1
κεναὶ ἐλπίδες καὶ ψευδεῖς ἀσυνέτῳ ἀνδρί καὶ ἐνύπνια ἀναπτεροῦσιν ἄφρονας
Empty and false hopes belong to a senseless man, and dreams give wings to fools.
The unit opens by stripping false expectation of dignity: dreams inflate fools instead of giving wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
κεναὶemptyA1 NPF · κενόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκενός: meaning 'empty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλπίδεςhopesN3D NPF · ἐλπίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλπίς: meaning 'hopes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψευδεῖςfalseA3H NPF · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀσυνέτῳsenselessA1B DSM · ἀσύνετοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀσύνετος: meaning 'senseless'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνδρίmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνύπνιαdreamsN2N NPN · ἐνύπνιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐνύπνιον: meaning 'dreams'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀναπτεροῦσινgive wings toV4 PAI3P · πτερόω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπτερόω + ἀνα: meaning 'give wings to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄφροναςfoolsA3N APM · ἄφρωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄφρων: meaning 'fools'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
2
ὡς δρασσόμενος σκιᾶς καὶ διώκων ἄνεμον οὕτως ὁ ἐπέχων ἐνυπνίοις
Like one grasping at a shadow and chasing the wind, so is one who clings to dreams.
A concrete simile makes dream-reliance look weightless and impossible, like trying to seize shadow or wind.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δρασσόμενοςgraspingV1 · πμπνσμ δράσσομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ δράσσομαι: meaning 'grasping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκιᾶςσκιᾶςN1A GSF · σκιάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσκιά: meaning 'σκιᾶς'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διώκωνpursuingV1 · παπνσμ διώκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ διώκω: meaning 'pursuing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνεμονwindN2 ASM · ἄνεμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπέχωνwaiting forV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω + ἐπι: meaning 'waiting for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνυπνίοιςwith dreamsN2N DPN · ἐνύπνιονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐνύπνιον: meaning 'with dreams'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
3
τοῦτο κατὰ τούτου ὅρασις ἐνυπνίων κατέναντι προσώπου ὁμοίωμα προσώπου
This over against that is the vision of dreams: the likeness of a face set opposite a face.
The saying explains dream-images as mere likenesses, reflections without stable substance.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τούτουthisRD GSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνυπνίωνof dreamsN2N GPN · ἐνύπνιονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐνύπνιον: meaning 'of dreams'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁμοίωμαomoiomaN3M NSN · ὁμοίωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'omoioma'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
4
ἀπὸ ἀκαθάρτου τί καθαρισθήσεται καὶ ἀπὸ ψευδοῦς τί ἀληθεύσει
From what is unclean what can be made clean? And from what is false what can become true?
A pair of rhetorical questions insists that truth cannot be generated from impurity or falsehood.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀκαθάρτουuncleanA1B GSN · ἀκάθαρτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: meaning 'unclean'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καθαρισθήσεταιwill be purifiedVS FPI3S · καθαρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαθαρίζω: meaning 'will be purified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ψευδοῦςfalsehoodA3H GSN · ψευδήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψευδής: meaning 'falsehood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τίwhatRI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀληθεύσειprove trueVF FAI3S · ἀληθεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀληθεύω: meaning 'prove true'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
μαντεῖαι καὶ οἰωνισμοὶ καὶ ἐνύπνια μάταιά ἐστιν καὶ ὡς ὠδινούσης φαντάζεται καρδία
Divinations and omens and dreams are empty, and the heart fantasizes like a woman in labor.
Sirach gathers divination, omens, and dreams into one class of vanity driven by agitated imagination.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μαντεῖαιμαντεῖαιN1A NPF · μαντείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμαντεία: meaning 'μαντεῖαι'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰωνισμοὶomensN2 NPM · οἰωνισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰωνισμός: meaning 'omens'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνύπνιαdreamsN2N NPN · ἐνύπνιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐνύπνιον: meaning 'dreams'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μάταιάemptyA1A NPN · μάταιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάταιος: meaning 'empty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠδινούσηςlaboringV1 · παπνσφ ὠδίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ ὠδίνω: meaning 'laboring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φαντάζεταιappearsV1 PMI3S · φαντάζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφαντάζομαι: meaning 'appears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
6
ἐὰν μὴ παρὰ ὑψίστου ἀποσταλῇ ἐν ἐπισκοπῇ μὴ δῷς εἰς αὐτὰ τὴν καρδίαν σου
Unless they are sent from the Most High in visitation, do not give your heart to them.
Only a genuine sending from the Most High would authorize such a vision; otherwise the heart must not yield to it.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑψίστουMost HighA1 GSM · ὕψιστοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕψιστος: meaning 'Most High'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀποσταλῇbe sentVD APS3S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'be sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐπισκοπῇvisitationN1 DSF · ἐπισκοπήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐπισκοπή: meaning 'visitation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δῷςgiveVO AAS2S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
πολλοὺς γὰρ ἐπλάνησεν τὰ ἐνύπνια καὶ ἐξέπεσον ἐλπίζοντες ἐπ' αὐτοῖς
For dreams have misled many, and those who hoped in them have fallen away.
The warning is justified historically: misplaced hope in dreams has already ruined many.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πολλοὺςmanyA1 APM · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλάνησενled astrayVAI AAI3S · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπλανάω: meaning 'led astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνύπνιαdreamsN2N NPN · ἐνύπνιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐνύπνιον: meaning 'dreams'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέπεσονfell awayVBI AAI3P · πίπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'fell away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλπίζοντεςhopeV1 · παπνπμ ἐλπίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἐλπίζω: meaning 'hope'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
ἄνευ ψεύδους συντελεσθήσεται νόμος καὶ σοφία στόματι πιστῷ τελείωσις
Without falsehood the law will be fulfilled, and wisdom is perfection in a faithful mouth.
Against deceptive vision stands the solid reliability of law and faithful speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἄνευwithoutP · ἄνευpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἄνευ: meaning 'without'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ψεύδουςfalsehoodA3H GSN · ψευδήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψευδής: meaning 'falsehood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συντελεσθήσεταιshall be finishedVS FPI3S · τελέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτελέω + συν: meaning 'shall be finished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφίαwisdomN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πιστῷfaithfulA1 DSN · πιστόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τελείωσιςperfectionN3I NSF · τελείωσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτελείωσις: meaning 'perfection'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
9
ἀνὴρ πεπλανημένος ἔγνω πολλά καὶ ὁ πολύπειρος ἐκδιηγήσεται σύνεσιν
A man who has wandered has learned much, and one with great experience will recount understanding.
Pivots from false revelation to tested experience as a real source of understanding.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πεπλανημένοςone who has wanderedVM · χμπνσμ πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσμ πλανάω: meaning 'one who has wandered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔγνωlearnedVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'learned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πολλάmuchA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολύπειροςmuch-experiencedA1B NSM · πολύπειροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύπειρος: meaning 'much-experienced'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκδιηγήσεταιwill recount fullyVF FMI3S · ἡγέομαι + ἐκ + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἡγέομαι + ἐκ + δια: meaning 'will recount fully'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σύνεσινunderstandingN3I ASF · σύνεσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
10
ὃς οὐκ ἐπειράθη ὀλίγα οἶδεν ὁ δὲ πεπλανημένος πληθυνεῖ πανουργίαν
Whoever has not been tested knows little, but the one who has wandered multiplies shrewdness.
Untested innocence knows little, while hard travel and exposure sharpen discernment.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπειράθηhas been testedVCI API3S · πειράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπειράζω: meaning 'has been tested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀλίγαlittleA1 APN · ὀλίγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀλίγος: meaning 'little'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἶδενknowsVX XAI3S · οἶδαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateοἶδα: meaning 'knows'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεπλανημένοςone who has wanderedVM · χμπνσμ πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσμ πλανάω: meaning 'one who has wandered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πληθυνεῖmultiplyVF2 FAI3S · πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπληθύνω: meaning 'multiply'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πανουργίανshrewdnessN1A ASF · πανουργίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπανουργία: meaning 'shrewdness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
11
πολλὰ ἑώρακα ἐν τῇ ἀποπλανήσει μου καὶ πλείονα τῶν λόγων μου σύνεσίς μου
I have seen many things in my wandering, and my understanding is greater than my words.
The speaker briefly inserts personal witness to underline the authority of experiential wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
πολλὰmuchA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἑώρακαI have seenVX XAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'I have seen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποπλανήσειwanderingN3I DSF · ἀποπλάνησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀποπλάνησις: meaning 'wandering'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλείοναmanyA3C APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνthing / wordN2 GPM · λόγοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλόγος: meaning 'thing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σύνεσίςunderstandingN3I NSF · σύνεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
πλεονάκις ἕως θανάτου ἐκινδύνευσα καὶ διεσώθην τούτων χάριν
Many times, even to death, I was in danger, and because of these things I was preserved.
His testimony deepens from knowledge to preservation: danger itself became a school of dependence.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
πλεονάκιςoftenD · πλεονάκιςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλεονάκις: meaning 'often'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θανάτουdeathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκινδύνευσαI was in dangerVAI AAI1S · κινδυνεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκινδυνεύω: meaning 'I was in danger'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεσώθηνI was preservedVCI API1S · σώζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσώζω + δια: meaning 'I was preserved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
χάρινfavorN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχάρις: meaning 'favor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
13
πνεῦμα φοβουμένων κύριον ζήσεται ἡ γὰρ ἐλπὶς αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὸν σῴζοντα αὐτούς
The spirit of those who fear the Lord will live, for their hope is in the one who saves them.
The focus now centers explicitly on the fear of the Lord as the condition of life and hope.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φοβουμένωνφοβουμένωνV2 · πμπγπμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ φοβέω: meaning 'φοβουμένων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ζήσεταιliveVF FMI3S · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζάω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλπὶςhopeN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῴζονταsavingV1 · παπασμ σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ σώζω: meaning 'saving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
ὁ φοβούμενος κύριον οὐδὲν εὐλαβηθήσεται καὶ οὐ μὴ δειλιάσῃ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐλπὶς αὐτοῦ
Whoever fears the Lord will fear nothing, and will never lose courage, because he himself is that person's hope.
Because the Lord is the fearer's hope, crippling fear loses its power.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φοβούμενοςfearingV2 · πμπνσμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ φοβέω: meaning 'fearing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὐλαβηθήσεταιbe alarmedVC FPI3S · εὐλαβέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὐλαβέομαι: meaning 'be alarmed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δειλιάσῃlose courageVA AAS3S · δειλιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδειλιάω: meaning 'lose courage'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐλπὶςhopeN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
φοβουμένου τὸν κύριον μακαρία ἡ ψυχή τίνι ἐπέχει καὶ τίς αὐτοῦ στήριγμα
Blessed is the soul of the one who fears the Lord: to whom does he look, and who is his support?
A brief beatitude celebrates the settled security of the person whose support is the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
φοβουμένουof one fearingV2 · πμπγσμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσμ φοβέω: meaning 'of one fearing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μακαρίαblessedA1A NSF · μακάριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακάριος: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τίνιto whomRI DSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτίνι: meaning 'to whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπέχειhe persistsV1 PAI3S · ἔχω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω + ἐπι: meaning 'he persists'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στήριγμαfirm abundanceN3M NSN · στήριγμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστήριγμα: meaning 'firm abundance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
16
οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ κυρίου ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας αὐτόν ὑπερασπισμὸς δυναστείας καὶ στήριγμα ἰσχύος σκέπη ἀπὸ καύσωνος καὶ σκέπη ἀπὸ μεσημβρίας φυλακὴ ἀπὸ προσκόμματος καὶ βοήθεια ἀπὸ πτώσεως
The eyes of the Lord are upon those who love him, a mighty shield and strong support, shelter from scorching heat and cover from noonday, guard from stumbling and help from falling.
A long chain of images expands divine protection into heat, stumbling, and mortal vulnerability.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαπῶνταςπαπαπμ ἀγαπάωV3 · παπαπμ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'παπαπμ ἀγαπάω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑπερασπισμὸςprotectionN2 NSM · ὑπερασπισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑπερασπισμός: meaning 'protection'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δυναστείαςDynasteiasN1A GSF · δυναστείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδυναστεία: meaning 'Dynasteias'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήριγμαfirm abundanceN3M NSN · στήριγμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστήριγμα: meaning 'firm abundance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰσχύοςarmy / forceN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'army'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σκέπηshelterN1 NSF · σκέπηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκέπη: meaning 'shelter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καύσωνοςscorching heatN3W GSM · καύσωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαύσων: meaning 'scorching heat'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκέπηshelterN1 NSF · σκέπηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκέπη: meaning 'shelter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μεσημβρίαςmidday / noonN1A GSF · μεσημβρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμεσημβρία: meaning 'midday'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φυλακὴcharge / watchN1 NSF · φυλακήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφυλακή: meaning 'charge'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσκόμματοςstumblingN3M GSN · πρόσκομμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσκομμα: meaning 'stumbling'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοήθειαhelpN1A NSF · βοήθειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβοήθεια: meaning 'help'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πτώσεωςfallN3I GSF · πτῶσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτῶσις: meaning 'fall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
17
ἀνυψῶν ψυχὴν καὶ φωτίζων ὀφθαλμούς ἴασιν διδούς ζωὴν καὶ εὐλογίαν
He lifts up the soul and gives light to the eyes; he gives healing and life and blessing.
The protective portrait resolves into a compact summary of uplift, illumination, healing, life, and blessing.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀνυψῶνπαπνσμ ὑψόω + ἀναV4 · παπνσμ ὑψόω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ὑψόω + ἀνα: meaning 'παπνσμ ὑψόω + ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ψυχὴνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωτίζωνgiving light toV1 · παπνσμ φωτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φωτίζω: meaning 'giving light to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀφθαλμούςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἴασινἴασινN3I ASF · ἴασιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἴασις: meaning 'ἴασιν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διδούςgivingV8 · παπνσμ δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ δίδωμι: meaning 'giving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζωὴνlifeN1 ASF · ζωήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογίανblessingN1A ASF · εὐλογίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐλογία: meaning 'blessing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
18
θυσιάζων ἐξ ἀδίκου προσφορὰ μεμωμημένη καὶ οὐκ εἰς εὐδοκίαν δωρήματα ἀνόμων
One who sacrifices from what is unjust offers a blemished gift, and the offerings of lawless people are not acceptable.
Turns from reverent trust to worship, exposing sacrifice funded by injustice as polluted.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
θυσιάζωνsacrificingV1 · παπνσμ θυσιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ θυσιάζω: meaning 'sacrificing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀδίκουunjustA1B GSN · ἄδικοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
προσφορὰofferingN1A NSF · προσφοράnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροσφορά: meaning 'offering'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μεμωμημένηblemishedVM · χμπνσφ μωμάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσφ μωμάομαι: meaning 'blemished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐδοκίανgood pleasureN1A ASF · εὐδοκίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐδοκία: meaning 'good pleasure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δωρήματαgiftsN3M NPN · δώρημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδώρημα: meaning 'gifts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνόμωνlawlessA1B GPN · ἄνομοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
19
οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ὁ ὕψιστος ἐν προσφοραῖς ἀσεβῶν οὐδὲ ἐν πλήθει θυσιῶν ἐξιλάσκεται ἁμαρτίας
The Most High is not pleased with the offerings of the ungodly, nor is he appeased for sins by a multitude of sacrifices.
No quantity of ritual can persuade the Most High to overlook ungodliness.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐδοκεῖtake pleasureV2 PAI3S · εὐδοκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὐδοκέω: meaning 'take pleasure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕψιστοςMost HighA1 NSM · ὕψιστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕψιστος: meaning 'Most High'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προσφοραῖςofferingsN1A DPF · προσφοράdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπροσφορά: meaning 'offerings'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀσεβῶνof the ungodlyA3H GPM · ἀσεβήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'of the ungodly'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλήθειmultitudeN3E DSN · πλῆθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θυσιῶνsacrificesN1A GPF · θυσίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifices'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξιλάσκεταιis appeasedV1 PMI3S · ἱλάσκομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἱλάσκομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'is appeased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
20
θύων υἱὸν ἔναντι τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ προσάγων θυσίαν ἐκ χρημάτων πενήτων
Offering sacrifice from the goods of the poor is like slaughtering a son before his father.
The moral horror is sharpened through an analogy that makes exploitative sacrifice feel familial and violent.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
θύωνsacrificingV1 · παπνσμ θύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ θύω: meaning 'sacrificing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
υἱὸνsonN2 ASM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔναντιbeforeP · ἔναντιpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσάγωνbringing againstV1 · παπνσμ ἄγω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἄγω + προς: meaning 'bringing against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θυσίανsacrificeN1A ASF · θυσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χρημάτωνmoneyN3M GPN · χρῆμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρῆμα: meaning 'money'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πενήτωνof the needyN3T GPM · πένηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπένης: meaning 'of the needy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
21
ἄρτος ἐπιδεομένων ζωὴ πτωχῶν ὁ ἀποστερῶν αὐτὴν ἄνθρωπος αἱμάτων
The bread of the needy is the life of the poor; whoever deprives them of it is a man of blood.
Basic provision for the needy is identified as life itself, so withholding it becomes bloodguilt.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἄρτοςbreadN2 NSM · ἄρτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπιδεομένωνof the needyV2 · πμπγπμ δέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ δέω + ἐπι: meaning 'of the needy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζωὴlifeN1 NSF · ζωήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πτωχῶνof the poorN2 GPM · πτωχόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτωχός: meaning 'of the poor'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστερῶνdeprivingV2 · παπνσμ στερέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ στερέω + ἀπο: meaning 'depriving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἱμάτωνbloodN3M GPN · αἷμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
22
φονεύων τὸν πλησίον ὁ ἀφαιρούμενος ἐμβίωσιν καὶ ἐκχέων αἷμα ὁ ἀποστερῶν μισθὸν μισθίου
One who takes away a neighbor's livelihood murders him, and one who withholds a laborer's wages sheds blood.
The same judgment is restated in labor terms: stealing livelihood and wages is a form of murder.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
φονεύωνmurderingV1 · παπνσμ φονεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φονεύω: meaning 'murdering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφαιρούμενοςtaking awayV2 · πμπνσμ αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ αἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'taking away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμβίωσινlivelihoodN3I ASF · ἐμβίωσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμβίωσις: meaning 'livelihood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκχέωνpouring outV2 · παπνσμ χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ χέω + ἐκ: meaning 'pouring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἷμαbloodN3M ASN · αἷμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστερῶνdeprivingV2 · παπνσμ στερέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ στερέω + ἀπο: meaning 'depriving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μισθὸνrewardN2 ASM · μισθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μισθίουhired laborerN2 GSM · μίσθιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμίσθιος: meaning 'hired laborer'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
23
εἷς οἰκοδομῶν καὶ εἷς καθαιρῶν τί ὠφέλησαν πλεῖον ἢ κόπους
When one builds and another tears down, what did they gain except toil?
Sirach mocks contradictory labor to show the futility of piety undone by injustice.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
εἷςoneM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκοδομῶνoikodomeoV2 · παπνσμ οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'oikodomeo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἷςoneM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαιρῶνtearing downV1 · παπνσμ αἱρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ αἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'tearing down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὠφέλησανdid they profitVA AAI3P · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὠφελέω: meaning 'did they profit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πλεῖονmoreA3C ASN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'more'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόπουςtroublesN2 APM · κόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόπος: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
24
εἷς εὐχόμενος καὶ εἷς καταρώμενος τίνος φωνῆς εἰσακούσεται ὁ δεσπότης
When one prays and another curses, whose voice will the Master listen to?
Prayer and curse cannot stand together; the Master will not ratify moral contradiction.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
εἷςoneM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐχόμενοςprayingV1 · πμπνσμ εὔχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ εὔχομαι: meaning 'praying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἷςoneM NSM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταρώμενοςcursingV3 · πμπνσμ ἀράομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἀράομαι + κατα: meaning 'cursing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίνοςwhat sort ofRI GSF · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτίνος: meaning 'what sort of'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φωνῆςvoiceN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰσακούσεταιlisten toVF FMI3S · ἀκούω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'listen to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεσπότηςMasterN1M NSM · δεσπότηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεσπότης: meaning 'Master'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
25
βαπτιζόμενος ἀπὸ νεκροῦ καὶ πάλιν ἁπτόμενος αὐτοῦ τί ὠφέλησεν ἐν τῷ λουτρῷ αὐτοῦ
If someone washes after touching a dead body and then touches it again, what did he gain from his washing?
The cleansing image shows the absurdity of ritual purification immediately reversed by renewed defilement.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
βαπτιζόμενοςwashing himselfV1 · πμπνσμ βαπτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ βαπτίζω: meaning 'washing himself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νεκροῦdead personN2 GSM · νεκρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεκρός: meaning 'dead person'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπάλιν: meaning 'again'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁπτόμενοςtouchingV1 · πμπνσμ ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἅπτομαι: meaning 'touching'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὠφέλησενprofitedVA AAI3S · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὠφελέω: meaning 'profited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λουτρῷwashingN2N DSN · λουτρόνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλουτρόν: meaning 'washing'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
26
οὕτως ἄνθρωπος νηστεύων ἐπὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ πάλιν πορευόμενος καὶ τὰ αὐτὰ ποιῶν τῆς προσευχῆς αὐτοῦ τίς εἰσακούσεται καὶ τί ὠφέλησεν ἐν τῷ ταπεινωθῆναι αὐτόν
So it is with one who fasts for sins and then goes again and does the same things: who will hear that person's prayer, and what was gained by the humbling?
Ends by applying that analogy to fasting without repentance: humiliation without change gains nothing.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νηστεύωνnesteyoV1 · παπνσμ νηστεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ νηστεύω: meaning 'nesteyo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinN1A GPF · ἁμαρτίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπάλιν: meaning 'again'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορευόμενοςgoingV1 · πμπνσμ πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ πορεύομαι: meaning 'going'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ποιῶνdoing / workingV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσευχῆςprayerN1 GSF · προσευχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπροσευχή: meaning 'prayer'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰσακούσεταιlisten toVF FMI3S · ἀκούω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'listen to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὠφέλησενprofitedVA AAI3S · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὠφελέω: meaning 'profited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπεινωθῆναιto humble ourselvesVC APN · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementταπεινόω: meaning 'to humble ourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.