Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Exodus, Chapter 36ΕΞΟΔΟΣ ΛϚ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

A reader comparing the Old Greek with the Masoretic Text will at once notice that the second half of Exodus in the LXX follows a markedly different arrangement of the Tabernacle-construction account: the Greek of chapters 36–39 is both shorter and reordered relative to the Hebrew.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Exodus 36 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. A reader comparing the Old Greek with the Masoretic Text will at once notice that the second half of Exodus in the LXX follows a markedly different arrangement of the Tabernacle-construction account: the Greek of chapters 36–39 is both shorter and reordered relative to the Hebrew. In particular, LXX Exodus 36 does NOT narrate the making of the tent-curtains, boards, and hangings (the content the MT places in its chapter 36); instead it recounts the fabrication of the priestly vestments — the material the MT presents in its chapter 39. Thus LXX Exodus 36 is the execution-report corresponding to the vestment instructions of chapter 28: the ephod (ἐπωμίς), its gold-and-dyed-yarn weave, the two engraved shoulder-stones bearing the tribes' names, the breastplate (λογεῖον) with its four rows of gemstones, the robe (ὑποδύτης) fringed with pomegranate-tassels (ῥοίσκοι) and golden bells (κώδωνες), the linen tunics, turbans and sashes, and finally the golden plate (πέταλον) engraved Ἁγίασμα κυρίῳ ('Holy to the LORD'). The chapter opens (36:1–7) with a brief notice of the artisans Beseleel and Eliab and all the wise-hearted beginning the work, and of the people's freewill offerings proving more than sufficient, so that Moses must restrain further giving (ἐκωλύθη ὁ λαὸς ἔτι προσφέρειν). Several technical terms here are rare or quasi-technical Greek: λογεῖον ('oracle-piece / breastplate', cf. λόγιον), ἐπωμίς ('shoulder-piece / ephod'), ἀσπιδίσκη ('little shield / rosette'), ἐμπλόκιον ('plaited chain'), κροσσοί ('tassels / fringes'), and the participial cluster συμπεπορπημένους / περισεσιαλωμένους describing the gold-set emerald shoulder-stones. The recurring refrain καθὰ / ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('just as the LORD instructed Moses') punctuates the account (vv. 8, 12, 14, 28, 33, 36, 38), stamping each completed item with exact obedience to the Sinai blueprint.

1

καὶ ἐποίησεν Βεσελεηλ καὶ Ελιαβ καὶ πᾶς σοφὸς τῇ διανοίᾳ ᾧ ἐδόθη σοφία καὶ ἐπιστήμη ἐν αὐτοῖς συνιέναι ποιεῖν πάντα τὰ ἔργα κατὰ τὰ ἅγια καθήκοντα κατὰ πάντα ὅσα συνέταξεν κύριος

And Beseleel made it, and Eliab, and everyone wise in mind, to whom wisdom and understanding were given in them to understand how to do all the works pertaining to the holy things, according to all that the LORD had appointed.

New construction-narrative: the execution of the vestment instructions beginsκαὶ ἐποίησεν Βεσελεηλ
The chapter opens the execution-report with the wave-form verb ἐποίησεν ('made'), which will recur as the structuring refrain throughout (ἐποίησεν / ἐποίησαν, vv. 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, etc.). The named artisans Beseleel and Eliab head a collective of the wise-hearted; the relative clause ᾧ ἐδόθη σοφία … picks up the Spirit-filling of 31:3 and 35:31. The closing κατὰ πάντα ὅσα συνέταξεν κύριος anticipates the chapter's recurring obedience-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (singular agreeing with the lead artisan Beseleel)→ constative aorist (the completed act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make / do / fashion'; renders עָשָׂה; the verb is the structural keyword of the construction-account, recurring at the head of nearly every item-paragraph (ἐποίησεν / ἐποίησαν); the singular here is governed by the first-named craftsman, with the others added paratactically.
ΒεσελεηλBeseleelsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒεσελεηλ: transliteration of Hebrew בְּצַלְאֵל (Bezalel, 'in the shadow of God'); the master-artisan of the tribe of Judah, filled with the Spirit of God in wisdom and craft (31:2–5; 35:30–33); indeclinable in the LXX.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλιαβEliabsubject (coordinate, indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλιαβ: the LXX form for the second master-artisan; in the Hebrew this is אָהֳלִיאָב (Oholiab) of the tribe of Dan (31:6; 35:34), but the Old Greek renders the name as Ελιαβ throughout the construction-account; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (with σοφός: 'everyone wise')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; the distributive πᾶς σοφός gathers the whole guild of skilled workers under the leadership of the two named artisans.
σοφὸςwise oneNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'a wise man')→ participant prominenceσοφός: 'wise / skilled'; renders חֲכַם־לֵב ('wise of heart'); in the construction-account σοφία denotes not abstract wisdom but God-given technical craftsmanship and artistic skill (cf. 31:3).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διανοίᾳin mindDativedative of respect (qualifying σοφός: 'wise in respect of mind')→ sphere or referenceδιάνοια: 'mind / understanding / disposition'; renders לֵב ('heart') in its faculty of thought; the dative of respect σοφὸς τῇ διανοίᾳ renders חֲכַם־לֵב, locating the craftsman's skill in his divinely informed understanding.
to whomDativerelative pronoun (dative of recipient, introducing relative clause)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾧ ('to whom') governs ἐδόθη, identifying the wise craftsman as the recipient of divinely bestowed wisdom and understanding.
ἐδόθηwas givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (divine passive)→ constative aorist passive (a completed bestowal)δίδωμι (aor. pass.): 'be given'; the passive ἐδόθη is a divine passive — God is the implicit giver of the σοφία καὶ ἐπιστήμη, picking up the Spirit-filling of 31:3 and 35:31; craftsmanship is here framed as charism, not mere talent.
σοφίαwisdomNominativesubject of ἐδόθη→ participant prominenceσοφία: 'wisdom / skill'; renders חָכְמָה; in the tabernacle context the pair σοφία καὶ ἐπιστήμη (wisdom and understanding) denotes comprehensive artistic and technical competence granted by God.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστήμηunderstandingNominativesubject of ἐδόθη (coordinate with σοφία)→ participant prominenceἐπιστήμη: 'knowledge / understanding / expertise'; renders תְּבוּנָה / דַּעַת; paired with σοφία it forms a standard LXX hendiadys for skilled know-how (cf. 31:3; 35:31).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in them').
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν (the artisans in whom the gift resides)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'he / it / them'; the prepositional phrase ἐν αὐτοῖς ('in them') stresses that the bestowed wisdom is interior and personal to the craftsmen.
συνιέναιto understandPres Act Inf · συνίημιepexegetic infinitive (defining the purpose of the gift)→ present infinitive (ongoing comprehension)συνίημι: 'understand / comprehend / perceive'; renders בִּין; the infinitive συνιέναι ποιεῖν ('to understand how to do') specifies the practical end of the divine gift — not theoretical insight but the discernment to execute the work.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (object of συνιέναι)→ present infinitive (the ongoing labor of fabrication)ποιέω (pres. inf.): 'to make / do'; complements συνιέναι, so that the craftsmen 'understand how to do' all the holy works; the same root that heads the verse (ἐποίησεν).
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὰ ἔργα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάντα τὰ ἔργα ('all the works') marks the totality of the sacred fabrication that the chapter will enumerate item by item.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / task / product'; renders מְלָאכָה; the keyword for the sanctuary craftsmanship; here the plural τὰ ἔργα embraces every item of vestment and furnishing made for the holy place.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm / standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm / standard).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of κατά: 'the holy things')→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy / sacred'; the neuter plural τὰ ἅγια denotes the sanctuary and its sacred appurtenances; the works are to conform to 'the holy things' as their governing standard.
καθήκονταpertainingPres Act Ptc Neut Acc Pl · καθήκωattributive participle (modifying τὰ ἅγια: 'the holy things pertaining')→ present participle (ongoing fittingness / propriety)καθήκω: 'come down to / be fitting / be appropriate'; the participle τὰ ἅγια καθήκοντα denotes the holy things 'as is fitting / as pertains to them', i.e. the works proper to the sanctuary; the verb later becomes a Stoic technical term (τὸ καθῆκον, 'duty'), but here it carries the simple sense of ritual propriety.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm, repeated).
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά: 'according to all')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all that') introduces the obedience-clause measuring the work against the LORD's command.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of συνέταξεν: 'all that')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the correlative ὅσα ('whatever / all that') with συνέταξεν frames the work as the exact execution of the divine instructions.
συνέταξενappointed / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of relative clause (the divine command as standard)→ constative aorist (the completed act of command at Sinai)συντάσσω: 'arrange / appoint / command / direct'; renders צִוָּה; the standard LXX verb in the recurring obedience-formula of this chapter (συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ); here it caps the opening verse, grounding the artisans' work in the prior Sinai blueprint.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the source of the command that governs all the sanctuary work.
2

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Μωυσῆς Βεσελεηλ καὶ Ελιαβ καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἔχοντας τὴν σοφίαν ᾧ ἔδωκεν ὁ θεὸς ἐπιστήμην ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἑκουσίως βουλομένους προσπορεύεσθαι πρὸς τὰ ἔργα ὥστε συντελεῖν αὐτά

And Moses called Beseleel and Eliab and all who had the wisdom — to whom God had given understanding in the heart — and all who were willingly minded to come forward to the works, so as to complete them.

Continuation: Moses musters the skilled and willing workersκαὶ ἐκάλεσεν Μωυσῆς
Moses now formally summons (ἐκάλεσεν) the workforce: the two named masters, all the wise-hearted, and all the willing volunteers (τοὺς ἑκουσίως βουλομένους). The double object — those gifted with skill and those freely willing — pairs charism with voluntary devotion, the same two notes struck in the offering-account of ch. 35.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Moses musters the workers)→ constative aorist (single act of summoning)καλέω: 'call / summon / invite'; renders קָרָא; here Moses convenes the skilled workforce, exercising his role as the human overseer of the divinely commissioned project.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, dat. Μωυσῇ, acc. Μωυσῆν).
ΒεσελεηλBeseleeldirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒεσελεηλ: Bezalel; see v. 1; here the accusative object of ἐκάλεσεν, though indeclinable in form.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλιαβEliabdirect object (coordinate, indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλιαβ: the LXX name for Oholiab; see v. 1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object: 'all those')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάντας τοὺς ἔχοντας gathers the entire body of skilled workers as the object of Moses' summons.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with participle ἔχοντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔχονταςhavingPres Act Ptc Masc Acc Pl · ἔχωsubstantival participle (object: 'those who have')→ present participle (ongoing possession of the gift)ἔχω: 'have / hold / possess'; the articular participle οἱ ἔχοντες τὴν σοφίαν ('those who have the wisdom') designates the gifted craftsmen as a defined class.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφίανwisdomAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντας→ object specificationσοφία: 'wisdom / skill'; the articular τὴν σοφίαν points back to the specific God-given craft-skill of v. 1.
to whomDativerelative pronoun (dative of recipient, introducing relative clause)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾧ resumes the collective 'each one to whom' (distributive singular after a plural antecedent), a Hebraizing construction.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed bestowal)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; here with ὁ θεός as explicit subject, making overt what v. 1 left as a divine passive (ἐδόθη): God is the giver of understanding.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the explicit naming of ὁ θεός as donor of ἐπιστήμη grounds human craftsmanship in divine endowment.
ἐπιστήμηνunderstandingAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationἐπιστήμη: 'understanding / expertise'; see v. 1; here the gift is located ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ('in the heart'), the Hebraic seat of skill and intention.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in the heart')→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; in Hebrew anthropology the heart is the seat of thought, will, and skill, so 'understanding in the heart' = practical craft-intelligence, not mere emotion.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the second class of workers)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantival adjective (second object: 'all those')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the second πάντας gathers the willing volunteers, parallel to the gifted craftsmen named first.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with βουλομένους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκουσίωςwillinglyadverb of manner (qualifying βουλομένους)→ clausal contributionἑκουσίως: 'willingly / voluntarily'; renders נְדִיב־לֵב / the freewill motif; underscores that the work proceeds from voluntary devotion, not conscription — a theme central to the tabernacle offerings (35:5, 21–22).
βουλομένουςbeing mindedPres Mid Ptc Masc Acc Pl · βούλομαιsubstantival participle (second object: 'those willing')→ present participle (ongoing willingness)βούλομαι: 'wish / be willing / be minded'; the participle οἱ ἑκουσίως βουλόμενοι ('those who are willingly minded') designates the second class summoned — those whose hearts moved them to volunteer for the work.
προσπορεύεσθαιto come forwardPres Mid Inf · προσπορεύομαιcomplementary infinitive (object of βουλομένους)→ present infinitive (ongoing approach to the task)προσπορεύομαι: 'approach / come forward / draw near'; the compound προσ- gives the sense of presenting oneself for service; here the willing come forward πρὸς τὰ ἔργα ('to the works').
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward the task)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward the task).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / task'; see v. 1; the sacred fabrication to which the volunteers present themselves.
ὥστεso asresult/purpose conjunction (introducing infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; with the infinitive συντελεῖν it expresses the intended outcome of the workers' coming forward — the completion of the works.
συντελεῖνto completePres Act Inf · συντελέωinfinitive of result/purpose (with ὥστε)→ present infinitive (the carrying-through of the work to completion)συντελέω: 'finish / complete / bring to an end'; the compound συν- stresses bringing the whole to its appointed completion; renders כָּלָה; anticipates the consummation-notice of 39:32 / 40:33.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of συντελεῖν (the works)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the neuter plural refers to τὰ ἔργα, the works to be completed.
3

καὶ ἔλαβον παρὰ Μωυσῆ πάντα τὰ ἀφαιρέματα ἃ ἤνεγκαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔργα τοῦ ἁγίου ποιεῖν αὐτά καὶ αὐτοὶ προσεδέχοντο ἔτι τὰ προσφερόμενα παρὰ τῶν φερόντων τὸ πρωὶ πρωί

And they received from Moses all the contributions which the sons of Israel had brought for all the works of the sanctuary, to make them; and they kept on accepting still the offerings being brought from those who brought them, morning by morning.

Continuation: the artisans take the offerings and keep receiving moreκαὶ ἔλαβον παρὰ Μωυσῆ
The workers receive (ἔλαβον) the accumulated contributions (ἀφαιρέματα) from Moses, yet the people's giving does not stop: the imperfect προσεδέχοντο ('they kept accepting') and the doubled τὸ πρωὶ πρωί ('morning by morning', a Hebraistic distributive) portray a continuous, super-abundant inflow that sets up the restraint of vv. 5–6.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονthey receivedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (the artisans take the contributions)→ constative aorist (the act of receiving the gathered material)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the workers receive from Moses the offerings collected from the people for the sacred work.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΜωυσῆMosesGenitivegenitive object of παρά (source: 'from Moses')→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς (gen. Μωυσῆ): the genitive with παρά marks Moses as the intermediary through whom the people's gifts pass to the workers.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὰ ἀφαιρέματα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; emphasizes the totality of the contributed material handed over.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφαιρέματαcontributionsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον→ object specificationἀφαίρεμα: 'that which is set apart / contribution / heave-offering'; renders תְּרוּמָה; the technical LXX term for the portion 'lifted off' and dedicated to sacred use (cf. 25:2–3; 35:5); here the materials given for the tabernacle.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἤνεγκαν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἃ agrees with ἀφαιρέματα and introduces the clause describing the people's bringing of them.
ἤνεγκανbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φέρωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed bringing of gifts)φέρω (aor. ἤνεγκαν): 'bring / carry / bear'; renders הֵבִיא; the people's act of bringing their freewill offerings (cf. 35:21–29).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἤνεγκαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant people as a whole.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here genitive in sense ('sons of Israel'), the donors of the sacred materials.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for the works')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'for the works').
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὰ ἔργα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the contributions are destined for the full range of sanctuary works.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; here qualified as τοῦ ἁγίου ('of the sanctuary'), the sacred fabrication.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουsanctuaryGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive: 'of the holy place')→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. τὸ ἅγιον): 'the holy place / sanctuary'; renders הַקֹּדֶשׁ; the genitive τοῦ ἁγίου specifies the works as those belonging to the sanctuary.
ποιεῖνto makePres Act Inf · ποιέωinfinitive of purpose ('to make them')→ present infinitive (the ongoing labor of fabrication)ποιέω (pres. inf.): 'to make'; the purpose infinitive specifies why the materials are received — to fashion the sanctuary works; resumed by the object αὐτά.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν (resumptive: the works)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; resumptive neuter plural object of ποιεῖν, a Hebraizing redundant pronoun referring back to τὰ ἔργα.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic: 'they themselves', the artisans)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: 'they (themselves)'; the emphatic nominative marks the workers as the ones who keep receiving the still-incoming gifts.
προσεδέχοντοthey kept acceptingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · προσδέχομαιmain verb (iterative imperfect)→ iterative/durative imperfect (repeated, ongoing reception of gifts)προσδέχομαι: 'receive / accept / welcome'; the imperfect προσεδέχοντο portrays the continuous, repeated acceptance of fresh offerings day after day — the durative aspect is essential to the build-up toward the super-abundance of vv. 5–7.
ἔτιstilladverb (temporal: 'still, yet more')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; emphasizes that the giving continued even after sufficient material had been handed over, preparing for the restraint of v. 6.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with participle προσφερόμενα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσφερόμεναthings being broughtPres Pass Ptc Neut Acc Pl · προσφέρωsubstantival participle (object of προσεδέχοντο)→ present passive participle (the offerings as they were being presented)προσφέρω: 'bring to / offer / present'; the passive participle τὰ προσφερόμενα ('the things being offered') is the regular term for cultic presentation; here the freewill gifts brought day by day.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with participle φερόντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φερόντωνthose bringingPres Act Ptc Masc Gen Pl · φέρωsubstantival participle (genitive of source: 'from those bringing')→ present participle (the ongoing act of the donors)φέρω: 'bring / carry'; the participle οἱ φέροντες ('those who bring') designates the donors; the genitive with παρά marks them as the source of the incoming gifts.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorningAccusativeadverbial accusative of time (first member of distributive doubling)→ object specificationπρωΐ: 'morning / early'; the doubled τὸ πρωὶ πρωί is a Hebraism (בַּבֹּקֶר בַּבֹּקֶר, 'morning by morning') expressing distributive repetition — the gifts came in every single morning.
πρωίby morningadverb (second member of distributive doubling: 'morning by morning')→ clausal contributionπρωΐ: the repetition πρωὶ πρωί calques the Hebrew distributive doubling, intensifying the sense of daily, unremitting generosity that makes the restraint of v. 6 necessary.
4

καὶ παρεγίνοντο πάντες οἱ σοφοὶ οἱ ποιοῦντες τὰ ἔργα τοῦ ἁγίου ἕκαστος κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔργον ὃ αὐτοὶ ἠργάζοντο

And all the wise men who were making the works of the sanctuary kept coming, each according to his own work which they were doing.

Continuation: the craftsmen come, each leaving his task to reportκαὶ παρεγίνοντο πάντες οἱ σοφοί
The imperfect παρεγίνοντο ('they kept coming') maintains the durative texture: the artisans leave their work-stations and assemble before Moses, each ἕκαστος κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔργον ('each according to his own task'). The verse sets the stage for the collective report of v. 5 that the offerings exceed the need.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεγίνοντοthey kept comingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (iterative imperfect)→ iterative/durative imperfect (the craftsmen repeatedly coming to Moses)παραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / be present'; the imperfect portrays the workers leaving their tasks and assembling before Moses; the durative aspect matches προσεδέχοντο in v. 3.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with οἱ σοφοί)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole guild of skilled workers, not merely the leaders, comes to report.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with σοφοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφοὶwise menNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the wise men / craftsmen')→ participant prominenceσοφός: 'wise / skilled'; the substantival plural οἱ σοφοί here means the skilled craftsmen, the artisans gifted with σοφία in v. 1.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with participle ποιοῦντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιοῦντεςmakingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ποιέωattributive participle (modifying οἱ σοφοί: 'who were making')→ present participle (ongoing fabrication)ποιέω: 'make / do'; the articular participle οἱ ποιοῦντες τὰ ἔργα ('those making the works') identifies the wise men precisely as the active craftsmen of the sanctuary.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of ποιοῦντες→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; the sanctuary fabrication; see v. 1.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουsanctuaryGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive: 'of the holy place')→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. τὸ ἅγιον): 'sanctuary'; see v. 3; the works belong to the holy place.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive subject in apposition ('each man')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; distributive, individualizing the collective οἱ σοφοί — every craftsman comes from his own particular task.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive norm).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἔργον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivepossessive genitive (attributive between article and noun: 'his own work')→ noun-phrase markingαὐτός: 'his'; the attributive position τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔργον ('his own work') stresses the individual assignment of each craftsman.
ἔργονworkAccusativeobject of κατά (the individual task)→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / task'; here the particular assignment of each worker, by which the labor was distributed.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἠργάζοντο)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter singular ὃ agrees with ἔργον and introduces the clause describing the work they were doing.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic: 'they themselves')→ participant prominenceαὐτός: 'they'; the emphatic pronoun reinforces the personal engagement of each craftsman in his own task.
ἠργάζοντοthey were doingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐργάζομαιverb of relative clause (durative imperfect)→ durative imperfect (the ongoing labor at each task)ἐργάζομαι: 'work / labor / perform'; cognate with ἔργον; the imperfect ἠργάζοντο depicts the continuous activity of the craftsmen at their stations.
5

καὶ εἶπαν πρὸς Μωυσῆν ὅτι πλῆθος φέρει ὁ λαὸς παρὰ τὰ ἔργα ὅσα συνέταξεν κύριος ποιῆσαι

And they said to Moses, 'The people are bringing an abundance beyond the works that the LORD commanded to be done.'

Report: the craftsmen tell Moses the material is more than enoughκαὶ εἶπαν πρὸς Μωυσῆν
The artisans report the surplus: the people are bringing πλῆθος ('an abundance') παρὰ τὰ ἔργα — 'beyond / more than' the works require. The comparative παρά + accusative (excess) is the syntactic pivot of the whole episode; the obedience-clause ὅσα συνέταξεν κύριος measures the need against the divine command, so that the surplus is defined relative to what God actually ordered.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (the workers' report to Moses)λέγω (aor. εἶπαν): 'say / speak'; the Koine/LXX first-aorist form εἶπαν (for classical εἶπον) introduces the craftsmen's collective report.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeobject of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς (acc. Μωυσῆν): the directional object of πρός; Moses as overseer receives the workers' report.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (introducing reported speech / ὅτι recitativum)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that / because'; here introduces direct or near-direct reported speech (ὅτι recitativum), a common LXX construction after verbs of saying.
πλῆθοςabundanceAccusativedirect object of φέρει (adverbial accusative of quantity: 'a great amount')→ object specificationπλῆθος: 'multitude / abundance / great quantity'; renders רֹב / הַרְבֵּה; the fronted πλῆθος stresses the super-abundance of the people's giving.
φέρειis bringingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωverb of reported clause (present of ongoing action)→ progressive present (the people's continuous, ongoing bringing)φέρω: 'bring / carry'; the present φέρει depicts the giving as still going on at the moment of the report, underscoring that the inflow has not stopped.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of φέρει→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; renders עָם; the covenant community of Israel, here as the over-generous donors.
παρὰbeyondpreposition + accusative (comparison of excess: 'more than')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: here in the comparative sense 'beyond / more than / in excess of'; the construction πλῆθος … παρὰ τὰ ἔργα ('an abundance beyond the works') is the syntactic heart of the surplus-report.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativeobject of παρά (the standard of comparison)→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; the measure against which the surplus is reckoned — the people bring more than the works can use.
ὅσαas much asrelative pronoun (object of συνέταξεν: 'all that')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; ὅσα συνέταξεν κύριος ('all that the LORD commanded') anchors the need in the divine instructions, defining the surplus relative to God's actual order.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of relative clause (the divine command as standard)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'arrange / command / appoint'; renders צִוָּה; recurring obedience-verb of the chapter; here it fixes the measure of the needful work.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD whose command defines the scope of the required work.
ποιῆσαιto be doneAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (object of συνέταξεν: 'commanded to do')→ aorist infinitive (the commanded work viewed as a whole)ποιέω (aor. inf.): 'to make / do'; complements συνέταξεν — the LORD commanded the work 'to be done'; the aorist views the commanded task as a single complete object.
6

καὶ προσέταξεν Μωυσῆς καὶ ἐκήρυξεν ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ λέγων ἀνὴρ καὶ γυνὴ μηκέτι ἐργαζέσθωσαν εἰς τὰς ἀπαρχὰς τοῦ ἁγίου καὶ ἐκωλύθη ὁ λαὸς ἔτι προσφέρειν

And Moses gave orders and proclaimed in the camp, saying, 'Let neither man nor woman labor any longer for the firstfruits of the sanctuary'; and the people were restrained from bringing any more.

Resolution: Moses halts the giving by proclamationκαὶ προσέταξεν Μωυσῆς
Moses acts on the report: he issues an order (προσέταξεν) and has it proclaimed (ἐκήρυξεν) through the camp. The prohibition μηκέτι ἐργαζέσθωσαν ('let them work no longer') and the resulting passive ἐκωλύθη ('the people were restrained') mark the unique moment in Scripture where generosity must be checked — a striking inversion of the usual prophetic complaint of stinginess.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέταξενgave ordersAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προστάσσωmain verb (Moses issues a command)→ constative aorist (the decisive act of ordering)προστάσσω: 'order / command / direct'; the compound προσ- adds the nuance of directing a command to someone; here Moses' authoritative directive to stop the giving.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: see v. 2; here the active overseer who restrains the surplus.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκήρυξενproclaimedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κηρύσσωmain verb (coordinate: public proclamation)→ constative aorist (the act of heralding)κηρύσσω: 'proclaim / herald / announce publicly'; renders קָרָא / עָבַר קוֹל; the verb implies an official, camp-wide announcement made aloud by a herald.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in the camp')→ sphere or referenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment / army-quarters'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the standard LXX term for Israel's wilderness camp; the proclamation reaches the whole community.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct quotation, Hebraism for לֵאמֹר)→ present participle (the content of the proclamation)λέγω (ptc. λέγων): the participle λέγων is the regular LXX rendering of Hebrew לֵאמֹר, a quotation-marker introducing the words of the proclamation.
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubject of ἐργαζέσθωσαν (paired with γυνή)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / male'; the pair ἀνὴρ καὶ γυνή ('man and woman') is a merism for the whole people, ensuring the restraint applies universally (cf. the parallel pairing in 35:29).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject of ἐργαζέσθωσαν (paired with ἀνήρ)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; the inclusion of women among the donors and laborers reflects the participation of both sexes in the tabernacle project (35:22, 25–26).
μηκέτιno longeradverb of negation (with imperative: prohibition of continuation)→ clausal contributionμηκέτι: 'no longer / no more'; the negation proper to non-indicative moods; with the imperative it forbids the continuation of an action already in progress — stop giving.
ἐργαζέσθωσανlet them laborPres Mid Impv 3 Pl · ἐργάζομαιmain verb of the proclamation (third-person prohibition)→ present imperative with μηκέτι (cessation of ongoing action: 'stop laboring')ἐργάζομαι: 'work / labor'; the present imperative with μηκέτι characteristically commands the cessation of an action already underway — the people are to stop producing and contributing for the sanctuary.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose / goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose / goal).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπαρχὰςfirstfruitsAccusativeobject of εἰς (the purpose of the labor)→ object specificationἀπαρχή: 'firstfruits / first offering / dedicated portion'; renders רֵאשִׁית / תְּרוּמָה; here the dedicated contributions for the sanctuary; the people are to make no further such offerings.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουsanctuaryGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive: 'of the holy place')→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. τὸ ἅγιον): 'sanctuary'; the firstfruits are those destined for the holy place; see v. 3.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result of the proclamation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκωλύθηwas restrainedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κωλύωmain verb (passive: the people are checked)→ constative aorist passive (the accomplished restraint)κωλύω: 'hinder / restrain / prevent / forbid'; renders כָּלָא; the passive ἐκωλύθη ('was restrained / held back') marks the rare scriptural moment when devotion must be curbed; the singular agrees with the collective ὁ λαός.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐκωλύθη→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the over-generous community, now held back from further giving.
ἔτιany longeradverb (temporal: 'still / further')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet / further'; here negated in sense by the restraining verb — the people are kept from bringing 'any more', closing the giving-episode.
προσφέρεινto bringPres Act Inf · προσφέρωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐκωλύθη: 'restrained from bringing')→ present infinitive (the ongoing act of offering, now halted)προσφέρω: 'bring to / offer / present'; the cultic verb for presenting offerings; the present infinitive depicts the offering-activity that is now stopped.
7

καὶ τὰ ἔργα ἦν αὐτοῖς ἱκανὰ εἰς τὴν κατασκευὴν ποιῆσαι καὶ προσκατέλιπον

And the materials were sufficient for them to make the construction, and they had some left over.

Summary closure of the offering-episode: sufficiency and surplusκαὶ τὰ ἔργα ἦν αὐτοῖς ἱκανά
The opening pericope closes with a double note of completeness: the materials were ἱκανά ('sufficient') for the whole construction, and indeed προσκατέλιπον ('they had a surplus left over'). The verse seals the theme of super-abundant generosity that necessitated the restraint of v. 6 and transitions to the actual making of the vestments in v. 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἔργα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαmaterialsNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceἔργον: 'work'; here by metonymy the materials/work-stuff gathered for the project, which proved sufficient for the construction; the neuter plural subject takes a singular verb (ἦν).
ἦνwereImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with predicate adjective ἱκανά)→ stative imperfect (the settled state of sufficiency)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; the singular verb with neuter plural subject (τὰ ἔργα) is standard Greek; the imperfect describes the abiding condition of sufficiency.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage (the craftsmen for whom the material sufficed)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'them'; dative of advantage — the materials were sufficient 'for them', the workers.
ἱκανὰsufficientNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν: 'were sufficient')→ participant prominenceἱκανός: 'sufficient / enough / adequate'; renders דַּי; the predicate states that the gathered material met the full need of the construction — and more.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose / goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose / goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατασκευὴνconstructionAccusativeobject of εἰς (the project for which material sufficed)→ object specificationκατασκευή: 'construction / equipment / furnishing / preparation'; denotes the whole work of building and equipping the sanctuary; the materials sufficed for the entire undertaking.
ποιῆσαιto makeAor Act Inf · ποιέωepexegetic infinitive (defining the sufficiency: 'enough to make')→ aorist infinitive (the construction viewed as a complete task)ποιέω (aor. inf.): 'to make'; the infinitive specifies what the material was sufficient for — to carry out the construction; the aorist views the work as a whole.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσκατέλιπονthey left overAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκαταλείπωmain verb (coordinate: surplus remained)→ constative aorist (the resulting surplus)προσκαταλείπω: 'leave over besides / leave a remainder'; the double-compound προσ-κατα- intensifies the sense of a surplus left in addition; the materials not merely sufficed but were left over — the climax of the abundance-motif.
8

καὶ ἐποίησεν πᾶς σοφὸς ἐν τοῖς ἐργαζομένοις τὰς στολὰς τῶν ἁγίων αἵ εἰσιν Ααρων τῷ ἱερεῖ καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And every wise man among those working made the holy garments which are Aaron's, for the priest, just as the LORD commanded Moses.

New section: the making of the priestly vestments begins (heading)καὶ ἐποίησεν πᾶς σοφός
This verse heads the vestment-account proper. The verb ἐποίησεν resumes from v. 1, now turning to τὰς στολὰς τῶν ἁγίων ('the holy garments') for Aaron the priest. The first occurrence of the chapter's obedience-refrain — καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('just as the LORD commanded Moses') — closes the heading and will recur to stamp each major item (vv. 12, 14, 28, 33, 36, 38).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (heading the vestment-account)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; the structural keyword; here it heads the section on the priestly garments, the singular governed by the collective πᾶς σοφός.
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (with σοφός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; πᾶς σοφός ('every wise man') gathers the whole skilled guild as the corporate maker of the vestments.
σοφὸςwise oneNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'wise man / craftsman')→ participant prominenceσοφός: 'wise / skilled'; the gifted craftsman; see v. 1.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (partitive / locative: 'among')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (partitive / locative: 'among').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with participle ἐργαζομένοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐργαζομένοιςthose workingPres Mid Ptc Masc Dat Pl · ἐργάζομαιsubstantival participle (object of ἐν: 'among the workers')→ present participle (ongoing labor)ἐργάζομαι: 'work / labor'; the articular participle οἱ ἐργαζόμενοι ('the workers') designates the active labor-force; 'every wise man among the workers' specifies that the vestments were the joint product of the skilled team.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with στολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στολὰςgarmentsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationστολή: 'robe / garment / vestment'; renders בֶּגֶד / בִּגְדֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ; the technical term for the priestly vestments; τὰς στολὰς τῶν ἁγίων = 'the holy garments', the sacred apparel of Aaron's office.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive of quality: 'the holy [garments]')→ relational specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; the genitive τῶν ἁγίων qualifies the garments as 'holy' (i.e. consecrated vestments) — possibly 'the garments of the holy things / of the sanctuary'; the phrase marks their sacred, set-apart character.
αἵwhichNominativerelative pronoun (feminine plural, subject of εἰσιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine plural αἵ agrees with στολάς and introduces the clause assigning the garments to Aaron.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ present (statement of belonging / destination)εἰμί: 'be'; here with the dative-of-possession sense in the following phrase — the garments 'are Aaron's', i.e. belong to him.
ΑαρωνAaron'sdative/genitive of possession (indeclinable: 'belonging to Aaron')→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; Moses' brother, the first high priest; the holy garments are made for him; here in a possessive relation ('which are Aaron's').
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἱερεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative in apposition to Ααρων (advantage: 'for the priest')→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the dative τῷ ἱερεῖ ('for the priest') stands in apposition to Aaron, identifying him by his office; the vestments are the official apparel of the priesthood.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing obedience-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces the recurring obedience-refrain of the chapter, καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause (obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'command / appoint / direct'; renders צִוָּה; the verb of the obedience-refrain, marking the work's exact conformity to the divine instruction given to Moses.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the commanding LORD of the obedience-formula.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν (recipient of the command)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the divine command; the refrain συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ closes each major construction-unit.
9

καὶ ἐποίησαν τὴν ἐπωμίδα ἐκ χρυσίου καὶ ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας καὶ κοκκίνου νενησμένου καὶ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης

And they made the ephod of gold and blue and purple and spun scarlet and twined fine linen.

First item: the ephod and its five materialsκαὶ ἐποίησαν τὴν ἐπωμίδα
The first vestment is the ephod (ἐπωμίς). The five-fold material list — gold, blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen — is the standard 'sacred palette' of the sanctuary (cf. 25:4; 28:5–6), recurring verbatim for the breastplate (v. 15) and partially for the sashes (v. 36). The participles νενησμένου ('spun') and κεκλωσμένης ('twined') are technical weaving terms describing the preparation of the threads.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (heading the ephod-item)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω (3 pl.): 'make'; the plural ἐποίησαν (vs. singular ἐποίησεν of v. 8) now treats the craftsmen as the collective makers; heads each new item in the inventory.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐπωμίδα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδαephodAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationἐπωμίς: 'shoulder-piece / ephod'; the LXX's standard rendering of אֵפוֹד; literally 'that which is on the shoulders' (from ἐπί + ὦμος), it names the high priest's shoulder-vestment to which the breastplate is attached (vv. 11–14, 25–28).
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material: 'made of')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; here the genitive of material — the ephod is made 'out of' the five listed substances.
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold / gold-work'; renders זָהָב; the diminutive-form noun is the regular LXX word for wrought gold; first of the five sacred materials, beaten into threads in v. 10.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑακίνθουblueGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationὑάκινθος: 'blue / violet (yarn)'; renders תְּכֵלֶת; a blue-violet wool dyed (traditionally) with murex; the second of the sacred materials, used throughout the vestments and notably for the robe (v. 29).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορφύραςpurpleGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationπορφύρα: 'purple (yarn)'; renders אַרְגָּמָן; a reddish-purple wool, an emblem of royalty and wealth; the third sacred material.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοκκίνουscarletGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet / crimson (yarn)'; renders תּוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי; a crimson dye from the kermes insect; the fourth sacred material, here qualified by νενησμένου ('spun').
νενησμένουspunPerf Pass Ptc Neut Gen Sg · νήθωattributive participle (modifying κοκκίνου: 'spun scarlet')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: thread already spun)νήθω: 'spin (thread)'; renders טָוָה; the perfect passive participle νενησμένου describes the scarlet wool as already spun into thread, ready for weaving; the perfect aspect stresses the finished, usable state of the material.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen / byssus'; renders שֵׁשׁ / בּוּץ; a costly white linen; the fifth sacred material, here qualified by κεκλωσμένης ('twined / twisted').
κεκλωσμένηςtwinedPerf Pass Ptc Fem Gen Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying βύσσου: 'twined linen')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: thread already twisted)κλώθω: 'spin / twist (thread)'; renders שָׁזַר ('twist together'); the perfect passive participle κεκλωσμένης denotes linen of twisted/plied thread (βύσσος κεκλωσμένη = 'fine twined linen'), a fixed sanctuary phrase; the perfect marks the finished, twisted state.
10

καὶ ἐτμήθη τὰ πέταλα τοῦ χρυσίου τρίχες ὥστε συνυφᾶναι σὺν τῇ ὑακίνθῳ καὶ τῇ πορφύρᾳ καὶ σὺν τῷ κοκκίνῳ τῷ διανενησμένῳ καὶ σὺν τῇ βύσσῳ τῇ κεκλωσμένῃ ἔργον ὑφαντόν

And the plates of gold were cut into threads, so as to be woven in with the blue and the purple and with the spun scarlet and with the twined fine linen — a woven work.

Elaboration: the gold is beaten and cut into threads for weavingκαὶ ἐτμήθη τὰ πέταλα τοῦ χρυσίου
This verse explains how gold could be 'woven' with yarn: gold leaf (πέταλα) was cut (ἐτμήθη) into hair-fine threads (τρίχες) to be interwoven (συνυφᾶναι) with the dyed wools and linen. The result is termed ἔργον ὑφαντόν ('a woven work'), a key descriptor for the ephod and breastplate (cf. vv. 12, 15, 29). The technique closely parallels 28:8 (LXX) / 39:3 (MT).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτμήθηwere cutAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · τέμνωmain verb (passive; singular with neuter plural subject)→ constative aorist passive (the completed cutting of the gold)τέμνω: 'cut / sever'; the aorist passive ἐτμήθη describes the gold leaf being cut into threads; the singular verb with neuter plural subject (τὰ πέταλα) is regular Greek.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with πέταλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέταλαplatesNominativesubject of ἐτμήθη→ participant prominenceπέταλον: 'thin plate / leaf / foil'; renders פַּח; thin sheets of beaten gold; here cut into threads — the same word names the golden diadem-plate in v. 37, a deliberate verbal link.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with χρυσίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of material (with πέταλα: 'plates of gold')→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; see v. 9; the gold from which the foil-plates were beaten and then cut.
τρίχεςthreadsNominativepredicate / appositional nominative (result of the cutting: 'into hair-like threads')→ participant prominenceθρίξ (pl. τρίχες): 'hair'; here metaphorically 'hair-fine threads' — the gold was cut so thin as to resemble hairs, allowing it to be woven into the fabric; a vivid description of the gold-thread technique.
ὥστεso asresult/purpose conjunction (with infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / so that'; with the infinitive συνυφᾶναι expresses the purpose of cutting the gold into threads — that it might be woven together with the yarns.
συνυφᾶναιto be woven inAor Act Inf · συνυφαίνωinfinitive of purpose/result (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive (the act of interweaving viewed as a whole)συνυφαίνω: 'weave together / interweave'; the compound συν- conveys the blending of the gold threads with the colored yarns into a single fabric; cognate with ὑφαντόν ('woven') below.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment: the materials woven together)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; marks the materials interwoven with the gold thread; repeated through the verse to enumerate each component.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὑακίνθῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑακίνθῳblueDativeobject of σύν (material woven in)→ sphere or referenceὑάκινθος: 'blue (yarn)'; see v. 9; here the dative with σύν as one of the woven-in materials.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle (with πορφύρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορφύρᾳpurpleDativeobject of σύν (material woven in)→ sphere or referenceπορφύρα: 'purple (yarn)'; see v. 9; dative with σύν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (accompaniment, repeated).
τῷtheDativearticle (with κοκκίνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοκκίνῳscarletDativeobject of σύν (material woven in)→ sphere or referenceκόκκινος: 'scarlet (yarn)'; see v. 9; here qualified by τῷ διανενησμένῳ ('spun').
τῷtheDativearticle (with participle διανενησμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διανενησμένῳspunPerf Pass Ptc Neut Dat Sg · διανήθωattributive participle (modifying κοκκίνῳ: 'spun scarlet')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: thoroughly spun thread)διανήθω: 'spin thoroughly'; the compound δια- intensifies νήθω ('spin', cf. v. 9 νενησμένου); the perfect passive describes the scarlet as fully spun into thread — a near-synonymous variant of νενησμένου, recurring at vv. 12, 15.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (accompaniment, repeated).
τῇtheDativearticle (with βύσσῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βύσσῳfine linenDativeobject of σύν (material woven in)→ sphere or referenceβύσσος: 'fine linen'; see v. 9; here qualified by τῇ κεκλωσμένῃ ('twined').
τῇtheDativearticle (with participle κεκλωσμένῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκλωσμένῃtwinedPerf Pass Ptc Fem Dat Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying βύσσῳ: 'twined linen')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: twisted thread)κλώθω: 'spin / twist'; see v. 9; the perfect βύσσος κεκλωσμένη = 'fine twined linen', the standard sanctuary phrase.
ἔργονa workAccusativeaccusative in apposition (describing the product: 'a woven work')→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / product'; here in the descriptive phrase ἔργον ὑφαντόν ('a woven work'), an accusative of inner content summarizing the technique used for the ephod.
ὑφαντόνwovenAccusativeverbal adjective (modifying ἔργον: 'woven')→ object specificationὑφαντός: 'woven'; verbal adjective from ὑφαίνω ('weave'); ἔργον ὑφαντόν ('woven work') is the recurring descriptor for the ephod, breastplate, and robe (vv. 12, 15, 29, 34), distinguishing weaving from the embroiderer's work (ποικιλτοῦ, v. 36).
11

ἐποίησαν αὐτὸ ἐπωμίδας συνεχούσας ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν μερῶν

They made it with shoulder-pieces holding together from both its sides.

Construction detail: the joining shoulder-pieces of the ephodἐποίησαν αὐτό
Asyndetic (no καί), continuing the ephod-description: the garment is fitted with shoulder-pieces (ἐπωμίδας) that join (συνεχούσας) its two edges. The plural ἐπωμίδας here denotes the two shoulder-straps of the single ἐπωμίς, the connective elements that bind front and back and bear the engraved stones (vv. 13–14).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (asyndetic continuation)→ constative aorist (the fabrication of the shoulder-pieces)ποιέω: 'make'; the asyndeton (no connective) keeps the ephod-description tightly bound to v. 10.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the ephod)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the neuter αὐτό refers to the ephod-fabric (or the ἔργον of v. 10); the construction is loosely paratactic ('they made it — with shoulder-pieces').
ἐπωμίδαςshoulder-piecesAccusativeaccusative of result / apposition (the straps formed)→ object specificationἐπωμίς: here in the plural for the two shoulder-straps of the single ephod (cf. the garment-name in v. 9); these are the connecting pieces over the shoulders that join the front and back panels and carry the memorial stones.
συνεχούσαςholding togetherPres Act Ptc Fem Acc Pl · συνέχωattributive participle (modifying ἐπωμίδας: 'pieces that join')→ present participle (ongoing function: holding the parts together)συνέχω: 'hold together / join / connect'; the participle describes the shoulder-pieces as joining the two edges of the ephod; the same root (συνεχομένους) recurs at v. 28 for the breastplate's fastening.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source / location: 'from both sides')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ before vowel): 'from / out of'; here locational — the shoulder-pieces join the ephod 'from both its sides / parts'.
ἀμφοτέρωνbothGenitiveattributive adjective (with μερῶν: 'both sides')→ relational specificationἀμφότεροι: 'both'; here genitive plural with μερῶν; the ephod is joined at its two edges (front and back panels), a recurring structural note (cf. v. 24).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with μερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερῶνsidesGenitiveobject of ἐξ (the two edges joined)→ relational specificationμέρος: 'part / side / portion'; renders קָצֶה / צַד; here the two sides or edges of the ephod that the shoulder-pieces join together.
12

ἔργον ὑφαντὸν εἰς ἄλληλα συμπεπλεγμένον καθ᾿ ἑαυτὸ ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἐποίησαν κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ ποίησιν ἐκ χρυσίου καὶ ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας καὶ κοκκίνου διανενησμένου καὶ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

A woven work, interlaced one part into another, of one piece with itself, from it they made it according to its own making, of gold and blue and purple and spun scarlet and twined fine linen, just as the LORD commanded Moses.

Summary of the ephod's construction; first obedience-refrain of the vestment-sectionἔργον ὑφαντὸν … ἐποίησαν
The ephod's binding-band is described as a single woven piece (ἔργον ὑφαντόν), its parts interlaced one into another (εἰς ἄλληλα συμπεπλεγμένον) and made 'of one piece with itself' (καθ᾿ ἑαυτὸ ἐξ αὐτοῦ) — i.e. integral, not separately attached, matching 28:8. The full five-material list is repeated, and the unit closes with the obedience-refrain καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἔργονa workAccusativeaccusative in apposition / inner content (the product described)→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / product'; ἔργον ὑφαντόν ('a woven work'); see v. 10.
ὑφαντὸνwovenAccusativeverbal adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationὑφαντός: 'woven'; verbal adjective from ὑφαίνω; see v. 10.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (reciprocal: 'one into another')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (reciprocal: 'one into another').
ἄλληλαone anotherAccusativereciprocal pronoun (object of εἰς: 'into one another')→ participant referenceἀλλήλων: reciprocal pronoun 'one another'; εἰς ἄλληλα ('into one another') describes the parts of the weave interlacing mutually — a single integrated fabric.
συμπεπλεγμένονinterlacedPerf Pass Ptc Neut Acc Sg · συμπλέκωattributive participle (modifying ἔργον: 'interlaced')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: firmly interwoven)συμπλέκω: 'plait / interweave / interlace together'; the compound συν- stresses the mutual binding of the parts; the perfect marks the finished, interlaced state; the verb recurs of the breastplate's chains (vv. 22, 28).
καθ᾿bypreposition + accusative (elided κατά; distributive/reflexive: 'of itself')→ spatial or relational framingκατά (καθ᾿ before rough breathing): here in the idiom καθ᾿ ἑαυτό ('by itself / of one piece'), denoting that the band is integral to the ephod, not a separate attachment.
ἑαυτὸitselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of καθ᾿: 'of itself')→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; καθ᾿ ἑαυτό ('by/of itself') with ἐξ αὐτοῦ ('from it') stresses that the woven band is of a single piece with the ephod, made out of the same fabric.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'out of it')→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'out of it').
αὐτοῦitGenitiveobject of ἐξ (source: 'out of the same [fabric]')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; ἐξ αὐτοῦ ('out of it') reinforces that the band is woven from the ephod's own material — an integral, single-piece construction (cf. 28:8 LXX).
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; the main verb of the verse, here following its object and descriptors (a Hebraizing word-order).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm / manner)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm / manner).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ποίησιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτοῦits ownGenitivepossessive genitive (attributive: 'its own making')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; the attributive τὴν αὐτοῦ ποίησιν ('its own making/manner') indicates the band was made in the same manner as the ephod itself.
ποίησινmakingAccusativeobject of κατά (the manner of fabrication)→ object specificationποίησις: 'making / workmanship / fashioning'; cognate with ποιέω; κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ ποίησιν = 'according to its own [manner of] making'.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; see v. 9; the material list of the ephod is here repeated in full.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑακίνθουblueGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationὑάκινθος: 'blue'; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορφύραςpurpleGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationπορφύρα: 'purple'; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοκκίνουscarletGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet'; see v. 9; here with διανενησμένου ('spun').
διανενησμένουspunPerf Pass Ptc Neut Gen Sg · διανήθωattributive participle (modifying κοκκίνου: 'spun scarlet')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: spun thread)διανήθω: 'spin thoroughly'; see v. 10; the perfect passive denotes scarlet already spun into thread.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; see v. 9; with κεκλωσμένης ('twined').
κεκλωσμένηςtwinedPerf Pass Ptc Fem Gen Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying βύσσου: 'twined linen')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: twisted thread)κλώθω: 'spin / twist'; see v. 9; βύσσος κεκλωσμένη = 'fine twined linen'.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (obedience-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as'; introduces the obedience-refrain closing the ephod-unit; see v. 8.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause (obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'command / appoint'; the obedience-refrain verb; see v. 8.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): recipient of the command; the refrain closes the ephod-section.
13

καὶ ἐποίησαν ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς λίθους τῆς σμαράγδου συμπεπορπημένους καὶ περισεσιαλωμένους χρυσίῳ γεγλυμμένους καὶ ἐκκεκολαμμένους ἐκκόλαμμα σφραγῖδος ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ

And they made both the emerald stones, clasped and encased in gold, engraved and carved with a seal-engraving from the names of the sons of Israel.

New item: the two engraved shoulder-stonesκαὶ ἐποίησαν ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς λίθους
The two emerald shoulder-stones are made and set in gold filigree (συμπεπορπημένους … περισεσιαλωμένους), then engraved like a signet (ἐκκόλαμμα σφραγῖδος) with the names of the sons of Israel. The dense cluster of rare perfect participles — 'clasped, encased, engraved, carved' — is unusual even for the LXX and renders the elaborate goldsmith's and gem-cutter's work of 28:9–11.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (heading the shoulder-stone item)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; heads the new item — the engraved shoulder-stones.
ἀμφοτέρουςbothAccusativeattributive adjective (with τοὺς λίθους)→ object specificationἀμφότεροι: 'both'; the two shoulder-stones, one for each strap of the ephod (cf. 28:9, where six tribal names are engraved on each).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λίθους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone / gem'; renders אֶבֶן; here the two precious shoulder-stones of the ephod, of emerald.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σμαράγδου)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σμαράγδουemeraldGenitivegenitive of material (with λίθους: 'stones of emerald')→ relational specificationσμάραγδος: 'emerald / green beryl'; renders שֹׁהַם (here; elsewhere onyx/beryl); a green gemstone; the shoulder-stones are of this material, and σμάραγδος also names the third stone of the breastplate's first row (v. 17).
συμπεπορπημένουςclaspedPerf Pass Ptc Masc Acc Pl · συμπορπάωattributive participle (modifying λίθους: 'clasped / brooched')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: fastened with clasps)συμπορπάω: 'fasten with a brooch/clasp' (from πόρπη, 'brooch'); a rare verb; the perfect passive describes the stones as set/clasped together in their gold mountings; renders the Hebrew מֻסַבֹּת ('set/enclosed').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περισεσιαλωμένουςencasedPerf Pass Ptc Masc Acc Pl · περισιαλόωattributive participle (modifying λίθους: 'overlaid/encased')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: encased round about)περισιαλόω: 'overlay / encase round about' (a rare LXX verb); with χρυσίῳ ('with gold') it describes the stones set within gold filigree bezels; the perfect marks the finished encasement; renders the gold settings of 28:11.
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of means (the material of the setting)→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον: 'gold'; the dative of means — the stones are clasped and encased 'with gold'; the gold filigree settings of the shoulder-stones.
γεγλυμμένουςengravedPerf Pass Ptc Masc Acc Pl · γλύφωattributive participle (modifying λίθους: 'engraved')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: incised)γλύφω: 'carve / engrave / incise'; renders פִּתַּח; the perfect passive describes the stones as engraved; the verb is technical for gem- and seal-engraving.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκεκολαμμένουςcarved outPerf Pass Ptc Masc Acc Pl · ἐκκολάπτωattributive participle (modifying λίθους: 'carved out')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: cut/incised out)ἐκκολάπτω: 'carve out / chisel out / engrave'; the compound ἐκ- intensifies the cutting; near-synonymous with γεγλυμμένους, the doubling stressing the fine intaglio work; cognate with the following noun ἐκκόλαμμα.
ἐκκόλαμμαengravingAccusativecognate accusative (with ἐκκεκολαμμένους: 'carved with a carving')→ object specificationἐκκόλαμμα: 'a carving / incised engraving'; cognate with ἐκκολάπτω; the cognate-accusative ἐκκεκολαμμένους ἐκκόλαμμα σφραγῖδος ('carved with a seal-carving') is a Hebraizing figura etymologica rendering פִּתּוּחֵי חֹתָם ('engravings of a signet').
σφραγῖδοςof a sealGenitivegenitive of quality (with ἐκκόλαμμα: 'a seal-engraving')→ relational specificationσφραγίς: 'seal / signet'; renders חוֹתָם; the engraving is 'of a seal', i.e. done like a signet-cutter's intaglio, deep and precise; the same simile recurs for the breastplate-stones (v. 21) and the golden plate (v. 37).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source / partitive: 'from the names')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; here marking the source of the inscriptions — the stones are engraved 'from [among] the names of the sons of Israel', i.e. with those names.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὀνομάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνομάτωνnamesGenitiveobject of ἐκ (the engraved names)→ relational specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; the tribal/patronymic names engraved on the stones, so that Aaron bears Israel before the LORD (cf. v. 14, 'stones of memorial').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (possessive: 'of the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel'), the twelve tribes whose names are engraved on the stones; see v. 3.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the patriarch whose twelve sons name the tribes borne on the priestly stones.
14

καὶ ἐπέθηκεν αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τοὺς ὤμους τῆς ἐπωμίδος λίθους μνημοσύνου τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And he placed them on the shoulders of the ephod as stones of memorial of the sons of Israel, just as the LORD commanded Moses.

Completion of the shoulder-stone item; obedience-refrainκαὶ ἐπέθηκεν αὐτούς
The engraved stones are mounted (ἐπέθηκεν) on the ephod's shoulders as λίθοι μνημοσύνου ('stones of memorial'): Aaron carries the names of all Israel into the sanctuary as a perpetual remembrance before the LORD (cf. 28:12). The obedience-refrain closes the unit; the singular ἐπέθηκεν likely names Beseleel as agent.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενhe placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (mounting the stones)→ constative aorist (the act of setting in place)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set on / mount'; renders שָׂם / נָתַן עַל; the regular verb for affixing the components of the vestments (recurs vv. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32, 38); the singular here suggests the master-artisan as agent.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the two stones)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the two emerald shoulder-stones of v. 13.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (placement: 'onto the shoulders')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement: 'onto the shoulders').
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ὤμους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὤμουςshouldersAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placement)→ object specificationὦμος: 'shoulder'; renders כָּתֵף; the shoulder-straps of the ephod (cognate with ἐπ-ωμίς itself); the stones rest on the high priest's shoulders so he bears Israel's names there.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὤμους: 'shoulders of the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9; the shoulder-straps to which the stones are fixed.
λίθουςstonesAccusativeaccusative in apposition to αὐτούς (predicative: 'as stones')→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; appositional, characterizing the two stones in their function — λίθους μνημοσύνου ('stones of memorial').
μνημοσύνουof memorialGenitivegenitive of purpose/quality (with λίθους: 'stones of remembrance')→ relational specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / remembrance'; renders זִכָּרוֹן; the stones serve as a perpetual memorial of the twelve tribes before the LORD — Aaron represents all Israel in his priestly service (cf. 28:12, 29).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (objective: 'memorial of the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the tribes remembered before the LORD; see v. 3.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 3, 13; indeclinable.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (obedience-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as'; obedience-refrain; see v. 8.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause (obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'command'; see v. 8.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): recipient of the command; the refrain closes the shoulder-stone unit.
15

καὶ ἐποίησαν λογεῖον ἔργον ὑφαντὸν ποικιλίᾳ κατὰ τὸ ἔργον τῆς ἐπωμίδος ἐκ χρυσίου καὶ ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας καὶ κοκκίνου διανενησμένου καὶ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης

And they made the breastplate, a woven work, with embroidery, like the work of the ephod, of gold and blue and purple and spun scarlet and twined fine linen.

New section: the breastplate (λογεῖον) and its materialsκαὶ ἐποίησαν λογεῖον
The third major item is the breastplate (λογεῖον). It is made κατὰ τὸ ἔργον τῆς ἐπωμίδος ('like the work of the ephod'), deliberately matching the shoulder-vestment in technique (ἔργον ὑφαντόν) and material (the same five substances). The added ποικιλίᾳ ('with variegated/embroidered work') anticipates the multicolored gem-rows of vv. 17–20.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (heading the breastplate-section)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; heads the breastplate-section.
λογεῖονbreastplateAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationλογεῖον: 'oracle-piece / breastplate' (also spelled λόγιον); the LXX rendering of חֹשֶׁן, the high priest's gemmed breast-pouch holding the Urim and Thummim (the 'oracle'); the name λογεῖον (from λόγιον, 'oracle') stresses its mantic function — it is the piece 'of decision/judgment' (cf. 28:15, λογεῖον τῶν κρίσεων).
ἔργονa workAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the product described)→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; ἔργον ὑφαντόν, the woven-work descriptor shared with the ephod; see v. 10.
ὑφαντὸνwovenAccusativeverbal adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationὑφαντός: 'woven'; see v. 10.
ποικιλίᾳwith embroideryDativedative of manner (qualifying the work: 'with variegated/embroidered work')→ sphere or referenceποικιλία: 'variegation / embroidery / multicolored work'; renders רֹקֵם / מַעֲשֵׂה חֹשֵׁב; the dative of manner marks the breastplate as multicolored embroidered work; cognate with ποικιλτής ('embroiderer', v. 36).
κατὰlike / according topreposition + accusative (norm / pattern)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: here 'according to / after the pattern of'; κατὰ τὸ ἔργον τῆς ἐπωμίδος ('like the work of the ephod') makes the breastplate match the ephod in technique.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἔργον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργονworkAccusativeobject of κατά (the pattern: 'the work of the ephod')→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; the workmanship of the ephod is the model for the breastplate.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἔργον: 'work of the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9; the breastplate matches its workmanship and material.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the five-material list of the ephod is repeated for the breastplate; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑακίνθουblueGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationὑάκινθος: 'blue'; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορφύραςpurpleGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationπορφύρα: 'purple'; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοκκίνουscarletGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet'; see v. 9; with διανενησμένου ('spun').
διανενησμένουspunPerf Pass Ptc Neut Gen Sg · διανήθωattributive participle (modifying κοκκίνου: 'spun scarlet')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: spun thread)διανήθω: 'spin thoroughly'; see v. 10.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; see v. 9; with κεκλωσμένης ('twined').
κεκλωσμένηςtwinedPerf Pass Ptc Fem Gen Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying βύσσου: 'twined linen')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: twisted thread)κλώθω: 'spin / twist'; see v. 9; βύσσος κεκλωσμένη = 'fine twined linen'.
16

τετράγωνον διπλοῦν ἐποίησαν τὸ λογεῖον σπιθαμῆς τὸ μῆκος καὶ σπιθαμῆς τὸ εὖρος διπλοῦν

Foursquare and doubled they made the breastplate, a span its length and a span its breadth, doubled.

Dimensions of the breastplateτετράγωνον διπλοῦν ἐποίησαν τὸ λογεῖον
Asyndetic continuation specifying the breastplate's form: square (τετράγωνον), doubled over (διπλοῦν), a span (σπιθαμή) on each side — i.e. folded into a pouch to hold the Urim and Thummim (cf. 28:16). The repeated διπλοῦν frames the verse, emphasizing the double-fold construction.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
τετράγωνονfoursquareAccusativepredicate adjective (with τὸ λογεῖον: 'made square')→ object specificationτετράγωνος: 'four-cornered / square'; renders רָבוּעַ; the breastplate is square in shape, an exact and symmetrical form befitting its sacred function.
διπλοῦνdoubledAccusativepredicate adjective (with τὸ λογεῖον: 'doubled / folded double')→ object specificationδιπλοῦς: 'double / twofold'; renders כָּפוּל; the breastplate is folded double to form a pouch (for the Urim and Thummim); the term frames the verse (also at its close).
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; here the verb stands between its predicate-adjectives and object.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with λογεῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογεῖονbreastplateAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationλογεῖον: 'breastplate'; see v. 15.
σπιθαμῆςa spanGenitivegenitive of measure (with τὸ μῆκος: 'a span in length')→ relational specificationσπιθαμή: 'span' (the distance from thumb to little finger, c. 22 cm); renders זֶרֶת; the genitive of measure gives the breastplate's dimensions — a span square.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μῆκος; accusative of respect)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('in respect of length')→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; renders אֹרֶךְ; accusative of respect — 'a span in length'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπιθαμῆςa spanGenitivegenitive of measure (with τὸ εὖρος: 'a span in breadth')→ relational specificationσπιθαμή: 'span'; the second dimension; the breastplate is a span in breadth as in length — i.e. square.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with εὖρος; accusative of respect)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὖροςbreadthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('in respect of breadth')→ object specificationεὖρος: 'breadth / width'; renders רֹחַב; accusative of respect — 'a span in breadth'.
διπλοῦνdoubledAccusativepredicate adjective (closing repetition: 'doubled')→ object specificationδιπλοῦς: 'double'; the repeated διπλοῦν closes the verse, re-emphasizing that the breastplate was folded double into a pouch.
17

καὶ συνυφάνθη ἐν αὐτῷ ὕφασμα κατάλιθον τετράστιχον στίχος λίθων σάρδιον καὶ τοπάζιον καὶ σμάραγδος ὁ στίχος ὁ εἷς

And there was woven into it a stone-set fabric in four rows: a row of stones — a sardius and a topaz and an emerald — the first row.

New sub-unit: the four rows of gemstones (row 1)καὶ συνυφάνθη ἐν αὐτῷ ὕφασμα κατάλιθον
The breastplate is set with a 'stone-bearing fabric' (ὕφασμα κατάλιθον) in four rows (τετράστιχον). This verse begins the enumeration with the first row: sardius, topaz, emerald (cf. 28:17). The rows correspond to the twelve tribes (v. 21). The repeated στίχος ('row') structures vv. 17–20.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνυφάνθηwas woven inAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συνυφαίνωmain verb (passive: the stone-fabric set into the breastplate)→ constative aorist passive (the completed insetting)συνυφαίνω: 'weave together / weave in'; see v. 10; the passive describes the gem-bearing fabric being woven/set into the breastplate.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'into it')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'into it').
αὐτῷitDativeobject of ἐν (the breastplate)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'it'; the breastplate (λογεῖον) of v. 16.
ὕφασμαa fabricNominativesubject of συνυφάνθη→ participant prominenceὕφασμα: 'woven fabric / web'; cognate with ὑφαίνω; here the gem-set woven panel; the same word recurs at v. 28 for the woven body of the ephod.
κατάλιθονstone-setNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ὕφασμα: 'set with stones')→ participant prominenceκατάλιθος: 'set with stones / studded with gems' (κατά + λίθος); a rare compound describing the fabric as gem-encrusted; renders the gemmed setting of 28:17.
τετράστιχονin four rowsNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ὕφασμα: 'four-rowed')→ participant prominenceτετράστιχος: 'four-rowed / in four rows' (τετρα- + στίχος); the gemstones are arranged in four rows of three, twelve in all (vv. 17–20), one stone per tribe.
στίχοςa rowNominativenominative in apposition (specifying the first row)→ participant prominenceστίχος: 'row / line / rank'; renders טוּר; the organizing term for the gem-arrangement, repeated for each of the four rows (vv. 17–20).
λίθωνof stonesGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitive (with στίχος: 'a row of stones')→ relational specificationλίθος: 'stone / gem'; see v. 13; a row 'of stones'.
σάρδιονa sardiusNominativenominative in apposition (first stone of row 1)→ participant prominenceσάρδιον: 'sardius / carnelian'; renders אֹדֶם; a red gemstone; the first stone of the first row (cf. 28:17); later the first of the foundation-stones of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21:20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοπάζιονa topazNominativenominative in apposition (second stone of row 1)→ participant prominenceτοπάζιον: 'topaz'; renders פִּטְדָה; a yellow-green gemstone; the second stone of the first row.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σμάραγδοςan emeraldNominativenominative in apposition (third stone of row 1)→ participant prominenceσμάραγδος: 'emerald'; renders בָּרֶקֶת; a green gemstone; the third stone of the first row; the same gem-name as the shoulder-stones (v. 13).
theNominativearticle (with στίχος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στίχοςrowNominativenominative (summarizing: 'the first row')→ participant prominenceστίχος: 'row'; the closing ὁ στίχος ὁ εἷς ('the first row') labels the row just enumerated.
theNominativearticle (with εἷς, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἷςfirst / oneNominativeordinal/cardinal adjective (with στίχος: 'the one [first] row')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; here used ordinally ('the first') in the labeling of the rows; renders the Hebrew הָאֶחָד; cf. the ordinals δεύτερος, τρίτος, τέταρτος in vv. 18–20.
18

καὶ ὁ στίχος ὁ δεύτερος ἄνθραξ καὶ σάπφειρος καὶ ἴασπις

And the second row: a carbuncle and a sapphire and a jasper.

Gem-rows: row 2καὶ ὁ στίχος ὁ δεύτερος
The second row, in elliptical style (no verb): carbuncle, sapphire, jasper (cf. 28:18). The verbless enumeration matches the terse list-form of vv. 18–20, each headed by ὁ στίχος ὁ + ordinal.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with στίχος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στίχοςrowNominativenominative (heading row 2; verbless)→ participant prominenceστίχος: 'row'; see v. 17; the second of the four rows.
theNominativearticle (with δεύτερος, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτεροςsecondNominativeordinal adjective (with στίχος: 'the second row')→ participant prominenceδεύτερος: 'second'; ordinal labeling the second row of gemstones.
ἄνθραξa carbuncleNominativenominative in apposition (first stone of row 2)→ participant prominenceἄνθραξ: 'carbuncle / red garnet' (lit. 'live coal'); renders נֹפֶךְ; a glowing red gemstone; the first stone of the second row.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σάπφειροςa sapphireNominativenominative in apposition (second stone of row 2)→ participant prominenceσάπφειρος: 'sapphire / lapis lazuli'; renders סַפִּיר; a deep-blue stone; the second stone of the second row (cf. the sapphire pavement of 24:10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴασπιςa jasperNominativenominative in apposition (third stone of row 2)→ participant prominenceἴασπις: 'jasper'; renders יַהֲלֹם; a translucent gemstone; the third stone of the second row; cf. Rev 21:11, 18–19 where jasper is prominent in the New Jerusalem.
19

καὶ ὁ στίχος ὁ τρίτος λιγύριον καὶ ἀχάτης καὶ ἀμέθυστος

And the third row: a ligure and an agate and an amethyst.

Gem-rows: row 3καὶ ὁ στίχος ὁ τρίτος
The third row, again verbless: ligure, agate, amethyst (cf. 28:19). The pattern ὁ στίχος ὁ + ordinal + three gem-names continues uniformly.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with στίχος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στίχοςrowNominativenominative (heading row 3; verbless)→ participant prominenceστίχος: 'row'; see v. 17; the third of the four rows.
theNominativearticle (with τρίτος, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτοςthirdNominativeordinal adjective (with στίχος: 'the third row')→ participant prominenceτρίτος: 'third'; ordinal labeling the third row of gemstones.
λιγύριονa ligureNominativenominative in apposition (first stone of row 3)→ participant prominenceλιγύριον: 'ligure / jacinth' (perhaps amber or a yellow-orange stone); renders לֶשֶׁם; the first stone of the third row; its exact identity is uncertain in antiquity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀχάτηςan agateNominativenominative in apposition (second stone of row 3)→ participant prominenceἀχάτης: 'agate'; renders שְׁבוֹ; a banded chalcedony, said to be named from the river Achates in Sicily; the second stone of the third row.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀμέθυστοςan amethystNominativenominative in apposition (third stone of row 3)→ participant prominenceἀμέθυστος: 'amethyst' (lit. 'not-drunken', from the belief it prevented intoxication); renders אַחְלָמָה; a violet quartz; the third stone of the third row.
20

καὶ ὁ στίχος ὁ τέταρτος χρυσόλιθος καὶ βηρύλλιον καὶ ὀνύχιον περικεκυκλωμένα χρυσίῳ καὶ συνδεδεμένα χρυσίῳ

And the fourth row: a chrysolite and a beryl and an onyx, encircled with gold and bound together with gold.

Gem-rows: row 4, with the gold settingsκαὶ ὁ στίχος ὁ τέταρτος
The fourth row — chrysolite, beryl, onyx (cf. 28:20) — completes the twelve stones. The closing participles περικεκυκλωμένα ('encircled') and συνδεδεμένα ('bound together') with χρυσίῳ describe the gold filigree settings holding all the stones, summarizing the metalwork for the whole gem-panel.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with στίχος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στίχοςrowNominativenominative (heading row 4; verbless)→ participant prominenceστίχος: 'row'; see v. 17; the fourth and last row.
theNominativearticle (with τέταρτος, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέταρτοςfourthNominativeordinal adjective (with στίχος: 'the fourth row')→ participant prominenceτέταρτος: 'fourth'; ordinal labeling the fourth row of gemstones.
χρυσόλιθοςa chrysoliteNominativenominative in apposition (first stone of row 4)→ participant prominenceχρυσόλιθος: 'chrysolite' (lit. 'gold-stone', a golden-yellow stone, perhaps topaz/peridot); renders תַּרְשִׁישׁ; the first stone of the fourth row.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βηρύλλιονa berylNominativenominative in apposition (second stone of row 4)→ participant prominenceβηρύλλιον: 'beryl' (diminutive of βήρυλλος); renders שֹׁהַם; a blue-green stone; the second stone of the fourth row.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀνύχιονan onyxNominativenominative in apposition (third stone of row 4)→ participant prominenceὀνύχιον: 'onyx' (diminutive of ὄνυξ, 'fingernail', from its nail-like banding); renders יָשְׁפֵה; the third and last stone, completing the twelve.
περικεκυκλωμέναencircledPerf Pass Ptc Neut Nom Pl · περικυκλόωattributive participle (modifying the stones collectively: 'encircled')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: ringed about)περικυκλόω: 'encircle / surround / ring about'; the compound περι- describes the gold settings encircling each stone; the perfect marks the finished setting; the neuter plural agrees ad sensum with the collection of stones.
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of means (the encircling material)→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον: 'gold'; dative of means — the stones are encircled 'with gold' filigree.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνδεδεμέναbound togetherPerf Pass Ptc Neut Nom Pl · συνδέωattributive participle (modifying the stones: 'bound together')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: fastened together)συνδέω: 'bind together / fasten'; the compound συν- conveys binding the stones (and their settings) together; the perfect marks the secure, finished fastening; renders the gold-enclosed settings of 28:20.
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of means (the binding material)→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον: 'gold'; dative of means; the repetition χρυσίῳ … χρυσίῳ underscores that every stone is held in a gold setting.
21

καὶ οἱ λίθοι ἦσαν ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ δώδεκα ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων αὐτῶν ἐγγεγραμμένα εἰς σφραγῖδας ἕκαστος ἐκ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ ὀνόματος εἰς τὰς δώδεκα φυλάς

And the stones were from the names of the sons of Israel, twelve, from their names, engraved as seals, each according to his own name, for the twelve tribes.

Summary of the gem-panel: twelve stones for the twelve tribesκαὶ οἱ λίθοι ἦσαν ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων
The twelve stones each bear one tribal name, engraved as a seal (ἐγγεγραμμένα εἰς σφραγῖδας), so that the high priest carries all twelve tribes over his heart (cf. 28:21, 29). The doubled δώδεκα ('twelve … twelve tribes') and the distributive ἕκαστος ('each') stress the one-to-one correspondence of stone to tribe.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with λίθοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθοιstonesNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceλίθος: 'stone / gem'; the twelve breastplate-stones of vv. 17–20.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (with predicate phrase)→ stative imperfect (the settled correspondence of stones to names)εἰμί (impf. ἦσαν): 'be'; here states the relation of the stones to the tribal names.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source / correspondence: 'according to the names')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; here marking correspondence — the stones were 'from / according to' the names of the sons of Israel (cf. v. 13).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὀνομάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνομάτωνnamesGenitiveobject of ἐκ (the tribal names)→ relational specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the names of the twelve tribes engraved on the stones; see v. 13.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (possessive: 'of the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; see v. 3, 13.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 3; indeclinable.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable cardinal numeral (in apposition to οἱ λίθοι: 'twelve')→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable; the number of stones answering to the twelve tribes; the doubling with εἰς τὰς δώδεκα φυλάς below frames the verse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (correspondence, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (correspondence, repeated).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὀνομάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνομάτωνnamesGenitiveobject of ἐκ (repeated: 'their names')→ relational specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the repetition stresses that each stone corresponds to a tribal name.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (with ὀνομάτων: 'their names')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the names belonging to the sons of Israel.
ἐγγεγραμμέναengravedPerf Pass Ptc Neut Nom Pl · ἐγγράφωattributive/predicative participle (modifying the stones: 'inscribed')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: inscribed)ἐγγράφω: 'inscribe / engrave in'; the perfect passive describes the names as engraved into the stones; the neuter plural agrees ad sensum with the stones/names; renders פִּתּוּחֵי (engraving) of 28:21.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (manner / result: 'as seals')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into / as'; here 'engraved as / in the manner of seals', i.e. like signet-intaglios; cf. the seal-simile of v. 13.
σφραγῖδαςsealsAccusativeobject of εἰς (the manner of engraving)→ object specificationσφραγίς: 'seal / signet'; see v. 13; the engraving is done like signet-seals — deep, fine, and permanent.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativedistributive subject ('each one')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; distributive — each stone corresponds to its own tribal name, one-to-one.
ἐκaccording topreposition + genitive (correspondence: 'by his own name')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / according to'; ἐκ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ ὀνόματος ('by his own name') marks the individual correspondence of each stone to a tribe.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὀνόματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive (attributive: 'his own name')→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'his own'; emphasizes that each stone bears one specific tribe's name.
ὀνόματοςnameGenitiveobject of ἐκ (the individual name)→ relational specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the singular here, distributively — 'each by his own name'.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose / reference: 'for the tribes')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / with reference to'; the stones stand for the twelve tribes.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with φυλάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable cardinal numeral (with φυλάς: 'twelve tribes')→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable; the second δώδεκα closes the framing inclusio (twelve stones / twelve tribes).
φυλάςtribesAccusativeobject of εἰς (the twelve tribes represented)→ object specificationφυλή: 'tribe / clan'; renders שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; the twelve tribes of Israel, each represented by one engraved stone over the high priest's heart.
22

καὶ ἐποίησαν ἐπὶ τὸ λογεῖον κροσσοὺς συμπεπλεγμένους ἔργον ἐμπλοκίου ἐκ χρυσίου καθαροῦ

And they made upon the breastplate interlaced tassels, plaited-chain work, of pure gold.

New sub-unit: the gold chains and fastenings of the breastplate (vv. 22–28)καὶ ἐποίησαν ἐπὶ τὸ λογεῖον κροσσούς
The fastening-apparatus begins: interlaced tassels/chains (κροσσοὺς συμπεπλεγμένους) of pure gold, described as ἔργον ἐμπλοκίου ('plaited-chain work'). These are the wreathen gold chains by which the breastplate will be bound to the ephod (vv. 23–28; cf. 28:14, 22).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (heading the fastening sub-unit)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; heads the description of the breastplate's gold chains and fastenings.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (placement: 'upon the breastplate')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement: 'upon the breastplate').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with λογεῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογεῖονbreastplateAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placement)→ object specificationλογεῖον: 'breastplate'; see v. 15; the chains are attached upon it.
κροσσοὺςtasselsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationκροσσός: 'tassel / fringe / wreathen chain'; renders שַׁרְשְׁרֹת / גְּבָלוֹת; here the twisted gold chains of the breastplate; a rare word in the LXX.
συμπεπλεγμένουςinterlacedPerf Pass Ptc Masc Acc Pl · συμπλέκωattributive participle (modifying κροσσούς: 'interlaced / plaited')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: plaited together)συμπλέκω: 'plait / interweave together'; see v. 12; here the tassels are plaited like braided chains; the perfect marks the finished plaiting.
ἔργονworkAccusativeaccusative in apposition (describing the tassels: 'plaited-chain work')→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / workmanship'; here ἔργον ἐμπλοκίου ('work of plaiting'), describing the technique of the gold chains.
ἐμπλοκίουof plaitingGenitivegenitive of quality (with ἔργον: 'plaited-chain work')→ relational specificationἐμπλόκιον: 'plaited chain / braid'; cognate with πλέκω; the term for the woven gold chains; recurs in vv. 24, 25 (τὰ ἐμπλόκια).
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the chains are of pure gold; see v. 9.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (with χρυσίου: 'pure gold')→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure / clean / unalloyed'; renders טָהוֹר; χρυσίον καθαρόν ('pure gold') is the standard sanctuary phrase for refined, unalloyed gold (cf. v. 37); fitting for the holiest items.
23

καὶ ἐποίησαν δύο ἀσπιδίσκας χρυσᾶς καὶ δύο δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς καὶ ἐπέθηκαν τοὺς δύο δακτυλίους τοὺς χρυσοῦς ἐπ᾿ ἀμφοτέρας τὰς ἀρχὰς τοῦ λογείου

And they made two gold rosettes and two gold rings, and they placed the two gold rings on both the top corners of the breastplate.

Fastening apparatus: rosettes and rings (continued)καὶ ἐποίησαν δύο ἀσπιδίσκας
Two gold rosettes (ἀσπιδίσκας, lit. 'little shields') and two gold rings (δακτυλίους) are made; the rings are set on the two upper corners (ἀρχάς) of the breastplate. These elements work with the chains of v. 22 to attach the breastplate to the ephod (vv. 24–25; cf. 28:23–25).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; the fashioning of the rosettes and rings.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with ἀσπιδίσκας)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; the pair of rosettes.
ἀσπιδίσκαςrosettesAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationἀσπιδίσκη: 'little shield / boss / rosette' (diminutive of ἀσπίς, 'shield'); renders מִשְׁבְּצֹת ('settings/ouches'); small round gold bosses or filigree settings to which the chains attach; recurs at v. 25.
χρυσᾶςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἀσπιδίσκας: 'gold rosettes')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς (fem. χρυσῆ): 'golden / of gold'; the rosettes are of gold.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with δακτυλίους)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the pair of rings.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν (coordinate)→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring' (from δάκτυλος, 'finger'); renders טַבַּעַת; the gold rings through which the chains pass to fasten the breastplate; the key fastening-element, recurring throughout vv. 23–28.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (with δακτυλίους: 'gold rings')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden / of gold'; the rings are of gold.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey placedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (coordinate: setting the rings)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set on'; see v. 14; here the setting of the rings on the breastplate's corners.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with δακτυλίους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with δακτυλίους)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two rings just made.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκαν→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; see above; the gold rings placed on the breastplate's corners.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with χρυσοῦς, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (with δακτυλίους: 'the gold rings')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; the rings of gold.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (elided; placement: 'onto the corners')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided; placement: 'onto the corners').
ἀμφοτέραςbothAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὰς ἀρχάς: 'both corners')→ object specificationἀμφότεροι: 'both'; the two upper corners of the breastplate; see v. 11.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀρχάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχὰςcornersAccusativeobject of ἐπ᾿ (placement: 'the top corners')→ object specificationἀρχή: 'beginning / extremity / corner'; renders קָצֶה / קָצוֹת; here the upper ends/corners of the breastplate where the rings are set.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λογείου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογείουbreastplateGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀρχάς: 'corners of the breastplate')→ relational specificationλογεῖον (gen. λογείου): 'breastplate'; see v. 15; here genitive, the breastplate whose corners receive the rings.
24

καὶ ἐπέθηκαν τὰ ἐμπλόκια ἐκ χρυσίου ἐπὶ τοὺς δακτυλίους ἐπ᾿ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν μερῶν τοῦ λογείου

And they put the gold plaited-chains onto the rings, on both sides of the breastplate.

Fastening apparatus: the chains threaded through the ringsκαὶ ἐπέθηκαν τὰ ἐμπλόκια
The two gold plaited-chains (ἐμπλόκια) of v. 22 are passed through the corner-rings on both sides of the breastplate, the first step in linking it to the ephod's shoulder-pieces (cf. 28:24).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey putAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (threading the chains)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / put on'; see v. 14; here the chains are set onto the rings.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἐμπλόκια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμπλόκιαplaited-chainsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκαν→ object specificationἐμπλόκιον: 'plaited chain / braid'; see v. 22; the two gold chains threaded through the rings.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of material (with ἐμπλόκια: 'chains of gold')→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the chains are of gold; see v. 9.
ἐπὶontopreposition + accusative (placement: 'onto the rings')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'onto'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement: 'onto the rings').
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with δακτυλίους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placement)→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; see v. 23; the corner-rings through which the chains pass.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (elided; location: 'on both sides')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; location: 'on both sides').
ἀμφοτέρωνbothGenitiveattributive adjective (with μερῶν: 'both sides')→ relational specificationἀμφότεροι: 'both'; the two sides of the breastplate; see v. 11.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with μερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερῶνsidesGenitiveobject of ἐπ᾿ (location: 'on both sides')→ relational specificationμέρος: 'part / side'; see v. 11; the two sides/edges of the breastplate.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λογείου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογείουbreastplateGenitivegenitive of possession (with μερῶν: 'sides of the breastplate')→ relational specificationλογεῖον (gen. λογείου): 'breastplate'; see v. 15.
25

καὶ εἰς τὰς δύο συμβολὰς τὰ δύο ἐμπλόκια καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπὶ τὰς δύο ἀσπιδίσκας καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὤμους τῆς ἐπωμίδος ἐξ ἐναντίας κατὰ πρόσωπον

And into the two couplings the two plaited-chains; and they placed them on the two rosettes, and they placed them on the shoulders of the ephod, facing front, opposite.

Fastening apparatus: chains attached to rosettes and to the ephod's shouldersκαὶ εἰς τὰς δύο συμβολάς
The two chains run into the two couplings (συμβολάς), are fixed to the two rosettes, and through them mounted on the ephod's shoulders, set ἐξ ἐναντίας κατὰ πρόσωπον ('opposite, toward the front') — i.e. on the front of the shoulder-pieces (cf. 28:25). This completes the upper attachment of the breastplate to the ephod.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the couplings')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the couplings').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with συμβολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with συμβολάς)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two couplings.
συμβολὰςcouplingsAccusativeobject of εἰς (the junction-points)→ object specificationσυμβολή: 'joining / coupling / juncture'; from συμβάλλω ('bring together'); here the points where the breastplate's chains couple to the ephod; recurs at v. 27.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἐμπλόκια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with ἐμπλόκια)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two plaited-chains.
ἐμπλόκιαplaited-chainsAccusativeverbless object (supply 'they put'): the chains into the couplings→ object specificationἐμπλόκιον: 'plaited chain'; see v. 22; the two gold chains, here run into the couplings (the verb is gapped from the preceding context).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey placedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (fixing the chains to the rosettes)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; see v. 14; here the chains are fixed onto the rosettes.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (placement)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀσπιδίσκας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with ἀσπιδίσκας)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two rosettes.
ἀσπιδίσκαςrosettesAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placement)→ object specificationἀσπιδίσκη: 'rosette / little shield'; see v. 23; the chains are fixed to these gold bosses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey placedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (mounting them on the ephod's shoulders)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; the repeated ἐπέθηκαν mounts the rosette-and-chain assembly onto the ephod's shoulder-pieces.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (placement)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ὤμους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὤμουςshouldersAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placement)→ object specificationὦμος: 'shoulder'; see v. 14; the shoulder-pieces of the ephod where the chains attach.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὤμους: 'shoulders of the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (in the idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας: 'opposite')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ): here in the adverbial phrase ἐξ ἐναντίας ('over against / opposite / in front').
ἐναντίαςoppositeGenitivesubstantival adjective (with ἐξ: 'over against / in front')→ relational specificationἐναντίος: 'opposite / facing'; ἐξ ἐναντίας ('opposite, in front') locates the attachment on the front of the shoulder-pieces; cf. 28:25.
κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'in front')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'in front').
πρόσωπονthe frontAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom: 'toward the face / in front')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / front'; renders פָּנִים; κατὰ πρόσωπον ('toward the front / facing forward') reinforces ἐξ ἐναντίας — the breastplate is set on the front of the ephod's shoulders.
26

καὶ ἐποίησαν δύο δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπὶ τὰ δύο πτερύγια ἐπ᾿ ἄκρου τοῦ λογείου ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ ὀπισθίου τῆς ἐπωμίδος ἔσωθεν

And they made two gold rings and placed them on the two flaps, on the edge of the breastplate, at the inner edge of the back of the ephod.

Fastening apparatus: the lower rings on the inner edgeκαὶ ἐποίησαν δύο δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς
Two more gold rings are made and set on the two lower flaps (πτερύγια) at the edge of the breastplate, on the inner side facing the ephod's back (cf. 28:26). These lower rings, with those of v. 27, secure the bottom of the breastplate to the ephod.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; the fashioning of two more rings.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with δακτυλίους)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the second pair of rings.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; see v. 23; the lower pair of fastening-rings.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (with δακτυλίους: 'gold rings')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; the rings of gold.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey placedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (coordinate: setting the rings)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; see v. 14.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (placement)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πτερύγια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with πτερύγια)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two flaps.
πτερύγιαflapsAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placement)→ object specificationπτερύγιον: 'little wing / flap / edge / pinnacle' (diminutive of πτέρυξ, 'wing'); here the two lower flaps or corners of the breastplate; the same word names the temple-pinnacle in Matt 4:5.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (elided; location: 'on the edge')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; location: 'on the edge').
ἄκρουedgeGenitiveobject of ἐπ᾿ (location: 'on the edge')→ relational specificationἄκρον: 'top / tip / extremity / edge'; renders קָצֶה; here the edge of the breastplate where the lower rings sit.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λογείου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογείουbreastplateGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἄκρου: 'edge of the breastplate')→ relational specificationλογεῖον (gen. λογείου): 'breastplate'; see v. 15.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (location, repeated for precision)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location, repeated for precision).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονedgeAccusativeobject of ἐπί (location: 'at the edge')→ object specificationἄκρον: 'edge / extremity'; the repeated ἄκρον specifies the precise location — the inner edge facing the ephod's back.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὀπισθίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπισθίουbackGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive: 'of the back/rear')→ relational specificationὀπίσθιος: 'hinder / rear'; substantival τὸ ὀπίσθιον ('the back part'); here the back side of the ephod, against which the breastplate's inner edge rests.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὀπισθίου: 'the back of the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9.
ἔσωθενon the insideadverb of place (specifying: 'inward / on the inner side')→ clausal contributionἔσωθεν: 'from within / on the inside'; renders בָּיְתָה; locates the lower rings on the inner (body-facing) side of the breastplate, hidden against the ephod.
27

καὶ ἐποίησαν δύο δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπ᾿ ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς ὤμους τῆς ἐπωμίδος κάτωθεν αὐτοῦ κατὰ πρόσωπον κατὰ τὴν συμβολὴν ἄνωθεν τῆς συνυφῆς τῆς ἐπωμίδος

And they made two gold rings and placed them on both shoulders of the ephod, below it, at the front, by the coupling, above the woven band of the ephod.

Fastening apparatus: the matching rings on the ephodκαὶ ἐποίησαν δύο δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς
Two further gold rings are set low on the front of the ephod's shoulder-pieces, just above its woven band (συνυφή), to correspond with the breastplate's lower rings (v. 26). With these the bottom of the breastplate can be tied to the ephod (v. 28; cf. 28:27).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; another pair of rings, this time set on the ephod itself.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral (with δακτυλίους)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; see v. 23; the matching rings on the ephod.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (with δακτυλίους)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey placedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; see v. 14.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (elided; placement)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided; placement).
ἀμφοτέρουςbothAccusativeattributive adjective (with τοὺς ὤμους: 'both shoulders')→ object specificationἀμφότεροι: 'both'; the two shoulder-pieces; see v. 11.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ὤμους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὤμουςshouldersAccusativeobject of ἐπ᾿ (placement)→ object specificationὦμος: 'shoulder'; see v. 14; the ephod's shoulder-pieces.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὤμους)→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9.
κάτωθενbelowadverb of place (with αὐτοῦ: 'beneath it')→ clausal contributionκάτωθεν: 'from below / beneath'; renders מִמַּטָּה; locates the rings low on the shoulder-pieces, contrasting with the upper rings of v. 23.
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive with adverb κάτωθεν (point of reference: 'below it')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the ephod; κάτωθεν αὐτοῦ = 'beneath it / on its lower part'.
κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'in front')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'in front').
πρόσωπονthe frontAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom: 'in front / on the face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / front'; κατὰ πρόσωπον ('at the front'); see v. 25; the rings are on the front of the shoulder-pieces.
κατὰbypreposition + accusative (location: 'by the coupling')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location: 'by the coupling').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with συμβολήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμβολὴνcouplingAccusativeobject of κατά (location: 'at the juncture')→ object specificationσυμβολή: 'coupling / juncture'; see v. 25; the seam where the shoulder-piece joins the ephod's body.
ἄνωθενaboveadverb of place (with genitive: 'above the band')→ clausal contributionἄνωθεν: 'from above / above'; renders מִמַּעַל; here locating the rings just above the ephod's woven band; contrasts with κάτωθεν earlier in the verse.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with συνυφῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνυφῆςwoven bandGenitivegenitive with adverb ἄνωθεν (reference point: 'above the weave')→ relational specificationσυνυφή: 'woven join / interweaving / band'; cognate with συνυφαίνω (v. 10); the woven binding-band of the ephod (the 'cunningly woven band' of 28:27), above which the rings sit.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with συνυφῆς: 'band of the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9.
28

καὶ συνέσφιγξεν τὸ λογεῖον ἀπὸ τῶν δακτυλίων τῶν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ εἰς τοὺς δακτυλίους τῆς ἐπωμίδος συνεχομένους ἐκ τῆς ὑακίνθου συμπεπλεγμένους εἰς τὸ ὕφασμα τῆς ἐπωμίδος ἵνα μὴ χαλᾶται τὸ λογεῖον ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπωμίδος καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And he bound the breastplate fast by its rings to the rings of the ephod, held together with the blue cord, plaited into the woven fabric of the ephod, so that the breastplate should not come loose from the ephod, just as the LORD commanded Moses.

Completion of the breastplate-section: it is bound to the ephod; obedience-refrainκαὶ συνέσφιγξεν τὸ λογεῖον
The breastplate is tightly bound (συνέσφιγξεν) ring-to-ring to the ephod with a blue cord plaited into the woven fabric, with the explicit purpose ἵνα μὴ χαλᾶται ('that it should not come loose'). The obedience-refrain closes the whole breastplate-section. The verb χαλάω here renders the concern of 28:28 that the breastplate not be detached from the ephod.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέσφιγξενhe bound fastAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συσφίγγωmain verb (binding the breastplate to the ephod)→ constative aorist (the act of fastening tight)συσφίγγω: 'bind tightly / fasten together' (σύν + σφίγγω, 'squeeze'); a vivid verb of secure binding; the singular suggests the master-artisan as agent; renders the tight lashing of breastplate to ephod (28:28).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with λογεῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογεῖονbreastplateAccusativedirect object of συνέσφιγξεν→ object specificationλογεῖον: 'breastplate'; see v. 15.
ἀπὸbypreposition + genitive (means / starting point: 'by its rings')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from / by'; here marking the rings as the points from which the binding runs.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with δακτυλίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτυλίωνringsGenitiveobject of ἀπό (the breastplate's rings)→ relational specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; see v. 23; the breastplate's own rings (those of v. 26).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (elided; attributive location: 'that are on it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; attributive location: 'that are on it').
αὐτοῦitGenitiveobject of ἐπ᾿ (the breastplate: 'the rings on it')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the breastplate; τῶν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('the [rings] on it') specifies the breastplate's own rings.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'to the rings')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'to the rings').
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with δακτυλίους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativeobject of εἰς (the ephod's rings)→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; here the ephod's rings (those of v. 27), to which the breastplate's rings are bound.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with δακτυλίους: 'rings of the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9.
συνεχομένουςheld togetherPres Pass Ptc Masc Acc Pl · συνέχωattributive participle (modifying δακτυλίους: 'rings held together')→ present passive participle (the ongoing state of being joined)συνέχω: 'hold together / join'; see v. 11; here the rings are held together by the blue cord; the present passive depicts the continuing bound state.
ἐκwithpreposition + genitive (means / material: 'with the blue')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / with / by means of'; here the material/means by which the rings are bound — the blue cord.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὑακίνθου)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑακίνθουblue cordGenitiveobject of ἐκ (the binding cord)→ relational specificationὑάκινθος: 'blue (cord)'; see v. 9; here the blue lace/cord (פְּתִיל תְּכֵלֶת) used to lash the breastplate-rings to the ephod-rings (cf. 28:28).
συμπεπλεγμένουςplaitedPerf Pass Ptc Masc Acc Pl · συμπλέκωattributive participle (modifying δακτυλίους: 'plaited [into the fabric]')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: plaited/interwoven)συμπλέκω: 'plait / interweave together'; see v. 12; the blue-corded join is plaited into the ephod's woven fabric, making a secure, integral fastening.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the fabric')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the fabric').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὕφασμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕφασμαwoven fabricAccusativeobject of εἰς (the ephod's body)→ object specificationὕφασμα: 'woven fabric / web'; see v. 17; here the woven body of the ephod into which the binding is plaited.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὕφασμα: 'fabric of the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9.
ἵναso thatpurpose conjunction (introducing negative purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'so that / in order that'; introduces the purpose of the tight binding — that the breastplate not come loose; with μή it is a negative purpose clause.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive χαλᾶται)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negative proper to the subjunctive; here forming the negative purpose 'that it not...'.
χαλᾶταιshould come loosePres Pass Subj 3 Sg · χαλάωverb of negative purpose clause (with ἵνα μή)→ present subjunctive (the ongoing danger of loosening, to be prevented)χαλάω: 'loosen / slacken / let down'; renders the concern of 28:28; the present subjunctive in the negative purpose clause envisages the continuous risk of the breastplate slipping from the ephod, which the binding prevents.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with λογεῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογεῖονbreastplateNominativesubject of χαλᾶται→ participant prominenceλογεῖον: 'breastplate'; see v. 15; the subject of the loosening that is to be prevented.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the ephod')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the ephod').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἐπωμίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδοςephodGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation: 'from the ephod')→ relational specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9; the breastplate must not detach from it.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (obedience-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as'; obedience-refrain closing the breastplate-section; see v. 8.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause (obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'command'; see v. 8.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): recipient of the command; the refrain closes the breastplate-section.
29

καὶ ἐποίησαν τὸν ὑποδύτην ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπωμίδα ἔργον ὑφαντὸν ὅλον ὑακίνθινον

And they made the robe worn under the ephod, a woven work, wholly of blue.

New section: the robe of the ephod (ὑποδύτης), vv. 29–33καὶ ἐποίησαν τὸν ὑποδύτην
The fourth major item is the robe worn beneath the ephod (ὑποδύτης), a woven work made entirely of blue (ὅλον ὑακίνθινον). Its single-color blue marks it off from the multicolored ephod and breastplate; the all-blue robe is the high priest's distinctive under-vestment (cf. 28:31).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (heading the robe-section)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; heads the robe-section.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ὑποδύτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδύτηνrobeAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationὑποδύτης: 'robe worn underneath / under-tunic'; renders מְעִיל; from ὑποδύω ('put on under'); the long blue robe worn beneath the ephod, fringed with pomegranates and bells (vv. 31–33); also called ποδήρης ('reaching the feet') elsewhere (28:31 LXX).
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under the ephod')→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + accusative: 'under / beneath'; the robe is worn under the ephod, hence its name ὑποδύτης.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐπωμίδα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδαephodAccusativeobject of ὑπό (position)→ object specificationἐπωμίς: 'ephod'; see v. 9; the robe is worn beneath it.
ἔργονa workAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the product: 'a woven work')→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; ἔργον ὑφαντόν, the woven-work descriptor; see v. 10.
ὑφαντὸνwovenAccusativeverbal adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationὑφαντός: 'woven'; see v. 10.
ὅλονwhollyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὑποδύτην / ἔργον: 'entirely')→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire / all'; renders כָּלִיל; the robe is entirely of blue — a single color throughout, distinguishing it from the multicolored ephod.
ὑακίνθινονof blueAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὑποδύτην: 'blue')→ object specificationὑακίνθινος: 'of hyacinth-blue / blue-colored'; adjective from ὑάκινθος (v. 9); the robe is made wholly of blue wool (cf. 28:31, כְּלִיל תְּכֵלֶת).
30

τὸ δὲ περιστόμιον τοῦ ὑποδύτου ἐν τῷ μέσῳ διυφασμένον συμπλεκτόν ᾤαν ἔχον κύκλῳ τὸ περιστόμιον ἀδιάλυτον

And the opening of the robe was in the middle, woven through, plaited, having a border round about the opening, that could not be torn.

Detail: the reinforced neck-opening of the robeτὸ δὲ περιστόμιον τοῦ ὑποδύτου
δέ marks a descriptive shift to the robe's neck-opening (περιστόμιον): set in the middle, woven through and plaited (διυφασμένον συμπλεκτόν), with a woven border (ᾤα) around it so that it cannot be torn (ἀδιάλυτον). The reinforcement matches 28:32's concern that the opening 'not be rent'.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τὸtheNominativearticle (with περιστόμιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandnarrative continuative (post-positive; descriptive shift)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here marks the shift to a new descriptive detail (the neck-opening), mildly setting it off from the foregoing.
περιστόμιονopeningNominativesubject (the neck-hole of the robe)→ participant prominenceπεριστόμιον: 'mouth-opening / collar / neck-hole' (from περί + στόμα, 'mouth'); the head-opening of the robe; renders פִּי הָרֹאשׁ ('mouth/opening for the head', 28:32); repeated for emphasis at the verse's end.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὑποδύτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδύτουrobeGenitivegenitive of possession (with περιστόμιον: 'opening of the robe')→ relational specificationὑποδύτης (gen. ὑποδύτου): 'robe'; see v. 29.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the middle')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the middle').
τῷtheDativearticle (with μέσῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέσῳmiddleDativeobject of ἐν (location: 'in the middle')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle'; ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ('in the middle') — the opening is centered at the top of the robe for the head.
διυφασμένονwoven throughPerf Pass Ptc Neut Nom Sg · διυφαίνωattributive participle (modifying περιστόμιον: 'woven through')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: thoroughly woven)διυφαίνω: 'weave throughout / interweave' (διά + ὑφαίνω); the perfect passive describes the opening as integrally woven (not cut), so that its edge is finished and strong.
συμπλεκτόνplaitedNominativeverbal adjective (modifying περιστόμιον: 'plaited')→ participant prominenceσυμπλεκτός: 'plaited / interwoven together'; verbal adjective from συμπλέκω (v. 12); the opening's edge is plaited/braided for durability.
ᾤανa borderAccusativedirect object of ἔχον (the woven edging)→ object specificationᾤα (also οἴα): 'edge / hem / border / selvage'; here the woven binding-border around the neck-opening (cf. the 'binding like the opening of a coat of mail' of 28:32).
ἔχονhavingPres Act Ptc Neut Nom Sg · ἔχωattributive participle (modifying περιστόμιον: 'having a border')→ present participle (ongoing possession/feature)ἔχω: 'have / hold'; the participle ἔχον describes the opening as 'having' a border round about; agrees with neuter περιστόμιον.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (encircling: 'round about')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ as adverb): 'in a circle / round about / all around'; renders סָבִיב; the border encircles the whole opening; the word recurs of the robe's hem and bells (vv. 32, 33).
τὸtheNominativearticle (with περιστόμιον, resumptive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιστόμιονopeningNominativeresumptive nominative (subject of the predicate ἀδιάλυτον)→ participant prominenceπεριστόμιον: 'opening'; the repeated noun resumes the subject for the closing predicate — the opening is 'unrendable'.
ἀδιάλυτονthat cannot be tornNominativepredicate adjective (with the resumed περιστόμιον: 'indissoluble')→ participant prominenceἀδιάλυτος: 'not to be loosed / indissoluble / that cannot be torn' (alpha-privative + διαλύω); the reinforced opening will not fray or rend — the LXX's rendering of the concern of 28:32 (לֹא יִקָּרֵעַ, 'it shall not be torn').
31

καὶ ἐποίησαν ἐπὶ τοῦ λώματος τοῦ ὑποδύτου κάτωθεν ὡς ἐξανθούσης ῥόας ῥοίσκους ἐξ ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας καὶ κοκκίνου νενησμένου καὶ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης

And on the hem of the robe, below, they made — like a blossoming pomegranate — pomegranate-tassels of blue and purple and spun scarlet and twined fine linen.

Detail: the pomegranate-tassels on the robe's hemκαὶ ἐποίησαν ἐπὶ τοῦ λώματος
On the lower hem (λῶμα) the artisans make pomegranate-shaped tassels (ῥοίσκους), 'like a blossoming pomegranate' (ὡς ἐξανθούσης ῥόας), of the four dyed/woven materials. These ornamental pomegranates alternate with the golden bells (v. 32; cf. 28:33), adorning the robe's edge.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; the fashioning of the pomegranate-tassels.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location: 'on the hem')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: 'on the hem').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λώματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λώματοςhemGenitiveobject of ἐπί (location)→ relational specificationλῶμα: 'hem / fringe / border (of a garment)'; renders שׁוּלִים; the lower edge of the robe where the pomegranates and bells are attached; recurs at vv. 32, 33, 38.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὑποδύτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδύτουrobeGenitivegenitive of possession (with λώματος: 'hem of the robe')→ relational specificationὑποδύτης (gen. ὑποδύτου): 'robe'; see v. 29.
κάτωθενbelowadverb of place ('beneath / at the bottom')→ clausal contributionκάτωθεν: 'from below / at the bottom'; see v. 27; locates the ornaments at the lower edge of the robe.
ὡςlikecomparative particle (introducing simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the simile ὡς ἐξανθούσης ῥόας ('like a blossoming pomegranate'), describing the appearance of the tassels.
ἐξανθούσηςblossomingPres Act Ptc Fem Gen Sg · ἐξανθέωattributive participle (modifying ῥόας: 'a blossoming pomegranate')→ present participle (ongoing blooming)ἐξανθέω: 'blossom out / bloom / burst into flower' (ἐξ + ἀνθέω); the participle pictures the tassels as resembling a pomegranate in bloom — a vivid botanical simile.
ῥόαςpomegranateGenitivegenitive in simile (object of comparison: 'like a pomegranate')→ relational specificationῥόα (Attic for ῥοιά): 'pomegranate'; renders רִמּוֹן; the fruit whose form the tassels imitate; cognate with ῥοίσκος ('little pomegranate') below.
ῥοίσκουςpomegranate-tasselsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationῥοίσκος: 'little pomegranate / pomegranate-tassel' (diminutive of ῥόα); the ornamental pomegranates on the robe's hem; renders רִמֹּנִים (28:33); recurs at vv. 32, 33.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
ὑακίνθουblueGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationὑάκινθος: 'blue'; see v. 9; the pomegranates use four of the five sacred materials (gold is absent here).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορφύραςpurpleGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationπορφύρα: 'purple'; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοκκίνουscarletGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet'; see v. 9; with νενησμένου ('spun').
νενησμένουspunPerf Pass Ptc Neut Gen Sg · νήθωattributive participle (modifying κοκκίνου: 'spun scarlet')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: spun thread)νήθω: 'spin'; see v. 9; νενησμένου ('spun') here matches the form used in v. 9 (rather than διανενησμένου).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; see v. 9; with κεκλωσμένης ('twined').
κεκλωσμένηςtwinedPerf Pass Ptc Fem Gen Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying βύσσου: 'twined linen')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: twisted thread)κλώθω: 'spin / twist'; see v. 9; βύσσος κεκλωσμένη = 'fine twined linen'.
32

καὶ ἐποίησαν κώδωνας χρυσοῦς καὶ ἐπέθηκαν τοὺς κώδωνας ἐπὶ τὸ λῶμα τοῦ ὑποδύτου κύκλῳ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ῥοίσκων

And they made golden bells and put the bells on the hem of the robe round about, in between the pomegranate-tassels.

Detail: the golden bells set among the pomegranatesκαὶ ἐποίησαν κώδωνας χρυσοῦς
Golden bells (κώδωνας χρυσοῦς) are made and set on the hem ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ῥοίσκων ('between the pomegranates'), alternating with them around the robe's edge (cf. 28:33). The bells will sound as the high priest ministers (v. 33).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; the fashioning of the golden bells.
κώδωναςbellsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationκώδων: 'bell'; renders פַּעֲמֹן; the small golden bells alternating with the pomegranates on the robe's hem; recurs at v. 33.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (with κώδωνας: 'gold bells')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden / of gold'; the bells are of gold (cf. 28:33, פַּעֲמֹנֵי זָהָב).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey putAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (coordinate: setting the bells)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / put on'; see v. 14.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with κώδωνας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κώδωναςbellsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκαν→ object specificationκώδων: 'bell'; see above; the bells just made.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (placement: 'on the hem')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement: 'on the hem').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with λῶμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λῶμαhemAccusativeobject of ἐπί (placement)→ object specificationλῶμα: 'hem / border'; see v. 31; the lower edge of the robe.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὑποδύτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδύτουrobeGenitivegenitive of possession (with λῶμα: 'hem of the robe')→ relational specificationὑποδύτης (gen. ὑποδύτου): 'robe'; see v. 29.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (encircling: 'round about')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'round about'; see v. 30; the bells encircle the whole hem.
ἀνὰinpreposition (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'), a Hebraism rendering בֵּין … בֵּין.
μέσονbetweenAccusativeobject of ἀνά (idiom: 'in between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; ἀνὰ μέσον ('between / in the midst of'); the bells are placed between the pomegranates, alternating with them.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ῥοίσκων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥοίσκωνpomegranate-tasselsGenitivegenitive with ἀνὰ μέσον ('between the pomegranates')→ relational specificationῥοίσκος: 'pomegranate-tassel'; see v. 31; the bells alternate with these around the hem.
33

κώδων χρυσοῦς καὶ ῥοίσκος ἐπὶ τοῦ λώματος τοῦ ὑποδύτου κύκλῳ εἰς τὸ λειτουργεῖν καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

A golden bell and a pomegranate-tassel on the hem of the robe round about, for ministering, just as the LORD commanded Moses.

Completion of the robe-section: the alternation explained; obedience-refrainκώδων χρυσοῦς καὶ ῥοίσκος
Verbless summary of the alternating pattern — 'a golden bell and a pomegranate' repeating around the hem — with its functional purpose: εἰς τὸ λειτουργεῖν ('for ministering'), so that the high priest's sound is heard as he serves (cf. 28:35). The obedience-refrain closes the robe-section.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
κώδωνa bellNominativenominative (verbless: 'a bell ... [and] ...')→ participant prominenceκώδων: 'bell'; see v. 32; the distributive singular 'a bell and a pomegranate' describes the repeating unit of the pattern.
χρυσοῦςgoldenNominativeattributive adjective (with κώδων: 'a golden bell')→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; the bell is of gold; see v. 32.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥοίσκοςa pomegranateNominativenominative (verbless, coordinate with κώδων)→ participant prominenceῥοίσκος: 'pomegranate-tassel'; see v. 31; paired with the bell as the repeating ornamental unit.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location: 'on the hem')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: 'on the hem').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λώματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λώματοςhemGenitiveobject of ἐπί (location)→ relational specificationλῶμα: 'hem / border'; see v. 31.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὑποδύτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδύτουrobeGenitivegenitive of possession (with λώματος: 'hem of the robe')→ relational specificationὑποδύτης (gen. ὑποδύτου): 'robe'; see v. 29.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (encircling: 'round about')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'round about'; see v. 30; the bell-and-pomegranate pattern encircles the whole hem.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / unto'; with the articular infinitive τὸ λειτουργεῖν expresses purpose — 'for ministering'.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with articular infinitive λειτουργεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λειτουργεῖνto ministerPres Act Inf · λειτουργέωarticular infinitive of purpose (with εἰς: 'for ministering')→ present infinitive (the ongoing priestly service)λειτουργέω: 'minister / perform service'; renders שָׁרַת; the technical term for cultic/priestly service (whence 'liturgy'); the bells sound εἰς τὸ λειτουργεῖν, marking the high priest's ministrations in the holy place (cf. 28:35).
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (obedience-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as'; obedience-refrain closing the robe-section; see v. 8.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause (obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'command'; see v. 8.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): recipient of the command; the refrain closes the robe-section.
34

καὶ ἐποίησαν χιτῶνας βυσσίνους ἔργον ὑφαντὸν Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ

And they made linen tunics, a woven work, for Aaron and for his sons.

New section: the remaining vestments (tunics, turbans, sashes), vv. 34–36καὶ ἐποίησαν χιτῶνας βυσσίνους
The account turns to the linen vestments shared by Aaron and his sons (the ordinary priests): woven linen tunics (χιτῶνας βυσσίνους). Unlike the unique high-priestly ephod, breastplate, and robe, these are made for the whole priestly house — Aaron καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ (cf. 28:39–40).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (heading the linen-vestment section)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; heads the section on the linen tunics and related garments.
χιτῶναςtunicsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationχιτών: 'tunic / undergarment'; renders כֻּתֹּנֶת; the basic priestly tunic worn next to the body; here in the plural for Aaron and all his sons (cf. 28:39–40).
βυσσίνουςlinenAccusativeattributive adjective (with χιτῶνας: 'linen tunics')→ object specificationβύσσινος: 'of fine linen / linen'; adjective from βύσσος (v. 9); the tunics are of fine white linen — the basic priestly material.
ἔργονa workAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the product: 'a woven work')→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; ἔργον ὑφαντόν, the woven-work descriptor; see v. 10.
ὑφαντὸνwovenAccusativeverbal adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationὑφαντός: 'woven'; see v. 10; the tunics are woven, not embroidered.
Ααρωνfor Aarondative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for Aaron')→ participant identificationΑαρων: 'Aaron'; see v. 8; indeclinable; here in a dative sense ('for Aaron'), the high priest, paralleled with his sons.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of advantage ('for his sons')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; here Aaron's sons, the ordinary priests; the linen tunics are made for the whole priestly family (cf. 28:40).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (with υἱοῖς: 'his sons')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; Aaron's sons.
35

καὶ τὰς κιδάρεις ἐκ βύσσου καὶ τὴν μίτραν ἐκ βύσσου καὶ τὰ περισκελῆ ἐκ βύσσου κεκλωσμένης

And the turbans of fine linen, and the mitre of fine linen, and the breeches of twined fine linen.

Continuation: the linen headgear and breechesκαὶ τὰς κιδάρεις ἐκ βύσσου
Verbless continuation (verb gapped from v. 34): the priests' turbans (κιδάρεις), the high priest's mitre (μίτρα), and the linen breeches (περισκελῆ), all of fine linen. The repeated ἐκ βύσσου ('of fine linen') stresses the uniform white-linen character of these undergarments (cf. 28:40, 42).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with κιδάρεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιδάρειςturbansAccusativeverbless object (verb 'they made' gapped from v. 34)→ object specificationκίδαρις: 'turban / headdress'; renders מִגְבָּעֹת; the linen head-coverings of the ordinary priests (Aaron's sons); distinguished from the high priest's μίτρα.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; see v. 9; the material of the turbans.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μίτραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίτρανmitreAccusativeverbless object (coordinate)→ object specificationμίτρα: 'mitre / headband / turban'; renders מִצְנֶפֶת; the high priest's distinctive headdress, on which the golden plate is fastened (v. 38); singular (one high priest) over against the plural κιδάρεις.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; the material of the mitre.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with περισκελῆ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περισκελῆbreechesAccusativeverbless object (coordinate)→ object specificationπερισκελές (pl. περισκελῆ): 'breeches / drawers' (lit. 'around the legs', περί + σκέλος); renders מִכְנְסֵי בָד; the linen undergarments worn for modesty (cf. 28:42); neuter plural.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; the material of the breeches, here qualified by κεκλωσμένης ('twined').
κεκλωσμένηςtwinedPerf Pass Ptc Fem Gen Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying βύσσου: 'twined linen')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: twisted thread)κλώθω: 'spin / twist'; see v. 9; βύσσος κεκλωσμένη = 'fine twined linen'.
36

καὶ τὰς ζώνας αὐτῶν ἐκ βύσσου καὶ ὑακίνθου καὶ πορφύρας καὶ κοκκίνου νενησμένου ἔργον ποικιλτοῦ ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And their sashes of fine linen and blue and purple and spun scarlet, an embroiderer's work, in the manner that the LORD commanded Moses.

Completion of the linen-vestment section: the sashes; obedience-refrainκαὶ τὰς ζώνας αὐτῶν
The priests' sashes (ζώνας) are made of linen and the three dyed yarns, this time as ἔργον ποικιλτοῦ ('embroiderer's work') — explicitly distinguished from the woven work of the tunics (v. 34). The obedience-refrain, here with the variant ὃν τρόπον (instead of καθά), closes the linen-vestment section.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ζώνας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζώναςsashesAccusativeverbless object (verb 'they made' gapped from v. 34)→ object specificationζώνη: 'belt / sash / girdle'; renders אַבְנֵט; the priestly sash worn about the tunic; here of mixed linen and dyed yarns, embroidered.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (with ζώνας: 'their sashes')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the sashes belonging to Aaron and his sons.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
βύσσουfine linenGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen'; see v. 9; the base material of the sashes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑακίνθουblueGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationὑάκινθος: 'blue'; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορφύραςpurpleGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationπορφύρα: 'purple'; see v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοκκίνουscarletGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet'; see v. 9; with νενησμένου ('spun'). The sash uses four materials; gold is absent.
νενησμένουspunPerf Pass Ptc Neut Gen Sg · νήθωattributive participle (modifying κοκκίνου: 'spun scarlet')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: spun thread)νήθω: 'spin'; see v. 9.
ἔργονa workAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the product: 'an embroiderer's work')→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; here ἔργον ποικιλτοῦ ('embroiderer's work'), explicitly contrasted with the ἔργον ὑφαντόν ('woven work') of the tunics (v. 34).
ποικιλτοῦof an embroidererGenitivegenitive of quality/agent (with ἔργον: 'an embroiderer's work')→ relational specificationποικιλτής: 'embroiderer / worker in colored needlework'; renders רֹקֵם; cognate with ποικιλία (v. 15); ἔργον ποικιλτοῦ designates needle-embroidered (not woven) work — a distinct craft from ὑφαντόν.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in the manner which')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; in the fixed phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner that / just as'), a variant of the obedience-formula's καθά.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὅν: 'in which manner / just as')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; the adverbial accusative ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner that') introduces the obedience-refrain here and at v. 38, varying the usual καθά.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause (obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'command'; see v. 8.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): recipient of the command; the refrain closes the linen-vestment section.
37

καὶ ἐποίησαν τὸ πέταλον τὸ χρυσοῦν ἀφόρισμα τοῦ ἁγίου χρυσίου καθαροῦ καὶ ἔγραψεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γράμματα ἐκτετυπωμένα σφραγῖδος ἁγίασμα κυρίῳ

And they made the golden plate, the consecrated diadem of the sanctuary, of pure gold, and he wrote on it letters embossed as a seal: 'Holy to the LORD.'

Climactic item: the golden plate inscribed Ἁγίασμα κυρίῳ, vv. 37–38καὶ ἐποίησαν τὸ πέταλον τὸ χρυσοῦν
The final and climactic vestment is the golden plate (πέταλον) — the sacred diadem of pure gold worn on the high priest's forehead. Its inscription, ἁγίασμα κυρίῳ ('Holy to the LORD'), engraved like a signet, is the theological summit of the whole account: the high priest bears the very holiness of YHWH on his brow (cf. 28:36). Note the verbal echo with πέταλα in v. 10 (the gold cut into threads).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (heading the golden-plate item)→ constative aorist (the act of fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; heads the climactic item, the golden diadem-plate.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πέταλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέταλονplateAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationπέταλον: 'thin plate / leaf / diadem-plate'; renders צִיץ ('blossom / plate'); the golden frontlet worn on the high priest's mitre (cf. 28:36); the same word as the gold leaf cut into threads in v. 10, here the sacred diadem itself.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with χρυσοῦν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσοῦνgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (with πέταλον: 'the golden plate')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden / of gold'; the plate is of gold; further specified as χρυσίου καθαροῦ ('pure gold') below.
ἀφόρισμαconsecrated diademAccusativeaccusative in apposition (to πέταλον: 'a thing set apart')→ object specificationἀφόρισμα: 'that which is separated/set apart / a consecrated thing' (from ἀφορίζω, 'set apart'); renders נֵזֶר ('crown / consecration / diadem'); the plate is the 'holy crown' set apart for the sanctuary — the term stresses its consecrated, set-apart status.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουsanctuary / holy thingGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive: 'of the holy thing/sanctuary')→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. τὸ ἅγιον): 'the holy thing / sanctuary'; the diadem is 'the set-apart thing of the holy' — its consecration belongs wholly to the sphere of the sacred.
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of material (with πέταλον: 'of gold')→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the material of the plate; see v. 9.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (with χρυσίου: 'pure gold')→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure / unalloyed'; χρυσίον καθαρόν ('pure gold'); see v. 22; the holiest item is of refined, unalloyed gold.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγραψενhe wroteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (the inscribing of the plate)→ constative aorist (the act of inscribing)γράφω: 'write / inscribe / engrave'; renders כָּתַב / פִּתַּח; the singular ἔγραψεν (the master-artisan) inscribes the holy formula on the plate.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (elided; location: 'on it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; location: 'on it').
αὐτοῦitGenitiveobject of ἐπ᾿ (the plate inscribed)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the golden plate on which the words are written.
γράμματαlettersAccusativedirect object of ἔγραψεν→ object specificationγράμμα: 'letter / writing / character'; the engraved characters of the inscription; cognate with γράφω.
ἐκτετυπωμέναembossedPerf Pass Ptc Neut Acc Pl · ἐκτυπόωattributive participle (modifying γράμματα: 'embossed/stamped letters')→ perfect passive participle (resultant state: imprinted in relief)ἐκτυπόω: 'mould / stamp / emboss / engrave in relief' (ἐκ + τύπος, 'impression'); the perfect passive describes the letters as stamped/embossed; with σφραγῖδος ('of a seal'), the inscription is cut like a signet-impression — cf. the seal-engraving of vv. 13, 21.
σφραγῖδοςof a sealGenitivegenitive of quality (with γράμματα/ἐκτετυπωμένα: 'as a seal')→ relational specificationσφραγίς: 'seal / signet'; see v. 13; the letters are engraved as on a signet — פִּתּוּחֵי חֹתָם ('engravings of a seal', 28:36).
ἁγίασμαHoliness / HolyNominativenominative of inscription (the content written: 'Holy')→ participant prominenceἁγίασμα: 'holy thing / sanctification / holiness'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; the first word of the engraved formula ἁγίασμα κυρίῳ ('Holy to the LORD' / 'Holiness to the LORD'), the high priest's frontlet-inscription (28:36, קֹדֶשׁ לַיהוה) — declaring the high priest, and through him Israel's worship, consecrated to YHWH.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of belonging (the inscription: 'to/for the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative of belonging in ἁγίασμα κυρίῳ ('Holy to the LORD') consecrates the diadem — and the priesthood it crowns — wholly to YHWH; the theological climax of the vestment-account.
38

καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ λῶμα ὑακίνθινον ὥστε ἐπικεῖσθαι ἐπὶ τὴν μίτραν ἄνωθεν ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And they put on it a blue cord, so that it should rest upon the mitre above, in the manner that the LORD commanded Moses.

Completion of the golden-plate item and of the whole chapter; final obedience-refrainκαὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ λῶμα ὑακίνθινον
The golden plate is fastened with a blue cord (λῶμα ὑακίνθινον) so as to rest upon the mitre, on the high priest's forehead (cf. 28:37). The chapter — and the whole vestment-account — closes with the obedience-refrain (ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ), the seventh and final stamp of exact conformity to the Sinai command.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey putAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (fastening the plate)→ constative aorist (the act of placement)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / put on'; see v. 14; here the affixing of the blue cord to the golden plate.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (elided; placement: 'onto it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided; placement: 'onto it').
αὐτὸitAccusativeobject of ἐπ᾿ (the golden plate)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the golden plate (πέταλον) of v. 37.
λῶμαa cordAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκαν→ object specificationλῶμα: 'border / hem / band / cord'; here a blue band or cord by which the plate is bound to the mitre (rendering פְּתִיל תְּכֵלֶת, 'blue cord', 28:37); the same word used for the robe's hem (vv. 31–33), now applied to the diadem's fastening.
ὑακίνθινονblueAccusativeattributive adjective (with λῶμα: 'a blue cord')→ object specificationὑακίνθινος: 'of blue'; see v. 29; the fastening-cord is of blue, matching the all-blue robe and the blue used to bind the breastplate (v. 28).
ὥστεso thatresult/purpose conjunction (with infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / so that'; with the infinitive ἐπικεῖσθαι expresses the purpose of the cord — that the plate should rest on the mitre.
ἐπικεῖσθαιto rest uponPres Mid Inf · ἐπίκειμαιinfinitive of result/purpose (with ὥστε)→ present infinitive (the abiding position of the plate)ἐπίκειμαι: 'lie upon / rest on / be set upon'; the present infinitive depicts the plate's settled resting-position on the mitre; renders the placement of 28:37 (וְהָיָה עַל הַמִּצְנֶפֶת).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position: 'upon the mitre')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position: 'upon the mitre').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μίτραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίτρανmitreAccusativeobject of ἐπί (position)→ object specificationμίτρα: 'mitre'; see v. 35; the high priest's headdress, on the front of which the golden plate rests.
ἄνωθενaboveadverb of place ('from above / on top')→ clausal contributionἄνωθεν: 'from above / on top'; see v. 27; the plate sits on the upper front of the mitre, on the high priest's forehead.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in the manner which')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; in the phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner that'); see v. 36.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὅν: 'just as')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner that'), the obedience-refrain variant closing the chapter; see v. 36.
συνέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause (final obedience-formula)→ constative aorist (the Sinai command)συντάσσω: 'command'; the seventh and final occurrence of the obedience-refrain verb in the chapter, sealing the whole vestment-account as exact obedience; see v. 8.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD whose command the completed vestments fulfill.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): recipient of the command; the closing refrain seals the entire chapter.