1
ἀγρυπνία πλούτου ἐκτήκει σάρκας καὶ ἡ μέριμνα αὐτοῦ ἀφιστᾷ ὕπνον
Wakefulness over wealth wastes away the flesh, and its care drives away sleep.
The unit begins by treating wealth not first as pleasure but as an anxiety that consumes the body.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀγρυπνίαwakefulnessN1A NSF · ἀγρυπνίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγρυπνία: meaning 'wakefulness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλούτουwealthN2 GSM · πλοῦτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλοῦτος: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκτήκειwastes awayV1 PAI3S · τήκω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτήκω + ἐκ: meaning 'wastes away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέριμναanxious careN1A NSF · μέριμναnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέριμνα: meaning 'anxious care'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀφιστᾷdrives awayV6 PAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'drives away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕπνονsleepN2 ASM · ὕπνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕπνος: meaning 'sleep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
2
μέριμνα ἀγρυπνίας ἀποστήσει νυσταγμόν καὶ ἀρρώστημα βαρὺ ἐκνήψει ὕπνον
Care that causes wakefulness will drive off drowsiness, and a heavy sickness will shake off sleep.
The repetition intensifies the theme: anxious wakefulness becomes a sickness in its own right.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
μέριμναanxious careN1A NSF · μέριμναnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέριμνα: meaning 'anxious care'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγρυπνίαςof sleeplessnessN1A GSF · ἀγρυπνίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγρυπνία: meaning 'of sleeplessness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀποστήσειwill drive offVF FAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'will drive off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νυσταγμόνdrowsinessN2 ASM · νυσταγμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνυσταγμός: meaning 'drowsiness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρρώστημαsicknessN3M NSN · ἀρρώστημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρρώστημα: meaning 'sickness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βαρὺheavyA3U NSN · βαρύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαρύς: meaning 'heavy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκνήψειwill shake offVF FAI3S · νήφω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureνήφω + ἐκ: meaning 'will shake off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕπνονsleepN2 ASM · ὕπνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕπνος: meaning 'sleep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
ἐκοπίασεν πλούσιος ἐν συναγωγῇ χρημάτων καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀναπαύσει ἐμπίμπλαται τῶν τρυφημάτων αὐτοῦ
A rich man has labored in gathering money, and in his rest he fills himself with his luxuries.
The rich man works to gather and then rests by indulging, suggesting both effort and excess.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐκοπίασενgrown wearyVAI AAI3S · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκοπιάω: meaning 'grown weary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πλούσιοςthe richA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλούσιος: meaning 'the rich'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συναγωγῇassemblyN1 DSF · συναγωγήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυναγωγή: meaning 'assembly'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χρημάτωνmoneyN3M GPN · χρῆμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρῆμα: meaning 'money'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναπαύσειshall give restN3I DSF · ἀνάπαυσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνάπαυσις: meaning 'shall give rest'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐμπίμπλαταιis filledV6 PMI3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'is filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρυφημάτωνluxuriesN3M GPN · τρύφημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτρύφημα: meaning 'luxuries'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
ἐκοπίασεν πτωχὸς ἐν ἐλαττώσει βίου καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀναπαύσει ἐπιδεὴς γίνεται
A poor man has labored in the scantness of life, and in his rest he becomes needy.
The poor man also labors, but rest does not become luxury for him; it becomes exposed need.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐκοπίασενgrown wearyVAI AAI3S · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκοπιάω: meaning 'grown weary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτωχὸςpoorN2 NSM · πτωχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐλαττώσειscantnessN3I DSF · ἐλάττωσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐλάττωσις: meaning 'scantness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβίος: meaning 'property'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναπαύσειshall give restN3I DSF · ἀνάπαυσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνάπαυσις: meaning 'shall give rest'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπιδεὴςneedyA3H NSM · ἐπιδεήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιδεής: meaning 'needy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γίνεταιbecomesV1 PMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'becomes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
ὁ ἀγαπῶν χρυσίον οὐ δικαιωθήσεται καὶ ὁ διώκων διάφορα ἐν αὐτοῖς πλανηθήσεται
The one who loves gold will not be justified, and the one who pursues gain will be led astray by it.
Love of gold is named as incompatible with justice because gain easily becomes a path of deception.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαπῶνloveV3 · παπνσμ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαιωθήσεταιwill be justifiedVC FPI3S · δικαιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδικαιόω: meaning 'will be justified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διώκωνpursuingV1 · παπνσμ διώκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ διώκω: meaning 'pursuing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διάφοραδιαφοροςA1B APN · διάφοροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδιάφορος: meaning 'διαφορος'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πλανηθήσεταιwill be led astrayVC FPI3S · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπλανάω: meaning 'will be led astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
πολλοὶ ἐδόθησαν εἰς πτῶμα χάριν χρυσίου καὶ ἐγενήθη ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν
Many were given over to ruin for the sake of gold, and their destruction came right before their face.
Greed has already ruined many, and their destruction often stands visible before them too late to escape.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐδόθησανgiveVCI API3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πτῶμαπτῶμαN3M ASN · πτῶμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτῶμα: meaning 'πτῶμα'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χάρινfavorN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχάρις: meaning 'favor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χρυσίουgoldN2N GSN · χρυσίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπώλειαdestructionN1A NSF · ἀπώλειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
ξύλον προσκόμματός ἐστιν τοῖς ἐνθουσιάζουσιν αὐτῷ καὶ πᾶς ἄφρων ἁλώσεται ἐν αὐτῷ
It is a stumbling-block of wood to those who are enthusiastic about it, and every fool will be caught in it.
Gold is compared to an idol-like trap, a wooden snare for those infatuated with it.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ξύλονwood / shaftN2N ASN · ξύλονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationξύλον: meaning 'wood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
προσκόμματόςstumbling-blockN3M GSN · πρόσκομμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσκομμα: meaning 'stumbling-block'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνθουσιάζουσινare enthusiastic aboutV1 · παπδπμ ἐνθουσιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπδπμ ἐνθουσιάζω: meaning 'are enthusiastic about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἁλώσεταιἁλίσκωVF FMI3S · ἁλίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἁλίσκω: meaning 'ἁλίσκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
μακάριος πλούσιος ὃς εὑρέθη ἄμωμος καὶ ὃς ὀπίσω χρυσίου οὐκ ἐπορεύθη
Blessed is the rich man who was found blameless, and who did not go after gold.
The beatitude falls not on wealth itself but on the rich person who remains blameless in possessing it.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μακάριοςblessedA1A NSM · μακάριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακάριος: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλούσιοςthe richA1A NSM · πλούσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλούσιος: meaning 'the rich'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὑρέθηfindVC API3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄμωμοςblamelessA1B NSM · ἄμωμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄμωμος: meaning 'blameless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὀπίσωafter / behindD · ὀπίσωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίουgoldN2N GSN · χρυσίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηgoVCI API3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
τίς ἐστιν καὶ μακαριοῦμεν αὐτόν ἐποίησεν γὰρ θαυμάσια ἐν λαῷ αὐτοῦ
Who is he? And we will call him blessed, for he has done wonders among his people.
Such integrity is rare enough to require public naming and praise.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μακαριοῦμενwe will call blessedVF2 FAI1P · μακαρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμακαρίζω: meaning 'we will call blessed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θαυμάσιαθαυμάσιοςA1A APN · θαυμάσιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθαυμάσιος: meaning 'θαυμάσιος'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
τίς ἐδοκιμάσθη ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐτελειώθη καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ εἰς καύχησιν τίς ἐδύνατο παραβῆναι καὶ οὐ παρέβη καὶ ποιῆσαι κακὰ καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν
Who was tested by it and proved complete? And it shall be for him a boast. Who was able to transgress and did not transgress, and to do evil and did not do it?
The real test is power without transgression: having the capacity to do wrong and refusing it.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐδοκιμάσθηwas testedVSI API3S · δοκιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδοκιμάζω: meaning 'was tested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτελειώθηproved completeVCI API3S · τελειόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτελειόω: meaning 'proved complete'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καύχησινboastN3I ASF · καύχησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαύχησις: meaning 'boast'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐδύνατοbe ableV6I IMI3S · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παραβῆναιalongsideVZ AAN · βαίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβαίνω + παρα: meaning 'alongside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέβηbrokeVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + παρα: meaning 'broke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιῆσαιmake / doVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακὰevilsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
11
στερεωθήσεται τὰ ἀγαθὰ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς ἐλεημοσύνας αὐτοῦ ἐκδιηγήσεται ἐκκλησία
His good things will be made firm, and the assembly will recount his almsgivings.
When wealth passes that test, the assembly remembers not riches as such but the almsgiving done through them.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
στερεωθήσεταιwill be made firmVC FPI3S · στερεόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστερεόω: meaning 'will be made firm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλεημοσύναςacts of mercyN1 APF · ἐλεημοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐλεημοσύνη: meaning 'acts of mercy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκδιηγήσεταιwill recountVF FMI3S · ἡγέομαι + ἐκ + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἡγέομαι + ἐκ + δια: meaning 'will recount'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκκλησίαassemblyN1A NSF · ἐκκλησίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκκλησία: meaning 'assembly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
12
ἐπὶ τραπέζης μεγάλης ἐκάθισας μὴ ἀνοίξῃς ἐπ' αὐτῆς φάρυγγά σου καὶ μὴ εἴπῃς πολλά γε τὰ ἐπ' αὐτῆς
Did you sit at a great table? Do not open your throat over it, and do not say, 'There is so much on it.'
The scene shifts from possession to consumption, and the first command is inward and bodily restraint at abundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τραπέζηςTrapezesN1S GSF · τράπεζαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτράπεζα: meaning 'Trapezes'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μεγάληςgreatA1 GSF · μέγαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκάθισαςyou satVAI AAI2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵζω + κατα: meaning 'you sat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίξῃςyou would openVA AAS2S · οἴγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyοἴγω + ἀνα: meaning 'you would open'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φάρυγγάthroatN3G ASF · φάρυγξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφάρυγξ: meaning 'throat'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπῃςyou may sayVB AAS2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἶπον: meaning 'you may say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πολλάmanyA1 NPN · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
μνήσθητι ὅτι κακὸν ὀφθαλμὸς πονηρός πονηρότερον ὀφθαλμοῦ τί ἔκτισται διὰ τοῦτο ἀπὸ παντὸς προσώπου δακρύει
Remember that an evil eye is a bad thing; what was created more evil than the eye? Therefore from every face it sheds tears.
Greedy sight is treated as morally corrosive, the root of grasping appetite at table.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
μνήσθητιrememberVS APD2S · μιμνήσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακὸνevilA1 NSN · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀφθαλμὸςeyeN2 NSM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πονηρόςevilA1A NSM · πονηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πονηρότερονmore evilA1A NSNC · πονηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'more evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀφθαλμοῦof an eyeN2 GSM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'of an eye'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔκτισταιwas createdVT XMI3S · κτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκτίζω: meaning 'was created'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὸςeveryA3 GSN · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δακρύειsheds tearsV1 PAI3S · δακρύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδακρύω: meaning 'sheds tears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
οὗ ἐὰν ἐπιβλέψῃ μὴ ἐκτείνῃς χεῖρα καὶ μὴ συνθλίβου αὐτῷ ἐν τρυβλίῳ
Wherever it looks, do not stretch out your hand, and do not crush against your neighbor in the dish.
Table manners are ethical, not decorative: appetite must not crowd or injure the neighbor.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οὗwhichRR GSN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβλέψῃlooksVA AMS2S · βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'looks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτείνῃςyou stretch outVA AAS2S · τείνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'you stretch out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνθλίβουcrush againstV1 PMD2S · θλίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateθλίβω + συν: meaning 'crush against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τρυβλίῳdishN2N DSN · τρυβλίονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτρυβλίον: meaning 'dish'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
15
νόει τὰ τοῦ πλησίον ἐκ σεαυτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ παντὶ πράγματι διανοοῦ
Understand the things of your neighbor from yourself, and reflect upon every matter.
One measures conduct toward others by reflective awareness of one's own needs and dignity.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
νόειconsiderV2 PAD2S · νοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateνοέω: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σεαυτοῦyourselfRD GSM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσεαυτοῦ: meaning 'yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶall / everyA3 DSN · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πράγματιmatterN3M DSN · πρᾶγμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρᾶγμα: meaning 'matter'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
διανοοῦreflectV2 PMD2S · νοέομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateνοέομαι + δια: meaning 'reflect'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
φάγε ὡς ἄνθρωπος τὰ παρακείμενά σοι καὶ μὴ διαμασῶ μὴ μισηθῇς
Eat like a human being what is set before you, and do not chew greedily, lest you be hated.
To eat as a human being is to reject animal greed and preserve social acceptance.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
φάγεeatVB AAD2S · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω: meaning 'eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρακείμενάwhat is set beforeV5 · πμπαπν κεῖμαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπαπν κεῖμαι + παρα: meaning 'what is set before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαμασῶchew greedilyV3 PMD2S · μασάομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμασάομαι + δια: meaning 'chew greedily'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισηθῇςbe hatedVC APS2S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμισέω: meaning 'be hated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
παῦσαι πρῶτος χάριν παιδείας καὶ μὴ ἀπληστεύου μήποτε προσκόψῃς
Stop first for the sake of instruction, and do not be insatiable, lest you stumble.
Instruction shows itself in stopping early enough to avoid gluttony's shame.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
παῦσαιceaseVA AMD2S · παύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαύω: meaning 'cease'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρῶτοςfirstA1 NSMS · πρῶτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρῶτος: meaning 'first'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χάρινfavorN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχάρις: meaning 'favor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παιδείαςdiscipline / instructionN1A GSF · παιδείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπληστεύουbe insatiableV1 PMD2S · ἀπληστεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀπληστεύομαι: meaning 'be insatiable'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μήποτεlest perhapsD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest perhaps'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσκόψῃςyou strikeVA AAS2S · κόπτω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκόπτω + προς: meaning 'you strike'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
καὶ εἰ ἀνὰ μέσον πλειόνων ἐκάθισας πρότερος αὐτῶν μὴ ἐκτείνῃς τὴν χεῖρά σου
And if you sat among many, do not stretch out your hand before them.
Shared abundance intensifies the obligation to wait and refrain from grasping first.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πλειόνωνmanyA3C GPM · πολύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκάθισαςyou satVAI AAI2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵζω + κατα: meaning 'you sat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρότεροςbeforeA1A NSMC · πρότεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρότερος: meaning 'before'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτείνῃςyou stretch outVA AAS2S · τείνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'you stretch out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
19
ὡς ἱκανὸν ἀνθρώπῳ πεπαιδευμένῳ τὸ ὀλίγον καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κοίτης αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἀσθμαίνει
How sufficient for a trained person is a little, and upon his bed he does not pant.
The trained person proves his formation by being satisfied with little and resting well afterward.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱκανὸνsufficientA1 NSN · ἱκανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱκανός: meaning 'sufficient'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπῳmanN2 DSM · ἄνθρωποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πεπαιδευμένῳtrainedVM · χμπδσμ παιδεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπδσμ παιδεύω: meaning 'trained'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀλίγονlittleA1 NSN · ὀλίγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀλίγος: meaning 'little'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοίτηςfoldN1 GSF · κοίτηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκοίτη: meaning 'fold'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσθμαίνειpantsV1 PAI3S · ἀσθμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀσθμαίνω: meaning 'pants'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
20
ὕπνος ὑγιείας ἐπὶ ἐντέρῳ μετρίῳ ἀνέστη πρωί καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ μετ' αὐτοῦ πόνος ἀγρυπνίας καὶ χολέρας καὶ στρόφος μετὰ ἀνδρὸς ἀπλήστου
Healthy sleep is upon a moderate belly; he rises early and his life is with him. Pain of wakefulness and nausea and colic are with an insatiable man.
Moderation brings bodily peace, while excess produces wakefulness, nausea, and pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὕπνοςsleepN2 NSM · ὕπνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕπνος: meaning 'sleep'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑγιείαςhealthN1A GSF · ὑγίειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑγίεια: meaning 'health'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐντέρῳbellyN2N DSN · ἔντερονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔντερον: meaning 'belly'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μετρίῳmoderateA1A DSN · μέτριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέτριος: meaning 'moderate'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνέστηraise upVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'raise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρωίmorningD · πρωίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπρωί: meaning 'morning'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πόνοςpainN2 NSM · πόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγρυπνίαςof sleeplessnessN1A GSF · ἀγρυπνίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγρυπνία: meaning 'of sleeplessness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χολέραςnauseaN1A GSF · χολέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχολέρα: meaning 'nausea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στρόφοςcolicN2 NSM · στρόφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστρόφος: meaning 'colic'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνδρὸςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπλήστουinsatiableA1B GSM · ἄπληστοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄπληστος: meaning 'insatiable'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
21
καὶ εἰ ἐβιάσθης ἐν ἐδέσμασιν ἀνάστα ἔμεσον πόρρω καὶ ἀναπαύσῃ
And if you were forced in matters of food, rise, vomit away from them, and you will have rest.
Sirach offers practical bodily advice: if overcome by food, purge and recover rather than persist in misery.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβιάσθηςwere forcedVSI API2S · βιάζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβιάζομαι: meaning 'were forced'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐδέσμασινmealsN3M DPN · ἔδεσμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔδεσμα: meaning 'meals'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνάσταistemi + anaVH AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'istemi + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔμεσονvomitVA AAD2S · ἐμέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐμέω: meaning 'vomit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόρρωporroD · πόρρωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπόρρω: meaning 'porro'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναπαύσῃhave restVA AAS3S · παύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπαύω + ἀνα: meaning 'have rest'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
22
ἄκουσόν μου τέκνον καὶ μὴ ἐξουδενήσῃς με καὶ ἐπ' ἐσχάτων εὑρήσεις τοὺς λόγους μου ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἔργοις σου γίνου ἐντρεχής καὶ πᾶν ἀρρώστημα οὐ μή σοι ἀπαντήσῃ
Listen to me, child, and do not despise me, and in the end you will find my words. In all your works be diligent, and no sickness will come upon you.
The child addressed is urged toward disciplined conduct in every work, with bodily benefit attached to moral attentiveness.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἄκουσόνlisten toVA AAD2S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'listen to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τέκνονchildN2N VSN · τέκνονvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressτέκνον: meaning 'child'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξουδενήσῃςdespiseVA AAS2S · οὐδενέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyοὐδενέω + ἐκ: meaning 'despise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐσχάτωνlatter endA1 GPN · ἔσχατοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔσχατος: meaning 'latter end'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εὑρήσειςyou will findVF FAI2S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'you will find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πᾶσιallA3 DPN · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργοιςworksN2N DPN · ἔργονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γίνουbeV1 PMD2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγίγνομαι: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐντρεχήςdiligentA3H NSM · ἐντρεχήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐντρεχής: meaning 'diligent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallA3 NSN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀρρώστημαsicknessN3M NSN · ἀρρώστημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρρώστημα: meaning 'sickness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μήnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπαντήσῃcome uponVF FMI2S · ἀντάω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀντάω + ἀπο: meaning 'come upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
23
λαμπρὸν ἐπ' ἄρτοις εὐλογήσει χείλη καὶ ἡ μαρτυρία τῆς καλλονῆς αὐτοῦ πιστή
Lips will bless the one who is generous over bread, and the testimony of his beauty is trustworthy.
Bread becomes a public witness to generosity, and people bless the one whose table is beautiful in liberality.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
λαμπρὸνgenerousA1A ASM · λαμπρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαμπρός: meaning 'generous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄρτοιςbreadN2 DPM · ἄρτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εὐλογήσειwill blessVF FAI3S · εὐλογέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὐλογέω: meaning 'will bless'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίαtestimonyN1A NSF · μαρτυρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμαρτυρία: meaning 'testimony'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλλονῆςbeautyN1 GSF · καλλονήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαλλονή: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πιστήfaithfulA1 NSF · πιστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
24
πονηρῷ ἐπ' ἄρτῳ διαγογγύσει πόλις καὶ ἡ μαρτυρία τῆς πονηρίας αὐτοῦ ἀκριβής
A city will grumble at the one who is mean over bread, and the testimony of his meanness is exact.
Stinginess at table becomes equally public testimony, with the whole city muttering against it.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πονηρῷevilA1A DSM · πονηρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄρτῳbreadN2 DSM · ἄρτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
διαγογγύσειwill grumbleVF FAI3S · γογγύζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγογγύζω + δια: meaning 'will grumble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίαtestimonyN1A NSF · μαρτυρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμαρτυρία: meaning 'testimony'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρίαςof wickednessN1A GSF · πονηρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπονηρία: meaning 'of wickedness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀκριβήςexactA3H NSF · ἀκριβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκριβής: meaning 'exact'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
25
ἐν οἴνῳ μὴ ἀνδρίζου πολλοὺς γὰρ ἀπώλεσεν ὁ οἶνος
Do not show yourself manly in wine, for wine has destroyed many.
Wine invites a false masculinity that Sirach rejects because it has already destroyed many.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἴνῳwineN2 DSM · οἶνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρίζουbe courageousV1 PMD2S · ἀνδρίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀνδρίζομαι: meaning 'be courageous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πολλοὺςmanyA1 APM · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
26
κάμινος δοκιμάζει στόμωμα ἐν βαφῇ οὕτως οἶνος καρδίας ἐν μάχῃ ὑπερηφάνων
A furnace tests the temper in dipping; so wine tests hearts in the strife of the proud.
As furnace-fire reveals metal, wine reveals the heart, especially amid proud contention.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
κάμινοςfurnaceN2 NSF · κάμινοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκάμινος: meaning 'furnace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δοκιμάζειtestsV1 PAI3S · δοκιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδοκιμάζω: meaning 'tests'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
στόμωμαtemperN3M ASN · στόμωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστόμωμα: meaning 'temper'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βαφῇdippingN1 DSF · βαφήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβαφή: meaning 'dipping'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καρδίαςheartN1A APF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μάχῃstrifeN1 DSF · μάχηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμάχη: meaning 'strife'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑπερηφάνωνproud oneA1B GPM · ὑπερήφανοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑπερήφανος: meaning 'proud one'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
27
ἔφισον ζωῆς οἶνος ἀνθρώποις ἐὰν πίνῃς αὐτὸν ἐν μέτρῳ αὐτοῦ τίς ζωὴ ἐλασσουμένῳ οἴνῳ καὶ αὐτὸς ἔκτισται εἰς εὐφροσύνην ἀνθρώποις
Wine is life to men if you drink it in its measure. What is life to one lacking wine? For it too was created for human gladness.
Wine is affirmed as life-giving and gladness-producing when taken in proper measure.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἔφισονlifeA1 NSM · ἔπισοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔπισος: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίνῃςdrinkV1 PAS2S · πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίνω: meaning 'drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέτρῳμέτρονN2N DSN · μέτρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέτρον: meaning 'μέτρον'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τίςwhatRI NSF · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ζωὴlifeN1 NSF · ζωήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλασσουμένῳlackingV4 · πμπδσμ ἐλαττόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδσμ ἐλαττόω: meaning 'lacking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἴνῳwineN2 DSM · οἶνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔκτισταιwas createdVM XMI3S · κτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκτίζω: meaning 'was created'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐφροσύνηνgladnessN1 ASF · εὐφροσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
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ἀγαλλίαμα καρδίας καὶ εὐφροσύνη ψυχῆς οἶνος πινόμενος ἐν καιρῷ αὐτάρκης
Gladness of heart and joy of soul is wine drunk in its proper time and sufficiently.
Drinking in time and sufficiency makes wine a servant of joy rather than a master of the soul.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀγαλλίαμαadornment / joyN3M NSN · ἀγαλλίαμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαλλίαμα: meaning 'adornment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφροσύνηgladnessN1 NSF · εὐφροσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πινόμενοςdrunkV1 · πμπνσμ πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ πίνω: meaning 'drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτάρκηςsufficientlyA3H NSM · αὐτάρκηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαὐτάρκης: meaning 'sufficiently'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
29
πικρία ψυχῆς οἶνος πινόμενος πολὺς ἐν ἐρεθισμῷ καὶ ἀντιπτώματι
Bitterness of soul is wine drunk in excess, with irritation and stumbling.
When measure is lost, wine ceases to gladden and becomes bitterness and stumbling.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πικρίαtermN1A NSF · πικρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπικρία: meaning 'term'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πινόμενοςdrunkV1 · πμπνσμ πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ πίνω: meaning 'drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πολὺςmuchA1P NSM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐρεθισμῷirritationN2 DSM · ἐρεθισμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐρεθισμός: meaning 'irritation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντιπτώματιstumblingN3M DSN · ἀντίπτωμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀντίπτωμα: meaning 'stumbling'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
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πληθύνει μέθη θυμὸν ἄφρονος εἰς πρόσκομμα ἐλαττῶν ἰσχὺν καὶ προσποιῶν τραύματα
Drunkenness multiplies the wrath of a fool into a stumbling, diminishing strength and causing wounds.
Excessive drink strengthens the fool's wrath while weakening his body and multiplying wounds.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πληθύνειπληθύνειV1 PAI3S · πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπληθύνω: meaning 'πληθύνει'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μέθηdrunkennessA1 NSM · μέθηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέθη: meaning 'drunkenness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θυμὸνθυμόςN2 ASM · θυμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'θυμός'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of a fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσκομμαπρόσκομμαN3M ASN · πρόσκομμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσκομμα: meaning 'πρόσκομμα'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐλαττῶνdiminishingV4 · παπνσμ ἐλαττόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἐλαττόω: meaning 'diminishing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσποιῶνcausingV2 · παπνσμ ποιέω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ποιέω + προς: meaning 'causing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τραύματαwoundsN3M APN · τραῦμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτραῦμα: meaning 'wounds'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
31
ἐν συμποσίῳ οἴνου μὴ ἐλέγξῃς τὸν πλησίον καὶ μὴ ἐξουθενήσῃς αὐτὸν ἐν εὐφροσύνῃ αὐτοῦ λόγον ὀνειδισμοῦ μὴ εἴπῃς αὐτῷ καὶ μὴ αὐτὸν θλίψῃς ἐν ἀπαιτήσει
At a drinking party do not rebuke your neighbor, and do not despise him in his gladness. Do not speak a word of reproach to him, and do not press him by demanding payment.
Closes by binding wine back to speech ethics: even in gladness one must not reproach, despise, or press a neighbor.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συμποσίῳdrinking partyN2N DSN · συμπόσιονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυμπόσιον: meaning 'drinking party'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέγξῃςrebukeVA AAS2S · ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐλέγχω: meaning 'rebuke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξουθενήσῃςdespiseVA AAS2S · οὐδενέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyοὐδενέω + ἐκ: meaning 'despise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐφροσύνῃgladnessN1 DSF · εὐφροσύνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀνειδισμοῦoneidismosN2 GSM · ὀνειδισμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀνειδισμός: meaning 'oneidismos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπῃςyou may sayVB AAS2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἶπον: meaning 'you may say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
θλίψῃςafflictVA AAS2S · θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyθλίβω: meaning 'afflict'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀπαιτήσειexactionN3I DSF · ἀπαίτησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀπαίτησις: meaning 'exaction'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.