical item rendered 'alters' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the following noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek article rendered 'the' and marking the noun phrase in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered 'face' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: pronominal form rendered 'him' with reference supplied by the local context in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐάνifC · ἐάνconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἐάν: connective rendered 'if' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τεwhetherX TEadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionτε: lexical item rendered 'whether' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀγαθός: lexical item rendered 'good things' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐάνifC · ἐάνconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageἐάν: connective rendered 'if' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
τεwhetherX TEadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionτε: lexical item rendered 'whether' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κακάevil thingsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκακός: lexical item rendered 'evil things' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
26
ἴχνος καρδίας ἐν ἀγαθοῖς πρόσωπον ἱλαρόν καὶ εὕρεσις παραβολῶν διαλογισμοὶ μετὰ κόπων
The sign of a heart in good things is a cheerful face, and the finding of parables comes with labored reflections.
A bright face signals inner well-being, while apt wisdom sayings arise from hard-won deliberation.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἴχνοςsignN3E NSN · ἴχνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἴχνος: lexical item rendered 'sign' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καρδίαςof a heartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'of a heart' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἀγαθοῖςgood thingsA1 DPM · ἀγαθόςdative term marking sphere, means, reference, or indirect object→ sphere or instrument referenceἀγαθός: lexical item rendered 'good things' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N NSN · πρόσωπονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered 'face' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
ἱλαρόνcheerfulA1A NSN · ἱλαρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceἱλαρός: lexical item rendered 'cheerful' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or logical movement→ discourse linkageκαί: connective rendered 'and' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
εὕρεσιςfindingN3I NSF · εὕρεσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceεὕρεσις: lexical item rendered 'finding' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
παραβολῶνof parablesN1 GPF · παραβολήgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationπαραβολή: lexical item rendered 'of parables' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
διαλογισμοὶthoughtsN2 NPM · διαλογισμόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional element→ participant or predicate prominenceδιαλογισμός: lexical item rendered 'thoughts' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.
κόπωνlaborsN1 GPF · κοπήgenitive modifier qualifying a head term or relation→ qualification or source relationκοπή: lexical item rendered 'labors' in this chapter's argument about unequal companionship, the predation of the rich, and the social humiliation of the poor.