1
λίθῳ ἠρδαλωμένῳ συνεβλήθη ὀκνηρός καὶ πᾶς ἐκσυριεῖ ἐπὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ αὐτοῦ
A sluggard has been compared to a filthy stone, and everyone will whistle at his disgrace.
The sluggard is introduced not as mildly inefficient but as something publicly contemptible and unclean.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
λίθῳwith stoneN2 DSM · λίθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλίθος: meaning 'with stone'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἠρδαλωμένῳfilthyV4 · πμπδσμ ἀρδαλόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδσμ ἀρδαλόω: meaning 'filthy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συνεβλήθηhas been comparedVCI API3S · βάλλω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβάλλω + συν: meaning 'has been compared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀκνηρόςlazy manA1A NSM · ὀκνηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀκνηρός: meaning 'lazy man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκσυριεῖwill whistleVF2 FAI3S · συρίζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσυρίζω + ἐκ: meaning 'will whistle'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀτιμίᾳdishonorN1A DSF · ἀτιμίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀτιμία: meaning 'dishonor'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
2
βολβίτῳ κοπρίων συνεβλήθη ὀκνηρός πᾶς ὁ ἀναιρούμενος αὐτὸν ἐκτινάξει χεῖρα
A sluggard has been compared to a lump of dung; everyone who picks it up will shake off his hand.
The comparison worsens: contact with the sluggard is polluting enough that one instinctively shakes him off.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
βολβίτῳlumpN2N DSN · βόλβιτονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβόλβιτον: meaning 'lump'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κοπρίωνof dungN2N GPN · κόπριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκόπριον: meaning 'of dung'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συνεβλήθηhas been comparedVCI API3S · βάλλω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβάλλω + συν: meaning 'has been compared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀκνηρόςlazy manA1A NSM · ὀκνηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀκνηρός: meaning 'lazy man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναιρούμενοςtaking awayV2 · πμπνσμ αἱρέω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ αἱρέω + ἀνα: meaning 'taking away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκτινάξειwill shake offVF FAI3S · τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'will shake off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
αἰσχύνη πατρὸς ἐν γεννήσει ἀπαιδεύτου θυγάτηρ δὲ ἐπ' ἐλαττώσει γίνεται
An undisciplined son is a father's shame in begetting him, and a daughter comes into being for humiliation.
Folly now appears inside the family, where an undisciplined child exposes the parents to shame.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
αἰσχύνηshameN1 NSF · αἰσχύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰσχύνη: meaning 'shame'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γεννήσειbegettingN3I DSF · γέννησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγέννησις: meaning 'begetting'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀπαιδεύτουundisciplinedA1B GSM · ἀπαίδευτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀπαίδευτος: meaning 'undisciplined'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐλαττώσειhumiliationVF FAI3S · ἐλαττόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐλαττόω: meaning 'humiliation'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γίνεταιbecomesV1 PMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'becomes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
θυγάτηρ φρονίμη κληρονομήσει ἄνδρα αὐτῆς καὶ ἡ καταισχύνουσα εἰς λύπην γεννήσαντος
A prudent daughter will gain a husband for herself, but the one who brings shame is a grief to the man who begot her.
Sirach balances disgrace with prudence: a wise daughter secures a future, while a shameless one becomes paternal grief.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φρονίμηprudentA1 NSF · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κληρονομήσειwill inheritVF FAI3S · κληρονομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκληρονομέω: meaning 'will inherit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταισχύνουσαbringing shameV1 · παπνσφ αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ αἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'bringing shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λύπηνsorrowN1 ASF · λύπηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλύπη: meaning 'sorrow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γεννήσαντοςthe one who begot herVA · ααπγσμ γεννάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπγσμ γεννάω: meaning 'the one who begot her'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
πατέρα καὶ ἄνδρα καταισχύνει ἡ θρασεῖα καὶ ὑπὸ ἀμφοτέρων ἀτιμασθήσεται
The bold woman shames both father and husband, and she will be dishonored by both.
Bold shamelessness damages every household relation around it and rebounds in mutual dishonor.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καταισχύνειshamesV1 PAI3S · αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'shames'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρασεῖαboldA3U NSF · θρασύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθρασύς: meaning 'bold'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀμφοτέρωνof bothA1A GPM · ἀμφότεροιgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀμφότεροι: meaning 'of both'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀτιμασθήσεταιdishonoredVS FPI3S · ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
μουσικὰ ἐν πένθει ἄκαιρος διήγησις μάστιγες δὲ καὶ παιδεία ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ σοφίας
Music in mourning is an untimely tale, but stripes and discipline are wisdom at every season.
Pleasant sounds become offensive in the wrong setting, but discipline remains fitting because wisdom requires correction in every season.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μουσικὰmusicA1 NPN · μουσικόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμουσικός: meaning 'music'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πένθειmourningN3E DSN · πένθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἄκαιροςuntimelyA1B NSF · ἄκαιροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄκαιρος: meaning 'untimely'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διήγησιςtaleN3I NSF · διήγησιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιήγησις: meaning 'tale'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μάστιγεςwhipsN3G NPF · μάστιξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάστιξ: meaning 'whips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παιδείαdisciplineN1A NSF · παιδείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σοφίαςwisdomN1A GSF · σοφίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
9
συγκολλῶν ὄστρακον ὁ διδάσκων μωρόν ἐξεγείρων καθεύδοντα ἐκ βαθέος ὕπνου
Whoever glues potsherds together is teaching a fool, like one awakening a sleeper from deep sleep.
Teaching a fool is likened to impossible repair work and to disturbing someone too deeply asleep to respond.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
συγκολλῶνgluing togetherV3 · παπνσμ κολλάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κολλάω + συν: meaning 'gluing together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὄστρακονpotsherdN2N ASN · ὄστρακονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄστρακον: meaning 'potsherd'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διδάσκωνteachV1 · παπνσμ διδάσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ διδάσκω: meaning 'teach'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μωρόνwasted / foolish thingA1A ASM · μωρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμωρός: meaning 'wasted'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξεγείρωνawakeningV1 · παπνσμ ἐγείρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἐγείρω + ἐκ: meaning 'awakening'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθεύδονταone sleepingV1 · παπασμ εὕδω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ εὕδω + κατα: meaning 'one sleeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βαθέοςdeepA3U GSM · βαθύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβαθύς: meaning 'deep'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὕπνουof sleepN2 GSM · ὕπνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕπνος: meaning 'of sleep'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
10
διηγούμενος νυστάζοντι ὁ διηγούμενος μωρῷ καὶ ἐπὶ συντελείᾳ ἐρεῖ τί ἐστιν
Whoever tells a tale to one dozing is telling it to a fool, and at the end he will say, 'What is it?'
Even sustained speech to the fool ends in blank incomprehension, exposing the waste of the effort.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
διηγούμενοςtelling a taleV2 · πμπνσμ ἡγέομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἡγέομαι + δια: meaning 'telling a tale'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νυστάζοντιto one dozingV1 · παπδσμ νυστάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπδσμ νυστάζω: meaning 'to one dozing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διηγούμενοςtelling a taleV2 · πμπνσμ ἡγέομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἡγέομαι + δια: meaning 'telling a tale'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μωρῷfoolishA1A DSM · μωρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμωρός: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συντελείᾳconsummationN1A DSF · συντέλειαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυντέλεια: meaning 'consummation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐρεῖsayVF2 FAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
11
ἐπὶ νεκρῷ κλαῦσον ἐξέλιπεν γὰρ φῶς καὶ ἐπὶ μωρῷ κλαῦσον ἐξέλιπεν γὰρ σύνεσιν ἥδιον κλαῦσον ἐπὶ νεκρῷ ὅτι ἀνεπαύσατο τοῦ δὲ μωροῦ ὑπὲρ θάνατον ἡ ζωὴ πονηρά
Weep for the dead, for light has failed; and weep for the fool, for understanding has failed. More gently weep for the dead, because he has found rest; but the life of the fool is more grievous than death.
Sirach shocks by claiming the fool may be more lamentable than the dead, because death rests while folly keeps injuring the living.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νεκρῷdead personN2 DSM · νεκρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεκρός: meaning 'dead person'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κλαῦσονweepVA AAD2S · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκλαίω: meaning 'weep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξέλιπενfail / run shortVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'fail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μωρῷfoolishA1A DSM · μωρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμωρός: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κλαῦσονweepVA AAD2S · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκλαίω: meaning 'weep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξέλιπενfail / run shortVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'fail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύνεσινunderstandingN3I ASF · σύνεσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἥδιονmore gentlyD · ἡδέωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἥδιον: meaning 'more gently'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλαῦσονweepVA AAD2S · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκλαίω: meaning 'weep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νεκρῷdead personN2 DSM · νεκρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεκρός: meaning 'dead person'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεπαύσατοhe restedVAI AMI3S · παύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπαύω + ἀνα: meaning 'he rested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μωροῦfoolA1A GSM · μωρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμωρός: meaning 'fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θάνατονdeathN2 ASM · θάνατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωὴlifeN1 NSF · ζωήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πονηράgrievousA1A NSF · πονηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'grievous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
12
πένθος νεκροῦ ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι μωροῦ δὲ καὶ ἀσεβοῦς πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ
For the dead there is mourning seven days, but for the fool and the ungodly all the days of his life.
Ordinary mourning has a limit, but life beside the fool and the ungodly feels like unending grief.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πένθοςmourningN3E NSN · πένθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νεκροῦdead personN2 GSM · νεκρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεκρός: meaning 'dead person'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραιdayN1A NPF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μωροῦfoolA1A GSM · μωρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμωρός: meaning 'fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβοῦςof the ungodlyA3H GSM · ἀσεβήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'of the ungodly'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdayN1A NPF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
μετὰ ἄφρονος μὴ πληθύνῃς λόγον καὶ πρὸς ἀσύνετον μὴ πορεύου φύλαξαι ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ἵνα μὴ κόπον ἔχῃς καὶ οὐ μὴ μολυνθῇς ἐν τῷ ἐντιναγμῷ αὐτοῦ ἔκκλινον ἀπ' αὐτοῦ καὶ εὑρήσεις ἀνάπαυσιν καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀκηδιάσῃς ἐν τῇ ἀπονοίᾳ αὐτοῦ
Do not multiply words with a fool, and do not go along with an unintelligent man. Guard yourself from him, lest you have trouble, and you will not be defiled in his shaking. Turn away from him and you will find rest, and you will not be wearied by his madness.
The wise person must limit exposure to the fool, since his instability tires, soils, and unsettles everyone around him.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of a fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πληθύνῃςenlarge / multiplyV1 PAS2S · πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπληθύνω: meaning 'enlarge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀσύνετονunintelligentA1B ASM · ἀσύνετοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσύνετος: meaning 'unintelligent'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύουgoV1 PMD2S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φύλαξαιkeep / observeVA AMD2S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόπονtoilN2 ASM · κόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόπος: meaning 'toil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχῃςhaveV1 PAS2S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μολυνθῇςbe defiledVC APS2S · μολύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμολύνω: meaning 'be defiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντιναγμῷshakingN2 DSM · ἐντιναγμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐντιναγμός: meaning 'shaking'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔκκλινονturn awayVA AAD2S · κλίνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρήσειςyou will findVF FAI2S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'you will find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνάπαυσινrestN3I ASF · ἀνάπαυσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνάπαυσις: meaning 'rest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκηδιάσῃςbe weariedVA AAS2S · ἀκηδιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀκηδιάω: meaning 'be wearied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπονοίᾳmadnessN1A DSF · ἀπόνοιαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀπόνοια: meaning 'madness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
ὑπὲρ μόλιβον τί βαρυνθήσεται καὶ τί αὐτῷ ὄνομα ἀλλ' ἢ μωρός
What will weigh heavier than lead, and what name does it have except 'fool' ?
Lead becomes the standard for heaviness only to be surpassed rhetorically by the burden of the fool.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μόλιβονleadN2 ASM · μόλιβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμόλιβος: meaning 'lead'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαρυνθήσεταιgrow weary / heavyVC FPI3S · βαρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαρύνω: meaning 'grow weary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μωρόςfoolA1A NSM · μωρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμωρός: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
15
ἄμμον καὶ ἅλα καὶ βῶλον σιδήρου εὔκοπον ὑπενεγκεῖν ἢ ἄνθρωπον ἀσύνετον
Sand and salt and a mass of iron are easier to bear than a senseless man.
Dense physical materials are easier to carry than the ongoing social and emotional load of the senseless man.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἄμμονsandN2 ASF · ἄμμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄμμος: meaning 'sand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅλαsaltN3 ASM · ἅλςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἅλς: meaning 'salt'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βῶλονmassN2 ASF · βῶλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβῶλος: meaning 'mass'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σιδήρουironN2 GSM · σίδηροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσίδηρος: meaning 'iron'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εὔκοπονeasyA1B ASM · εὔκοποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὔκοπος: meaning 'easy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑπενεγκεῖνto bearVB AAN · φέρω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφέρω + ὑπο: meaning 'to bear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀσύνετονunintelligentA1B ASM · ἀσύνετοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσύνετος: meaning 'unintelligent'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
16
ἱμάντωσις ξυλίνη ἐνδεδεμένη εἰς οἰκοδομὴν ἐν συσσεισμῷ οὐ διαλυθήσεται οὕτως καρδία ἐστηριγμένη ἐπὶ διανοήματος βουλῆς ἐν καιρῷ οὐ δειλιάσει
A wooden binding fastened into a building will not be loosened in an earthquake; so a heart established upon deliberate counsel will not be afraid in due time.
A heart fixed by thoughtful counsel is compared to structural reinforcement that survives violent shaking.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἱμάντωσιςbindingN3I NSF · ἱμάντωσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱμάντωσις: meaning 'binding'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ξυλίνηwoodenA1 NSF · ξύλινοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνδεδεμένηfastenedVM · χμπνσφ δέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσφ δέω + ἐν: meaning 'fastened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἰκοδομὴνbuildingN1 ASF · οἰκοδομήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἰκοδομή: meaning 'building'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συσσεισμῷearth-shaking stormN2 DSM · συσσεισμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυσσεισμός: meaning 'earth-shaking storm'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαλυθήσεταιbe loosenedVC FPI3S · λύω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλύω + δια: meaning 'be loosened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστηριγμένηestablishedVK · χμπνσφ στηρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσφ στηρίζω: meaning 'established'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
διανοήματοςpurposeN3M GSN · διανόημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδιανόημα: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βουλῆςcounselN1 GSF · βουλήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δειλιάσειwill lose heartVF FAI3S · δειλιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδειλιάω: meaning 'will lose heart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
καρδία ἡδρασμένη ἐπὶ διανοίας συνέσεως ὡς κόσμος ψαμμωτὸς τοίχου ξυστοῦ
A heart settled on intelligent reflection is like carved decoration on a polished wall.
The settled intelligent heart has both firmness and form, like ornament securely worked into a finished wall.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡδρασμένηsettledVT · χμπνσφ ἑδράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσφ ἑδράζω: meaning 'settled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
διανοίαςmindN1A GSF · διάνοιαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδιάνοια: meaning 'mind'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συνέσεωςunderstandingN3I GSF · σύνεσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόσμοςworldN2 NSM · κόσμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκόσμος: meaning 'world'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψαμμωτὸςsandedA1 NSM · ψαμμωτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψαμμωτός: meaning 'sanded'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοίχουwallN2 GSM · τοῖχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτοῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ξυστοῦpolishedN2 GSM · ξυστόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationξυστός: meaning 'polished'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
18
χάρακες ἐπὶ μετεώρου κείμενοι κατέναντι ἀνέμου οὐ μὴ ὑπομείνωσιν οὕτως καρδία δειλὴ ἐπὶ διανοήματος μωροῦ κατέναντι παντὸς φόβου οὐ μὴ ὑπομείνῃ
Stakes set on a height against the wind will not endure; so a timid heart set on a fool's intention will not stand against any fear.
Just as exposed stakes fail in wind, the timid heart collapses when it rests on foolish deliberation.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
χάρακεςstakesN3K NPM · χάραξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχάραξ: meaning 'stakes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μετεώρουheightA1B GSN · μετέωροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμετέωρος: meaning 'height'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κείμενοιsetV5 · πμπνπμ κεῖμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ κεῖμαι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέμουwindN2 GSM · ἄνεμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπομείνωσινendureVA AAS3P · μένω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμένω + ὑπο: meaning 'endure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δειλὴtimidA1 NSF · δειλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδειλός: meaning 'timid'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
διανοήματοςpurposeN3M GSN · διανόημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδιανόημα: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μωροῦfoolA1A GSM · μωρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμωρός: meaning 'fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπομείνῃendureVA AAS3S · μένω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμένω + ὑπο: meaning 'endure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
ὁ νύσσων ὀφθαλμὸν κατάξει δάκρυα καὶ νύσσων καρδίαν ἐκφαίνει αἴσθησιν
Whoever pricks an eye will bring forth tears, and whoever pricks a heart makes feeling known.
An inner wound will eventually show itself, just as a struck eye inevitably produces tears.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύσσωνprickingV1 · παπνσμ νύσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ νύσσω: meaning 'pricking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀφθαλμὸνeyeN2 ASM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατάξειwill bring downVF FAI3S · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω + κατα: meaning 'will bring down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δάκρυαtearsN2N APN · δάκρυaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδάκρυ: meaning 'tears'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νύσσωνprickingV1 · παπνσμ νύσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ νύσσω: meaning 'pricking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκφαίνειbrings to lightV1 PAI3S · φαίνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφαίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'brings to light'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἴσθησινsenseN3I ASF · αἴσθησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἴσθησις: meaning 'sense'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
20
βάλλων λίθον ἐπὶ πετεινὰ ἀποσοβεῖ αὐτά καὶ ὁ ὀνειδίζων φίλον διαλύσει φιλίαν
Whoever throws a stone at birds drives them away, and whoever reproaches a friend will dissolve friendship.
Reproach can scatter friendship as quickly as a stone scatters birds, so the damage of contempt should not be underestimated.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
βάλλωνcastingV1 · παπνσμ βάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ βάλλω: meaning 'casting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λίθονstonesN2 ASM · λίθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλίθος: meaning 'stones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πετεινὰbirdsA1 APN · πετεινόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπετεινός: meaning 'birds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀποσοβεῖdrives awayV2 PAI3S · σοβέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processσοβέω + ἀπο: meaning 'drives away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνειδίζωνreproachingV1 · παπνσμ ὀνειδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ὀνειδίζω: meaning 'reproaching'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διαλύσειwill dissolveVF FAI3S · λύω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλύω + δια: meaning 'will dissolve'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φιλίανfriendshipN1A ASF · φιλίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφιλία: meaning 'friendship'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
ἐπὶ φίλον ἐὰν σπάσῃς ῥομφαίαν μὴ ἀφελπίσῃς ἔστιν γὰρ ἐπάνοδος
If you have drawn a sword against a friend, do not despair, for there may be a return.
Even serious harm between friends need not be final; Sirach leaves open the possibility of return.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπάσῃςhave drawnVA AAS2S · σπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσπάω: meaning 'have drawn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥομφαίανswordN1A ASF · ῥομφαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφελπίσῃςdespairVA AAS3S · ἐλπίζω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐλπίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'despair'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάνοδοςreturnN2 NSF · ἐπάνοδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπάνοδος: meaning 'return'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
22
ἐπὶ φίλον ἐὰν ἀνοίξῃς στόμα μὴ εὐλαβηθῇς ἔστιν γὰρ διαλλαγή πλὴν ὀνειδισμοῦ καὶ ὑπερηφανίας καὶ μυστηρίου ἀποκαλύψεως καὶ πληγῆς δολίας ἐν τούτοις ἀποφεύξεται πᾶς φίλος
If you have opened your mouth against a friend, do not be afraid, for there may be reconciliation, except in the case of insult and arrogance and betrayal of a secret and a treacherous blow; because of these every friend will flee.
Speech wounds may still heal, but insult, pride, treachery, and exposure of secrets often drive friendship past repair.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίξῃςyou would openVA AAS2S · οἴγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyοἴγω + ἀνα: meaning 'you would open'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλαβηθῇςbe afraidVC APS2S · εὐλαβέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεὐλαβέομαι: meaning 'be afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαλλαγήreconciliationN1 NSF · διαλλαγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιαλλαγή: meaning 'reconciliation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλὴνexceptD · πλήνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλὴν: meaning 'except'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀνειδισμοῦoneidismosN2 GSM · ὀνειδισμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀνειδισμός: meaning 'oneidismos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπερηφανίαςarroganceN1A GSF · ὑπερηφανίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑπερηφανία: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μυστηρίουmysteryN2N GSN · μυστήριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμυστήριον: meaning 'mystery'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀποκαλύψεωςdisclosureN3I GSF · ἀποκάλυψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀποκάλυψις: meaning 'disclosure'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πληγῆςblowN1 GSF · πληγήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπληγή: meaning 'blow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δολίαςdeceitfulA1A GSF · δόλιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόλιος: meaning 'deceitful'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τούτοιςthisRD DPN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀποφεύξεταιwill flee awayVF FMI3S · φεύγω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφεύγω + ἀπο: meaning 'will flee away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φίλοςfriendA1 NSM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
23
πίστιν κτῆσαι ἐν πτωχείᾳ μετὰ τοῦ πλησίον ἵνα ἐν τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς αὐτοῦ ὁμοῦ πλησθῇς ἐν καιρῷ θλίψεως διάμενε αὐτῷ ἵνα ἐν τῇ κληρονομίᾳ αὐτοῦ συγκληρονομήσῃς
Gain trust with your neighbor in his poverty, so that in his prosperity you may be satisfied together with him. Remain with him in time of affliction, so that you may also share his inheritance.
True friendship proves itself in poverty and distress before it ever shares in prosperity and inheritance.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
πίστινpledge / faithfulnessN3I ASF · πίστιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπίστις: meaning 'pledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κτῆσαιpossessVA AMD2S · κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκτάομαι: meaning 'possess'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πτωχείᾳπτωχείαN1A DSF · πτωχείαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπτωχεία: meaning 'πτωχεία'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθοῖςgood thingsA1 DPN · ἀγαθόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁμοῦomouD · ὁμοῦadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὁμοῦ: meaning 'omou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλησθῇςbe satisfiedVS APS2S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίμπλημι: meaning 'be satisfied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θλίψεωςafflictionN3I GSF · θλῖψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθλῖψις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διάμενεremain withV1 PAD2S · μένω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμένω + δια: meaning 'remain with'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίᾳinheritanceN1A DSF · κληρονομίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συγκληρονομήσῃςshare the inheritanceVA AAS2S · κληρονομέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκληρονομέω + συν: meaning 'share the inheritance'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
24
πρὸ πυρὸς ἀτμὶς καμίνου καὶ καπνός οὕτως πρὸ αἱμάτων λοιδορίαι
Before fire come furnace-vapor and smoke; so before bloodshed come insults.
Insults are treated as the smoke that signals violence may soon ignite into bloodshed.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀτμὶςvaporN3D NSF · ἀτμίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀτμίς: meaning 'vapor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καμίνουof a furnaceN2 GSM · κάμινοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκάμινος: meaning 'of a furnace'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καπνόςsmokeN2 NSM · καπνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαπνός: meaning 'smoke'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αἱμάτωνbloodN3M GPN · αἷμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λοιδορίαιinsultsN1A NPF · λοιδορίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλοιδορία: meaning 'insults'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
25
φίλον σκεπάσαι οὐκ αἰσχυνθήσομαι καὶ ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ οὐ μὴ κρυβῶ
I will not be ashamed to shelter a friend, and I will not hide myself from his face.
The speaker commits himself to visible solidarity with a friend rather than embarrassed distance.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σκεπάσαιshelterVA AAN · σκεπάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementσκεπάζω: meaning 'shelter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰσχυνθήσομαιI will be ashamedVC FPI1S · αἰσχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἰσχύνω: meaning 'I will be ashamed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρυβῶhide myselfVD APS1S · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκρύπτω: meaning 'hide myself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
26
καὶ εἰ κακά μοι συμβήσεται δι' αὐτόν πᾶς ὁ ἀκούων φυλάξεται ἀπ' αὐτοῦ
And if evils happen to me because of him, everyone who hears will beware of him.
Loyalty is not naive; if harm comes through that friend, others will learn caution from the event.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακάtroublesA1 NPN · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συμβήσεταιit happenedVF FMI3S · βαίνω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + συν: meaning 'it happened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκούωνhearingV1 · παπνσμ ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀκούω: meaning 'hearing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φυλάξεταιguardVF FMI3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφυλάσσω: meaning 'guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
27
τίς δώσει ἐπὶ στόμα μου φυλακὴν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν χειλέων μου σφραγῖδα πανοῦργον ἵνα μὴ πέσω ἀπ' αὐτῆς καὶ ἡ γλῶσσά μου ἀπολέσῃ με
Who will set a guard over my mouth and a cunning seal upon my lips, so that I may not fall because of them and my tongue may not destroy me?
Ends by turning wisdom about speech into direct prayer for restraint before the tongue destroys its owner.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δώσειgiveVF FAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φυλακὴνcharge / watchN1 ASF · φυλακήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφυλακή: meaning 'charge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειλέωνlipsN3E GPN · χεῖλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σφραγῖδαsealsN3D ASF · σφραγίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσφραγίς: meaning 'seals'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πανοῦργονsecureA1B ASF · πανοῦργοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπανοῦργος: meaning 'secure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέσωfallVA AAS1S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίπτω: meaning 'fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλῶσσάtongueN1S NSF · γλῶσσαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπολέσῃdestroyVF FMI2S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.