1
τότε στήσεται ἐν παρρησίᾳ πολλῇ ὁ δίκαιος κατὰ πρόσωπον τῶν θλιψάντων αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἀθετούντων τοὺς πόνους αὐτοῦ
Then the righteous one will stand with great boldness before the face of those who afflicted him and those who set aside his labors.
The chapter opens at the moment of reversal: the righteous one who was formerly oppressed now stands publicly unashamed before his persecutors.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήσεταιstoodVF FMI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παρρησίᾳboldnessN1A DSF · παρρησίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπαρρησία: meaning 'boldness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πολλῇpollῇA1 DSF · πολύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπολύς: meaning 'pollῇ'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιοςjustA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'just'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θλιψάντωνof those who afflictedVA · ααπγπμ θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπγπμ θλίβω: meaning 'of those who afflicted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀθετούντωνof those setting asideV2 · παπγπμ ἀθετέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ ἀθετέω: meaning 'of those setting aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόνουςpainN2 APM · πόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
2
ἰδόντες ταραχθήσονται φόβῳ δεινῷ καὶ ἐκστήσονται ἐπὶ τῷ παραδόξῳ τῆς σωτηρίας
When they see him, they will be troubled with dreadful fear, and they will be astonished at the unexpectedness of his salvation.
The wicked respond not with control but with terror, because the salvation they mocked appears in a form they did not expect.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἰδόντεςseeVB · ααπνπμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνπμ ὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταραχθήσονταιwill be troubledVQ FPI3P · ταράσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureταράσσω: meaning 'will be troubled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φόβῳfearN2 DSM · φόβοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δεινῷdreadfulA1 DSM · δεινόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδεινός: meaning 'dreadful'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκστήσονταιwill be astoundedVF FMI3P · ἵστημι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι + ἐκ: meaning 'will be astounded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραδόξῳextraordinaryN2 DSM · παράδοξοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπαράδοξος: meaning 'extraordinary'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτηρίαςsalvationN1A GSF · σωτηρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσωτηρία: meaning 'salvation'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
3
ἐροῦσιν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς μετανοοῦντες καὶ διὰ στενοχωρίαν πνεύματος στενάξονται καὶ ἐροῦσιν
Repenting within themselves and groaning because of anguish of spirit, they will say,
Their fear turns inward into repentance and groaning, preparing the extended confession that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐροῦσινsaidVF2 FAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετανοοῦντεςrepentingV2 · παπνπμ νοέω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ νοέω + μετα: meaning 'repenting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
στενοχωρίανanguishN1A ASF · στενοχωρίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστενοχωρία: meaning 'anguish'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πνεύματοςspiritN3M GSN · πνεῦμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
στενάξονταιthey will groanVF FMI3P · στενάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστενάζω: meaning 'they will groan'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσινsaidVF2 FAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
οὗτος ἦν ὃν ἔσχομέν ποτε εἰς γέλωτα καὶ εἰς παραβολὴν ὀνειδισμοῦ οἱ ἄφρονες τὸν βίον αὐτοῦ ἐλογισάμεθα μανίαν καὶ τὴν τελευτὴν αὐτοῦ ἄτιμον
'This is the one whom we once held in derision and as a proverb of reproach. We fools regarded his life as madness and his end as dishonorable.'
The speakers admit that their earlier evaluation of the righteous one was foolish, reducing holiness to madness and disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἦνthere wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'there was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσχομένwe heldVBI AAI1P · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔχω: meaning 'we held'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ποτεeverD · ποτέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastποτε: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γέλωταgelosN3T ASM · γέλωςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγέλως: meaning 'gelos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παραβολὴνa proverbN1 ASF · παραβολήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαραβολή: meaning 'a proverb'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀνειδισμοῦreproachN2 GSM · ὀνειδισμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀνειδισμός: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄφρονεςfoolish menA3N NPM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βίονlifeN2 ASM · βίοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐλογισάμεθαreckonedVAI AMI1P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'reckoned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μανίανμανίανN1A ASF · μανίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμανία: meaning 'μανίαν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τελευτὴνend / deathN1 ASF · τελευτήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτελευτή: meaning 'end'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄτιμονdishonorableA1B ASM · ἄτιμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄτιμος: meaning 'dishonorable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
πῶς κατελογίσθη ἐν υἱοῖς θεοῦ καὶ ἐν ἁγίοις ὁ κλῆρος αὐτοῦ ἐστιν
'How has he been counted among the sons of God, and how is his lot among the holy ones?'
The scandal of the reversal is theological: the one they despised now appears among God's sons and holy ones.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατελογίσθηwas countedVSI API3S · λογίζομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι + κατα: meaning 'was counted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
υἱοῖςsonN2 DPM · υἱόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἁγίοιςholy placesA1A DPM · ἅγιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: meaning 'holy places'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλῆροςlotN2 NSM · κλῆροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκλῆρος: meaning 'lot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
ἄρα ἐπλανήθημεν ἀπὸ ὁδοῦ ἀληθείας καὶ τὸ τῆς δικαιοσύνης φῶς οὐκ ἐπέλαμψεν ἡμῖν καὶ ὁ ἥλιος οὐκ ἀνέτειλεν ἡμῖν
'So then we wandered away from the way of truth, and the light of righteousness did not shine upon us, and the sun did not rise for us.'
The wicked identify their real problem as estrangement from truth and righteousness rather than mere misfortune.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἄραperhapsX · ἄραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἄρα: meaning 'perhaps'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλανήθημενwent astrayVCI API1P · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπλανάω: meaning 'went astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῦroadN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀληθείαςtruthN1A GSF · ἀλήθειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλήθεια: meaning 'truth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φῶςlightN3T NSN · φῶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέλαμψενshone uponVAI AAI3S · λάμπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλάμπω + ἐπι: meaning 'shone upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέτειλενgrow / riseVAI AAI3S · τέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'grow'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
7
ἀνομίας ἐνεπλήσθημεν τρίβοις καὶ ἀπωλείας καὶ διωδεύσαμεν ἐρήμους ἀβάτους τὴν δὲ ὁδὸν κυρίου οὐκ ἐπέγνωμεν
'We were filled with paths of lawlessness and destruction, and we traveled through trackless deserts, but the way of the Lord we did not know.'
Their life is redescribed as a journey through lawlessness and desolation, set against the way of the Lord they never learned.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A GSF · ἀνομίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνεπλήσθημενwe were filledVSI API1P · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'we were filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τρίβοιςpathN2 DPF · τρίβοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτρίβος: meaning 'path'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπωλείαςof destructionN1A GSF · ἀπώλειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'of destruction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διωδεύσαμενwe traveled throughVAI AAI1P · ὁδεύω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁδεύω + δια: meaning 'we traveled through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐρήμουςdesertsN2 APF · ἐρῆμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐρῆμος: meaning 'deserts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀβάτουςtracklessA1B APF · ἄβατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄβατος: meaning 'trackless'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁδὸνroadN2 ASF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέγνωμενwe came to knowVZI AAI1P · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: meaning 'we came to know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
τί ὠφέλησεν ἡμᾶς ἡ ὑπερηφανία καὶ τί πλοῦτος μετὰ ἀλαζονείας συμβέβληται ἡμῖν
'What did arrogance profit us, and what did wealth joined with boastfulness contribute to us?'
Pride and wealth are weighed retrospectively and found unable to produce lasting gain.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τίwhat? who?RI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what? who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὠφέλησενprofitedVA AAI3S · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὠφελέω: meaning 'profited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπερηφανίαarroganceN1A NSF · ὑπερηφανίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑπερηφανία: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhat? who?RI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what? who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πλοῦτοςwealthN2 NSM · πλοῦτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλοῦτος: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀλαζονείαςarroganceN1A GSF · ἀλαζονείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλαζονεία: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συμβέβληταιcontributedVM XMI3S · βάλλω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβάλλω + συν: meaning 'contributed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
9
παρῆλθεν ἐκεῖνα πάντα ὡς σκιὰ καὶ ὡς ἀγγελία παρατρέχουσα
'All those things passed away like a shadow and like a report running by,'
The confession shifts into a sequence of images that portray the passing character of all ungodly advantage.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
παρῆλθενἔρχομαιVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'ἔρχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκεῖναthat / thoseRD NPN · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκεῖνα: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκιὰshadowN1A NSF · σκιάnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκιά: meaning 'shadow'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγγελίαmessage / newsN1A NSF · ἀγγελίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγγελία: meaning 'message'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρατρέχουσαrunning byV1 · παπνσφ τρέχω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ τρέχω + παρα: meaning 'running by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
ὡς ναῦς διερχομένη κυμαινόμενον ὕδωρ ἧς διαβάσης οὐκ ἔστιν ἴχνος εὑρεῖν οὐδὲ ἀτραπὸν τρόπιος αὐτῆς ἐν κύμασιν
'like a ship passing through surging water, after it has gone by there is no track to be found, nor the path of its keel in the waves,'
The wake-less ship image stresses how worldly movement can look forceful while leaving nothing durable behind.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ναῦςναῦςN3 NSF · ναῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceναῦς: meaning 'ναῦς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διερχομένηpassing throughV1 · πμπνσφ ἔρχομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'passing through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κυμαινόμενονsurgingV1 · πμπασν κυμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασν κυμαίνω: meaning 'surging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕδωρwaterN3 ASN · ὕδωρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διαβάσηςhaving gone byVB · ααπγσφ βαίνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπγσφ βαίνω + δια: meaning 'having gone by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἴχνοςtrackN3E ASN · ἴχνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἴχνος: meaning 'track'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὑρεῖνfindVB AAN · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτραπὸνpathN2 ASF · ἀτραπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀτραπός: meaning 'path'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τρόπιοςof its keelN3 GSF · τροπιάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτροπιά: meaning 'of its keel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κύμασινwaveN3M DPN · κῦμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκῦμα: meaning 'wave'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
11
ἢ ὡς ὀρνέου διιπτάντος ἀέρα οὐθὲν εὑρίσκεται τεκμήριον πορείας πληγῇ δὲ μαστιζόμενον ταρσῶν πνεῦμα κοῦφον καὶ σχιζόμενον βίᾳ ῥοίζου κινουμένων πτερύγων διωδεύθη καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο οὐχ εὑρέθη σημεῖον ἐπιβάσεως ἐν αὐτῷ
'or like a bird flying through the air: no proof of its passage is found, though the light wind, beaten by the stroke of its wings and split by the force of their rushing motion, was crossed through, and after this no sign of its passing was found in it,'
The flying bird intensifies the point: even energetic motion leaves no lasting proof once it has passed.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρνέουof a birdN2N GSN · ὄρνεονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄρνεον: meaning 'of a bird'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διιπτάντοςflying throughV6 · παπγσμ ἵπταμαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ἵπταμαι + δια: meaning 'flying through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀέραairN3 ASM · ἀήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀήρ: meaning 'air'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐθὲνουδειςA3 NSN · οὐδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐδείς: meaning 'ουδεις'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὑρίσκεταιis foundV1 PMI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὑρίσκω: meaning 'is found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τεκμήριονproofN2N ASN · τεκμήριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεκμήριον: meaning 'proof'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πορείαςmarchN1A GSF · πορείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπορεία: meaning 'march'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πληγῇblow / woundN1 DSF · πληγήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπληγή: meaning 'blow'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαστιζόμενονbeatenV1 · πμπνσν μαστίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσν μαστίζω: meaning 'beaten'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταρσῶνof its wingsN2 GPM · ταρσόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationταρσός: meaning 'of its wings'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κοῦφονlightA1 NSN · κοῦφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκοῦφος: meaning 'light'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σχιζόμενονsplitV1 · πμπνσν σχίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσν σχίζω: meaning 'split'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βίᾳforceN1A DSF · βίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβία: meaning 'force'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ῥοίζουof rushing soundN2 GSM · ῥοῖζοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationῥοῖζος: meaning 'of rushing sound'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κινουμένωνbeing movedV2 · πμπγπφ κινέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπφ κινέω: meaning 'being moved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτερύγωνwingN3G GPF · πτέρυξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διωδεύθηwas crossed throughVCI API3S · ὁδεύω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁδεύω + δια: meaning 'was crossed through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρέθηfindVC API3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σημεῖονmarkN2 ASN · σημεῖονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσημεῖον: meaning 'mark'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπιβάσεωςof passageN3I GSF · ἐπίβασιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐπίβασις: meaning 'of passage'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷwith himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
ἢ ὡς βέλους βληθέντος ἐπὶ σκοπὸν τμηθεὶς ὁ ἀὴρ εὐθέως εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνελύθη ὡς ἀγνοῆσαι τὴν δίοδον αὐτοῦ
'or like an arrow shot at a target: the air, once divided, immediately returned into itself, so that its path became unknown.'
The arrow image compresses speed and disappearance into a final picture of a path erased almost at once.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βέλουςarrowsN3E GSN · βέλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβέλος: meaning 'arrows'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βληθέντοςhaving been shotVC · αππγσν βάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππγσν βάλλω: meaning 'having been shot'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σκοπὸνas a marker / for gazingN2 ASM · σκοπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκοπός: meaning 'as a marker'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τμηθεὶςhaving been dividedVC · αππνσμ τέμνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ τέμνω: meaning 'having been divided'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀὴρairA3 NSM · ἀήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀήρ: meaning 'air'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐθέωςimmediatelyD · εὐθέωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεὐθέως: meaning 'immediately'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνελύθηreturnedVCI API3S · λύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλύω + ἀνα: meaning 'returned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγνοῆσαιto become unknownVA AAN · ἀγνοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀγνοέω: meaning 'to become unknown'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίοδονpathN2 ASF · δίοδοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίοδος: meaning 'path'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦsame / her / himRD GSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'same'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς γεννηθέντες ἐξελίπομεν καὶ ἀρετῆς μὲν σημεῖον οὐδὲν ἔσχομεν δεῖξαι ἐν δὲ τῇ κακίᾳ ἡμῶν κατεδαπανήθημεν
'So also we, having been born, vanished away and had no sign of virtue to display, but were consumed in our wickedness.'
The wicked apply the images to themselves, confessing that their lives ended without a public sign of virtue.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γεννηθέντεςhaving been bornVC · αππνπμ γεννάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνπμ γεννάω: meaning 'having been born'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξελίπομενvanished awayVBI AAI1P · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'vanished away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρετῆςpraise / excellenceN1 GSF · ἀρετήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀρετή: meaning 'praise'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὲνindeedX · μένadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σημεῖονmarkN2 ASN · σημεῖονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσημεῖον: meaning 'mark'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐδὲνno oneA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσχομενwe have acquiredVBI AAI1P · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔχω: meaning 'we have acquired'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δεῖξαιto showVA AAN · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementδεικνύω: meaning 'to show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίᾳwickedness / evilN1A DSF · κακίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκακία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατεδαπανήθημενwe were consumedVCI API1P · δαπανάομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδαπανάομαι + κατα: meaning 'we were consumed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ὅτι ἐλπὶς ἀσεβοῦς ὡς φερόμενος χνοῦς ὑπὸ ἀνέμου καὶ ὡς πάχνη ὑπὸ λαίλαπος διωχθεῖσα λεπτὴ καὶ ὡς καπνὸς ὑπὸ ἀνέμου διεχύθη καὶ ὡς μνεία καταλύτου μονοημέρου παρώδευσεν
For the hope of the ungodly is like dust carried by the wind, like thin frost driven by a storm, like smoke dispersed by the wind, and like the memory of a guest who stayed only one day and passed on.
The narrator draws the confession to its doctrinal conclusion: ungodly hope is inherently perishable and leaves only momentary traces.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλπὶςἐλπίςN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλπίς: meaning 'ἐλπίς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀσεβοῦςof ungodly manA3H GSM · ἀσεβήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'of ungodly man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φερόμενοςpheroV1 · πμπνσμ φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ φέρω: meaning 'phero'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χνοῦςchaffN3 NSM · χνοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχνοῦς: meaning 'chaff'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνέμουwindN2 GSM · ἄνεμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάχνηfrostN1 NSF · πάχνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπάχνη: meaning 'frost'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λαίλαποςof a stormN3 GSF · λαῖλαψgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαῖλαψ: meaning 'of a storm'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διωχθεῖσαdriven awayVQ · αππνσφ διώκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσφ διώκω: meaning 'driven away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λεπτὴthinA1 NSF · λεπτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλεπτός: meaning 'thin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καπνὸςsmokeN2 NSM · καπνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαπνός: meaning 'smoke'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνέμουwindN2 GSM · ἄνεμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνεμος: meaning 'wind'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διεχύθηwas dispersedVCI API3S · χέω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristχέω + δια: meaning 'was dispersed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μνείαmemorialN1A NSF · μνείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμνεία: meaning 'memorial'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταλύτουof a lodgerN1M GSM · καταλύτηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαταλύτης: meaning 'of a lodger'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μονοημέρουone-dayA1B GSM · μονοήμεροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμονοήμερος: meaning 'one-day'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
παρώδευσενpassed onVAI AAI3S · ὁδεύω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁδεύω + παρα: meaning 'passed on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
δίκαιοι δὲ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ζῶσιν καὶ ἐν κυρίῳ ὁ μισθὸς αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ φροντὶς αὐτῶν παρὰ ὑψίστῳ
But the righteous live forever, and their reward is in the Lord, and their care is with the Most High.
Against the dissolved hope of the wicked, the righteous are described in terms of enduring life, reward, and divine regard.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
δίκαιοιrighteousA1A NPM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ζῶσινliveV3 PAI3P · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζάω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθὸςrewardN2 NSM · μισθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φροντὶςcareN3D NSF · φροντίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφροντίς: meaning 'care'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑψίστῳMost HighA1 DSM · ὕψιστοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὕψιστος: meaning 'Most High'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
16
διὰ τοῦτο λήμψονται τὸ βασίλειον τῆς εὐπρεπείας καὶ τὸ διάδημα τοῦ κάλλους ἐκ χειρὸς κυρίου ὅτι τῇ δεξιᾷ σκεπάσει αὐτοὺς καὶ τῷ βραχίονι ὑπερασπιεῖ αὐτῶν
Therefore they will receive the royal splendor and the diadem of beauty from the hand of the Lord, because with his right hand he will shelter them and with his arm he will defend them.
The righteous are not merely spared; they receive royal dignity and visible honor from the Lord's own hand.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λήμψονταιwill take upVF FMI3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'will take up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασίλειονroyal ruleN2N ASN · βασίλειονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασίλειον: meaning 'royal rule'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐπρεπείαςbeautyN1A GSF · εὐπρέπειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεὐπρέπεια: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διάδημαdiademN3M ASN · διάδημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδιάδημα: meaning 'diadem'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάλλουςbeautyN3E GSN · κάλλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκάλλος: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χειρὸςcheirosN3 GSF · χείρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'cheiros'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιᾷright handA1A DSF · δεξιόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδεξιός: meaning 'right hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σκεπάσειwill shelterVF FAI3S · σκεπάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσκεπάζω: meaning 'will shelter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βραχίονιβραχίωνN3N DSM · βραχίωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβραχίων: meaning 'βραχίων'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑπερασπιεῖwill shieldVF FAI3S · ἀσπίζω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀσπίζω + ὑπερ: meaning 'will shield'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
17
λήμψεται πανοπλίαν τὸν ζῆλον αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁπλοποιήσει τὴν κτίσιν εἰς ἄμυναν ἐχθρῶν
He will take his zeal as armor and will arm creation for defense against enemies.
The chapter now recasts judgment as a theophanic battle in which God's zeal equips creation itself against his enemies.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
λήμψεταιwill takeVF FMI3S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'will take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πανοπλίανfull armorN1A ASF · πανοπλίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπανοπλία: meaning 'full armor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῆλονjealousyN2 ASM · ζῆλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζῆλος: meaning 'jealousy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁπλοποιήσειwill armVF FAI3S · ὁπλοποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὁπλοποιέω: meaning 'will arm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτίσινcreationN3I ASF · κτίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκτίσις: meaning 'creation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄμυνανdefenseN1A ASF · ἄμυναaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄμυνα: meaning 'defense'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐχθρῶνenemyA1A GPM · ἐχθρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
18
ἐνδύσεται θώρακα δικαιοσύνην καὶ περιθήσεται κόρυθα κρίσιν ἀνυπόκριτον
He will put on righteousness as a breastplate and place impartial judgment as a helmet.
Righteousness and impartial judgment are personified as armor, making God's moral order the very substance of his warfare.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐνδύσεταιwill clothe himselfVF FMI3S · δύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδύω + ἐν: meaning 'will clothe himself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θώρακαa breastplateN3K ASM · θώραξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθώραξ: meaning 'a breastplate'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιθήσεταιwill place aroundVF FMI3S · τίθημι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι + περι: meaning 'will place around'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κόρυθαhelmetN3 ASF · κόρυςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόρυς: meaning 'helmet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνυπόκριτονimpartialA1B ASF · ἀνυπόκριτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνυπόκριτος: meaning 'impartial'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
19
λήμψεται ἀσπίδα ἀκαταμάχητον ὁσιότητα
He will take holiness as an invincible shield.
Holiness functions as a shield, showing that divine otherness is itself protective and unconquerable.
Word-by-word analysis· 4 words
λήμψεταιwill takeVF FMI3S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'will take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσπίδαshieldN3D ASF · ἀσπίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσπίς: meaning 'shield'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀκαταμάχητονinvincibleA1B ASF · ἀκαταμάχητοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκαταμάχητος: meaning 'invincible'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁσιότηταholinessN3T ASF · ὁσιότηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁσιότης: meaning 'holiness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
20
ὀξυνεῖ δὲ ἀπότομον ὀργὴν εἰς ῥομφαίαν συνεκπολεμήσει δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ κόσμος ἐπὶ τοὺς παράφρονας
He will sharpen severe wrath into a sword, and the world will join him in battle against the senseless.
Wrath becomes weaponized, and the whole cosmos joins God's campaign against deranged rebellion.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὀξυνεῖwill sharpenVF2 FAI3S · ὀξύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀξύνω: meaning 'will sharpen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπότομονsevereA1B ASF · ἀπότομοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπότομος: meaning 'severe'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀργὴνwrathN1 ASF · ὀργήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ῥομφαίανῥομφαίαN1A ASF · ῥομφαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥομφαία: meaning 'ῥομφαία'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συνεκπολεμήσειwill join in battleVF FAI3S · πολεμέω + συν + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπολεμέω + συν + ἐκ: meaning 'will join in battle'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷwith himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόσμοςworldN2 NSM · κόσμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκόσμος: meaning 'world'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παράφροναςsenseless onesN3N APM · παράφρωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαράφρων: meaning 'senseless ones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
πορεύσονται εὔστοχοι βολίδες ἀστραπῶν καὶ ὡς ἀπὸ εὐκύκλου τόξου τῶν νεφῶν ἐπὶ σκοπὸν ἁλοῦνται
Well-aimed flashes of lightning will go forth, and from the clouds, as from a well-rounded bow, they will leap toward the target.
Lightning is pictured as precise artillery, reinforcing that divine judgment is not chaotic but accurately aimed.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πορεύσονταιπορευομαιVF FMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπορεύομαι: meaning 'πορευομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εὔστοχοιwell-aimedA1B NPF · εὔστοχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὔστοχος: meaning 'well-aimed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βολίδεςmissileN3D NPF · βολίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβολίς: meaning 'missile'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀστραπῶνof lightningN1 GPF · ἀστραπήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀστραπή: meaning 'of lightning'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐκύκλουwell-roundedA1B GSN · εὔκυκλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεὔκυκλος: meaning 'well-rounded'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τόξουbowN2N GSN · τόξονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόξον: meaning 'bow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφῶνof the cloudsN3E GPN · νέφοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνέφος: meaning 'of the clouds'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σκοπὸνas a marker / for gazingN2 ASM · σκοπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκοπός: meaning 'as a marker'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἁλοῦνταιwill leapVF2 FMI3P · ἅλλομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἅλλομαι: meaning 'will leap'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
22
καὶ ἐκ πετροβόλου θυμοῦ πλήρεις ῥιφήσονται χάλαζαι ἀγανακτήσει κατ' αὐτῶν ὕδωρ θαλάσσης ποταμοὶ δὲ συγκλύσουσιν ἀποτόμως
And hailstones full of fury will be hurled from a stone-thrower; the water of the sea will rage against them, and rivers will overwhelm them abruptly.
Sea, hail, and rivers are all conscripted into judgment, turning the natural order into an instrument against the wicked.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πετροβόλουstone-throwerA1B GSM · πετροβόλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπετροβόλος: meaning 'stone-thrower'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θυμοῦwrathN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πλήρειςfullA3H NPM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ῥιφήσονταιwill be hurledVF FMI3P · ῥίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureῥίπτω: meaning 'will be hurled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χάλαζαιhailstonesN1A NPF · χάλαζαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: meaning 'hailstones'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγανακτήσειwill rageVF FAI3S · ἀγανακτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀγανακτέω: meaning 'will rage'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατ'according toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ποταμοὶriverN2 NPM · ποταμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συγκλύσουσινwill overwhelmVF FAI3P · κλύζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκλύζω + συν: meaning 'will overwhelm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀποτόμωςabruptlyD · ἀποτόμωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἀποτόμως: meaning 'abruptly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
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ἀντιστήσεται αὐτοῖς πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ὡς λαῖλαψ ἐκλικμήσει αὐτούς καὶ ἐρημώσει πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἀνομία καὶ ἡ κακοπραγία περιτρέψει θρόνους δυναστῶν
A mighty wind will stand against them, and like a tempest it will winnow them away; and lawlessness will lay waste the whole earth, and evil-doing will overturn the thrones of rulers.
The chapter ends with storm, devastation, and political collapse: injustice does not merely suffer privately but overturns the thrones built on it.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἀντιστήσεταιἵστημι + ἀντιVF FMI3S · ἵστημι + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'ἵστημι + ἀντι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δυνάμεωςforceN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαῖλαψtempestN3 NSF · λαῖλαψnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαῖλαψ: meaning 'tempest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκλικμήσειwill winnow awayVF FAI3S · λικμάω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλικμάω + ἐκ: meaning 'will winnow away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρημώσειshall lay wasteVF FAI3S · ἐρημόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐρημόω: meaning 'shall lay waste'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνομίαlawlessnessN1A NSF · ἀνομίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακοπραγίαevil-doingN1A NSF · κακοπραγίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακοπραγία: meaning 'evil-doing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
περιτρέψειwill overturnVF FAI3S · τρέπω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτρέπω + περι: meaning 'will overturn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θρόνουςθρόνοςN2 APM · θρόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθρόνος: meaning 'θρόνος'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δυναστῶνrulerN1M GPM · δυνάστηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδυνάστης: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.