1
μεγάλαι γάρ σου αἱ κρίσεις καὶ δυσδιήγητοι διὰ τοῦτο ἀπαίδευτοι ψυχαὶ ἐπλανήθησαν
For great are your judgments and hard to describe; therefore undisciplined souls went astray.
The chapter begins by linking the mystery of divine judgment with the moral incapacity of souls that refuse formation and discipline.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μεγάλαιgreatA1 NPF · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γάρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίσειςjudgmentsN3I NPF · κρίσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgments'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυσδιήγητοιhard to describeA1B NPF · δυσδιήγητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδυσδιήγητος: meaning 'hard to describe'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διὰtherefore / because ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'therefore'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπαίδευτοιundisciplinedA1B NPF · ἀπαίδευτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπαίδευτος: meaning 'undisciplined'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχαὶsoulsN1 NPF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'souls'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπλανήθησανwent astrayVCI API3P · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπλανάω: meaning 'went astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
ὑπειληφότες γὰρ καταδυναστεύειν ἔθνος ἅγιον ἄνομοι δέσμιοι σκότους καὶ μακρᾶς πεδῆται νυκτὸς κατακλεισθέντες ὀρόφοις φυγάδες τῆς αἰωνίου προνοίας ἔκειντο
For when lawless men supposed that they were oppressing a holy nation, they lay imprisoned by darkness and chained by a long night, shut in beneath their roofs, fugitives from eternal providence.
The oppressors are reimagined as captives: those who tried to dominate the holy people become prisoners within God's providential order.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὑπειληφότεςhaving supposedVX · χαπνπμ λαμβάνω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνπμ λαμβάνω + ὑπο: meaning 'having supposed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταδυναστεύεινto oppressV1 PAN · δυναστεύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementδυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'to oppress'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἅγιονholyA1A ASN · ἅγιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄνομοιlawless menA1B NPM · ἄνομοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνομος: meaning 'lawless men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δέσμιοιprisonersA1B NPM · δέσμιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδέσμιος: meaning 'prisoners'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σκότουςof darknessN3E GSN · σκότοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσκότος: meaning 'of darkness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μακρᾶςlongA1A GSF · μακρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμακρός: meaning 'long'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πεδῆταιfetteredN1M NPM · πεδήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπεδήτης: meaning 'fettered'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νυκτὸςof nightN3 GSF · νύξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνύξ: meaning 'of night'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατακλεισθέντεςhaving been shut inVS · αππνπμ κλείω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνπμ κλείω + κατα: meaning 'having been shut in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀρόφοιςunder roofsN2 DPM · ὄροφοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὄροφος: meaning 'under roofs'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φυγάδεςfugitivesN3D NPM · φυγάςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφυγάς: meaning 'fugitives'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰωνίουeternalA1B GSF · αἰώνιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰώνιος: meaning 'eternal'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
προνοίαςprovidenceN1A GSF · πρόνοιαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόνοια: meaning 'providence'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔκειντοthey layV5I IMI3P · κεῖμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκεῖμαι: meaning 'they lay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
λανθάνειν γὰρ νομίζοντες ἐπὶ κρυφαίοις ἁμαρτήμασιν ἀφεγγεῖ λήθης παρακαλύμματι ἐσκορπίσθησαν θαμβούμενοι δεινῶς καὶ ἰνδάλμασιν ἐκταρασσόμενοι
For while they supposed they could escape notice in their secret sins under the dark covering of forgetfulness, they were scattered, terribly amazed and troubled by apparitions.
Their imagined secrecy collapses; hidden sin becomes the occasion for psychological disintegration and spectral dread.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
λανθάνεινto escape noticeV1 PAN · λανθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementλανθάνω: meaning 'to escape notice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νομίζοντεςsupposingV1 · παπνπμ νομίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ νομίζω: meaning 'supposing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶinP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κρυφαίοιςsecretA1A DPN · κρυφαῖοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκρυφαῖος: meaning 'secret'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἁμαρτήμασινsinsN3M DPN · ἁμάρτημαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἁμάρτημα: meaning 'sins'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀφεγγεῖlightlessA3H DSN · ἀφεγγήςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀφεγγής: meaning 'lightless'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λήθηςof forgetfulnessN1 GSF · λήθηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλήθη: meaning 'of forgetfulness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
παρακαλύμματιcoveringN3M DSN · παρακάλυμμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπαρακάλυμμα: meaning 'covering'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐσκορπίσθησανthey were scatteredVCI API3P · σκορπίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκορπίζω: meaning 'they were scattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θαμβούμενοιbeing amazedV2 · πμπνπμ θαμβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ θαμβέω: meaning 'being amazed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δεινῶςterriblyD · δεινῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδεινῶς: meaning 'terribly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰνδάλμασινby apparitionsN3M DPM · ἴνδαλμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἴνδαλμα: meaning 'by apparitions'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐκταρασσόμενοιbeing disturbedV1 · πμπνπμ ταράσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ταράσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'being disturbed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁ κατέχων αὐτοὺς μυχὸς ἀφόβους διεφύλαττεν ἦχοι δ' ἐκταράσσοντες αὐτοὺς περιεκόμπουν καὶ φάσματα ἀμειδήτοις κατηφῆ προσώποις ἐνεφανίζετο
For not even the innermost chamber that held them kept them without fear, but sounds alarming them echoed around them, and gloomy phantoms with unsmiling faces appeared.
The darkness invades domestic space itself, turning private shelter into a theatre of fear and accusation.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οὐδὲnot evenC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'not even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατέχωνholdingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω + κατα: meaning 'holding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μυχὸςinner chamberN2 NSM · μυχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμυχός: meaning 'inner chamber'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀφόβουςwithout fearA1B APM · ἄφοβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄφοβος: meaning 'without fear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διεφύλαττενwas keepingV1I IAI3S · φυλάσσω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω + δια: meaning 'was keeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἦχοιsoundsN2 NPM · ἦχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἦχος: meaning 'sounds'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δ'butX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκταράσσοντεςalarmingV1 · παπνπμ ταράσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ταράσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'alarming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιεκόμπουνresounded aroundV2I IAI3P · κομπέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκομπέω + περι: meaning 'resounded around'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάσματαphantomsN3M NPN · φάσμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφάσμα: meaning 'phantoms'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀμειδήτοιςunsmilingA1B DPN · ἀμείδητοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμείδητος: meaning 'unsmiling'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κατηφῆgloomyA3H NPN · κατηφήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατηφής: meaning 'gloomy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
προσώποιςfacesN2N DPN · πρόσωπονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'faces'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνεφανίζετοappearedV1I IMI3S · φανίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφανίζω + ἐν: meaning 'appeared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
καὶ πυρὸς μὲν οὐδεμία βία κατίσχυεν φωτίζειν οὔτε ἄστρων ἔκλαμπροι φλόγες καταυγάζειν ὑπέμενον τὴν στυγνὴν ἐκείνην νύκτα
And no force of fire was strong enough to give light, nor did the brilliant flames of the stars prevail to illumine that hateful night.
The plague-night is portrayed as overpowering ordinary sources of illumination, natural and human alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πυρὸςof fireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'of fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὲνindeedX · μένadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδεμίαnoA1A NSF · οὐδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐδείς: meaning 'no'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βίαforceN1A NSF · βίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβία: meaning 'force'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατίσχυενwas strong enoughV1I IAI3S · ἰσχύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἰσχύω + κατα: meaning 'was strong enough'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φωτίζεινto give lightV1 PAN · φωτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφωτίζω: meaning 'to give light'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὔτεnorC · οὔτεconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὔτε: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄστρωνof starsN2N GPN · ἄστρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄστρον: meaning 'of stars'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔκλαμπροιbrightA1B NPF · ἔκλαμπροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔκλαμπρος: meaning 'bright'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φλόγεςflamesN3G NPF · φλόξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφλόξ: meaning 'flames'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταυγάζεινto illumineV1 PAN · αὐγάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementαὐγάζω + κατα: meaning 'to illumine'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπέμενονprevailedV1I IAI3P · μένω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμένω + ὑπο: meaning 'prevailed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στυγνὴνhatefulA1 ASF · στυγνόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστυγνός: meaning 'hateful'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκείνηνthatRD ASF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνην: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
νύκταnightN3 ASF · νύξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
6
διεφαίνετο δ' αὐτοῖς μόνον αὐτομάτη πυρὰ φόβου πλήρης ἐκδειματούμενοι δὲ τῆς μὴ θεωρουμένης ἐκείνης ὄψεως ἡγοῦντο χείρω τὰ βλεπόμενα
Only a self-kindled fire full of fear appeared to them, and in their terror at that unseen spectacle they thought the things they did see to be worse.
A terrifying counterfeit light does not relieve the darkness but intensifies it, making perception itself unstable.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
διεφαίνετοappearedV1I IMI3S · φαίνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφαίνω + δια: meaning 'appeared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δ'butX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μόνονonlyD · μόνονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμόνον: meaning 'only'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτομάτηself-kindledA1 NSF · αὐτόματοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαὐτόματος: meaning 'self-kindled'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πυρὰfireN1A NSF · πυράnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπυρά: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φόβουof fearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφόβος: meaning 'of fear'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSF · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκδειματούμενοιbeing terrifiedV4 · πμπνπμ δειματόω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ δειματόω + ἐκ: meaning 'being terrified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεωρουμένηςbeing seenV2 · πμπγσφ θεωρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσφ θεωρέω: meaning 'being seen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκείνηςthatRD GSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐκείνης: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὄψεωςspectacleN3I GSF · ὄψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄψις: meaning 'spectacle'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡγοῦντοthey consideredV2 IMI3P · ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἡγέομαι: meaning 'they considered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χείρωworseA3C APN · χείρωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρων: meaning 'worse'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰthe thingsRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βλεπόμεναthings seenV1 · πμπαπν βλέπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπαπν βλέπω: meaning 'things seen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
μαγικῆς δὲ ἐμπαίγματα κατέκειτο τέχνης καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ φρονήσει ἀλαζονείας ἔλεγχος ἐφύβριστος
And the mockeries of magical art were laid low, and the boast of wisdom met with insolent disgrace.
The chapter explicitly targets Egyptian claims to occult skill and intellectual mastery, showing them publicly humiliated.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μαγικῆςof magicalA1 GSF · μαγικόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμαγικός: meaning 'of magical'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπαίγματαmockeriesN3M NPN · ἔμπαιγμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπαιγμα: meaning 'mockeries'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατέκειτοwere laid lowV5I IMI3S · κεῖμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκεῖμαι + κατα: meaning 'were laid low'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τέχνηςartN1 GSF · τέχνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτέχνη: meaning 'art'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶinP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φρονήσειwisdomN3I DSF · φρόνησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφρόνησις: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀλαζονείαςof boastfulnessN1A GSF · ἀλαζονείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλαζονεία: meaning 'of boastfulness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔλεγχοςexposureN2 NSM · ἔλεγχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔλεγχος: meaning 'exposure'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐφύβριστοςdisgracefulA1B NSM · ἐφύβριστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐφύβριστος: meaning 'disgraceful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
8
οἱ γὰρ ὑπισχνούμενοι δείματα καὶ ταραχὰς ἀπελαύνειν ψυχῆς νοσούσης οὗτοι καταγέλαστον εὐλάβειαν ἐνόσουν
For those who promised to drive away terrors and disturbances from a sick soul were themselves sick with ridiculous fear.
The healers of fear are exposed as its victims; their professional claims recoil upon them.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οἱthoseRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπισχνούμενοιpromisingV2 · πμπνπμ ἰσχνέομαι + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ἰσχνέομαι + ὑπο: meaning 'promising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δείματαterrorsN3M APN · δεῖμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεῖμα: meaning 'terrors'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταραχὰςdisturbancesN1 APF · ταραχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταραχή: meaning 'disturbances'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπελαύνεινto drive awayV1 PAN · ἐλαύνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἐλαύνω + ἀπο: meaning 'to drive away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ψυχῆςof soulN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'of soul'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
νοσούσηςsickV2 · παπγσφ νοσέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ νοσέω: meaning 'sick'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὗτοιthese very onesRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these very ones'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καταγέλαστονridiculousA1B ASF · καταγέλαστοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαταγέλαστος: meaning 'ridiculous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὐλάβειανfearN1A ASF · εὐλάβειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐλάβεια: meaning 'fear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνόσουνwere sickV2I IAI3P · νοσέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processνοσέω: meaning 'were sick'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
καὶ γὰρ εἰ μηδὲν αὐτοὺς ταραχῶδες ἐφόβει κνωδάλων παρόδοις καὶ ἑρπετῶν συριγμοῖς ἐκσεσοβημένοι διώλλυντο ἔντρομοι καὶ τὸν μηδαμόθεν φευκτὸν ἀέρα προσιδεῖν ἀρνούμενοι
For even if nothing disturbing frightened them, yet, scared by the passing of beasts and the hissing of reptiles, they perished in trembling, refusing even to look upon the air, though there was nowhere to flee.
Their panic becomes disproportionate: minimal stimuli are enough to drive them into self-destroying terror.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandD · καίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μηδὲνnothingA3P NSN · μηδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμηδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ταραχῶδεςtroublingA3H NSN · ταραχώδηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceταραχώδης: meaning 'troubling'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐφόβειwas frighteningV2I IAI3S · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφοβέω: meaning 'was frightening'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κνωδάλωνof beastsN2N GPN · κνώδαλονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκνώδαλον: meaning 'of beasts'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
παρόδοιςby passingsN2 DPF · πάροδοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπάροδος: meaning 'by passings'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑρπετῶνof reptilesN2N GPN · ἑρπετόνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἑρπετόν: meaning 'of reptiles'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συριγμοῖςby hissingsN2 DPM · συρισμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυρισμός: meaning 'by hissings'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐκσεσοβημένοιhaving been terrifiedVM · χμπνπμ σοβέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπμ σοβέω + ἐκ: meaning 'having been terrified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διώλλυντοthey were perishingV5I IMI3P · ὄλλυμι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὄλλυμι + δια: meaning 'they were perishing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔντρομοιtremblingA1B NPM · ἔντρομοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔντρομος: meaning 'trembling'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηδαμόθενfrom nowhereD · μηδαμόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδαμόθεν: meaning 'from nowhere'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φευκτὸνescapableA1 ASM · φευκτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφευκτός: meaning 'escapable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀέραairN3 ASM · ἀήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀήρ: meaning 'air'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
προσιδεῖνto look uponVB AAN · ὁράω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὁράω + προς: meaning 'to look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀρνούμενοιrefusingV2 · πμπνπμ ἀρνέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ἀρνέομαι: meaning 'refusing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
δειλὸν γὰρ ἰδίῳ πονηρία μάρτυρι καταδικαζομένη ἀεὶ δὲ προσείληφεν τὰ χαλεπὰ συνεχομένη τῇ συνειδήσει
For wickedness, condemned by its own witness, is cowardly, and, pressed by conscience, it always takes the worst view.
The author pauses the narrative to state the moral psychology underneath the plague: guilty conscience manufactures fear.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
δειλὸνcowardlyA1 NSN · δειλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδειλός: meaning 'cowardly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδίῳits ownA1A DSN · ἴδιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἴδιος: meaning 'its own'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πονηρίαwickednessN1A NSF · πονηρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μάρτυριwitnessN3 DSM · μάρτυςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καταδικαζομένηbeing condemnedV1 · πμπνσφ δικάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ δικάζω + κατα: meaning 'being condemned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀεὶalwaysD · ἀείadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἀεὶ: meaning 'always'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσείληφενhas adoptedVX XAI3S · λαμβάνω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω + προς: meaning 'has adopted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰthe thingsRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χαλεπὰthe worstA1 APN · χαλεπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχαλεπός: meaning 'the worst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συνεχομένηbeing pressedV1 · πμπνσφ ἔχω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἔχω + συν: meaning 'being pressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇby theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνειδήσειconscienceN3I DSF · συνείδησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυνείδησις: meaning 'conscience'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
11
οὐθὲν γάρ ἐστιν φόβος εἰ μὴ προδοσία τῶν ἀπὸ λογισμοῦ βοηθημάτων
For fear is nothing other than a surrender of the helps that come from reason.
Fear is defined philosophically as the collapse of the soul's rational defenses and supports.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οὐθὲνnothingA3 NSN · οὐδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γάρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προδοσίαsurrenderN1A NSF · προδοσίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροδοσία: meaning 'surrender'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λογισμοῦreasonN2 GSM · λογισμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλογισμός: meaning 'reason'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βοηθημάτωνhelpsN3M GPN · βοήθημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβοήθημα: meaning 'helps'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
12
ἔνδοθεν δὲ οὖσα ἥττων ἡ προσδοκία πλείονα λογίζεται τὴν ἄγνοιαν τῆς παρεχούσης τὴν βάσανον αἰτίας
And expectation, being weaker from within, counts ignorance of the cause that brings the torment to be something greater.
When the inner self is weakened, uncertainty about the source of suffering magnifies the suffering itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἔνδοθενfrom withinD · ἔνδοθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔνδοθεν: meaning 'from within'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὖσαbeingV9 · παπνσφ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἥττωνweakerA3C NSF · ἥσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἥσσων: meaning 'weaker'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσδοκίαexpectationN1A NSF · προσδοκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροσδοκία: meaning 'expectation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλείοναgreaterA3C ASFC · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'greater'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λογίζεταιcountsV1 PMI3S · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλογίζομαι: meaning 'counts'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγνοιανignoranceN1A ASF · ἄγνοιαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄγνοια: meaning 'ignorance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεχούσηςbringingV1 · παπγσφ ἔχω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ ἔχω + παρα: meaning 'bringing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσανονtormentN2 ASF · βάσανοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβάσανος: meaning 'torment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αἰτίαςcauseN1A GSF · αἰτίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰτία: meaning 'cause'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
13
οἱ δὲ τὴν ἀδύνατον ὄντως νύκτα καὶ ἐξ ἀδυνάτου ᾅδου μυχῶν ἐπελθοῦσαν τὸν αὐτὸν ὕπνον κοιμώμενοι
But those, during that truly powerless night, which had come upon them from the powerless recesses of Hades, while sleeping the same sleep,
The darkness is now rendered as a Hades-like visitation, deepening the plague from a meteorological event into an eschatological image.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
οἱthoseRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδύνατονpowerlessA1B ASF · ἀδύνατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδύνατος: meaning 'powerless'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὄντωςtrulyD · ὄντωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὄντως: meaning 'truly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νύκταnightN3 ASF · νύξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀδυνάτουpowerlessA1B GSM · ἀδύνατοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδύνατος: meaning 'powerless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ᾅδουof HadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationᾅδης: meaning 'of Hades'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μυχῶνrecessesN2 GPM · μυχόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμυχός: meaning 'recesses'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπελθοῦσανhaving come uponVB · ααπασφ ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπασφ ἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'having come upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸνsameRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'same'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὕπνονsleepN2 ASM · ὕπνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕπνος: meaning 'sleep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κοιμώμενοιsleepingV3 · πμπνπμ κοιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ κοιμάω: meaning 'sleeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
τὰ μὲν τέρασιν ἠλαύνοντο φαντασμάτων τὰ δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς παρελύοντο προδοσίᾳ αἰφνίδιος γὰρ αὐτοῖς καὶ ἀπροσδόκητος φόβος ἐπεχύθη
were driven partly by monstrous apparitions and partly were paralyzed by the betrayal of their soul; for sudden and unexpected fear was poured out upon them.
The inward collapse of the soul and the assault of terrifying visions combine into a single overwhelming crisis.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τὰthe thingsRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέρασινby portentsN3T DPN · τέραςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέρας: meaning 'by portents'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἠλαύνοντοwere drivenV1I IMI3P · ἐλαύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐλαύνω: meaning 'were driven'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φαντασμάτωνof phantomsN3M GPN · φάντασμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφάντασμα: meaning 'of phantoms'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὰthe thingsRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςof soulN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'of soul'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
παρελύοντοwere paralyzedV1I IMI3P · λύω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλύω + παρα: meaning 'were paralyzed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
προδοσίᾳby betrayalN1A DSF · προδοσίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπροδοσία: meaning 'by betrayal'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αἰφνίδιοςsuddenA1B NSM · αἰφνίδιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰφνίδιος: meaning 'sudden'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπροσδόκητοςunexpectedA1B NSM · ἀπροσδόκητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπροσδόκητος: meaning 'unexpected'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπεχύθηwas poured outVCI API3S · χέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristχέω + ἐπι: meaning 'was poured out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
εἶθ' οὕτως ὃς δή ποτ' οὖν ἦν ἐκεῖ καταπίπτων ἐφρουρεῖτο εἰς τὴν ἀσίδηρον εἱρκτὴν κατακλεισθείς
Then whoever it was that had fallen there was kept shut up in that prison without iron bars.
The darkness becomes a carceral image: no metal chain is needed when terror itself locks the prisoner in place.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
εἶθ'thenI · εἶταadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἶθ': meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃςwhoeverRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δήindeedX · δήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποτ'at allD · ποτέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastποτ': meaning 'at all'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταπίπτωνfalling downV1 · παπνσμ πίπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ πίπτω + κατα: meaning 'falling down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐφρουρεῖτοwas guardedV2I IMI3S · φρουρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφρουρέω: meaning 'was guarded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσίδηρονwithout ironA1B ASF · ἀσίδηροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσίδηρος: meaning 'without iron'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἱρκτὴνprisonN1 ASF · εἱρκτήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεἱρκτή: meaning 'prison'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατακλεισθείςhaving been shut inVS · αππνσμ κλείω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ κλείω + κατα: meaning 'having been shut in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
εἴ τε γὰρ γεωργὸς ἦν τις ἢ ποιμὴν ἢ τῶν κατ' ἐρημίαν ἐργάτης μόχθων προλημφθεὶς τὴν δυσάλυκτον ἔμενεν ἀνάγκην μιᾷ γὰρ ἁλύσει σκότους πάντες ἐδέθησαν
For whether one was a farmer, or a shepherd, or a laborer toiling in the wilderness, once overtaken he endured the inescapable necessity; for all were bound with one chain of darkness.
The plague levels social roles and occupations, subjecting every Egyptian alike to the same unavoidable bondage.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
εἴwhetherC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἴ: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεorX TEadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεωργὸςfarmerN2 NSM · γεωργόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγεωργός: meaning 'farmer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τιςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιμὴνshepherdN3 NSM · ποιμήνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceποιμήν: meaning 'shepherd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατ'throughP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐρημίανthe wildernessN1A ASF · ἐρημίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐρημία: meaning 'the wilderness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐργάτηςworkerN1M NSM · ἐργάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐργάτης: meaning 'worker'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μόχθωνof laborsN2 GPM · μόχθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμόχθος: meaning 'of labors'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
προλημφθεὶςhaving been overtakenVV · αππνσμ λαμβάνω + προverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ λαμβάνω + προ: meaning 'having been overtaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσάλυκτονinescapableA1B ASF · δυσάληκτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδυσάληκτος: meaning 'inescapable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔμενενenduredV1I IAI3S · μένωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμένω: meaning 'endured'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνάγκηνnecessityN1 ASF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνάγκη: meaning 'necessity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μιᾷoneA1A DSF · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ measure or countμιᾷ: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁλύσειchainN3I DSF · ἅλυσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἅλυσις: meaning 'chain'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σκότουςof darknessN3E GSN · σκότοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσκότος: meaning 'of darkness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐδέθησανwere boundVCI API3P · δέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδέω: meaning 'were bound'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
εἴ τε πνεῦμα συρίζον ἢ περὶ ἀμφιλαφεῖς κλάδους ὀρνέων ἦχος εὐμελὴς ἢ ῥυθμὸς ὕδατος πορευομένου βίᾳ ἢ κτύπος ἀπηνὴς καταρριπτομένων πετρῶν
Whether it was a whistling wind, or the melodious sound of birds among the spreading branches, or the forceful rhythm of rushing water, or the harsh crash of falling rocks,
Ordinary sounds of creation are catalogued as triggers of terror for those already disordered within.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
εἴwhetherC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἴ: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεorX TEadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεῦμαwindN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'wind'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συρίζονwhistlingV1 · παπνσν συρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσν συρίζω: meaning 'whistling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶthroughP · περίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀμφιλαφεῖςleafyA3H APM · ἀμφιλαφήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμφιλαφής: meaning 'leafy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κλάδουςbranchesN2 APM · κλάδοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλάδος: meaning 'branches'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀρνέωνof birdsN3I GPM · ὄρνιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄρνις: meaning 'of birds'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἦχοςsoundN2 NSM · ἦχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἦχος: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐμελὴςmelodiousA3H NSM · εὐμελήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐμελής: meaning 'melodious'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥυθμὸςrhythmN2 NSM · ῥυθμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥυθμός: meaning 'rhythm'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὕδατοςof waterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'of water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πορευομένουmovingV1 · πμπγσν πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσν πορεύομαι: meaning 'moving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βίᾳwith forceN1A DSF · βίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβία: meaning 'with force'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κτύποςcrashN2 NSM · κτύποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκτύπος: meaning 'crash'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπηνὴςharshA3H NSM · ἀπηνήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπηνής: meaning 'harsh'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταρριπτομένωνbeing cast downV1 · πμπγπμ ῥίπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ ῥίπτω + κατα: meaning 'being cast down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πετρῶνof rocksN2 GPM · πέτροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπέτρος: meaning 'of rocks'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
18
ἢ σκιρτώντων ζῴων δρόμος ἀθεώρητος ἢ ὠρυομένων ἀπηνεστάτων θηρίων φωνὴ ἢ ἀντανακλωμένη ἐκ κοιλότητος ὀρέων ἠχώ παρέλυεν αὐτοὺς ἐκφοβοῦντα
or the unseen running of leaping animals, or the voice of the most savage beasts roaring, or an echo rebounding from the hollows of the mountains, it unnerved them and made them cower in fear.
The soundscape of nature becomes a field of terror because conscience transforms ordinary phenomena into threats.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκιρτώντωνof leapingV3 · παπγπν σκιρτάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπν σκιρτάω: meaning 'of leaping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζῴωνanimalsN2 GPN · ζῷονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζῷον: meaning 'animals'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δρόμοςrunningN2 NSM · δρόμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδρόμος: meaning 'running'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀθεώρητοςunseenA1B NSM · ἀθεώρητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀθεώρητος: meaning 'unseen'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠρυομένωνroaringV1 · πμπγπν ὠρύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπν ὠρύομαι: meaning 'roaring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπηνεστάτωνmost savageA3H GPNS · ἀπηνήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀπηνής: meaning 'most savage'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θηρίωνof beastsN2N GPN · θηρίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθηρίον: meaning 'of beasts'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φωνὴvoiceN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντανακλωμένηreboundingV3 · παπνσφ κλάω + ἀντι ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ κλάω + ἀντι ἀνα: meaning 'rebounding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κοιλότητοςhollowsN3T GSF · κοιλότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκοιλότης: meaning 'hollows'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὀρέωνof mountainsN3E GPN · ὄροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄρος: meaning 'of mountains'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἠχώechoN3 NSF · ἠχώnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἠχώ: meaning 'echo'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρέλυενwas paralyzingV1I IAI3S · λύω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλύω + παρα: meaning 'was paralyzing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκφοβοῦνταfrighteningV2 · παπαπν φοβέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπν φοβέω + ἐκ: meaning 'frightening'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
ὅλος γὰρ ὁ κόσμος λαμπρῷ κατελάμπετο φωτὶ καὶ ἀνεμποδίστοις συνείχετο ἔργοις
For the whole world was shining with bright light and was occupied with unhindered works,
Outside the plague-zone, creation continues in ordered brightness, underscoring the selective and judicial character of the darkness.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὅλοςwholeA1 NSM · ὅλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅλος: meaning 'whole'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόσμοςworldN2 NSM · κόσμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκόσμος: meaning 'world'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λαμπρῷbrightA1A DSN · λαμπρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαμπρός: meaning 'bright'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κατελάμπετοwas shiningV1I IMI3S · λάμπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλάμπω + κατα: meaning 'was shining'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φωτὶwith lightN3T DSN · φῶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφῶς: meaning 'with light'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεμποδίστοιςunhinderedA1B DPN · ἀνεμπόδιστοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνεμπόδιστος: meaning 'unhindered'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
συνείχετοwas occupiedV1I IMI3S · ἔχω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω + συν: meaning 'was occupied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔργοιςwith worksN2N DPN · ἔργονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'with works'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
20
μόνοις δὲ ἐκείνοις ἐπετέτατο βαρεῖα νὺξ εἰκὼν τοῦ μέλλοντος αὐτοὺς διαδέχεσθαι σκότους ἑαυτοῖς δὲ ἦσαν βαρύτεροι σκότους
but upon those alone a heavy night had been spread, an image of the darkness about to receive them; yet they were heavier to themselves than the darkness.
The chapter closes by turning the plague into an anticipation of final darkness, while insisting that guilty souls already carry a burden darker than the night around them.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
μόνοιςon them aloneA1 DPM · μόνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμόνος: meaning 'on them alone'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκείνοιςthoseRD DPM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐκείνοις: meaning 'those'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπετέτατοhad been spreadVMI YMI3S · τείνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτείνω + ἐπι: meaning 'had been spread'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βαρεῖαheavyA3U NSF · βαρύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαρύς: meaning 'heavy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νὺξnightN3 NSF · νύξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰκὼνimageN3N NSF · εἰκώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεἰκών: meaning 'image'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέλλοντοςabout toV1 · παπγσν μέλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσν μέλλω: meaning 'about to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διαδέχεσθαιreceiveV1 PMN · δέχομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementδέχομαι + δια: meaning 'receive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκότουςof darknessN3E GSN · σκότοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσκότος: meaning 'of darkness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἑαυτοῖςto themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'to themselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthey wereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'they were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βαρύτεροιheavierA1A NPMC · βαρύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαρύς: meaning 'heavier'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σκότουςof darknessN3E GSN · σκότοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσκότος: meaning 'of darkness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.