1
εἶπον γὰρ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς λογισάμενοι οὐκ ὀρθῶς ὀλίγος ἐστὶν καὶ λυπηρὸς ὁ βίος ἡμῶν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἴασις ἐν τελευτῇ ἀνθρώπου καὶ οὐκ ἐγνώσθη ὁ ἀναλύσας ἐξ ᾅδου
For they said among themselves, reasoning not rightly, 'Short and sorrowful is our life, and there is no healing at the end of a man, and no one has been known who has returned from Hades.'
The chapter opens by quoting the ungodly reasoning among themselves, framing the rest of the speech as a false anthropology built on despair.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
εἶπονsaidVBI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λογισάμενοιhaving reasonedVA · αμπνπμ λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαμπνπμ λογίζομαι: meaning 'having reasoned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρθῶςrightlyD · ὀρθῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀρθῶς: meaning 'rightly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀλίγοςoligosA1 NSM · ὀλίγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀλίγος: meaning 'oligos'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λυπηρὸςpainfulA1A NSM · λυπηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλυπηρός: meaning 'painful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βίοςlifeN2 NSM · βίοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἴασιςhealingN3I NSF · ἴασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἴασις: meaning 'healing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τελευτῇτελευτῇN1 DSF · τελευτήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτελευτή: meaning 'τελευτῇ'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγνώσθηwas made knownVSI API3S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'was made known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναλύσαςhaving returnedVA · ααπνσμ λύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ λύω + ἀνα: meaning 'having returned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ᾅδουto HadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationᾅδης: meaning 'to Hades'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
2
ὅτι αὐτοσχεδίως ἐγενήθημεν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἐσόμεθα ὡς οὐχ ὑπάρξαντες ὅτι καπνὸς ἡ πνοὴ ἐν ῥισὶν ἡμῶν καὶ ὁ λόγος σπινθὴρ ἐν κινήσει καρδίας ἡμῶν
For we came to be by chance, and after this we shall be as though we had never existed, because the breath in our nostrils is smoke, and reason is a spark in the movement of our heart.
Their nihilism is grounded in a claim of accidental origin and evaporating human existence.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοσχεδίωςby chanceD · αὐτοσχεδίωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastαὐτοσχεδίως: meaning 'by chance'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθημενit came to passVCI API1P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐσόμεθαbeVF FMI1P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπάρξαντεςὑπάρξαντεςVA · ααπνπμ ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνπμ ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'ὑπάρξαντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καπνὸςsmokeN2 NSM · καπνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαπνός: meaning 'smoke'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνοὴbreathN1 NSF · πνοήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνοή: meaning 'breath'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ῥισὶνῥισὶνN3 DPF · ῥίςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceῥίς: meaning 'ῥισὶν'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σπινθὴρsparkN3 NSF · σπινθήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσπινθήρ: meaning 'spark'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κινήσειmovementN3I DSF · κίνησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκίνησις: meaning 'movement'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
3
οὗ σβεσθέντος τέφρα ἀποβήσεται τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα διαχυθήσεται ὡς χαῦνος ἀήρ
When it is extinguished, the body will become ashes, and the spirit will be poured out like thin air.
The speech continues by reducing body and spirit alike to perishable residue and dispersion.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σβεσθέντοςbeing extinguishedVS · αππγσμ σβέννυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππγσμ σβέννυμι: meaning 'being extinguished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τέφραashesN1A NSF · τέφραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτέφρα: meaning 'ashes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀποβήσεταιἀποβήσεταιVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποβήσεται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διαχυθήσεταιwill be poured outVC FPI3S · χέω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureχέω + δια: meaning 'will be poured out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαῦνοςthinA1 NSM · χαῦνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχαῦνος: meaning 'thin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀήρἀήρN3 NSM · ἀήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀήρ: meaning 'ἀήρ'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
4
καὶ τὸ ὄνομα ἡμῶν ἐπιλησθήσεται ἐν χρόνῳ καὶ οὐθεὶς μνημονεύσει τῶν ἔργων ἡμῶν καὶ παρελεύσεται ὁ βίος ἡμῶν ὡς ἴχνη νεφέλης καὶ ὡς ὁμίχλη διασκεδασθήσεται διωχθεῖσα ὑπὸ ἀκτίνων ἡλίου καὶ ὑπὸ θερμότητος αὐτοῦ βαρυνθεῖσα
And our name will be forgotten in time, and no one will remember our works, and our life will pass away like the traces of a cloud and be scattered like mist, chased away by the rays of the sun and weighed down by its heat.
A string of fading images deepens the claim that human life passes without memory or permanence.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπιλησθήσεταιwill be forgottenVS FPI3S · λανθάνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'will be forgotten'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χρόνῳtimeN2 DSM · χρόνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐθεὶςnot oneA3 NSM · οὐδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐδείς: meaning 'not one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μνημονεύσειwill rememberVF FAI3S · μνημονεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμνημονεύω: meaning 'will remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργωνworks / laboursN2N GPN · ἔργονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρελεύσεταιwill passVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'will pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βίοςlifeN2 NSM · βίοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴχνηtracesN3E NPN · ἴχνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἴχνος: meaning 'traces'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νεφέληςnephelesN1 GSF · νεφέληgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεφέλη: meaning 'nepheles'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁμίχληmistN1 NSF · ὁμίχληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμίχλη: meaning 'mist'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διασκεδασθήσεταιscatter / break apartVS FPI3S · σκεδάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσκεδάζω + δια: meaning 'scatter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διωχθεῖσαdriven awayVQ · αππνσφ διώκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσφ διώκω: meaning 'driven away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀκτίνωνἀκτίνωνN3 GPF · ἀκτίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀκτίς: meaning 'ἀκτίνων'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡλίουηλιοςN2 GSM · ἥλιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἥλιος: meaning 'ηλιος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θερμότητοςθερμότητοςN3T GSF · θερμότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθερμότης: meaning 'θερμότητος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαρυνθεῖσαbeing weighed downVC · αππνσφ βαρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσφ βαρύνω: meaning 'being weighed down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
σκιᾶς γὰρ πάροδος ὁ καιρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀναποδισμὸς τῆς τελευτῆς ἡμῶν ὅτι κατεσφραγίσθη καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀναστρέφει
For our time is the passing of a shadow, and there is no turning back from our end, because it has been sealed and no one turns it back.
The ungodly seal their argument by insisting that death is irreversible and final.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
σκιᾶςσκιᾶςN1A GSF · σκιάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσκιά: meaning 'σκιᾶς'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάροδοςpassingN2 NSF · πάροδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπάροδος: meaning 'passing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρὸςseasonN2 NSM · καιρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀναποδισμὸςturning backN2 NSM · ἀναποδισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀναποδισμός: meaning 'turning back'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τελευτῆςend / deathN1 GSF · τελευτήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτελευτή: meaning 'end'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεσφραγίσθηhas been sealedVSI API3S · σφραγίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσφραγίζω + κατα: meaning 'has been sealed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδεὶςno oneA3 NSM · οὐδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀναστρέφειἀναστρέφειV1 PAI3S · στρέφω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστρέφω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀναστρέφει'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
δεῦτε οὖν καὶ ἀπολαύσωμεν τῶν ὄντων ἀγαθῶν καὶ χρησώμεθα τῇ κτίσει ὡς ἐν νεότητι σπουδαίως
Come then, let us enjoy the good things that exist, and let us make use of creation eagerly as in youth.
From their doctrine of mortality they turn to a program of urgent consumption and pleasure.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
δεῦτεcomeD · δεῦτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδεῦτε: meaning 'come'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολαύσωμενlet us enjoyVA AAS1P · λαύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλαύω + ἀπο: meaning 'let us enjoy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄντωνisV9 · παπγπν εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπν εἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθῶνagathonA1 GPN · ἀγαθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'agathon'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρησώμεθαlet us useVA AMS1P · χράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyχράω: meaning 'let us use'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτίσεικτίσειN3I DSF · κτίσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκτίσις: meaning 'κτίσει'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νεότητιyouthN3T DSF · νεότηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεότης: meaning 'youth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σπουδαίωςσπουδαίωςD · σπουδαίωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσπουδαίως: meaning 'σπουδαίως'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
7
οἴνου πολυτελοῦς καὶ μύρων πλησθῶμεν καὶ μὴ παροδευσάτω ἡμᾶς ἄνθος ἔαρος
Let us fill ourselves with costly wine and perfumes, and let no flower of spring pass us by.
The appeal to luxury and perfume makes their hedonism concrete and celebratory.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πολυτελοῦςcostlyA3 GSM · πολυτελήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπολυτελής: meaning 'costly'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μύρωνointmentN2N GPN · μύρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμύρον: meaning 'ointment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πλησθῶμενlet us be filledVS APS1P · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίμπλημι: meaning 'let us be filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροδευσάτωlet ... pass byVA AAD3S · ὁδεύω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁδεύω + παρα: meaning 'let ... pass by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄνθοςblossomN3E ASN · ἄνθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθος: meaning 'blossom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔαροςἔαροςN3 GSN · ἔαρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔαρ: meaning 'ἔαρος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
8
στεψώμεθα ῥόδων κάλυξιν πρὶν ἢ μαρανθῆναι
Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds before they wither.
Even the beauty of spring must be seized before it fades.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
στεψώμεθαlet us crown ourselvesVA AMS1P · στέφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyστέφω: meaning 'let us crown ourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥόδωνῥόδωνN2N GPN · ῥόδονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationῥόδον: meaning 'ῥόδων'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κάλυξινrosebudsN3K DPF · κάλυξdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκάλυξ: meaning 'rosebuds'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πρὶνbeforeD · πρίνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπρὶν: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαρανθῆναιto witherVC APN · μαραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementμαραίνω: meaning 'to wither'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
μηδεὶς ἡμῶν ἄμοιρος ἔστω τῆς ἡμετέρας ἀγερωχίας πανταχῇ καταλίπωμεν σύμβολα τῆς εὐφροσύνης ὅτι αὕτη ἡ μερὶς ἡμῶν καὶ ὁ κλῆρος οὗτος
Let none of us go without a share in our revelry; everywhere let us leave tokens of our gladness, because this is our portion and this our lot.
Their revelry is social and territorial: they want public marks of pleasure everywhere because they treat enjoyment as their allotted share.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
μηδεὶςno oneA3P NSM · μηδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμηδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄμοιροςwithout shareA1B NSM · ἄμοιροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄμοιρος: meaning 'without share'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔστωisV9 PAD3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμετέραςourA1A GSF · ἡμέτεροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέτερος: meaning 'our'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀγερωχίαςinsolenceN1A GSF · ἀγερωχίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγερωχία: meaning 'insolence'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πανταχῇeverywhereD · πανταχῇadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπανταχῇ: meaning 'everywhere'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταλίπωμενlet us leave behindVB AAS1P · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλείπω + κατα: meaning 'let us leave behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σύμβολαtokensN2N APN · σύμβολονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσύμβολον: meaning 'tokens'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐφροσύνηςgladnessN1 GSF · εὐφροσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερὶςportionN3D NSF · μερίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλῆροςlotN2 NSM · κλῆροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκλῆρος: meaning 'lot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
καταδυναστεύσωμεν πένητα δίκαιον μὴ φεισώμεθα χήρας μηδὲ πρεσβύτου ἐντραπῶμεν πολιὰς πολυχρονίους
Let us oppress the righteous poor man; let us not spare the widow, nor respect the gray hairs of an old man advanced in years.
The logic of pleasure hardens into oppression of the vulnerable, exposing the moral violence beneath their creed.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καταδυναστεύσωμενlet us oppressVA AAS1P · δυναστεύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'let us oppress'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πένηταpoor manN3T ASM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπένης: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φεισώμεθαlet us spareVA AMS1P · φείδομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyφείδομαι: meaning 'let us spare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χήραςwidowN1A GSF · χήραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχήρα: meaning 'widow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρεσβύτουold manN1M GSM · πρεσβύτηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρεσβύτης: meaning 'old man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐντραπῶμενlet us respectVB AAS1P · τρέπω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτρέπω + ἐν: meaning 'let us respect'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πολιὰςgray hairsN1A APF · πολιάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολιά: meaning 'gray hairs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολυχρονίουςadvanced in yearsA1B APF · πολυχρόνιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολυχρόνιος: meaning 'advanced in years'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
11
ἔστω δὲ ἡμῶν ἡ ἰσχὺς νόμος τῆς δικαιοσύνης τὸ γὰρ ἀσθενὲς ἄχρηστον ἐλέγχεται
But let our strength be the law of justice, for what is weak is shown to be useless.
They enthrone strength as the only operative law and dismiss weakness as worthless.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἔστωisV9 PAD3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσθενὲςἀσθενὲςA3H NSN · ἀσθενήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσθενής: meaning 'ἀσθενὲς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄχρηστονuselessA1B NSN · ἄχρηστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄχρηστος: meaning 'useless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλέγχεταιis examinedV1 PMI3S · ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐλέγχω: meaning 'is examined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
ἐνεδρεύσωμεν τὸν δίκαιον ὅτι δύσχρηστος ἡμῖν ἐστιν καὶ ἐναντιοῦται τοῖς ἔργοις ἡμῶν καὶ ὀνειδίζει ἡμῖν ἁμαρτήματα νόμου καὶ ἐπιφημίζει ἡμῖν ἁμαρτήματα παιδείας ἡμῶν
Let us lie in wait for the righteous man, because he is inconvenient to us and opposes our works and reproaches us for sins against the law and charges us with sins against our upbringing.
The speech now narrows from general violence to a targeted plot against the righteous man who exposes them.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐνεδρεύσωμενlet us lie in wait forVA AAS1P · ἐνεδρεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐνεδρεύω: meaning 'let us lie in wait for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύσχρηστοςtroublesomeA1B NSM · δύσχρηστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδύσχρηστος: meaning 'troublesome'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐναντιοῦταιstands opposedV4 PMI3S · ἀντιόομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀντιόομαι + ἐν: meaning 'stands opposed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργοιςworksN2N DPN · ἔργονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀνειδίζειshe reproachesV1 PAI3S · ὀνειδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὀνειδίζω: meaning 'she reproaches'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἁμαρτήματαoffensesN3M APN · ἁμάρτημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἁμάρτημα: meaning 'offenses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιφημίζειchargesV1 PAI3S · φημίζω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημίζω + ἐπι: meaning 'charges'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἁμαρτήματαoffensesN3M APN · ἁμάρτημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἁμάρτημα: meaning 'offenses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παιδείαςdiscipline / instructionN1A GSF · παιδείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
ἐπαγγέλλεται γνῶσιν ἔχειν θεοῦ καὶ παῖδα κυρίου ἑαυτὸν ὀνομάζει
He professes to have knowledge of God and calls himself a child of the Lord.
What most provokes them is the righteous man's claim to know God and belong to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐπαγγέλλεταιprofessesV1 PMI3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀγγέλλω + ἐπι: meaning 'professes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνῶσινknowledge / discernmentN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχεινhaveV1 PAN · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παῖδαslave-boy / servantN3D ASM · παῖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαῖς: meaning 'slave-boy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὀνομάζειὀνομάζειV1 PAI3S · ὀνομάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὀνομάζω: meaning 'ὀνομάζει'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ἐγένετο ἡμῖν εἰς ἔλεγχον ἐννοιῶν ἡμῶν βαρύς ἐστιν ἡμῖν καὶ βλεπόμενος
He became to us a reproof of our thoughts; even to look at him is a burden to us,
His mere presence functions as a rebuke to their inward reasoning.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔλεγχονconvictionN2 ASM · ἔλεγχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλεγχος: meaning 'conviction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐννοιῶνἐννοιῶνN1A GPF · ἔννοιαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔννοια: meaning 'ἐννοιῶν'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαρύςβαρύςA3U NSM · βαρύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαρύς: meaning 'βαρύς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βλεπόμενοςβλεπόμενοςV1 · πμπνσμ βλέπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ βλέπω: meaning 'βλεπόμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
ὅτι ἀνόμοιος τοῖς ἄλλοις ὁ βίος αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξηλλαγμέναι αἱ τρίβοι αὐτοῦ
because his life is unlike that of others and his paths have been changed.
They feel judged because his whole pattern of life differs from theirs.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνόμοιοςἀνόμοιοςA1A NSM · ἀνόμοιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνόμοιος: meaning 'ἀνόμοιος'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλλοιςthe rest ofRD DPM · ἄλλοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἄλλοις: meaning 'the rest of'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βίοςlifeN2 NSM · βίοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξηλλαγμέναιἐξηλλαγμέναιVK · χμπνπφ ἀλλάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπφ ἀλλάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξηλλαγμέναι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίβοιtracksN2 NPF · τρίβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρίβος: meaning 'tracks'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
16
εἰς κίβδηλον ἐλογίσθημεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἀπέχεται τῶν ὁδῶν ἡμῶν ὡς ἀπὸ ἀκαθαρσιῶν μακαρίζει ἔσχατα δικαίων καὶ ἀλαζονεύεται πατέρα θεόν
We were considered by him as counterfeit, and he keeps away from our ways as from uncleannesses; he calls the last things of the righteous blessed and boasts that God is his father.
They resent his separation from their ways and his confidence in God's fatherhood and the blessed end of the righteous.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κίβδηλονcounterfeitA1B ASN · κίβδηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκίβδηλος: meaning 'counterfeit'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐλογίσθημενwe were consideredVSI API1P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'we were considered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέχεταιkeeps awayV1 PMI3S · ἔχω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω + ἀπο: meaning 'keeps away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῶνwayN2 GPF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀκαθαρσιῶνuncleannessesN1A GPF · ἀκαθαρσίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: meaning 'uncleannesses'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μακαρίζειcalls blessedV1 PAI3S · μακαρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμακαρίζω: meaning 'calls blessed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔσχαταfarthestA1 APN · ἔσχατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔσχατος: meaning 'farthest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δικαίωνrighteousA1A GPM · δίκαιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλαζονεύεταιboastsV1 PMI3S · ἀλαζονεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀλαζονεύομαι: meaning 'boasts'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θεόνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
17
ἴδωμεν εἰ οἱ λόγοι αὐτοῦ ἀληθεῖς καὶ πειράσωμεν τὰ ἐν ἐκβάσει αὐτοῦ
Let us see whether his words are true, and let us test what will happen at his end.
Their malice takes the form of an empirical challenge: they will test whether his words hold at the end.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἴδωμενwe may seeVB AAS1P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὁράω: meaning 'we may see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοιthing / wordN2 NPM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'thing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀληθεῖςtrueA3H NPM · ἀληθήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀληθής: meaning 'true'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πειράσωμενlet us testVA AAS1P · πειράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπειράζω: meaning 'let us test'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐκβάσειendN3I DSF · ἔκβασιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔκβασις: meaning 'end'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
εἰ γάρ ἐστιν ὁ δίκαιος υἱὸς θεοῦ ἀντιλήμψεται αὐτοῦ καὶ ῥύσεται αὐτὸν ἐκ χειρὸς ἀνθεστηκότων
For if the righteous man is God's son, he will help him and rescue him from the hand of those who oppose him.
They frame the test around divine sonship, assuming rescue would prove his claim.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γάρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιοςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀντιλήμψεταιwill helpVF FMI3S · λαμβάνω + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω + ἀντι: meaning 'will help'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥύσεταιrescueVF FMI3S · ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureῥύομαι: meaning 'rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνθεστηκότωνthose opposingVXI XAPGPMI(/STHMI · ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participial qualificationἀντι: meaning 'those opposing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
ὕβρει καὶ βασάνῳ ἐτάσωμεν αὐτόν ἵνα γνῶμεν τὴν ἐπιείκειαν αὐτοῦ καὶ δοκιμάσωμεν τὴν ἀνεξικακίαν αὐτοῦ
Let us test him with insult and torment, so that we may know his gentleness and prove his forbearance.
Insult and torture become the chosen means by which they try to measure his character.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὕβρειviolenceN3I DSF · ὕβριςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὕβρις: meaning 'violence'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασάνῳtormentN2 DSF · βάσανοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβάσανος: meaning 'torment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐτάσωμενlet us testVA AAS1P · ἐτάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐτάζω: meaning 'let us test'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῶμενwe may knowVZ AAS1P · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγιγνώσκω: meaning 'we may know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιείκειανclemencyN1A ASF · ἐπιείκειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιείκεια: meaning 'clemency'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δοκιμάσωμενδοκιμάσωμενVA AAS1P · δοκιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδοκιμάζω: meaning 'δοκιμάσωμεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνεξικακίανforbearanceN1A ASF · ἀνεξικακίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνεξικακία: meaning 'forbearance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
20
θανάτῳ ἀσχήμονι καταδικάσωμεν αὐτόν ἔσται γὰρ αὐτοῦ ἐπισκοπὴ ἐκ λόγων αὐτοῦ
Let us condemn him to a shameful death, for there will be a visitation for him according to his words.
The plot culminates in a resolve to impose a shameful death and force God to answer his claims.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
θανάτῳdeathN2 DSM · θάνατοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀσχήμονιshamefulA3 DSM · ἀσχήμωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀσχήμων: meaning 'shameful'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καταδικάσωμενκαταδικάσωμενVA AAS1P · δικάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδικάζω + κατα: meaning 'καταδικάσωμεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπισκοπὴvisitationN1 NSF · ἐπισκοπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπισκοπή: meaning 'visitation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λόγωνthing / wordN2 GPM · λόγοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλόγος: meaning 'thing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
21
ταῦτα ἐλογίσαντο καὶ ἐπλανήθησαν ἀπετύφλωσεν γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἡ κακία αὐτῶν
These things they reasoned and were led astray, for their wickedness blinded them,
The narrator interrupts to expose their reasoning as delusion produced by their own wickedness.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐλογίσαντοimaginedVAI AMI3P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'imagined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλανήθησανthey were led astrayVCI API3P · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπλανάω: meaning 'they were led astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπετύφλωσενblindedVAI AAI3S · τυφλόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτυφλόω + ἀπο: meaning 'blinded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίαwickedness / evilN1A NSF · κακίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
22
καὶ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν μυστήρια θεοῦ οὐδὲ μισθὸν ἤλπισαν ὁσιότητος οὐδὲ ἔκριναν γέρας ψυχῶν ἀμώμων
and they did not know the mysteries of God, nor hope for the reward of holiness, nor discern the prize of blameless souls.
Their blindness is specifically theological: they neither know God's mysteries nor perceive the destiny of holy, blameless souls.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωσανgignoskoVZI AAI3P · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'gignosko'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μυστήριαsecretsN2N APN · μυστήριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμυστήριον: meaning 'secrets'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισθὸνrewardN2 ASM · μισθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἤλπισανhope / trustVAI AAI3P · ἐλπίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐλπίζω: meaning 'hope'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁσιότητοςὁσιότητοςN3T GSF · ὁσιότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁσιότης: meaning 'ὁσιότητος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκρινανκρίνωVAI AAI3P · κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρίνω: meaning 'κρίνω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γέραςprizeN3 NSN · γέραςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγέρας: meaning 'prize'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχῶνlivesN1 GPF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'lives'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀμώμωνblamelessA1B GPF · ἄμωμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄμωμος: meaning 'blameless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
23
ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἔκτισεν τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐπ' ἀφθαρσίᾳ καὶ εἰκόνα τῆς ἰδίας ἀϊδιότητος ἐποίησεν αὐτόν
For God created man for incorruption and made him an image of his own eternity,
The correction begins with creation itself: humanity was made for incorruption and bears God's eternal image.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔκτισενcreateVAI AAI3S · κτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκτίζω: meaning 'create'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀφθαρσίᾳincorruptionN1A DSF · ἀφθαρσίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀφθαρσία: meaning 'incorruption'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰκόναimageN3N ASF · εἰκώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεἰκών: meaning 'image'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδίαςone's ownA1A GSF · ἴδιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἴδιος: meaning 'one's own'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀϊδιότητοςeternityN3T GSF · ἀϊδιότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀϊδιότης: meaning 'eternity'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
24
φθόνῳ δὲ διαβόλου θάνατος εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον πειράζουσιν δὲ αὐτὸν οἱ τῆς ἐκείνου μερίδος ὄντες
but by the envy of the devil death entered into the world, and those who belong to his portion try it.
Death enters the world not from God's design but through the devil's envy, and it is experienced by those who ally themselves with his portion.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
φθόνῳenvyN2 DSM · φθόνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφθόνος: meaning 'envy'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαβόλουdevilN2 GSM · διάβολοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδιάβολος: meaning 'devil'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θάνατοςdeathN2 NSM · θάνατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰσῆλθενwent inVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'went in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόσμονornament / adornmentN2 ASM · κόσμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόσμος: meaning 'ornament'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πειράζουσινtryV1 PAI3P · πειράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπειράζω: meaning 'try'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκείνουthatRD GSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐκείνου: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μερίδοςportionN3D GSF · μερίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὄντεςbeingV9 · παπνπμ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.