1
τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ κατὰ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος νυκτὸς ἀπολεῖται ἡ Μωαβῖτις νυκτὸς γὰρ ἀπολεῖται τὸ τεῖχος τῆς Μωαβίτιδος
The word against Moab: in the night Moab shall be destroyed; for in the night the wall of Moab shall be destroyed.
The chapter opens with a formal burden against Moab and immediately compresses the disaster into a repeated night-destruction formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ῥῆμαwordN3M ASN · ῥῆμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalῥῆμα: rendered 'word' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
κατὰagainstD · κατάadverbial or particle element qualifying the clauseκατά: particle or adverb rendered 'against' here; it nuances emphasis, negation, comparison, or timing in the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabN GSF · Μωαβῖτιςnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseMoabitidos: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
νυκτὸςnightN3 GSF · νύξgenitive dependent within the phraseνύξ: rendered 'night' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἀπολεῖταιdestroyedVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardὀλλύω + ἀπο: verbal form rendered 'destroyed' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΜωαβῖτιςMoabN ASF · Μωαβῖτιςnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseMoabitis: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
νυκτὸςnightN3 GSF · νύξgenitive dependent within the phraseνύξ: rendered 'night' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
γὰρforX · γάρelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleγάρ: rendered 'for' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἀπολεῖταιdestroyedVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardὀλλύω + ἀπο: verbal form rendered 'destroyed' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalτεῖχος: rendered 'wall' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabN GSF · Μωαβῖτιςnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseMoabitidos: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
2
λυπεῖσθε ἐφ' ἑαυτοῖς ἀπολεῖται γὰρ καὶ Δηβων οὗ ὁ βωμὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ ἀναβήσεσθε κλαίειν ἐπὶ Ναβαυ τῆς Μωαβίτιδος ὀλολύζετε ἐπὶ πάσης κεφαλῆς φαλάκρωμα πάντες βραχίονες κατατετμημένοι
Grieve for yourselves, for Dibon also shall be destroyed, where your altar is. There you shall go up to weep over Nabo of Moab. Wail: on every head is baldness, and all arms are gashed.
Imperatives and future verbs combine to portray ritual mourning at Moabite shrines and high places as the proper response to the announced ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
λυπεῖσθεgrieveV2 PMD2P · λυπέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveλυπέω: verbal form carrying the chapter's narrative, judicial, or liturgical action in context.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
ἑαυτοῖςyourselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal element functioning within the clauseἑαυτοῦ: rendered 'yourselves' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἀπολεῖταιdestroyedVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardὀλλύω + ἀπο: verbal form rendered 'destroyed' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
γὰρforX · γάρelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleγάρ: rendered 'for' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
ΔηβωνDibonN NS · Δηβωνnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseDebon: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
οὗwhereD · οὗadverbial or particle element qualifying the clauseοὗ: particle or adverb rendered 'where' here; it nuances emphasis, negation, comparison, or timing in the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
βωμὸςaltarN2 NSM · βωμόςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseβωμός: rendered 'altar' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ὑμῶνof youRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: rendered 'of you' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element qualifying the clauseἐκεῖ: particle or adverb rendered 'there' here; it nuances emphasis, negation, comparison, or timing in the clause.
ἀναβήσεσθεyou shall go upVF FMI2P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verb (prohibition)→ prohibitive future (= imperatival)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the future with οὐ functions as a prohibition — 'you shall not go up (to war)'.
κλαίεινweepV1 PAN · κλαίωinfinitive complement expressing verbal action within the clauseκλαίω: verbal form rendered 'weep' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
ΝαβαυNaboN AS · Ναβαυnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseNabay: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabN GSF · Μωαβῖτιςnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseMoabitidos: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
ὀλολύζετεhowlV1 PAD2P · ὀλολύζωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clauseὀλολύζω: verbal form rendered 'howl' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
πάσηςeveryA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive dependent within the phraseπᾶς: rendered 'every' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήgenitive dependent within the phraseκεφαλή: rendered 'head' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
φαλάκρωμαbaldnessN3M NSN · φαλάκρωμαnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseφαλάκρωμα: rendered 'baldness' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseπᾶς: rendered 'all' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
βραχίονεςarmsN3N NPM · βραχίωνnominal element carrying the clause or phraseβραχίων: 'arms'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal discourse.
κατατετμημένοιchmpnpm temno + kataVX · χμπνπμ τέμνω + καταparticipial verbal form modifying the clause with attendant action or stateχμπνπμ τέμνω + κατα: verbal form rendered 'chmpnpm temno + kata' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
3
ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις αὐτῆς περιζώσασθε σάκκους καὶ κόπτεσθε ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων αὐτῆς καὶ ἐν ταῖς ῥύμαις αὐτῆς πάντες ὀλολύζετε μετὰ κλαυθμοῦ
In her streets gird yourselves with sackcloth, and beat yourselves upon her housetops; and in her lanes all of you wail with weeping.
The command to clothe oneself in sackcloth extends the grief from cultic space into rooftops, streets, and lanes, making the whole city a mourning scene.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as location, sphere, or instrument.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
πλατείαιςbroad placesA3U DPF · πλατύςdative complement within the clauseπλατύς: rendered 'broad places' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'her' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
περιζώσασθεgird yourselvesVO AMD2P · ζώννυμι + περιfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clauseζώννυμι + περι: verbal form rendered 'gird yourselves' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 APM · σάκκοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalσάκκος: rendered 'sackcloth' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
κόπτεσθεbeat yourselvesV1 PMD2P · κόπτωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveκόπτω: verbal form rendered 'beat yourselves' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
δωμάτωνroofN3M GPN · δῶμαaccusative object of ἐπί (position: 'on the roof')δῶμα: 'housetop / roof'; renders Hebrew גָּג; the flat palace roof — pointedly the same rooftop setting as David's sin with Bathsheba (11:2), now the stage of his public humiliation.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'her' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as location, sphere, or instrument.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ῥύμαιςlaneN1 DPF · ῥύμηdative complement within the clauseῥύμη: rendered 'lane' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'her' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseπᾶς: rendered 'all' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ὀλολύζετεhowlV1 PAD2P · ὀλολύζωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clauseὀλολύζω: verbal form rendered 'howl' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετά: preposition rendered 'with' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
κλαυθμοῦweepingN2 GSM · κλαυθμόςgenitive dependent within the phraseκλαυθμός: rendered 'weeping' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
4
ὅτι κέκραγεν Εσεβων καὶ Ελεαλη ἕως Ιασσα ἠκούσθη ἡ φωνὴ αὐτῶν διὰ τοῦτο ἡ ὀσφὺς τῆς Μωαβίτιδος βοᾷ ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτῆς γνώσεται
For Heshbon has cried out, and Elealeh; their voice was heard as far as Jahaz. Therefore the loins of Moab cry aloud; her soul shall know it.
The cry of Moab travels across named towns, and the verse personifies the nation so that even its loins and soul participate in the panic.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesὅτι: connective rendered 'for' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
κέκραγενcried outVX XAI3S · κράζωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause with attendant action or state→ perfect verbal form highlighting a resulting stateκράζω: verbal form rendered 'cried out' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonN NS · Εσεβωνnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseEsebon: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
ΕλεαληElealehN NS · Ελεαληnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseEleale: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
ἕωςas far asP · ἕωςpreposition governing the following phraseἕως: preposition rendered 'as far as' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
ΙασσαJahazN GS · Ιασσαnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseIassa: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
ἠκούσθηheardVCI API3S · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἀκούω: verbal form rendered 'heard' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
φωνὴvoiceN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseφωνή: rendered 'voice' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'their' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: preposition rendered 'because of' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseοὗτος: rendered 'this' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ὀσφὺςloinsN3U NSF · ὀσφύςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseὀσφύς: rendered 'loins' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabN GSF · Μωαβῖτιςnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseMoabitidos: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
βοᾷcry aloudV3 PAI3S · βοάωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveβοάω: verbal form rendered 'cry aloud' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ψυχὴsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseψυχή: rendered 'soul' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'her' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
γνώσεταιknowVF FMI3S · γιγνώσκωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardγιγνώσκω: verbal form rendered 'know' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
5
ἡ καρδία τῆς Μωαβίτιδος βοᾷ ἐν αὐτῇ ἕως Σηγωρ δάμαλις γάρ ἐστιν τριετής ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ἀναβάσεως τῆς Λουιθ πρὸς σὲ κλαίοντες ἀναβήσονται τῇ ὁδῷ Αρωνιιμ βοᾷ σύντριμμα καὶ σεισμός
The heart of Moab cries within her as far as Zoar, for it is a three-year-old heifer. On the ascent of Luhith they shall go up to you weeping; on the road of Horonaim they raise a cry of ruin and earthquake.
The poem voices Moab's inner collapse through its heart and then traces refugees and cries along the ascent of Luhith and the road of Horonaim.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseκαρδία: rendered 'heart' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabN GSF · Μωαβῖτιςnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseMoabitidos: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
βοᾷcry aloudV3 PAI3S · βοάωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveβοάω: verbal form rendered 'cry aloud' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as location, sphere, or instrument.
αὐτῇin herRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'in her' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἕωςas far asP · ἕωςpreposition governing the following phraseἕως: preposition rendered 'as far as' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
ΣηγωρZoarN GS · Σηγωρnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseSegor: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
δάμαλιςheiferN3I NSF · δάμαλιςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseδάμαλις: rendered 'heifer' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
γάρforX · γάρelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleγάρ: rendered 'for' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveεἰμί: verbal form rendered 'is' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
τριετήςthree-year-oldA3H NSF · τριετήςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseτριετής: rendered 'three-year-old' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
δὲthenX · δέelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleδέ: rendered 'then' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ἀναβάσεωςascentN3I GSF · ἀνάβασιςgenitive dependent within the phraseἀνάβασις: rendered 'ascent' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΛουιθLuhithN GS · Λουιθnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseLoyith: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: preposition rendered 'to' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: rendered 'you' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
κλαίοντεςpapnpm klaioV1 · παπνπμ κλαίωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause with attendant action or stateπαπνπμ κλαίω: verbal form rendered 'papnpm klaio' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἀναβήσονταιwent upVF FMI3P · βαίνω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: verbal lexeme rendered 'went up' here; the form carries the chapter's action in its immediate prophetic context.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ὁδῷroadN2 DSF · ὁδόςdative complement within the clauseὁδός: rendered 'road' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ΑρωνιιμHoronaimN GS · Αρωνιιμnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseAroniim: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
βοᾷcry aloudV3 PAI3S · βοάωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveβοάω: verbal form rendered 'cry aloud' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
σύντριμμαruinN3M ASN · σύντριμμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalσύντριμμα: rendered 'ruin' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
σεισμόςearthquakeN2 NSM · σεισμόςhead noun within the clauseσεισμός: lexical item rendered 'earthquake' in this chapter's immediate context.
6
τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς Νεμριμ ἔρημον ἔσται καὶ ὁ χόρτος αὐτῆς ἐκλείψει χόρτος γὰρ χλωρὸς οὐκ ἔσται
The water of Nimrim shall be desolate, and its grass shall fail, for there shall be no green grass.
Agricultural and ecological failure now confirm the human lament: the waters dry up and even the green growth disappears.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseὕδωρ: rendered 'water' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΝεμριμNimrimN GSF · Νεμριμnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseNemrim: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
ἔρημονdesolateN2 ASF · ἔρημοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἔρημος: rendered 'desolate' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἔσταιisVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: verbal form rendered 'is' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
χόρτοςgrassN3 GSM · χόρτοςgenitive dependent within the phraseχόρτος: rendered 'grass' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'her' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἐκλείψειfailVF FAI3S · λείπω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardλείπω + ἐκ: verbal form rendered 'fail' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
χόρτοςgrassN3 GSM · χόρτοςgenitive dependent within the phraseχόρτος: rendered 'grass' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
γὰρforX · γάρelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleγάρ: rendered 'for' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
χλωρὸςgreenA1A NSM · χλωρόςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseχλωρός: rendered 'green' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element qualifying the clauseοὐ: particle or adverb rendered 'not' here; it nuances emphasis, negation, comparison, or timing in the clause.
ἔσταιisVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: verbal form rendered 'is' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
7
μὴ καὶ οὕτως μέλλει σωθῆναι ἐπάξω γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν φάραγγα Ἄραβας καὶ λήμψονται αὐτήν
Will it then even be saved in this way? For I will bring Arabs upon the valley, and they will seize it.
A rhetorical question about survival is answered by fresh threat, as the Lord brings outsiders to seize what remains of the valley.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element qualifying the clauseμή: particle or adverb rendered 'not' here; it nuances emphasis, negation, comparison, or timing in the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element qualifying the clauseοὕτως: particle or adverb rendered 'thus' here; it nuances emphasis, negation, comparison, or timing in the clause.
μέλλειis aboutV1 PAI3S · μέλλωmain verb of impending action→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveμέλλω: be about to, intend, or be on the verge of doing.
σωθῆναιbe savedVC APN · σώζωinfinitive complement expressing verbal action within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeσώζω: verbal form rendered 'be saved' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
ἐπάξωbringVF FAI1S · ἄγω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἄγω + ἐπι: verbal form rendered 'bring' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
γὰρforX · γάρelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleγάρ: rendered 'for' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
φάραγγαvalley / ravineN3G ASF · φάραγξdirect object / locative (place of assembly)φάραγξ: 'ravine / valley / gorge'; renders Hebrew עֵמֶק ('valley / plain'); the Vale of Siddim was the battleground; later identified by the gloss with the Salt Sea (Dead Sea).
ἌραβαςArabsN APF · Ἄραψnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseArabas: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
λήμψονταιseizeVF FMI3P · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardλαμβάνω: verbal form rendered 'seize' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
αὐτήνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'it' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
8
συνῆψεν γὰρ ἡ βοὴ τὸ ὅριον τῆς Μωαβίτιδος τῆς Αγαλλιμ καὶ ὀλολυγμὸς αὐτῆς ἕως τοῦ φρέατος τοῦ Αιλιμ
For the cry has reached the border of Moab, as far as Eglaim, and her wailing as far as the well of Elim.
The wail has now spread to the extremities of Moab, giving the impression that the whole land has been enclosed by grief.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
συνῆψενreachVAI AAI3S · ἅπτω + συνfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἅπτω + συν: verbal form rendered 'reach' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
γὰρforX · γάρelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleγάρ: rendered 'for' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
βοὴoutcryN1 NSF · βοήsubject of the verbless questionβοή: 'outcry'; repeated from the narrator's report, now in Eli's mouth.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ὅριονborderN2N ASN · ὅριονsubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΜωαβίτιδοςMoabN GSF · Μωαβῖτιςnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseMoabitidos: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΑγαλλιμEglaimN GSF · Αγαλλιμnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseAgallim: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
ὀλολυγμὸςwailingN2 NSM · ὀλολυγμόςnominative substantive functioning within the clauseὀλολυγμός: rendered 'wailing' here; a nominal form used in the nominative within Zephaniah's judgment oracle.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: rendered 'her' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἕωςas far asP · ἕωςpreposition governing the following phraseἕως: preposition rendered 'as far as' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
φρέατοςof a wellN3T GSN · φρέαρGenitive noun dependent on κοιλώματι.A well or cistern providing the broader structure for concealment.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΑιλιμElimN GSF · Αιλιμnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseAilim: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
9
τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ τὸ Ρεμμων πλησθήσεται αἵματος ἐπάξω γὰρ ἐπὶ Ρεμμων Ἄραβας καὶ ἀρῶ τὸ σπέρμα Μωαβ καὶ Αριηλ καὶ τὸ κατάλοιπον Αδαμα
But the water of Remmon shall be filled with blood, for I will bring Arabs upon Remmon; and I will take away the offspring of Moab, and Ariel, and the remnant of Admah.
The final verse sharpens the lament into bloodshed and remnant-loss, so the chapter ends not in pity but in intensified judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
δὲthenX · δέelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleδέ: rendered 'then' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseὕδωρ: rendered 'water' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
ΡεμμωνRemmonN GSM · Ρεμμωνnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseRemmon: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
πλησθήσεταιwill be filledVS FPI3S · πίμπλημιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardπίμπλημι: 'will be filled'; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive dependent within the phraseαἷμα: rendered 'blood' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἐπάξωbringVF FAI1S · ἄγω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἄγω + ἐπι: verbal form rendered 'bring' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
γὰρforX · γάρelement contributing to the clause in its local syntactic roleγάρ: rendered 'for' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it governs its complement and marks relation such as direction, location, instrument, or reference.
ΡεμμωνRemmonN AS · Ρεμμωνnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseRemmon: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
ἌραβαςArabsN APM · Ἄραψnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseArabas: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
ἀρῶtake awayVF2 FAI1S · αἴρωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardαἴρω: verbal form rendered 'take away' here; in context it carries the oracle's lament, motion, or judgment action.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
σπέρμαoffspringN3M ASN · σπέρμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalσπέρμα: rendered 'offspring' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ΜωαβMoabN GS · Μωαβsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextMoab: proper name or place-name preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
ΑριηλArielN GSM · Αριηλnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseAriel: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking adjacent words, phrases, or clausesκαί: connective rendered 'and' here; it links clauses or phrases and helps signal the progression of the oracle.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; it marks the following noun phrase as definite and helps signal its case, number, and gender.
κατάλοιπονremnantA1B ASN · κατάλοιποςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκατάλοιπος: rendered 'remnant' here; a nominal or adjectival form contributing to the chapter's Moab lament and judgment imagery.
ΑδαμαAdmahN GSM · Αδαμαnominal or adjectival element functioning within the clause or phraseAdama: proper name preserved in transliteration within Isaiah's Moab oracle.