1
κύριος ἔκτισεν ἐκ γῆς ἄνθρωπον καὶ πάλιν ἀπέστρεψεν αὐτὸν εἰς αὐτήν
The Lord created man from the earth, and turned him back into it again.
Sirach begins with humanity's earthy origin and return, framing the chapter's anthropology with mortality.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
κύριοςthe LordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceκύριος: “Lord”; the divine name-title grounding creation, covenant, moral oversight, judgment, and mercy.
ἔκτισενcreatedVAI AAI3S · κτίζωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκτίζω: lexical item rendered 'created' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐκ: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationγῆ: lexical item rendered 'earth' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionπάλιν: lexical item rendered 'again' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀπέστρεψενturned backVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἀπο: lexical item rendered 'turned back' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'into' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτήνitRD ASF · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
2
ἡμέρας ἀριθμοῦ καὶ καιρὸν ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ἐξουσίαν τῶν ἐπ' αὐτῆς
He gave them days by number and a time, and he gave them authority over the things upon it.
Human life is bounded by numbered days and appointed time, yet also entrusted with delegated authority.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἡμέρα: lexical item rendered 'days' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀριθμοῦof numberN2 GSM · ἀριθμόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἀριθμός: lexical item rendered 'of number' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
καιρὸνa timeN2 ASM · καιρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκαιρός: lexical item rendered 'a time' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἔδωκενhe gaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'he gave' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἔδωκενhe gaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'he gave' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐξουσίανauthorityN1A ASF · ἐξουσίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐξουσία: lexical item rendered 'authority' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'it' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
3
καθ' ἑαυτὸν ἐνέδυσεν αὐτοὺς ἰσχὺν καὶ κατ' εἰκόνα αὐτοῦ ἐποίησεν αὐτούς
According to himself he clothed them with strength, and according to his own image he made them.
Strength and the divine image together mark humanity's dignity and vocation.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καθ'according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'according to' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalἑαυτοῦ: lexical item rendered 'himself' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐνέδυσενclothedVAI AAI3S · δύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἐν: lexical item rendered 'clothed' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἰσχύς: lexical item rendered 'strength' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
κατ'according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'according to' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
εἰκόναimageN3N ASF · εἰκώνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalεἰκών: lexical item rendered 'image' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐποίησενhe madeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeποιέω: lexical item rendered 'he made' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
4
ἔθηκεν τὸν φόβον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ πάσης σαρκὸς καὶ κατακυριεύειν θηρίων καὶ πετεινῶν
He placed his fear upon all flesh and gave them rule over beasts and birds.
Human rule over the animal world is placed within the wider fear of God that orders creaturely life.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἔθηκενhe placedVAI AAI3S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeτίθημι: lexical item rendered 'he placed' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
φόβονfearN2 ASM · φόβοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalφόβος: lexical item rendered 'fear' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
πάσηςallA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'all' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
σαρκὸςfleshN3K GSF · σάρξgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationσάρξ: lexical item rendered 'flesh' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
κατακυριεύεινto rule overV1 PAN · κυριεύω + καταinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in dependent form→ verbal abstraction within the argumentκατα: lexical item rendered 'to rule over' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
θηρίωνbeastsN2N GPN · θηρίονgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationθηρίον: lexical item rendered 'beasts' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
πετεινῶνbirdsN2 GPN · πετεινόνgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationπετεινόν: lexical item rendered 'birds' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
6
διαβούλιον καὶ γλῶσσαν καὶ ὀφθαλμούς ὦτα καὶ καρδίαν ἔδωκεν διανοεῖσθαι αὐτοῖς
He gave them counsel and tongue and eyes, ears and a heart for thinking.
The inventory of tongue, senses, and heart highlights the capacities that make moral and intellectual response possible.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
διαβούλιονcounselN2N ASN · διαβούλιονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδιαβούλιον: lexical item rendered 'counsel' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
γλῶσσανtongueN1S ASF · γλῶσσαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalγλῶσσα: lexical item rendered 'tongue' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ὀφθαλμούςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eyes' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὦταearsN3T ASN · οὖςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalοὖς: lexical item rendered 'ears' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'heart' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἔδωκενhe gaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'he gave' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
διανοεῖσθαιto thinkV2 PMN · νοέομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionδια: lexical item rendered 'to think' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
7
ἐπιστήμην συνέσεως ἐνέπλησεν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀγαθὰ καὶ κακὰ ὑπέδειξεν αὐτοῖς
He filled them with knowledge of understanding and showed them good things and evil things.
Understanding includes discernment between good and evil; knowledge is given, not self-generated.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐπιστήμηνknowledgeN1 ASF · ἐπιστήμηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐπιστήμη: lexical item rendered 'knowledge' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
συνέσεωςof understandingN3I GSF · σύνεσιςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationσύνεσις: lexical item rendered 'of understanding' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐνέπλησενhe filledVAI AAI3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἐν: lexical item rendered 'he filled' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀγαθός: lexical item rendered 'good things' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
κακὰevil thingsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκακός: lexical item rendered 'evil things' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὑπέδειξενhe showedVAI AAI3S · δεικνύω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeὑπο: lexical item rendered 'he showed' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
8
ἔθηκεν τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν δεῖξαι αὐτοῖς τὸ μεγαλεῖον τῶν ἔργων αὐτοῦ
He set his eye upon their hearts to show them the majesty of his works.
God's gaze upon the heart is revelatory, intended to disclose the grandeur of his works to human interiority.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἔθηκενhe placedVAI AAI3S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeτίθημι: lexical item rendered 'he placed' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ὀφθαλμὸνeyeN2 ASM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eye' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
καρδίαςheartsN1A APF · καρδίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'hearts' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
δεῖξαιto showVA AAN · δεικνύωinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in dependent form→ verbal abstraction within the argumentδεικνύω: lexical item rendered 'to show' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
μεγαλεῖονmajestyA1A ASM · μεγαλεῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalμεγαλεῖος: lexical item rendered 'majesty' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἔργωνof worksN2N GPN · ἔργονgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἔργον: lexical item rendered 'of works' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
10
καὶ ὄνομα ἁγιασμοῦ αἰνέσουσιν ἵνα διηγῶνται τὰ μεγαλεῖα τῶν ἔργων αὐτοῦ
They will praise the name of holiness so that they may recount the great things of his works.
Praise is the fitting human answer to revelation and becomes the medium by which God's mighty works are retold.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὄνομα: lexical item rendered 'name' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἁγιασμοῦof holinessN2 GSM · ἁγιασμόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἁγιασμός: lexical item rendered 'of holiness' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αἰνέσουσινthey will praiseVF FAI3P · αἰνέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultαἰνέω: lexical item rendered 'they will praise' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageἵνα: lexical item rendered 'so that' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
διηγῶνταιthey may recountV2 PMS3P · ἡγέομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionδια: lexical item rendered 'they may recount' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
μεγαλεῖαgreat thingsA1A APN · μεγαλεῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalμεγαλεῖος: lexical item rendered 'great things' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἔργωνof worksN2N GPN · ἔργονgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἔργον: lexical item rendered 'of works' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
11
προσέθηκεν αὐτοῖς ἐπιστήμην καὶ νόμον ζωῆς ἐκληροδότησεν αὐτοῖς
He added knowledge to them and bequeathed to them a law of life.
Knowledge is deepened by the gift of a life-giving law, not detached from covenantal instruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
προσέθηκενhe addedVAI AAI3S · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeπρος: lexical item rendered 'he added' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπιστήμηνknowledgeN1 ASF · ἐπιστήμηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐπιστήμη: lexical item rendered 'knowledge' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalνόμος / κρίμα: law and judgment as covenantal gifts by which God orders human life before him.
ζωῆςof lifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationζωή: lexical item rendered 'of life' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐκληροδότησενhe bequeathedVAI AAI3S · κληροδοτέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκληροδοτέω: lexical item rendered 'he bequeathed' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
12
διαθήκην αἰῶνος ἔστησεν μετ' αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ ὑπέδειξεν αὐτοῖς
He established an everlasting covenant with them and showed them his judgments.
The unit binds anthropology to covenant: humanity is instructed through judgments within an enduring divine relation.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδιαθήκη: lexical item rendered 'covenant' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αἰῶνοςof eternityN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationαἰών: lexical item rendered 'of eternity' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἔστησενhe establishedVAI AAI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἵστημι: lexical item rendered 'he established' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κρίματαjudgmentsN3M APN · κρίμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalνόμος / κρίμα: law and judgment as covenantal gifts by which God orders human life before him.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὑπέδειξενhe showedVAI AAI3S · δεικνύω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeὑπο: lexical item rendered 'he showed' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
13
μεγαλεῖον δόξης εἶδον οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν καὶ δόξαν φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἤκουσεν τὸ οὖς αὐτῶν
Their eyes saw the majesty of glory, and their ear heard the glory of his voice.
The people's sensory encounter with divine glory grounds the seriousness of the commands that follow.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
μεγαλεῖονmajestyA1A ASN · μεγαλεῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalμεγαλεῖος: lexical item rendered 'majesty' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
δόξηςof gloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationδόξα: lexical item rendered 'of glory' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
εἶδονsawVBI AAI3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeὁράω: lexical item rendered 'saw' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eyes' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδόξα: lexical item rendered 'glory' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
φωνῆςof voiceN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationφωνή: lexical item rendered 'of voice' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἤκουσενheardVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἀκούω: lexical item rendered 'heard' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
οὖςearN3T NSN · οὖςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceοὖς: lexical item rendered 'ear' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
14
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς προσέχετε ἀπὸ παντὸς ἀδίκου καὶ ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς ἑκάστῳ περὶ τοῦ πλησίον
And he said to them, 'Beware of every wrong,' and he commanded each of them concerning his neighbor.
Ethics narrows to the neighbor: the one who has received God's gifts must beware of injustice toward others.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
εἶπενhe saidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeεἶπον: lexical item rendered 'he said' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
προσέχετεbewareV1 PAD2P · ἔχω + προςverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductπρος: lexical item rendered 'beware' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
παντὸςeveryA3 GSN · πᾶςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'every' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀδίκουwrongA1B GSN · ἄδικοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἄδικος: lexical item rendered 'wrong' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἐνετείλατοhe commandedVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeἐν: lexical item rendered 'he commanded' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἑκάστῳto eachA1 DSM · ἕκαστοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἕκαστος: lexical item rendered 'to each' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingπερί: lexical item rendered 'concerning' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionπλησίον: lexical item rendered 'neighbor' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
15
αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτῶν ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ διὰ παντός οὐ κρυβήσονται ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτοῦ
Their ways are always before him; they will not be hidden from his eyes.
No human path escapes divine sight, so moral life is always lived before God.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ὁδοὶwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὁδός: lexical item rendered 'ways' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐναντίον: lexical item rendered 'before' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingδιά: lexical item rendered 'through' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
παντόςalwaysA3 GSN · πᾶςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'always' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κρυβήσονταιthey will be hiddenVD FPI3P · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionκρύπτω: lexical item rendered 'they will be hidden' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesN2 GPM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eyes' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
17
ἑκάστῳ ἔθνει κατέστησεν ἡγούμενον καὶ μερὶς κυρίου Ισραηλ ἐστίν
For each nation he appointed a ruler, but Israel is the Lord's portion.
The nations have their rulers, but Israel is uniquely claimed as the Lord's own portion.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἑκάστῳto eachA1 DSN · ἕκαστοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἕκαστος: lexical item rendered 'to each' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἔθνειnationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἔθνος: lexical item rendered 'nation' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κατέστησενhe appointedVAI AAI3S · ἵστημι + καταverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeκατα: lexical item rendered 'he appointed' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἡγούμενονrulerV2 · πμπασμ ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἡγέομαι: lexical item rendered 'ruler' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
μερὶςportionN3D NSF · μερίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceμερίς: lexical item rendered 'portion' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the divine name-title grounding creation, covenant, moral oversight, judgment, and mercy.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NS · Ἰσραήλlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionἸσραήλ: lexical item rendered 'Israel' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐστίνisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'is' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
19
ἅπαντα τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν ὡς ὁ ἥλιος ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐνδελεχεῖς ἐπὶ τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτῶν
All their works are before him like the sun, and his eyes are unceasing upon their ways.
God's inspection is constant and clear, like sunlight laid over every human way.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἅπανταallA3 NPN · ἅπαςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἅπας: lexical item rendered 'all' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἔργαworksN2N NPN · ἔργονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἔργον: lexical item rendered 'works' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὡςasC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἥλιος: lexical item rendered 'sun' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐναντίον: lexical item rendered 'before' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered 'eyes' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐνδελεχεῖςunceasingA3H NPM · ἐνδελεχήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐνδελεχής: lexical item rendered 'unceasing' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὁδός: lexical item rendered 'ways' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
20
οὐκ ἐκρύβησαν αἱ ἀδικίαι αὐτῶν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ ἁμαρτίαι αὐτῶν ἔναντι κυρίου
Their injustices were not hidden from him, and all their sins are before the Lord.
Sin is never concealed from the Lord, however hidden it may seem to the sinner.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐκρύβησανwere hiddenVDI API3P · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionκρύπτω: lexical item rendered 'were hidden' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀδικίαιinjusticesN1A NPF · ἀδικίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἀδικία: lexical item rendered 'injustices' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'all' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἁμαρτίαιsinsN1A NPF · ἁμαρτίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἁμαρτία: lexical item rendered 'sins' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἔναντιbeforeP · ἔναντιpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἔναντι: lexical item rendered 'before' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the divine name-title grounding creation, covenant, moral oversight, judgment, and mercy.
22
ἐλεημοσύνη ἀνδρὸς ὡς σφραγὶς μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ χάριν ἀνθρώπου ὡς κόρην συντηρήσει
A man's almsgiving is like a seal with him, and he will preserve a person's gracious deed like the pupil of the eye.
Acts of mercy are remembered and guarded by God with intimate care.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐλεημοσύνηalmsgivingN1 NSF · ἐλεημοσύνηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐλεημοσύνη / ἐξιλασμός: mercy and atonement held together in the chapter's presentation of repentance before God.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἀνήρ: lexical item rendered 'of a man' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὡςasC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
σφραγὶςsealN3D NSF · σφραγίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσφραγίς: lexical item rendered 'seal' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'with' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'his' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
χάρινgraciousnessN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalχάρις: lexical item rendered 'graciousness' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀνθρώπουof a human beingN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'of a human being' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὡςasC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κόρηνpupilN1 ASF · κόρηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκόρη: lexical item rendered 'pupil' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
συντηρήσειhe will preserveVF FAI3S · τηρέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultσυν: lexical item rendered 'he will preserve' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
23
μετὰ ταῦτα ἐξαναστήσεται καὶ ἀνταποδώσει αὐτοῖς καὶ τὸ ἀνταπόδομα αὐτῶν εἰς κεφαλὴν αὐτῶν ἀποδώσει
After these things he will rise up and repay them, and he will render their recompense upon their head.
Divine repayment is certain and personal; what people have done returns upon their own head.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
μετὰafterP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingμετά: lexical item rendered 'after' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalοὗτος: lexical item rendered 'these things' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐξαναστήσεταιhe will rise upVF FMI3S · ἵστημι + ἐκ + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀνα: lexical item rendered 'he will rise up' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἀνταποδώσειhe will repayVF FAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀπο: lexical item rendered 'he will repay' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ sphere or instrument referenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'to them' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἀνταπόδομαrecompenseN3M ASN · ἀνταπόδομαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀνταπόδομα: lexical item rendered 'recompense' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingεἰς: lexical item rendered 'into' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκεφαλή: lexical item rendered 'head' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ qualification or source relationαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'their' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀποδώσειhe will renderVF FAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultἀπο: lexical item rendered 'he will render' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
24
πλὴν μετανοοῦσιν ἔδωκεν ἐπάνοδον καὶ παρεκάλεσεν ἐκλείποντας ὑπομονήν
Yet to those who repent he gave a way back, and he encouraged those who were failing with endurance.
Judgment is not the last word, since God also grants return and steadies the failing toward repentance.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
πλὴνyetD · πλήνadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionπλήν: lexical item rendered 'yet' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
μετανοοῦσινto those repentingV2 PAI3P · νοέω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionμετα: lexical item rendered 'to those repenting' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἔδωκενhe gaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'he gave' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπάνοδονreturnN2 ASF · ἐπάνοδοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἐπάνοδος: lexical item rendered 'return' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
παρεκάλεσενhe encouragedVAI AAI3S · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist portrayal of the action as a wholeπαρα: lexical item rendered 'he encouraged' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐκλείπονταςthose failingV1 · παπαπμ λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐκ: lexical item rendered 'those failing' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὑπομονήνenduranceN1 ASF · ὑπομονήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὑπομονή: lexical item rendered 'endurance' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
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ἐπίστρεφε ἐπὶ κύριον καὶ ἀπόλειπε ἁμαρτίας δεήθητι κατὰ πρόσωπον καὶ σμίκρυνον πρόσκομμα
Turn back to the Lord and leave behind sins; pray before his face and lessen the offense.
The imperative now presses the hearer toward repentance, prayer, and the reduction of stumbling and offense.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐπίστρεφεturn backV1 PAD2S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductἐπι: lexical item rendered 'turn back' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κύριονto the LordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκύριος: “Lord”; the divine name-title grounding creation, covenant, moral oversight, judgment, and mercy.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἀπόλειπεleave behindV1 PAD2S · λείπω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductἀπο: lexical item rendered 'leave behind' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἁμαρτίαςsinsN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἁμαρτία: lexical item rendered 'sins' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
δεήθητιprayVC APD2S · δέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionδέω: lexical item rendered 'pray' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
κατὰbeforeP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingκατά: lexical item rendered 'before' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered 'face' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
σμίκρυνονlessenVA AAD2S · μικρύνωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist imperative urging decisive actionμικρύνω: lexical item rendered 'lessen' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
πρόσκομμαoffenseN3M ASN · πρόσκομμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπρόσκομμα: lexical item rendered 'offense' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
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ἐπάναγε ἐπὶ ὕψιστον καὶ ἀπόστρεφε ἀπὸ ἀδικίας καὶ σφόδρα μίσησον βδέλυγμα
Return to the Most High and turn away from injustice, and hate abomination greatly.
Turning to the Most High is inseparable from turning away from injustice and hating abomination.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐπάναγεreturnV1 PAD2S · ἄγω + ἐπι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductἀνα: lexical item rendered 'return' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὕψιστονto the Most HighA1 ASM · ὕψιστοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalὕψιστος: lexical item rendered 'to the Most High' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἀπόστρεφεturn awayV1 PAD2S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present imperative calling for sustained conductἀπο: lexical item rendered 'turn away' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀδικίαςfrom injusticeN1A GSF · ἀδικίαgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἀδικία: lexical item rendered 'from injustice' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
σφόδραgreatlyD · σφόδραadverbial or discourse particle shaping the clause→ local semantic contributionσφόδρα: lexical item rendered 'greatly' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
μίσησονhateVA AAD2S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ aorist imperative urging decisive actionμισέω: lexical item rendered 'hate' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
βδέλυγμαabominationN3M ASN · βδέλυγμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalβδέλυγμα: lexical item rendered 'abomination' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
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ὑψίστῳ τίς αἰνέσει ἐν ᾅδου ἀντὶ ζώντων καὶ διδόντων ἀνθομολόγησιν
Who will praise the Most High in Hades instead of the living who give thanksgiving?
The living must praise now; death is not portrayed as the sphere of active thanksgiving.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὑψίστῳthe Most HighA1 DSM · ὕψιστοςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceὕψιστος: lexical item rendered 'the Most High' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: lexical item rendered 'who' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αἰνέσειwill praiseVF FAI3S · αἰνέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultαἰνέω: lexical item rendered 'will praise' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ᾅδουHadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationᾅδης: lexical item rendered 'Hades' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀντὶinstead ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀντί: lexical item rendered 'instead of' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ζώντωνlivingV3 · παπγπμ ζάωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionζάω: lexical item rendered 'living' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
διδόντωνgivingV8 · παπγπμ δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionδίδωμι: lexical item rendered 'giving' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀνθομολόγησινthanksgivingN3I ASF · ἀνθομολόγησιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalἀνθομολόγησις: lexical item rendered 'thanksgiving' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
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ἀπὸ νεκροῦ ὡς μηδὲ ὄντος ἀπόλλυται ἐξομολόγησις ζῶν καὶ ὑγιὴς αἰνέσει τὸν κύριον
From the dead, as from one who is no more, confession perishes; the living and sound person will praise the Lord.
The loss of praise among the dead intensifies the urgency of present repentance and worship.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἀπό: lexical item rendered 'from' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
νεκροῦdead personN2 GSM · νεκρόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationνεκρός: lexical item rendered 'dead person' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὡςasC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
μηδὲnot evenC · μηδέcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageμηδέ: lexical item rendered 'not even' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὄντοςbeingV9 · παπγσμ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'being' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀπόλλυταιperishesV5 PMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionἀπο: lexical item rendered 'perishes' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐξομολόγησιςconfessionN3I NSF · ἐξομολόγησιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐξομολόγησις: lexical item rendered 'confession' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ζῶνlivingV3 · παπνσμ ζάωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionζάω: lexical item rendered 'living' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ὑγιὴςhealthyA3H NSM · ὑγιήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceὑγιής: lexical item rendered 'healthy' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αἰνέσειwill praiseVF FAI3S · αἰνέωverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ future projection or promised resultαἰνέω: lexical item rendered 'will praise' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ object focus or directional goalὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κύριονto the LordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalκύριος: “Lord”; the divine name-title grounding creation, covenant, moral oversight, judgment, and mercy.
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ὡς μεγάλη ἡ ἐλεημοσύνη τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἐξιλασμὸς τοῖς ἐπιστρέφουσιν ἐπ' αὐτόν
How great is the mercy of the Lord, and atonement for those who return to him!
The unit pauses in wonder at the magnitude of God's mercy and atonement toward returners.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὡςasC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
μεγάληgreatA1 NSF · μέγαςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceμέγας: lexical item rendered 'great' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ participant or predicate prominenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐλεημοσύνηalmsgivingN1 NSF · ἐλεημοσύνηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐλεημοσύνη / ἐξιλασμός: mercy and atonement held together in the chapter's presentation of repentance before God.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ qualification or source relationὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationκύριος: “Lord”; the divine name-title grounding creation, covenant, moral oversight, judgment, and mercy.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἐξιλασμὸςatonementN2 NSM · ἐξιλασμόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἐλεημοσύνη / ἐξιλασμός: mercy and atonement held together in the chapter's presentation of repentance before God.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and delimiting the noun phrase→ sphere or instrument referenceὁ: Greek definite article marking a noun phrase as definite and signaling case, gender, and number.
ἐπιστρέφουσινfor those returningV1 · παπδπμ στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐπι: lexical item rendered 'for those returning' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐπί: lexical item rendered 'upon' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'him' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
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οὐ γὰρ δύναται πάντα εἶναι ἐν ἀνθρώποις ὅτι οὐκ ἀθάνατος υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
For all things cannot be in human beings, because a son of man is not immortal.
Human limitation explains why completeness does not belong to mortal beings.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
γὰρforX · γάρlexical element contributing its local semantic role in context→ local semantic contributionγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
δύναταιis ableV6 PMI3S · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionδύναμαι: lexical item rendered 'is able' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'all things' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive expressing the verbal idea in dependent form→ verbal abstraction within the argumentεἰμί: lexical item rendered 'to be' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ prepositional framingἐν: lexical item rendered 'in' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀνθρώποιςin human beingsN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative term marking sphere, instrument, or reference→ sphere or instrument referenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'in human beings' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageὅτι: lexical item rendered 'because' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle qualifying the clause or assertion→ negation or prohibitionοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀθάνατοςimmortalA1B NSM · ἀθάνατοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἀθάνατος: lexical item rendered 'immortal' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceυἱός: lexical item rendered 'son' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἀνθρώπουof a human beingN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'of a human being' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
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τί φωτεινότερον ἡλίου καὶ τοῦτο ἐκλείπει καὶ πονηρὸν ἐνθυμηθήσεται σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα
What is brighter than the sun? Yet even this fails, and flesh and blood will devise evil.
Even the brightest creature fades, while mortal flesh remains capable of conceiving evil.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceτίς: lexical item rendered 'what' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
φωτεινότερονbrighterA1 NSNC · φωτεινόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceφωτεινός: lexical item rendered 'brighter' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἡλίουthan the sunN2 GSM · ἥλιοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationἥλιος: lexical item rendered 'than the sun' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ object focus or directional goalοὗτος: lexical item rendered 'this' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐκλείπειfailsV1 PAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionἐκ: lexical item rendered 'fails' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
πονηρὸνevilA1A ASM · πονηρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalπονηρός: lexical item rendered 'evil' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐνθυμηθήσεταιwill deviseVC FPI3S · θυμέομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ local semantic contributionἐν: lexical item rendered 'will devise' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
σὰρξfleshN3K NSF · σάρξnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσάρξ: lexical item rendered 'flesh' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
αἷμαand bloodN3M ASN · αἷμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalαἷμα: lexical item rendered 'and blood' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
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δύναμιν ὕψους οὐρανοῦ αὐτὸς ἐπισκέπτεται καὶ ἄνθρωποι πάντες γῆ καὶ σποδός
He himself inspects the power of the height of heaven, and all human beings are earth and ashes.
The final line returns to scale: God surveys the highest heaven, while humanity remains dust-laden and frail.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
δύναμινpowerN3I ASF · δύναμιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object focus or directional goalδύναμις: lexical item rendered 'power' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ὕψουςof heaven’s heightN3E GSN · ὕψοςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationὕψος: lexical item rendered 'of heaven’s height' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
οὐρανοῦof heavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive modifier qualifying relation, source, or possession→ qualification or source relationοὐρανός: lexical item rendered 'of heaven' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
αὐτὸςhe himselfRD NSM · αὐτόςrelative or pronominal form functioning within the clause→ participant or predicate prominenceαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'he himself' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
ἐπισκέπτεταιinspectsV1 PMI3S · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, assertion, or command of the clause→ present-state or ongoing assertionἐπι: lexical item rendered 'inspects' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
ἄνθρωποιmenN2 NPM · ἄνθρωποςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'men' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'all' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
γῆearthN1 NSF · γῆnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceγῆ: lexical item rendered 'earth' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or cataloged elements→ discourse linkageκαί: common coordinating conjunction, here linking Sirach's creation catalog, covenant statements, and calls to repentance.
σποδόςashesN2 NSM · σποδόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or highlighted descriptor→ participant or predicate prominenceσποδός: lexical item rendered 'ashes' in this chapter's meditation on creation, covenant, repentance, and divine oversight.