Exodus 27 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

καὶ ποιήσεις θυσιαστήριον ἐκ ξύλων ἀσήπτων πέντε πήχεων τὸ μῆκος καὶ πέντε πήχεων τὸ εὖρος τετράγωνον ἔσται τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ τριῶν πήχεων τὸ ὕψος αὐτοῦ

And you shall make an altar of incorruptible wood, five cubits the length and five cubits the breadth — the altar shall be square — and three cubits its height.

New construction-command opening the altar unit (main instructional sequence)καὶ ποιήσεις

The chapter opens with the volitive future ποιήσεις, the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew construct-future וְעָשִׂיתָ ('and you shall make') that governs the whole Tabernacle-instruction block. The measurements are given in the genitive of measure (πήχεων), and the parenthetical τετράγωνον ἔσται ('it shall be square') interrupts the dimension-list to stress the altar's perfect symmetry.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis linking instruction-units)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command addressed to Moses)→ volitive/imperatival future (command, not mere prediction)ποιέω: 'make / do / construct'; the future ποιήσεις renders the Hebrew construct-perfect וְעָשִׂיתָ, a volitive future that functions as a binding command; it is the leitmotif verb of chs. 25–31, recurring some dozen times in this chapter alone and structuring the whole Tabernacle blueprint as a chain of divine directives.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar', lit. 'place of sacrifice'; a Hellenistic-Jewish coinage (from θυσιάζω) which the LXX uses for the legitimate Israelite altar, reserving βωμός for pagan altars; renders Hebrew מִזְבֵּחַ; here the great bronze altar of burnt offering that stood in the court before the tent.

ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (material: 'made of')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive of material: 'out of / made of'; a common LXX construction for the substance from which an object is fashioned.

ξύλωνwood / timbersGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'wood / timber / tree'; the plural denotes worked planks or timbers; renders עֲצֵי, the construct plural of עֵץ.

ἀσήπτωνincorruptible / not-rottingGenitiveattributive adjective (genitive, modifying ξύλων)→ relational specificationἄσηπτος: 'not liable to decay, incorruptible' (α-privative + σήπω, 'to rot'); the LXX's standard rendering of עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים ('acacia wood'); the translators chose a quality-term ('rot-proof wood') over the unfamiliar species-name, since acacia was prized precisely for its durability — fitting for sacred furniture meant to endure.

πέντεfivenumeral (modifying πήχεων)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable cardinal; renders חָמֵשׁ; with πήχεων it gives the altar's length.

πήχεωνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure (with τὸ μῆκος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πήχεων / πηχῶν): 'cubit', the forearm-length measure (~44–52 cm); renders אַמָּה; the genitive of measure ('of five cubits') specifies dimension; the altar is thus a substantial structure roughly 2.3 m square.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μῆκος, accusative of respect)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('five cubits in length')→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; renders אֹרֶךְ; the accusative of respect specifies the dimension to which the measure applies; paired below with εὖρος ('breadth') and ὕψος ('height') to give the altar's three dimensions.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πέντεfivenumeral (modifying πήχεων)→ measure or countπέντε: the repeated 'five cubits' for the breadth establishes the square plan made explicit in τετράγωνον below.

πήχεωνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure (with τὸ εὖρος)→ relational specificationπήχεων: meaning 'cubits'; it serves as genitive of measure (with τὸ εὖρος).

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with εὖρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εὖροςbreadthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('five cubits in breadth')→ object specificationεὖρος: 'breadth / width'; renders רֹחַב; equal to the length, hence the altar is square in plan.

τετράγωνονsquare / four-corneredNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται: 'shall be square')→ participant prominenceτετράγωνος: 'four-cornered, square' (τετρα- + γωνία); renders רָבוּעַ; the parenthetical insistence on the square plan stresses the altar's geometric perfection and prepares for the four horns at the four corners (v. 2).

ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicate-nominative construction with τετράγωνον)→ predictive/prescriptive future (specifying required form)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the prescriptive future here describes a required state ('the altar shall be square'), parallel in force to the volitive ποιήσεις.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον, subject of ἔσται)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceθυσιαστήριον: repeated as the subject of the parenthetical; the resumption of the noun (rather than a pronoun) is a Hebraizing feature reflecting the explicit הַמִּזְבֵּחַ of the source.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming the dimension-list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral (genitive of measure, with πήχεων)→ relational specificationτρεῖς, τρία (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; renders שָׁלֹשׁ; gives the altar's height — half its width, so a low, broad structure.

πήχεωνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure (with τὸ ὕψος)→ relational specificationπήχεων: meaning 'cubits'; it serves as genitive of measure (with τὸ ὕψος).

τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὕψος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὕψοςheightNominativenominative of respect/specification ('its height, three cubits')→ participant prominenceὕψος: 'height'; renders קוֹמָה; completes the three-dimensional specification of the altar.

αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὕψος: 'its height')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ὕψος: 'its height').

καὶ ποιήσεις τὰ κέρατα ἐπὶ τῶν τεσσάρων γωνιῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἔσται τὰ κέρατα καὶ καλύψεις αὐτὰ χαλκῷ

And you shall make the horns upon the four corners; out of it shall the horns be, and you shall overlay them with bronze.

Continuation of the altar-command (the horns)καὶ ποιήσεις

The horns (κέρατα) at the four corners are integral to the altar — ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἔσται ('they shall be out of it'), i.e. of one piece, not attached separately. The fronted ἐξ αὐτοῦ stresses this organic unity. The horns were the holiest points, smeared with sacrificial blood (29:12; Lev 4:7) and grasped for asylum (1 Kgs 1:50).

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: the construction-leitmotif recurs; here governing the making of the horns.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κέρατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κέραταhornsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationκέρας (pl. κέρατα): 'horn'; renders קַרְנֹת; the projecting upturned corners of the altar; they were the points of maximal sanctity, anointed with blood in the purification rites (29:12) and seized by fugitives claiming asylum (1 Kgs 1:50; 2:28).

ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position: 'upon the corners')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon / at'; locating the horns at the corners.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with γωνιῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τεσσάρωνfourGenitivenumeral (attributive, modifying γωνιῶν)→ relational specificationτέσσαρες (gen. τεσσάρων): 'four'; renders אַרְבַּע; one horn at each of the altar's four corners, matching the square plan of v. 1.

γωνιῶνcorners / anglesGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationγωνία: 'corner / angle'; renders פִּנֹּת / כְּנָפֹת; the four upper corners of the square altar.

ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (source/origin, fronted for emphasis)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ before vowel) + genitive: 'out of'; the fronted ἐξ αὐτοῦ stresses that the horns are integral to the altar-body, worked from the same piece (Heb. מִמֶּנּוּ תִּהְיֶיןָ).

αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (referring to the altar)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐξ (referring to the altar).

ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with κέρατα as subject; verb agrees with neuter plural in the singular)→ prescriptive future (required form)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the singular verb with a neuter-plural subject (τὰ κέρατα) is standard Greek concord; prescribes that the horns be of one piece with the altar.

τὰtheNominativearticle (with κέρατα, subject of ἔσται)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κέραταhornsNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceκέρας: repeated as subject; the resumptive noun reflects the explicit Hebrew.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καλύψειςyou shall overlay / coverFut Act Indic 2 Sg · καλύπτωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)καλύπτω: 'cover / overlay'; renders צִפָּה ('overlay / plate'); the bronze plating shields the wooden core from the altar fire; cf. the cognate noun καλυπτήρ ('cover') in v. 3.

αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (neuter plural, referring to the horns/altar)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (neuter plural, referring to the horns/altar).

χαλκῷwith bronzeDativedative of material/means ('with bronze')→ sphere or referenceχαλκός: 'bronze / copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; bronze is the characteristic metal of the court and its altar (as gold is of the inner sanctuary), marking a gradation of holiness from the outer to the inner space.

καὶ ποιήσεις στεφάνην τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ καὶ τὸν καλυπτῆρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς φιάλας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς κρεάγρας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ πυρεῖον αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ποιήσεις χαλκᾶ

And you shall make a rim for the altar, and its lid, and its bowls, and its flesh-hooks, and its fire-pan; and all its vessels you shall make of bronze.

Continuation: the altar's vessels and fittingsκαὶ ποιήσεις

An inventory of the altar's service-vessels, each marked by the possessive αὐτοῦ ('its'). The list culminates in a summarising clause, πάντα τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ποιήσεις χαλκᾶ ('all its vessels you shall make of bronze'), with the verb ποιήσεις repeated at the end (a Hebraizing inclusio bracketing the list).

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: governs the list of vessels that follows.

στεφάνηνrim / moldingAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationστεφάνη: 'rim / border / molding' (lit. 'crown / coping'); an ornamental encircling band on the altar; cf. the gold στεφάνη of the table and ark in ch. 25.

τῷfor theDativearticle (with θυσιαστηρίῳ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίῳaltarDativedative of advantage/possession ('for the altar')→ sphere or referenceθυσιαστήριον (dat.): the rim and the following vessels all belong to the altar; the dative marks it as the beneficiary of the fittings.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with καλυπτῆρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καλυπτῆραlid / coverAccusativedirect object (coordinate with στεφάνην)→ object specificationκαλυπτήρ: 'cover / lid' (from καλύπτω); a vessel for clearing/covering the altar — the LXX's rendering of יָע ('ash-shovel / pan'); cognate with καλύψεις in v. 2.

αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with φιάλας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

φιάλαςbowls / basinsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationφιάλη: 'bowl / shallow basin'; renders מִזְרָק ('dashing-basin'), used to catch and dash the sacrificial blood against the altar.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with κρεάγρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρεάγραςflesh-hooksAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationκρεάγρα: 'flesh-hook' (κρέας 'meat' + ἀγρέω 'seize'); renders מִזְלָגֹת; the forks used to handle the sacrificial flesh on the altar (cf. 1 Sam 2:13).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πυρεῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πυρεῖονfire-pan / censerAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationπυρεῖον: 'fire-pan / censer' (from πῦρ, 'fire'); renders מַחְתֹּת; a pan for carrying live coals from the altar; the same vessels figure tragically in the Korah narrative (Num 16).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the summarising clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πάνταallAccusativeadjective (with σκεύη: 'all the vessels')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the neuter plural πάντα agrees with σκεύη and rounds off the inventory comprehensively.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σκεύηvessels / implementsAccusativedirect object of the second ποιήσεις→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement / equipment'; renders כֵּלִים; a summarising collective for all the altar's service-utensils.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (resumptive, closing the list)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: the repeated ποιήσεις at the verse's end brackets the vessel-list as an inclusio (ποιήσεις … ποιήσεις), a Hebraizing resumption echoing the source-syntax.

χαλκᾶof bronzeAccusativepredicate adjective (material: 'as bronze [things]')→ object specificationχαλκοῦς (n. pl. χαλκᾶ): 'made of bronze'; the contracted adjective agrees with σκεύη; all the altar's utensils share the bronze of the altar itself, keeping the court's metal uniform.

καὶ ποιήσεις αὐτῷ ἐσχάραν ἔργῳ δικτυωτῷ χαλκῆν καὶ ποιήσεις τῇ ἐσχάρᾳ τέσσαρας δακτυλίους χαλκοῦς ἐπὶ τὰ τέσσαρα κλίτη

And you shall make for it a grate of latticework, of bronze; and you shall make for the grate four bronze rings on the four sides.

Continuation: the bronze grate and its ringsκαὶ ποιήσεις

The ἐσχάρα ('grate / hearth') of net-work is the altar's most technically distinctive feature; ἔργῳ δικτυωτῷ ('with lattice-work') is a dative of manner describing its perforated, net-like construction. The four rings (δακτυλίους) anchored at the four sides anticipate the carrying-poles of vv. 6–7.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: governs the making of the grate.

αὐτῷfor itDativedative of advantage ('for the altar')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'for it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage ('for the altar').

ἐσχάρανgrate / hearthAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἐσχάρα: 'hearth / brazier / grate'; renders מִכְבָּר ('grating / network'); the perforated bronze grating set within or beneath the altar to support the fire and let ashes fall; a key technical term repeated through vv. 4–5.

ἔργῳwith work / of workmanshipDativedative of manner (with δικτυωτῷ: 'in lattice-work')→ sphere or referenceἔργον: 'work / workmanship'; renders מַעֲשֵׂה; the phrase ἔργῳ δικτυωτῷ ('with net-work workmanship') describes the technique by which the grate is fashioned, a standard LXX construction for craftsmanship-type.

δικτυωτῷlatticed / net-likeDativeattributive adjective (with ἔργῳ)→ sphere or referenceδικτυωτός: 'made like a net, latticed' (from δίκτυον, 'net'); renders רֶשֶׁת ('netting'); describes the open, mesh-like form of the grate, allowing air and ash to pass.

χαλκῆνof bronzeAccusativeattributive adjective (material, agreeing with ἐσχάραν)→ object specificationχαλκοῦς (f. χαλκῆ, acc. χαλκῆν): 'of bronze'; the feminine form agrees with ἐσχάραν; keeps the altar's metal uniform.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: governs the making of the rings.

τῇfor theDativearticle (with ἐσχάρᾳ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐσχάρᾳgrateDativedative of advantage ('for the grate')→ sphere or referenceἐσχάρα (dat.): the rings are fitted to the grate; repetition of the technical term within the verse marks its centrality to the altar's design.

τέσσαραςfourAccusativenumeral (modifying δακτυλίους)→ object specificationτέσσαρες (acc. τέσσαρας): 'four'; one ring for each side, matching the four-cornered/four-sided symmetry of the altar.

δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring' (from δάκτυλος, 'finger'); renders טַבָּעֹת; the rings receive the carrying-poles (φορεῖς) of vv. 6–7; the same word is used for the rings of the ark and table.

χαλκοῦςof bronzeAccusativeattributive adjective (material, agreeing with δακτυλίους)→ object specificationχαλκοῦς (acc. pl. χαλκοῦς): 'of bronze'; agrees with δακτυλίους.

ἐπὶupon / onpreposition + accusative (placement: 'on the sides')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'on / at'; locating the rings on the altar's sides.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κλίτη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τέσσαραfourAccusativenumeral (attributive, modifying κλίτη)→ measure or countτέσσαρες (n. pl. τέσσαρα): 'four'; the four sides.

κλίτηsidesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκλίτος (pl. κλίτη): 'side / flank'; renders פֵּאֹת / קְצָוֺת; here the four sides of the altar; the same word recurs through the court-description (vv. 9–15) for the four sides of the court.

καὶ ὑποθήσεις αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν ἐσχάραν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου κάτωθεν ἔσται δὲ ἡ ἐσχάρα ἕως τοῦ ἡμίσους τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου

And you shall set them under the grate of the altar, from below; and the grate shall reach to the half of the altar.

Continuation: positioning the grate and ringsκαὶ ὑποθήσεις

The grate is set midway down the altar (ἕως τοῦ ἡμίσους, 'to the half'), with the rings beneath it (ὑπὸ … κάτωθεν). The double locative ὑπό … κάτωθεν ('under … from below') is emphatic, fixing the grate's vertical placement within the hollow altar-frame.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑποθήσειςyou shall set under / place beneathFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ὑποτίθημιmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ὑποτίθημι: 'place under / set beneath' (ὑπό + τίθημι); the compound matches the spatial sense; here the rings are positioned underneath the grate; renders the Hebrew נָתַן with directional sense.

αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (masc. pl., referring to the rings of v. 4)→ participant referencethe masculine plural pronoun resumes δακτυλίους ('rings') from v. 4.

ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under the grate')→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + accusative: 'under / beneath'; placing the rings below the grate.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐσχάραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐσχάρανgrateAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό→ object specificationἐσχάρα: the grate again; the rings sit beneath it.

τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of possession ('the grate of the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον (gen.): the grate belongs to the altar's structure.

κάτωθενfrom below / underneathadverb of place (reinforcing ὑπό)→ clausal contributionκάτωθεν: 'from below / beneath'; renders מִלְּמַטָּה; reinforces the under-placement; the double locative ὑπό … κάτωθεν is emphatic.

ἔσταιshall be / shall reachFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with ἡ ἐσχάρα as subject)→ prescriptive future (required position)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; here with ἕως ('reach as far as'), specifying the grate's vertical extent.

δὲand / nowmild continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle marking the next specification within the grate-instruction.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἐσχάρα, subject of ἔσται)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐσχάραgrateNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceἐσχάρα (nom.): the grate as subject; its vertical reach is now specified.

ἕωςas far as / topreposition + genitive (extent: 'up to the half')→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'as far as / up to'; here marking the grate's vertical reach to the altar's mid-height.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμίσους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμίσουςhalfGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('to the half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς (gen. ἡμίσους): 'half'; renders חֵצִי; the grate sits at the altar's mid-height — i.e. the ledge runs around the altar halfway up, with the grate set within it.

τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of the whole ('the half of the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον (gen.): partitive genitive fixing the mid-height reference-point.

καὶ ποιήσεις τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ φορεῖς ἐκ ξύλων ἀσήπτων καὶ περιχαλκώσεις αὐτοὺς χαλκῷ

And you shall make for the altar carrying-poles of incorruptible wood, and you shall overlay them round about with bronze.

Continuation: the carrying-polesκαὶ ποιήσεις

The φορεῖς ('carrying-poles') of acacia, bronze-sheathed (περιχαλκώσεις), make the altar portable for the wilderness march; the material echoes v. 1 (ξύλων ἀσήπτων) and v. 2 (χαλκῷ), binding the altar's components into a uniform scheme.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: governs the making of the poles.

τῷfor theDativearticle (with θυσιαστηρίῳ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίῳaltarDativedative of advantage ('for the altar')→ sphere or referenceθυσιαστήριον (dat.): the poles are made for the altar's transport.

φορεῖςcarrying-poles / stavesAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationφορεύς (pl. φορεῖς): 'carrier / carrying-pole' (from φέρω, 'bear'); renders בַּדִּים ('poles / staves'); the bars by which the altar is borne; the same term is used for the poles of the ark and table.

ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive of material: 'made of'.

ξύλωνwood / timbersGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationξύλον (pl.): 'wood / timber'; the poles share the acacia of the altar-body (v. 1).

ἀσήπτωνincorruptible / rot-proofGenitiveattributive adjective (with ξύλων)→ relational specificationἄσηπτος: 'incorruptible'; the LXX's rendering of שִׁטִּים ('acacia'); see on v. 1.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

περιχαλκώσειςyou shall overlay round with bronzeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · περιχαλκόωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)περιχαλκόω: 'overlay/encase all round with bronze' (περί + χαλκόω); a rare technical compound; renders צִפָּה … נְחֹשֶׁת; the περί- stresses the complete sheathing of the wooden poles, matching the gold-sheathed poles of the ark (περιχρυσόω at 25:13).

αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the poles)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the poles).

χαλκῷwith bronzeDativedative of material/means→ sphere or referenceχαλκός: 'bronze'; the dative of means; the poles, like the altar, are bronze-clad.

καὶ εἰσάξεις τοὺς φορεῖς εἰς τοὺς δακτυλίους καὶ ἔστωσαν οἱ φορεῖς κατὰ τὰ πλευρὰ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ἐν τῷ αἴρειν αὐτό

And you shall bring the carrying-poles into the rings, and let the poles be along the sides of the altar when it is lifted.

Continuation: inserting the poles for transportκαὶ εἰσάξεις

The poles are threaded through the rings and run along the altar's flanks; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ αἴρειν αὐτό ('in the lifting of it') is a temporal Hebraism (rendering בִּשְׂאֵת אֹתוֹ) specifying that this arrangement serves the act of carrying. The third-person imperative ἔστωσαν ('let them be') prescribes the poles' resting position.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἰσάξειςyou shall bring in / insertFut Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)εἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead into' (εἰς + ἄγω); here 'insert' the poles into the rings; renders הֵבִיא; the same verb of insertion is used for the ark's poles (25:14).

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with φορεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

φορεῖςcarrying-polesAccusativedirect object of εἰσάξεις→ object specificationφορεύς: the poles of v. 6, now inserted into the rings.

εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of insertion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: 'into'.

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with δακτυλίους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

δακτυλίουςringsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationδακτύλιος: the rings of v. 4 receive the poles.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔστωσανlet them bePres Act Impv 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (third-person imperative)→ imperative of state (prescribing resting position)εἰμί (impv. ἔστωσαν): 'let them be'; the third-person imperative prescribes the poles' permanent position alongside the altar, ready for carrying.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with φορεῖς, subject)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

φορεῖςcarrying-polesNominativesubject of ἔστωσαν→ participant prominenceφορεύς: the poles as subject.

κατὰalong / bypreposition + accusative (position: 'along the sides')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'along / at'; locating the poles along the altar's flanks.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πλευρὰ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πλευρὰsides / flanksAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationπλευρόν (pl. πλευρά): 'side / rib / flank'; renders צַלְעֹת ('sides'); the poles lie along the two long sides of the altar.

τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of possession ('the sides of the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον (gen.): the altar whose sides the poles flank.

ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive: temporal Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative articular infinitive: 'in/while/when …-ing'; ἐν τῷ αἴρειν renders the Hebrew temporal infinitive construct בִּשְׂאֵת ('when lifting'); a frequent LXX calque.

τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive αἴρειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αἴρεινto lift / carryPres Act Infin · αἴρωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when it is lifted')→ temporal-circumstantial (action concurrent with carrying)αἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; renders נָשָׂא; the articular infinitive with ἐν τῷ marks the occasion — the poles are positioned for the moment of transport.

αὐτόitAccusativeaccusative subject/object of the infinitive (the altar)→ participant referencethe neuter pronoun refers to τὸ θυσιαστήριον — 'when (one) lifts it.'

κοῖλον σανιδωτὸν ποιήσεις αὐτό κατὰ τὸ παραδειχθέν σοι ἐν τῷ ὄρει οὕτως ποιήσεις αὐτό

Hollow, made of boards, you shall make it; according to what was shown you on the mountain, so shall you make it.

Concluding command for the altar (the model-clause)κοῖλον σανιδωτὸν ποιήσεις

The altar is to be κοῖλον σανιδωτόν ('hollow, of boards') — a box-frame, not a solid mass. The verse closes the altar-unit with the controlling model-clause κατὰ τὸ παραδειχθέν σοι ἐν τῷ ὄρει ('according to what was shown you on the mountain'), the theological anchor of the whole Tabernacle blueprint (cf. 25:9, 40), echoed at Heb 8:5. The fronting of the predicates κοῖλον σανιδωτόν and the resumptive οὕτως … αὐτό frame the verse as an emphatic inclusio.

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

κοῖλονhollowAccusativepredicate adjective (proleptic, with αὐτό)→ object specificationκοῖλος: 'hollow / concave'; renders נְבוּב ('hollow'); the altar is a hollow box-frame, not solid — fronted for emphasis as the defining structural fact.

σανιδωτὸνmade of boards / plankedAccusativepredicate adjective (with κοῖλον, modifying αὐτό)→ object specificationσανιδωτός: 'made of planks/boards' (from σανίς, 'plank'); renders לֻחֹת ('boards / planks'); a rare technical adjective; together with κοῖλον it describes the altar as a board-built hollow chest filled, presumably, with earth or stones in use.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: the construction-leitmotif; here with the proleptic predicates 'hollow, planked.'

αὐτόitAccusativedirect object (the altar)→ participant referencethe neuter pronoun refers to τὸ θυσιαστήριον.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/norm: 'according to')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / in conformity with'; introduces the model-clause; renders כְּ-.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the participle παραδειχθέν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

παραδειχθένwhat was shown / displayedAor Pass Ptcp Acc Sg Neut · παραδείκνυμιsubstantival participle (object of κατά: 'the thing shown')→ resultative aorist passive (a revelation already given)παραδείκνυμι: 'show / display / exhibit (alongside)' (παρά + δείκνυμι); renders הָרְאָה ('was caused to see / was shown'); the substantival passive participle τὸ παραδειχθέν ('the thing shown you') refers to the heavenly pattern (τύπος, 25:40) revealed to Moses on Sinai; the divine passive leaves YHWH the implicit shower.

σοιto youDativedative of indirect object (with the participle: 'shown to you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; Moses is the recipient of the mountain-revelation.

ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the mountain')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'on / in'.

τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; renders הַר; Mount Sinai, the place of the pattern's disclosure (cf. 24:15–18; 25:40); the mountain-revelation grounds the Tabernacle's legitimacy.

οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner (resumptive: 'so')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; renders כֵּן; the correlative κατὰ … οὕτως ('according to … so') frames the conformity-clause; the resumption emphasises exact obedience to the heavenly model.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (resumptive, closing the altar-unit)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: the second ποιήσεις forms an inclusio with the first in the verse, sealing the altar-instruction with a demand for exact conformity to the pattern.

αὐτόitAccusativedirect object (the altar)→ participant referencethe neuter pronoun refers again to the altar, closing the unit.

καὶ ποιήσεις αὐλὴν τῇ σκηνῇ εἰς τὸ κλίτος τὸ πρὸς λίβα ἱστία τῆς αὐλῆς ἐκ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης μῆκος ἑκατὸν πηχῶν τῷ ἑνὶ κλίτει

And you shall make a court for the dwelling: on the side toward the south-west, hangings for the court of fine twined linen, a hundred cubits in length for the one side;

New unit: the court of the Tabernacle (vv. 9–19)καὶ ποιήσεις

The instruction shifts from the altar to the surrounding court (αὐλή). The LXX orders the sides by an Egyptian-Mediterranean compass idiom; λίψ (lit. the SW wind) here names the long southern side. The hangings (ἱστία) of fine twined linen run a hundred cubits along one side.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the court-unit)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ volitive/imperatival future (command)ποιέω: the leitmotif now governs the making of the court.

αὐλὴνcourt / courtyardAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationαὐλή: 'court / enclosure / courtyard'; renders חָצֵר; the open rectangular enclosure surrounding the Tabernacle, screened by linen hangings; within it stood the bronze altar (vv. 1–8) and the laver.

τῇfor theDativearticle (with σκηνῇ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σκηνῇtent / dwellingDativedative of advantage ('for the dwelling')→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle / dwelling'; renders מִשְׁכָּן / אֹהֶל; the dwelling whose precinct the court encloses; the term becomes a theological keyword (cf. σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, v. 21).

εἰςfor / towardpreposition + accusative (orientation: 'on the side')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here directional/orientational, 'toward / on the side of.'

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κλίτος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κλίτοςsideAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationκλίτος: 'side / quarter'; here one of the court's four sides; the same word used for the altar's sides in v. 4.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with πρὸς λίβα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the south-west')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'toward'; used in the compass-formulae of the court-description (πρὸς λίβα, πρὸς ἀπηλιώτην, πρὸς νότον).

λίβαsouth-west / Libyan quarterAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (compass direction)→ object specificationλίψ (acc. λίβα): properly the SW wind (from Libya); in the LXX compass idiom it designates the south/south-west; renders Hebrew נֶגֶב ('south / Negeb'); this is the long southern side of the court.

ἱστίαhangings / curtainsNominativenominative (heading the specification: 'hangings … a hundred cubits')→ participant prominenceἱστίον (pl. ἱστία): 'sail / hanging / curtain'; renders קְלָעִים ('hangings / screens'); the linen panels forming the court's walls; the word's nautical origin (a ship's sail) fits the large stretches of cloth.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with αὐλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐλῆςcourtGenitivegenitive of possession ('hangings of the court')→ relational specificationαὐλή (gen.): the hangings belong to the court enclosure.

ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive of material.

βύσσουfine linen / byssusGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen / byssus'; renders שֵׁשׁ; the costly Egyptian flax-linen of the sanctuary fabrics; the court hangings are of plain (undyed) fine linen, in contrast to the colored gate-screen (v. 16).

κεκλωσμένηςtwined / twistedPerf Pass Ptcp Gen Sg Fem · κλώθωattributive participle (with βύσσου: 'twined linen')→ stative perfect (settled quality: 'twisted-thread')κλώθω: 'spin / twist (thread)'; the perfect passive participle κεκλωσμένη ('twined / twisted') renders מָשְׁזָר ('twisted'); βύσσος κεκλωσμένη ('fine twined linen') is the fixed sanctuary formula for high-grade multi-ply linen thread; the perfect marks the finished, twisted state.

μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('a hundred cubits in length')→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; the long southern side runs a hundred cubits (~46 m).

ἑκατὸνhundrednumeral (modifying πηχῶν)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; indeclinable; renders מֵאָה; the length of the long sides of the court.

πηχῶνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πηχῶν): 'cubit'; the genitive of measure.

τῷfor theDativearticle (with ἑνὶ κλίτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑνὶoneDativenumeral adjective (with κλίτει: 'for the one side')→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; renders אֶחָד; 'for the one side' — i.e. this measurement applies to the first (southern) side.

κλίτειsideDativedative of reference ('for the one side')→ sphere or referenceκλίτος (dat. κλίτει): 'side'; the dative of reference fixes the dimension to this one side.

καὶ οἱ στῦλοι αὐτῶν εἴκοσι καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν εἴκοσι χαλκαῖ καὶ οἱ κρίκοι αὐτῶν καὶ αἱ ψαλίδες αὐτῶν ἀργυραῖ

and their pillars twenty, and their sockets twenty, of bronze; and their rings and their fillets of silver.

Continuation: pillars, sockets, rings and fillets of the south sideκαὶ οἱ στῦλοι

A verbless inventory-clause (typical of the court-description) listing the supports of the southern hangings: twenty pillars, twenty bronze sockets, with silver rings and fillets. The material gradation — bronze for the load-bearing feet, silver for the upper fittings — recurs throughout the court.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with στῦλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

στῦλοιpillars / postsNominativesubject of a verbless clause ('their pillars [are] twenty')→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar / post / column'; renders עַמּוּדִים; the upright posts from which the hangings are suspended; a key court-term repeated through vv. 10–17.

αὐτῶνtheir / of themGenitivegenitive of reference (the pillars of the hangings)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: 'of them'; refers to the hangings (ἱστία) — i.e. the pillars belonging to that side's hangings.

εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (predicate: 'twenty')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable; renders עֶשְׂרִים; twenty pillars span the hundred-cubit side (one every five cubits).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsockets / basesNominativesubject of verbless clause ('their sockets [are] twenty')→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'base / pedestal / socket' (lit. 'step / footing'); renders אֲדָנִים ('sockets'); the metal feet into which the pillars are set; here bronze, the structural metal of the court.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of reference→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of reference.

εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (predicate)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: one socket per pillar, hence twenty.

χαλκαῖof bronzeNominativepredicate adjective (material, agreeing with βάσεις)→ participant prominenceχαλκοῦς (f. pl. χαλκαῖ): 'of bronze'; the sockets are bronze — the load-bearing feet share the court's structural metal.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with κρίκοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρίκοιrings / hooksNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceκρίκος: 'ring / hook / clasp'; renders וָוִים ('hooks') or the connecting rings; the silver hooks from which the hangings hang on the pillars; here distinguished from the structural δακτύλιοι of the altar.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with ψαλίδες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ψαλίδεςfillets / connecting-rodsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceψαλίς (pl. ψαλίδες): lit. 'arch / band / shears'; in the LXX court-vocabulary it renders חֲשֻׁקִים ('fillets / connecting-bands / rods'), the silver rods or bands joining the tops of the pillars; here silver, matching the κρίκοι.

ἀργυραῖof silverNominativepredicate adjective (material, with κρίκοι/ψαλίδες)→ participant prominenceἀργυροῦς (f. pl. ἀργυραῖ): 'of silver'; renders כֶּסֶף; the upper fittings (rings and fillets) are silver, while the feet are bronze — a consistent material gradation in the court.

οὕτως τῷ κλίτει τῷ πρὸς ἀπηλιώτην ἱστία ἑκατὸν πηχῶν μῆκος καὶ οἱ στῦλοι αὐτῶν εἴκοσι καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν εἴκοσι χαλκαῖ καὶ οἱ κρίκοι καὶ αἱ ψαλίδες τῶν στύλων καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν περιηργυρωμέναι ἀργύρῳ

Likewise for the side toward the east, hangings a hundred cubits in length; and their pillars twenty, and their sockets twenty, of bronze; and the rings and the fillets of the pillars, and their sockets, overlaid round with silver.

Continuation: the second long (eastern) side, matching the firstοὕτως τῷ κλίτει

The eastern long side replicates the southern (οὕτως, 'likewise'). The closing participle περιηργυρωμέναι ('overlaid round with silver') with the redundant dative ἀργύρῳ is a Hebraizing pleonasm intensifying the silver-plating of the upper fittings.

Word-by-word analysis· 35 words

οὕτωςlikewise / soadverb of manner (comparative: 'in the same way')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / likewise'; signals that the eastern side matches the southern described in vv. 9–10.

τῷfor theDativearticle (with κλίτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κλίτειsideDativedative of reference ('for the side')→ sphere or referenceκλίτος (dat.): the second long side of the court.

τῷtheDativearticle (attributive, with πρὸς ἀπηλιώτην)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (compass direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'toward'.

ἀπηλιώτηνeastAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (compass direction)→ object specificationἀπηλιώτης (acc. ἀπηλιώτην): 'east wind / east' (lit. 'the [wind] from the sun'); renders Hebrew the side toward the sunrise (קֵדְמָה / מִזְרָח); the eastern long side in the LXX's compass scheme.

ἱστίαhangingsNominativenominative (heading the specification)→ participant prominenceἱστίον: the linen hangings, as in v. 9.

ἑκατὸνhundrednumeral (with πηχῶν)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; the eastern side equals the southern in length.

πηχῶνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl.): 'cubit.'

μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('in length')→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; as in v. 9.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with στῦλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

στῦλοιpillarsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar'; twenty, as on the southern side.

εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (predicate)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty.'

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket / base'; twenty bronze sockets.

εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (predicate)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty.'

χαλκαῖof bronzeNominativepredicate adjective (material, with βάσεις)→ participant prominenceχαλκοῦς (f. pl. χαλκαῖ): 'of bronze'; the sockets are bronze.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with κρίκοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρίκοιrings / hooksNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceκρίκος: 'ring / hook'; the silver hooks of the hangings.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with ψαλίδες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ψαλίδεςfilletsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceψαλίς: 'fillet / connecting-band'; the silver rods joining the pillar-tops.

τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with στύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

στύλωνpillarsGenitivegenitive of possession ('the fillets of the pillars')→ relational specificationστῦλος (gen. pl. στύλων): the rings and fillets belong to the pillars.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause (the fittings just listed)→ participant prominenceβάσις: here resuming the upper fittings collectively described as silver-plated.

περιηργυρωμέναιoverlaid round with silverPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Fem · περιαργυρόωpredicate participle (periphrastic: 'are silver-plated')→ stative perfect (resultant plated condition)περιαργυρόω: 'overlay/encase all round with silver' (περί + ἀργυρόω); a rare technical compound paralleling περιχαλκόω (v. 6) and περιχρυσόω; the perfect passive participle describes the finished silver-plating; the redundant dative ἀργύρῳ ('with silver') is a Hebraizing pleonasm.

ἀργύρῳwith silverDativedative of material (pleonastic with περιηργυρωμέναι)→ sphere or referenceἄργυρος: 'silver'; the dative of material reinforces the participle — a Hebraism mirroring the cognate-internal idiom of the source.

τὸ δὲ εὖρος τῆς αὐλῆς τὸ κατὰ θάλασσαν ἱστία πεντήκοντα πηχῶν στῦλοι αὐτῶν δέκα καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν δέκα

And the breadth of the court on the seaward (west) side: hangings of fifty cubits; their pillars ten, and their sockets ten.

Continuation: the western (seaward) end of the courtτὸ δὲ εὖρος

δέ marks the shift from the long sides to the short western end; κατὰ θάλασσαν ('toward the sea') is the LXX's idiom for west (the Mediterranean lay west of Palestine). The breadth is half the length — fifty cubits, ten pillars, ten sockets — giving the court its 2:1 proportion.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

τὸtheNominativearticle (with εὖρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

δὲand / nowmild continuative (post-positive, marking the shift to the short side)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; marks the transition from the long sides to the western breadth.

εὖροςbreadth / widthNominativenominative (heading the specification of the short side)→ participant prominenceεὖρος: 'breadth'; renders רֹחַב; the short (western) dimension of the court.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with αὐλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐλῆςcourtGenitivegenitive of possession ('the breadth of the court')→ relational specificationαὐλή (gen.): the court.

τὸtheNominativearticle (attributive, with κατὰ θάλασσαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κατὰtoward / bypreposition + accusative (orientation: 'toward the sea = west')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'toward / facing'; κατὰ θάλασσαν is the LXX idiom for the western side (the Mediterranean lay to the west).

θάλασσανsea / westAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (compass direction)→ object specificationθάλασσα (acc. θάλασσαν): 'sea'; renders Hebrew יָם ('sea / west'), which in Hebrew geography designates west; here the seaward = western short end of the court.

ἱστίαhangingsNominativenominative (heading the specification)→ participant prominenceἱστίον: the linen hangings, here fifty cubits for the west end.

πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (with πηχῶν)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; renders חֲמִשִּׁים; the breadth is half the length, giving the court a 100×50-cubit rectangle.

πηχῶνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl.): 'cubit.'

στῦλοιpillarsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar'; ten for the fifty-cubit side.

δέκαtennumeral (predicate)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable; renders עֲשָׂרָה; half the count of the long sides, matching the halved length.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket'; ten, one per pillar.

δέκαtennumeral (predicate)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; the sockets match the pillars.

καὶ εὖρος τῆς αὐλῆς τὸ πρὸς νότον ἱστία πεντήκοντα πήχεων στῦλοι αὐτῶν δέκα καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν δέκα

And the breadth of the court on the south side: hangings of fifty cubits; their pillars ten, and their sockets ten.

Continuation: the eastern gate-end of the court (here named πρὸς νότον)καὶ εὖρος

The fourth side (the front, containing the gate) is again fifty cubits, ten pillars, ten sockets — matching v. 12. The LXX's compass-labels here (πρὸς νότον, 'toward the south') differ from the Masoretic orientation; the front-end's fifty cubits are subdivided in vv. 14–16 into two fifteen-cubit flanks and a twenty-cubit gate.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εὖροςbreadthNominativenominative (heading the specification)→ participant prominenceεὖρος: 'breadth'; the fourth side, again the short dimension.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with αὐλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐλῆςcourtGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐλή (gen.): the court.

τὸtheNominativearticle (attributive, with πρὸς νότον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (compass direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'toward'.

νότονsouthAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (compass direction)→ object specificationνότος (acc. νότον): 'south wind / south'; the LXX uses νότος for the front (gate) end of the court here; the divergence from the Masoretic east-front reflects the LXX's distinctive court-orientation scheme.

ἱστίαhangingsNominativenominative (heading the specification)→ participant prominenceἱστίον: the hangings, here fifty cubits.

πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (with πήχεων)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; the breadth of the front end.

πήχεωνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πήχεων): 'cubit'; the alternate genitive-plural form (cf. πηχῶν in vv. 9, 11, 12) appears interchangeably in the LXX.

στῦλοιpillarsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar'; ten.

δέκαtennumeral (predicate)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket'; ten.

δέκαtennumeral (predicate)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; sockets matching pillars.

καὶ πεντεκαίδεκα πήχεων τὸ ὕψος τῶν ἱστίων τῷ κλίτει τῷ ἑνί στῦλοι αὐτῶν τρεῖς καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν τρεῖς

And fifteen cubits the height of the hangings for the one flank: their pillars three, and their sockets three;

Continuation: the first gate-flank of the front sideκαὶ πεντεκαίδεκα

The fifty-cubit front is subdivided: two flanks of fifteen cubits each (vv. 14–15) on either side of a twenty-cubit gate (v. 16), totalling 15+20+15 = 50. Each flank has three pillars and three sockets. (The LXX's ὕψος, 'height', here stands where the Hebrew reads קְלָעִים, the hanging-stretch; the figure of fifteen is the run of cloth for each shoulder.)

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πεντεκαίδεκαfifteennumeral (with πήχεων)→ clausal contributionπεντεκαίδεκα: 'fifteen' (πέντε καὶ δέκα); indeclinable; renders חֲמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה; the run of hangings on each side of the gate.

πήχεωνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πήχεων): 'cubit'.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὕψος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὕψοςheight / extentNominativenominative (the measured dimension of this flank)→ participant prominenceὕψος: 'height'; here used loosely for the measured stretch of the hangings on this flank; the LXX's choice of ὕψος (where the Hebrew has the hanging-run) is one of several court-measurement quirks in the Greek.

τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἱστίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱστίωνhangingsGenitivegenitive of possession ('the height of the hangings')→ relational specificationἱστίον (gen. pl. ἱστίων): the hangings of this flank.

τῷfor theDativearticle (with κλίτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κλίτειside / flankDativedative of reference ('for the one flank')→ sphere or referenceκλίτος (dat. κλίτει): 'side / flank'; here one of the two shoulders flanking the gate.

τῷtheDativearticle (with ἑνί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑνίoneDativenumeral adjective ('for the one [flank]')→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; the first of the two gate-flanks (paired with τὸ δεύτερον in v. 15).

στῦλοιpillarsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar'; three for the fifteen-cubit flank.

τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (predicate)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; renders שְׁלֹשָׁה; three pillars per flank.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket'; three.

τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (predicate)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; sockets matching pillars.

καὶ τὸ κλίτος τὸ δεύτερον δέκα πέντε πηχῶν τῶν ἱστίων τὸ ὕψος στῦλοι αὐτῶν τρεῖς καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν τρεῖς

and the second flank: fifteen cubits the height of the hangings; their pillars three, and their sockets three.

Continuation: the second gate-flank (mirroring v. 14)καὶ τὸ κλίτος τὸ δεύτερον

The second flank mirrors the first: fifteen cubits, three pillars, three sockets. Note the variation in the numeral expression — δέκα πέντε ('ten-five') here against the single word πεντεκαίδεκα in v. 14, a stylistic variant the translator allows.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with κλίτος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κλίτοςflank / sideNominativenominative (heading the specification of the second flank)→ participant prominenceκλίτος: 'side / flank'; the second of the two gate-shoulders.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with δεύτερον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

δεύτερονsecondNominativeattributive adjective (with κλίτος: 'the second flank')→ participant prominenceδεύτερος: 'second'; renders שֵׁנִית; the second flank balancing 'the one' (τῷ ἑνί) of v. 14.

δέκαtennumeral (with πέντε: '15')→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; here combined as δέκα πέντε ('fifteen'), a variant of πεντεκαίδεκα in v. 14.

πέντεfivenumeral (with δέκα: '15')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; δέκα πέντε = 'fifteen'.

πηχῶνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πηχῶν): 'cubit'.

τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἱστίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱστίωνhangingsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἱστίον (gen. pl.): the hangings of this flank.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὕψος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὕψοςheight / extentNominativenominative (the measured dimension)→ participant prominenceὕψος: 'height / extent'; as in v. 14, the measured run of cloth for this flank.

στῦλοιpillarsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar'; three.

τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (predicate)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket'; three.

τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (predicate)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; sockets matching pillars.

καὶ τῇ πύλῃ τῆς αὐλῆς κάλυμμα εἴκοσι πηχῶν τὸ ὕψος ἐξ ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας καὶ κοκκίνου κεκλωσμένου καὶ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης τῇ ποικιλίᾳ τοῦ ῥαφιδευτοῦ στῦλοι αὐτῶν τέσσαρες καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν τέσσαρες

And for the gate of the court a screen, twenty cubits in extent, of blue and purple and twined scarlet and fine twined linen, with the variegated work of the embroiderer: their pillars four, and their sockets four.

Continuation: the gate-screen of the courtκαὶ τῇ πύλῃ

The gate (πύλη) alone breaks the plain white of the court with the full four-color sanctuary palette — ὑάκινθος, πορφύρα, κόκκινον, βύσσος — worked by the ῥαφιδευτής ('embroiderer'). At twenty cubits it completes the front (15+20+15 = 50). The colored, embroidered screen marks the threshold of holy space, materially graded between the plain court-hangings and the richer veils within.

Word-by-word analysis· 32 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τῇfor theDativearticle (with πύλῃ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πύλῃgateDativedative of advantage ('for the gate')→ sphere or referenceπύλη: 'gate / gateway'; renders שַׁעַר; the single entrance to the court, on the front side; the gate-screen is the only colored hanging of the court.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with αὐλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐλῆςcourtGenitivegenitive of possession ('the gate of the court')→ relational specificationαὐλή (gen.): the court.

κάλυμμαscreen / coveringNominativenominative (heading the specification of the gate-screen)→ participant prominenceκάλυμμα: 'covering / veil / screen' (from καλύπτω); renders מָסָךְ ('screen'); the hanging that closes the court's gateway; distinct from the inner καταπέτασμα ('veil', v. 21) before the holy of holies.

εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with πηχῶν)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; the gate-screen spans twenty cubits, with the two fifteen-cubit flanks completing the fifty-cubit front.

πηχῶνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl.): 'cubit'.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὕψος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὕψοςheight / extentNominativenominative (the measured dimension of the screen)→ participant prominenceὕψος: 'height / extent'; the twenty-cubit span of the gate-screen (matching the ὕψος-usage of vv. 14–15).

ἐξofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ) + genitive of material.

ὑακίνθουblue / violetGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐξ)→ relational specificationὑάκινθος: 'blue / violet (wool)'; renders תְּכֵלֶת; the first of the three sacral dyes, a deep blue-violet from the murex; the standard sanctuary palette of ὑάκινθος / πορφύρα / κόκκινον recurs throughout chs. 25–28.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πορφύραςpurpleGenitivegenitive of material (coordinate)→ relational specificationπορφύρα: 'purple (wool)'; renders אַרְגָּמָן; the red-purple murex dye; the second of the sacral colors, connoting royalty.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κοκκίνουscarletGenitivegenitive of material (coordinate)→ relational specificationκόκκινον: 'scarlet (wool)' (from κόκκος, the kermes berry/insect); renders תּוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי ('crimson worm'); the third sacral color.

κεκλωσμένουtwined / twistedPerf Pass Ptcp Gen Sg Neut · κλώθωattributive participle (with κοκκίνου: 'twined scarlet')→ stative perfect (settled quality)κλώθω: 'spin / twist'; the perfect passive participle marks the scarlet wool as multi-ply twisted thread; here agreeing with κοκκίνου (neuter).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material (coordinate)→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen / byssus'; renders שֵׁשׁ; the fourth fabric, the fine white linen ground into which the colored wool is worked.

κεκλωσμένηςtwined / twistedPerf Pass Ptcp Gen Sg Fem · κλώθωattributive participle (with βύσσου: 'twined linen')→ stative perfect (settled quality)κλώθω: the perfect passive participle (fem., agreeing with βύσσου); βύσσος κεκλωσμένη is the fixed sanctuary formula for fine twined linen, as in v. 9.

τῇwith theDativearticle (with ποικιλίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ποικιλίᾳvariegated work / embroideryDativedative of manner ('with the variegated work')→ sphere or referenceποικιλία: 'variegation / many-colored work / embroidery'; renders the work of רֹקֵם ('embroiderer'); the screen is many-colored needlework, distinguishing it from the woven (ḥōšēb) cherubim-work of the inner veils.

τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ῥαφιδευτοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ῥαφιδευτοῦembroiderer / needleworkerGenitivegenitive of source/agent ('the embroiderer's [work]')→ relational specificationῥαφιδευτής: 'embroiderer / needleworker' (from ῥαφίς, 'needle'); renders רֹקֵם; the craftsman who produces the variegated needlework of the gate-screen; the term is technical, distinguishing this work from the ὑφαντής ('weaver').

στῦλοιpillarsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar'; four for the twenty-cubit gate.

τέσσαρεςfourNominativenumeral (predicate)→ measure or countτέσσαρες: 'four'; renders אַרְבָּעָה; four pillars carry the gate-screen.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket'; four.

τέσσαρεςfourNominativenumeral (predicate)→ measure or countτέσσαρες: 'four'; sockets matching pillars.

πάντες οἱ στῦλοι τῆς αὐλῆς κύκλῳ κατηργυρωμένοι ἀργυρίῳ καὶ αἱ κεφαλίδες αὐτῶν ἀργυραῖ καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν χαλκαῖ

All the pillars of the court round about, overlaid with silver; and their capitals of silver, and their sockets of bronze.

Summary: the metalwork of all the court pillarsπάντες οἱ στῦλοι

A summarising clause gathering all the court's pillars (πάντες … κύκλῳ, 'all … round about'): their shafts silver-banded, their capitals (κεφαλίδες) silver, their sockets (βάσεις) bronze. The consistent silver-above / bronze-below gradation crowns the court-description.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

πάντεςallNominativeadjective (with στῦλοι: 'all the pillars')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the masculine plural πάντες gathers every pillar of the court into the summarising statement.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with στῦλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

στῦλοιpillarsNominativesubject of the verbless/participial clause→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar'; the court's posts collectively.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with αὐλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐλῆςcourtGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐλή (gen.): the court.

κύκλῳround about / all aroundadverb of place (dative used adverbially: 'all around')→ clausal contributionκύκλῳ: 'round about / in a circle'; the dative of κύκλος used adverbially; renders סָבִיב; embraces the whole perimeter of the court.

κατηργυρωμένοιoverlaid with silverPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · καταργυρόωpredicate participle (periphrastic: 'are silver-overlaid')→ stative perfect (resultant plated condition)καταργυρόω: 'overlay/plate with silver' (κατά intensive + ἀργυρόω); cf. περιαργυρόω (v. 11); the perfect passive participle describes the finished silver-banding of the pillar-shafts; with the dative ἀργυρίῳ it forms a Hebraizing internal construction.

ἀργυρίῳwith silverDativedative of material (with κατηργυρωμένοι)→ sphere or referenceἀργύριον: 'silver'; the dative of material reinforcing the participle (pleonastic, as in v. 11).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with κεφαλίδες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κεφαλίδεςcapitals / headsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceκεφαλίς (pl. κεφαλίδες): 'capital / head / top' (diminutive of κεφαλή); renders רָאשִׁים / חֲשֻׁקֵיהֶם; the silver tops/caps of the pillars; the term also denotes the 'tops' of the pillars elsewhere in the Tabernacle texts.

ἀργυραῖof silverNominativepredicate adjective (material, with κεφαλίδες)→ participant prominenceἀργυροῦς (f. pl. ἀργυραῖ): 'of silver'; the capitals are silver, continuing the silver-above gradation.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket'; the feet, here bronze.

χαλκαῖof bronzeNominativepredicate adjective (material, with βάσεις)→ participant prominenceχαλκοῦς (f. pl. χαλκαῖ): 'of bronze'; the sockets bronze — sealing the court's consistent metal gradation (silver above, bronze below).

τὸ δὲ μῆκος τῆς αὐλῆς ἑκατὸν ἐφ᾿ ἑκατόν καὶ εὖρος πεντήκοντα ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα καὶ ὕψος πέντε πηχῶν ἐκ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης καὶ αἱ βάσεις αὐτῶν χαλκαῖ

And the length of the court a hundred by a hundred, and the breadth fifty by fifty, and the height five cubits, of fine twined linen; and their sockets of bronze.

Summary: the overall dimensions and fabric of the courtτὸ δὲ μῆκος

A recapitulating dimension-statement: the court measures a hundred (long) by fifty (wide) by five cubits (the height of the hangings), all of fine twined linen, the sockets bronze. The idiom ἑκατὸν ἐφ᾿ ἑκατόν ('a hundred upon/by a hundred') is a Hebraizing way of expressing the full run of both long sides; the LXX figure is schematic rather than strictly geometric.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

τὸtheNominativearticle (with μῆκος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

δὲand / nowmild continuative (post-positive, introducing the summary)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; marks the recapitulating overview of the court's dimensions.

μῆκοςlengthNominativenominative (heading the dimension-summary)→ participant prominenceμῆκος: 'length'; the court's long dimension.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with αὐλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐλῆςcourtGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐλή (gen.): the court.

ἑκατὸνhundrednumeral (predicate)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; the length.

ἐφ᾿by / uponpreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'a hundred by a hundred')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (ἐφ᾿ before rough breathing) + accusative: 'upon / by'; the idiom ἑκατὸν ἐφ᾿ ἑκατόν ('a hundred by a hundred') is a Hebraizing way of stating that both long sides run a hundred cubits.

ἑκατόνhundrednumeral (object of ἐφ᾿)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; the repetition expresses both long sides.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εὖροςbreadthNominativenominative (second dimension)→ participant prominenceεὖρος: 'breadth'; the court's short dimension.

πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (predicate)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; the breadth.

ἐπὶby / uponpreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'fifty by fifty')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: as in ἑκατὸν ἐφ᾿ ἑκατόν; both short ends run fifty cubits.

πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (object of ἐπί)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; repetition expresses both short ends.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὕψοςheightNominativenominative (third dimension)→ participant prominenceὕψος: 'height'; here the genuine vertical height of the hangings — five cubits.

πέντεfivenumeral (with πηχῶν)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; the height of the court's linen wall.

πηχῶνcubitsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl.): 'cubit'; the five-cubit height (~2.3 m) screens the court from outside view.

ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive of material.

βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; the court hangings are of plain fine twined linen (only the gate is colored).

κεκλωσμένηςtwinedPerf Pass Ptcp Gen Sg Fem · κλώθωattributive participle (with βύσσου)→ stative perfect (settled quality)κλώθω: the perfect passive participle; βύσσος κεκλωσμένη ('fine twined linen'), the fixed sanctuary formula (cf. vv. 9, 16).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with βάσεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βάσειςsocketsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceβάσις: 'socket'; the feet.

χαλκαῖof bronzeNominativepredicate adjective (material, with βάσεις)→ participant prominenceχαλκοῦς (f. pl. χαλκαῖ): 'of bronze'; the sockets are bronze, repeating the gradation of v. 17.

καὶ πᾶσα ἡ κατασκευὴ καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐργαλεῖα καὶ οἱ πάσσαλοι τῆς αὐλῆς χαλκοῖ

And all the furnishing, and all the tools, and the pegs of the court, of bronze.

Closing summary of the court-unit: all its bronze fittingsκαὶ πᾶσα ἡ κατασκευὴ

A threefold totalising clause (πᾶσα … πάντα … οἱ πάσσαλοι) closes the court-description: every piece of equipment, every tool, and the tent-pegs are of bronze. The predicate χαλκοῖ ('of bronze') seals the unit's defining metal and rounds off the court-pericope before the transition to the oil-command.

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πᾶσαallNominativeadjective (with κατασκευὴ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (f. πᾶσα): 'all'; embraces the whole furnishing of the court.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with κατασκευὴ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κατασκευὴfurnishing / equipmentNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceκατασκευή: 'furnishing / equipment / apparatus' (from κατασκευάζω, 'to fit out'); renders כְּלֵי ('vessels / equipment'); the collective gear of the court.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πάνταallNominativeadjective (with ἐργαλεῖα)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (n. pl. πάντα): 'all'; with τὰ ἐργαλεῖα.

τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἐργαλεῖα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐργαλεῖαtools / implementsNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceἐργαλεῖον (pl. ἐργαλεῖα): 'tool / implement' (from ἔργον, 'work'); the working utensils used in erecting and serving the court.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with πάσσαλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πάσσαλοιpegs / stakesNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceπάσσαλος: 'peg / stake / tent-pin'; renders יְתֵדֹת ('pegs'); the bronze stakes anchoring the court-hangings and their cords to the ground.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with αὐλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐλῆςcourtGenitivegenitive of possession ('the pegs of the court')→ relational specificationαὐλή (gen.): the court whose equipment is here totalised.

χαλκοῖof bronzeNominativepredicate adjective (material, with all three subjects)→ participant prominenceχαλκοῦς (m. pl. χαλκοῖ): 'of bronze'; the masculine plural agrees by attraction with the nearest/most prominent subject (πάσσαλοι); all the court's hardware is bronze, sealing the unit's defining metal.

καὶ σὺ σύνταξον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ λαβέτωσάν σοι ἔλαιον ἐξ ἐλαίων ἄτρυγον καθαρὸν κεκομμένον εἰς φῶς καῦσαι ἵνα κάηται λύχνος διὰ παντός

And you yourself charge the sons of Israel, and let them take for you pure, settled, beaten olive oil for the light, to burn, that a lamp may be kept burning continually.

Transition: from architecture to cult — the oil for the lamp (vv. 20–21)καὶ σὺ σύνταξον

The emphatic καὶ σύ ('and you yourself') and the aorist imperative σύνταξον mark a shift from the fabrication-futures of the court to a direct command for the people's offering. The oil is to be ἄτρυγον καθαρὸν κεκομμένον ('settled, pure, beaten') — the finest first-pressing — for a perpetual flame (λύχνος διὰ παντός). The verse pivots the narrative from the tent's structure to its liturgy and opens onto the priesthood of ch. 28.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction (marking the transition to the oil-command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σὺyou (yourself)Nominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with σύνταξον)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic personal pronoun; καὶ σύ ('and you yourself') renders וְאַתָּה, singling Moses out as the one to charge the people — a fronted emphasis marking the turn from blueprint to liturgical mandate.

σύνταξονcharge / command / give ordersAor Act Impv 2 Sg · συντάσσωmain verb (imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (issue the command)συντάσσω: 'order / instruct / charge' (σύν + τάσσω, 'arrange'); renders צִוָּה ('command'); the aorist imperative directs Moses to issue a binding charge to Israel; the verb is the standard LXX term for a formal divine/Mosaic ordinance.

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοῖςsonsDativedative (indirect object: those charged)→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX rendering of בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל; the people as a whole are charged to provide the oil.

ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the covenant people, here the donors of the lamp-oil.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking command and its purpose-action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

λαβέτωσάνlet them take / bringAor Act Impv 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (third-person imperative: the people's response)→ ingressive aorist imperative (let them procure)λαμβάνω (impv. λαβέτωσαν): 'take / bring / procure'; renders לָקַח; the third-person imperative directs the people to bring the oil to Moses (σοι); the verb of 'taking' here carries the sense of contributing an offering (cf. 25:2).

σοιfor you / to youDativedative of advantage ('let them bring to you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to/for you'; Moses receives the oil on the sanctuary's behalf.

ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of λαβέτωσαν→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the fuel for the sanctuary lamp; the following adjectives specify it as the highest grade.

ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source/material: 'from olives')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ) + genitive: 'from'; ἐξ ἐλαίων ('from olives') specifies the source — olive oil proper, pressed from the fruit.

ἐλαίωνolives / olive-treesGenitivegenitive of source (object of ἐξ)→ relational specificationἐλαία (gen. pl. ἐλαιῶν, here ἐλαίων): 'olive / olive-tree'; renders זַיִת; the source of the oil; the play on ἔλαιον / ἐλαίων ('oil … from olives') mirrors the Hebrew שֶׁמֶן … זַיִת.

ἄτρυγονsettled / lees-free / clearAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἔλαιον)→ object specificationἄτρυγος: 'without dregs / clear / unfermented' (α-privative + τρύξ, 'lees / dregs'); a quality-term the LXX adds; describes oil free of sediment — the clearest, purest grade for a clean-burning, smokeless flame.

καθαρὸνpure / cleanAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἔλαιον)→ object specificationκαθαρός: 'pure / clean'; renders זָךְ ('pure'); ritual and physical purity converge — the oil must be unadulterated, fit for sacred use.

κεκομμένονbeaten / poundedPerf Pass Ptcp Acc Sg Neut · κόπτωattributive participle (with ἔλαιον: 'beaten oil')→ stative perfect (resultant prepared state)κόπτω: 'beat / pound / cut'; the perfect passive participle κεκομμένον renders כָּתִית ('beaten / pounded'); 'beaten oil' is the first oil obtained by crushing (not pressing) the olives in a mortar — the finest, clearest grade, reserved for the lamp (cf. Lev 24:2).

εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for the light')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: 'for / unto'; expressing purpose.

φῶςlightAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationφῶς: 'light'; renders מָאוֹר ('luminary / light'); the purpose of the oil — to fuel the sanctuary's light.

καῦσαιto burn / kindleAor Act Infin · καίωinfinitive of purpose (with εἰς φῶς: 'for light, to burn')→ purposive aorist infinitive (intended kindling)καίω: 'kindle / burn / set alight'; the aorist infinitive of purpose; together with εἰς φῶς it states the oil's function — to be burned for illumination.

ἵναso thatconjunction (introducing purpose clause with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'so that / in order that'; introduces the purpose clause with the subjunctive κάηται.

κάηταιmay burn / be kept burningPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · καίωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive after ἵνα)→ durative present subjunctive (continuous burning)καίω (pres. subj. mid/pass.): 'burn / be kindled'; the present subjunctive expresses ongoing, uninterrupted burning; together with διὰ παντός it makes the lamp a perpetual flame.

λύχνοςlampNominativesubject of κάηται→ participant prominenceλύχνος: 'lamp'; renders נֵר; the lamp of the seven-branched lampstand (λυχνία, ch. 25); the perpetual lamp signifies the abiding divine presence.

διὰthrough / continuallypreposition + genitive (in the idiom διὰ παντός: 'continually')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + genitive: in the fixed phrase διὰ παντός ('throughout all [time], continually'); renders תָּמִיד ('continually / perpetually').

παντόςall / continuallyGenitivegenitive (object of διά, in the idiom 'continually')→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. παντός): 'all'; διὰ παντός = 'continually'; the lamp is to burn without interruption, an everlasting sign before the LORD.

ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἔξωθεν τοῦ καταπετάσματος τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαθήκης καύσει αὐτὸ Ααρων καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ ἀφ᾿ ἑσπέρας ἕως πρωὶ ἐναντίον κυρίου νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν παρὰ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ

In the tent of witness, outside the veil that is over the covenant, Aaron and his sons shall burn it from evening until morning before the LORD — a perpetual statute for your generations, on behalf of the sons of Israel.

Conclusion: the priestly tending of the lamp as perpetual statute (bridge to ch. 28)ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου

The fronted locative ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου … ἔξωθεν τοῦ καταπετάσματος sets the scene precisely: the lamp stands in the holy place, outside the veil before the ark. Aaron and his sons (named here for the first time in the instruction-block) are charged with the nightly tending (ἀφ᾿ ἑσπέρας ἕως πρωί). The closing νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('a perpetual statute for your generations') is the standard priestly-ordinance formula, and the introduction of the priests pivots directly into their consecration in ch. 28.

Word-by-word analysis· 35 words

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, fronted)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'in'; the fronted locative phrase establishes the lamp's setting before naming the agents.

τῇtheDativearticle (with σκηνῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σκηνῇtentDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('the tent of witness') is the LXX's standard rendering of אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting').

τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μαρτυρίουwitness / testimonyGenitivegenitive of description ('tent of witness')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness / testimony'; renders מוֹעֵד ('meeting') and עֵדוּת ('testimony'); the LXX's σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου fuses 'witness' for both, the testimony being the covenant-tablets housed in the ark.

ἔξωθενoutsidepreposition/adverb + genitive (position: 'outside the veil')→ spatial or relational framingἔξωθεν: 'outside / on the outer side of' (+ gen.); renders מִחוּץ; locates the lamp in the holy place, on the outer (eastern) side of the veil — accessible to the priests without entering the holy of holies.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with καταπετάσματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καταπετάσματοςveil / curtainGenitivegenitive object of ἔξωθεν→ relational specificationκαταπέτασμα: 'veil / curtain' (from καταπετάννυμι, 'spread down'); renders פָּרֹכֶת; the inner veil screening the holy of holies (distinct from the court's κάλυμμα, v. 16); the same veil torn at the crucifixion (Matt 27:51).

τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantival, with ἐπὶ τῆς διαθήκης: 'that which is over the covenant')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + genitive (position: 'over the covenant')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over / upon'; the veil hangs over (before) the ark of the covenant.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί ('over the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders בְּרִית and (here) עֵדוּת ('testimony'); the ark containing the covenant-tablets, over which the veil hangs; διαθήκη is the LXX's chosen term (over against συνθήκη) stressing the covenant as God's sovereign disposition.

καύσειshall burn / keep burningFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καίωmain verb (the priestly action; singular with compound subject)→ prescriptive future (perpetual cultic duty)καίω: 'kindle / keep burning / tend (a flame)'; the prescriptive future assigns the tending of the lamp to the priests; the singular verb precedes its compound subject (Ααρων καὶ οἱ υἱοί), standard Greek when the verb stands first.

αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the lamp/light)→ participant referencethe neuter pronoun refers to the light/lamp of v. 20 (τὸ φῶς / the lamp's flame).

ΑαρωνAaronsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; Moses' brother, the first high priest; his naming here (the first time in the Tabernacle-instructions) anticipates the priestly consecration of ch. 28.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (coordinate with Ααρων)→ participant prominenceυἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'son'; Aaron's sons — the priestly line (Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar, 28:1) — share the duty of tending the lamp.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his sons')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his sons').

ἀφ᾿frompreposition + genitive (temporal start: 'from evening')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (ἀφ᾿ before rough breathing) + genitive: 'from'; marking the start of the nightly watch.

ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive of time (object of ἀφ᾿: 'from evening')→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; renders עֶרֶב; the lamp is lit at evening; ἀφ᾿ ἑσπέρας ἕως πρωί ('from evening until morning') defines the nightly span of the lamp's burning.

ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal end: 'until morning')→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'until'; the end-point of the watch.

πρωὶmorningadverb of time (object of ἕως: 'until morning')→ clausal contributionπρωί: 'morning / early'; renders בֹּקֶר; the lamp burns through the night; the morning-to-evening cycle of priestly tending becomes a fixed liturgical rhythm (cf. Lev 24:3).

ἐναντίονbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive ('before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the lamp burns 'before the LORD,' in the divine presence enthroned above the ark behind the veil.

κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the lamp's perpetual flame is a service rendered directly to YHWH's presence.

νόμιμονstatute / ordinanceNominativenominative in apposition (predicative summary: '[this is] a statute')→ participant prominenceνόμιμον: 'statute / lawful ordinance' (substantivized neuter of νόμιμος); renders חֻקָּה ('statute'); the appositional νόμιμον αἰώνιον is the fixed priestly-legislation formula declaring the ordinance permanently binding.

αἰώνιονperpetual / everlastingNominativeattributive adjective (with νόμιμον)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'eternal / perpetual'; renders עוֹלָם; νόμιμον αἰώνιον ('a perpetual statute') binds the lamp-duty on Israel's priesthood for all generations.

εἰςfor / untopreposition + accusative (extent: 'for your generations')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: 'for / unto'; extending the statute across time.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with γενεὰς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('for your generations')→ object specificationγενεά (acc. pl. γενεάς): 'generation'; renders דֹּרֹת; εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('throughout your generations') is the standard formula for a perpetually binding cultic obligation.

ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your generations')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your'; the second-person plural addresses Israel collectively, for whom the statute holds.

παρὰfrom / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (source/agency: 'from / on behalf of')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + genitive: 'from (the side of)'; παρὰ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ marks the people as the source of the oil — the perpetual lamp is sustained by the standing contribution of the whole community.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of παρά ('from the sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the donors of the oil; the verse ends by returning to the people, framing the priestly duty (Aaron's) and the lay obligation (Israel's) as the two poles of the perpetual cult.

ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people whose standing gift sustains the lamp; the chapter closes on the community, poised at the threshold of the priesthood-instructions of ch. 28.

The Book of Exodus, Chapter 27ΕΞΟΔΟΣ ΚΖ′

Theme

Translation & textual notes