1
τὸ ὅραμα τῆς ἐρήμου ὡς καταιγὶς δι' ἐρήμου διέλθοι ἐξ ἐρήμου ἐρχομένη ἐκ γῆς φοβερὸν
The vision of the desert: like a storm passing through the wilderness, it comes from the desert, from a fearful land.
The chapter opens with a burden introduced through violent desert imagery. The coming vision is pictured not as static information but as something rushing in from a terrifying region.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅραμαvisionN3M NSN · ὅραμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅραμα: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταιγὶςstormN3D NSF · καταιγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαταιγίς: meaning 'storm'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διέλθοιpass throughVB AAO3S · ἔρχομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐρχομένηπμπνσφ ἔρχομαιV1 · πμπνσφ ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἔρχομαι: meaning 'πμπνσφ ἔρχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φοβερὸνfearsome / awesomeA1A ASN · φοβερόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφοβερός: meaning 'fearsome'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
2
τὸ ὅραμα καὶ σκληρὸν ἀνηγγέλη μοι ὁ ἀθετῶν ἀθετεῖ ὁ ἀνομῶν ἀνομεῖ ἐπ' ἐμοὶ οἱ Αιλαμῖται καὶ οἱ πρέσβεις τῶν Περσῶν ἐπ' ἐμὲ ἔρχονται νῦν στενάξω καὶ παρακαλέσω ἐμαυτόν
A hard vision was announced to me: the faithless one deals faithlessly, the lawless one acts lawlessly. Against me the Elamites and the envoys of the Persians are coming. Now I will groan and console myself.
The content of the vision is named as severe and then unpacked through treachery, lawlessness, and advancing eastern forces. The prophet’s response is immediate grief and self-address.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅραμαsight / visionN3M ASN · ὅραμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅραμα: meaning 'sight'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκληρὸνharshA1A ASN · σκληρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκληρός: meaning 'harsh'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνηγγέληit was announcedVDI API3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'it was announced'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀθετῶνtransgressedV2 · παπνσμ ἀθετέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀθετέω: meaning 'transgressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀθετεῖtransgressedV2 PAI3S · ἀθετέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀθετέω: meaning 'transgressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομῶνyou will act lawlesslyV2 · παπνσμ ἀνομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀνομέω: meaning 'you will act lawlessly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνομεῖyou will act lawlesslyV2 PAI3S · ἀνομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀνομέω: meaning 'you will act lawlessly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοὶmeRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑιλαμῖταιElamitesN1M NPM · Αιλαμίτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΑιλαμῖται: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρέσβειςambassadorsN3U NPM · πρέσβυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρέσβυς: meaning 'ambassadors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΠερσῶνPersianN1M GPM · Πέρσηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΠερσῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμὲmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔρχονταιare comingV1 PMI3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'are coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στενάξωgroanedVF2 FAI1S · στενάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστενάζω: meaning 'groaned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρακαλέσωcomfortVF FAI1S · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'comfort'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμαυτόνhimRD ASM · ἐμαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμαυτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
3
διὰ τοῦτο ἐνεπλήσθη ἡ ὀσφύς μου ἐκλύσεως καὶ ὠδῖνες ἔλαβόν με ὡς τὴν τίκτουσαν ἠδίκησα τὸ μὴ ἀκοῦσαι ἐσπούδασα τὸ μὴ βλέπειν
Therefore my loins were filled with weakness, and pangs seized me like a woman giving birth; I was distressed so as not to hear, I hurried so as not to see.
The prophet describes the bodily effect of the announced judgment. Labor-pain imagery turns the vision into something viscerally endured rather than merely observed.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνεπλήσθηfillVSI API3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύςloinsN3U NSF · ὀσφύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκλύσεωςἔκλυσιςN3I GSF · ἐκλύσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐκλύσις: meaning 'ἔκλυσις'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠδῖνεςpangN3 NPF · ὠδίνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὠδίν: meaning 'pang'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔλαβόνI tookVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'I took'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τίκτουσανboreV1 · παπασφ τίκτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασφ τίκτω: meaning 'bore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἠδίκησαI have done wrongVAI AAI1S · ἀδικέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀδικέω: meaning 'I have done wrong'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκοῦσαιheardVA AAN · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐσπούδασαhurryVAI AAI1S · σπουδάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσπουδάζω: meaning 'hurry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βλέπεινlookV1 PAN · βλέπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβλέπω: meaning 'look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
4
ἡ καρδία μου πλανᾶται καὶ ἡ ἀνομία με βαπτίζει ἡ ψυχή μου ἐφέστηκεν εἰς φόβον
My heart wanders, and lawlessness overwhelms me; my soul has been set in fear.
The inward effect of the vision continues as disorientation, engulfing evil, and fear. The verse condenses the prophet’s psychological instability.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πλανᾶταιlead astrayV3 PMI3S · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπλανάω: meaning 'lead astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομίαlawlessnessN1A NSF · ἀνομίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαπτίζειdipped himselfV1 PAI3S · βαπτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβαπτίζω: meaning 'dipped himself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐφέστηκενἐπιVXI XAI3S · ἵστημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φόβονfearN2 ASM · φόβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
ἑτοίμασον τὴν τράπεζαν πίετε φάγετε ἀναστάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες ἑτοιμάσατε θυρεούς
Prepare the table; drink, eat; arise, you rulers, prepare shields.
The scene abruptly shifts to imperative speech. Feasting and military preparation are juxtaposed, exposing how fragile normal political life has become.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἑτοίμασονprepareVA AAD2S · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'prepare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζανtableN1S ASF · τράπεζαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτράπεζα: meaning 'table'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πίετεdrinkVB AAD2P · πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπίνω: meaning 'drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φάγετεeatVB AAD2P · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω: meaning 'eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀναστάντεςrisingVH · ααπνπμ ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνπμ ἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'rising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἑτοιμάσατεmake ready / prepareVA AAD2P · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'make ready'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θυρεούςshieldN2 APM · θυρέοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθυρέος: meaning 'shield'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
6
ὅτι οὕτως εἶπεν κύριος πρός με βαδίσας σεαυτῷ στῆσον σκοπὸν καὶ ὃ ἂν ἴδῃς ἀνάγγειλον
For thus the Lord said to me: Go, set a watchman for yourself, and whatever you see, report it.
The Lord interprets the scene by ordering prophetic surveillance. The coming message is mediated through careful watching and faithful reporting.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαδίσαςgoVA AAI2S · βαδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαδίζω: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfRD DSM · σεαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσεαυτῷ: meaning 'for yourself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στῆσονhistemiVA AAD2S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'histemi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκοπὸνas a marker / for gazingN2 ASM · σκοπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκοπός: meaning 'as a marker'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃwhich / whoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδῃςyou seeVB AAS2S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὁράω: meaning 'you see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνάγγειλονtell / reportVA AAD2S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'tell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
καὶ εἶδον ἀναβάτας ἱππεῖς δύο ἀναβάτην ὄνου καὶ ἀναβάτην καμήλου ἀκρόασαι ἀκρόασιν πολλὴν
And I saw riders, two horsemen, a rider on a donkey and a rider on a camel; listen with great attention.
The watch report begins with a puzzling mounted procession. The command to listen heightens suspense and underscores the importance of the observation.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονseeVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀναβάταςἀναβάτηςN1M APM · ἀναβάτηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀναβάτης: meaning 'ἀναβάτης'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἱππεῖςippeysN3V NPM · ἱππεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱππεύς: meaning 'ippeys'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβάτηνriderN1M ASM · ἀναβάτηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀναβάτης: meaning 'rider'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὄνουdonkeyN2 GSM · ὄνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄνος: meaning 'donkey'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβάτηνriderN1M ASM · ἀναβάτηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀναβάτης: meaning 'rider'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καμήλουcamelN2 GSM · κάμηλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκάμηλος: meaning 'camel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀκρόασαιlistenVA AAN · ἀκροάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀκροάομαι: meaning 'listen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀκρόασινattentionN3I ASF · ἀκρόασιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκρόασις: meaning 'attention'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολλὴνmuchA1 ASF · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
8
καὶ κάλεσον Ουριαν εἰς τὴν σκοπιὰν κυρίου καὶ εἶπεν ἔστην διὰ παντὸς ἡμέρας καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἔστην ὅλην τὴν νύκτα
And call Uriah to the watchtower of the Lord. And he said, ‘I stood all day long, and upon the camp I stood all night.’
The watchman’s testimony is expanded and personalized. The emphasis falls on unbroken vigilance through day and night in the Lord’s service.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάλεσονcallVA AAD2S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαλέω: meaning 'call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΟυριανUriahN ASM · Ουριαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΟυριαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκοπιὰνσκοπιαN1A ASF · σκοπιάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκοπιά: meaning 'σκοπια'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔστηνstoodVHI AAI1S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampN1 GSF · παρεμβολήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: meaning 'camp'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔστηνstoodVHI AAI1S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅληνwholeA1 ASF · ὅλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅλος: meaning 'whole'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightN3 ASF · νύξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
καὶ ἰδοὺ αὐτὸς ἔρχεται ἀναβάτης συνωρίδος καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν πέπτωκεν Βαβυλών καὶ πάντα τὰ ἀγάλματα αὐτῆς καὶ τὰ χειροποίητα αὐτῆς συνετρίβησαν εἰς τὴν γῆν
And behold, he comes, a rider with a pair of horses. And he answered and said, ‘Babylon has fallen, and all her images and all her idols have been shattered to the ground.’
The long-awaited announcement finally arrives. Babylon’s fall is inseparable from the breaking of her cultic images, so political collapse and anti-idolatrous judgment coincide.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔρχεταιis comingV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'is coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀναβάτηςἀναβάτηςN1M NSM · ἀναβάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀναβάτης: meaning 'ἀναβάτης'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συνωρίδοςpair / teamN3D GSF · συνωρίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυνωρίς: meaning 'pair'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringVC · αππνσμ κρίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ κρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'answering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πέπτωκενhas fallenVX PAI3S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίπτω: meaning 'has fallen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΒαβυλώνBabylonN3W NSF · Βαβυλώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΒαβυλών: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγάλματαimagesN3M APN · ἄγαλμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄγαλμα: meaning 'images'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειροποίηταhandmade idolsA1B APN · χειροποίητοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχειροποίητος: meaning 'handmade idols'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συνετρίβησανthey were shatteredVDI API3P · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'they were shattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
10
ἀκούσατε οἱ καταλελειμμένοι καὶ οἱ ὀδυνώμενοι ἀκούσατε ἃ ἤκουσα παρὰ κυρίου σαβαωθ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ Ισραηλ ἀνήγγειλεν ἡμῖν
Hear, you who are left and you who are in pain; hear what I have heard from the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel has announced to us.
The prophet turns from report to address. The afflicted remnant is summoned to receive the message as a direct disclosure from Israel’s God.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλελειμμένοιleft / remainingVP · χμπνπμ λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπμ λείπω + κατα: meaning 'left'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀδυνώμενοιsuffer painV3 · πμπνπμ ὀδυνάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ὀδυνάω: meaning 'suffer pain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἤκουσαI have heardV1 · παπνσφ ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ ἥκω: meaning 'I have heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀνήγγειλενproclaimVAI AAI3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'proclaim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
τὸ ὅραμα τῆς Ιδουμαίας πρὸς ἐμὲ καλεῖ παρὰ τοῦ Σηιρ φυλάσσετε ἐπάλξεις
The vision of Idumea: from Seir one calls to me, ‘Guard the battlements.’
A new burden begins in compressed form. The voice from Seir introduces a night-watch exchange rather than a long descriptive oracle.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅραμαsight / visionN3M ASN · ὅραμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅραμα: meaning 'sight'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίαςIdumeaN1 GSF · Ιδουμαίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΙδουμαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμὲmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καλεῖcallV2 PAI3S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαλέω: meaning 'call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣηιρSeirN GSM · Σηιρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣηιρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
φυλάσσετεguardV1 PAD2P · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπάλξειςbattlements / rampartsN3I APF · ἔπαλξιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔπαλξις: meaning 'battlements'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
12
φυλάσσω τὸ πρωὶ καὶ τὴν νύκτα ἐὰν ζητῇς ζήτει καὶ παρ' ἐμοὶ οἴκει
I keep watch in the morning and in the night. If you seek, seek; and dwell by me.
The answer is enigmatic: vigilance continues, inquiry is permitted, and the one asking is left in a posture of continued waiting rather than closure.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
φυλάσσωyou shall keepV1 PAI1S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω: meaning 'you shall keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorningD · πρωίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπρωὶ: meaning 'morning'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightN3 ASF · νύξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζητῇςseekV2 PAS2S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyζητέω: meaning 'seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζήτειseekV2 PAD2S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateζητέω: meaning 'seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρ'withP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοὶmeRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἴκειdwellV2 PAD2S · οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateοἰκέω: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
ἐν τῷ δρυμῷ ἑσπέρας κοιμηθήσῃ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Δαιδαν
In the forest at evening you will sleep on the road of Dedan.
The burden turns toward Arabia with a brief image of exposed overnight shelter. The wilderness road replaces civic security.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δρυμῷa thicketN2 DSM · δρυμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδρυμός: meaning 'a thicket'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἑσπέραςeveningN1A GSF · ἑσπέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: meaning 'evening'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κοιμηθήσῃsleepVC FPI2S · κοιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκοιμάω: meaning 'sleep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷwayN2 DSF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΔαιδανDaidanN GS · Δαιδανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαιδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
14
εἰς συνάντησιν διψῶντι ὕδωρ φέρετε οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν χώρᾳ Θαιμαν ἄρτοις συναντᾶτε τοῖς φεύγουσιν
Bring water to meet the thirsty, you inhabitants of the land of Tema; meet the fugitives with bread.
The humanitarian crisis is made explicit through commands of hospitality. Tema is told to sustain those driven into flight.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συνάντησινmeetingN3I ASF · συνάντησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυνάντησις: meaning 'meeting'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διψῶντιI am thirstyV3 · παπδσμ διψάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπδσμ διψάω: meaning 'I am thirsty'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φέρετεthey broughtV1 PAD2P · φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφέρω: meaning 'they brought'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐν: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χώρᾳcountryN1A DSF · χώραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχώρα: meaning 'country'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΘαιμανTemanN GS · Θαιμανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘαιμαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρτοιςbreadN2 DPM · ἄρτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
συναντᾶτεαντάωV3 PAD2P · αντάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαντάω + συν: meaning 'αντάω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φεύγουσινare fleeingV1 PAI3P · φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφεύγω: meaning 'are fleeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν φευγόντων καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πλανωμένων καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς μαχαίρας καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν τοξευμάτων τῶν διατεταμένων καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πεπτωκότων ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ
Because of the multitude of those fleeing, and because of the multitude of those wandering, and because of the multitude of the sword, and because of the multitude of the bent bows, and because of the multitude of those fallen in war.
This verse supplies the reason for the aid commanded in verse 14. The piling repetition conveys the scale of the disaster in military and human terms.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φευγόντωνfledV1 · παπγπμ φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ φεύγω: meaning 'fled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλανωμένωνlead astrayV3 · πμπγπμ πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ πλανάω: meaning 'lead astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαχαίραςknivesN1 GSF · μάχαιραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμάχαιρα: meaning 'knives'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοξευμάτωνarrow-woundsN3M GPM · τόξευμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόξευμα: meaning 'arrow-wounds'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διατεταμένωντείνωVM · χμπγπμ τείνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπγπμ τείνω + δια: meaning 'τείνω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεπτωκότωνfellVX · χαπγπμ πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπγπμ πίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμῳbattleN2 DSM · πόλεμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπόλεμος: meaning 'battle'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
16
ὅτι οὕτως εἶπέν μοι κύριος ἔτι ἐνιαυτὸς ὡς ἐνιαυτὸς μισθωτοῦ ἐκλείψει ἡ δόξα τῶν υἱῶν Κηδαρ
For thus the Lord said to me: yet within a year, like the year of a hired worker, the glory of the sons of Kedar will fail.
The oracle now fixes the collapse within a measured and non-negotiable period. Kedar’s prestige is treated as something already under divine countdown.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπένeiponVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνιαυτὸςyearN2 NSM · ἐνιαυτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: meaning 'year'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνιαυτὸςyearN2 NSM · ἐνιαυτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: meaning 'year'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μισθωτοῦhiredA1 GSM · μισθωτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμισθωτός: meaning 'hired'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκλείψειleipo + ekVF FAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'leipo + ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΚηδαρKedarN GS · Κηδαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚηδαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
17
καὶ τὸ κατάλοιπον τῶν τοξευμάτων τῶν ἰσχυρῶν υἱῶν Κηδαρ ἔσται ὀλίγον διότι κύριος ἐλάλησεν ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ
And the remnant of the arrows of the strong sons of Kedar will be few, because the Lord, the God of Israel, has spoken.
The chapter closes by reducing Kedar’s military identity to a small remnant. The final authority is the Lord’s spoken determination.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιπονremainder / restA1B NSN · κατάλοιποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατάλοιπος: meaning 'remainder'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοξευμάτωνarrow-woundsN3M GPM · τόξευμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόξευμα: meaning 'arrow-wounds'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχυρῶνmightyA1A GPM · ἰσχυρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΚηδαρKedarN GS · Κηδαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚηδαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀλίγονlittleA1 NSN · ὀλίγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀλίγος: meaning 'little'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλάλησενspeakVAI AAI3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.