Isaiah 28 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

1

οὐαὶ τῷ στεφάνῳ τῆς ὕβρεως οἱ μισθωτοὶ Εφραιμ τὸ ἄνθος τὸ ἐκπεσὸν ἐκ τῆς δόξης ἐπὶ τῆς κορυφῆς τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ παχέος οἱ μεθύοντες ἄνευ οἴνου

Woe to the crown of pride, the hirelings of Ephraim, the flower fallen from glory upon the summit of the fat mountain, those who are drunk without wine.

Woe against proud Ephraimasyndeton

The chapter opens by collapsing Ephraim's public splendor into a fading garland on a rich hilltop. Their intoxication is moral and spiritual as much as literal, since they reel even apart from wine.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίinterjection or particle giving rhetorical force to the lineοὐαί: particle or interjection rendered 'woe' here, contributing rhetorical force to the prophetic speech in Isaiah 28.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

στεφάνῳcrownN2 DSM · στέφανοςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceστέφανος: lexical item rendered 'crown' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ὕβρεωςarroganceN3I GSF · ὕβριςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationὕβρις: lexical item rendered 'arrogance' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

μισθωτοὶhirelingsA1 NPM · μισθωτόςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseμισθωτός: lexical item rendered 'hirelings' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationἘφράιμ: lexical item rendered 'Ephraim' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἄνθοςflowerN3E NSN · ἄνθοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἄνθος: lexical item rendered 'flower' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἐκπεσὸνfallenVB · ααπνσν πίπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseααπνσν πίπτω + ἐκ: verbal lexeme rendered 'fallen' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: preposition rendered 'from' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationδόξα: lexical item rendered 'glory' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

κορυφῆςsummitN1 GSF · κορυφήgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationκορυφή: lexical item rendered 'summit' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ὄρουςmountainN3E GSN · ὄροςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationὄρος: lexical item rendered 'mountain' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

παχέοςofA3U GSN · παχύςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationπαχύς: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

μεθύοντεςbeing drunkV1 · παπνπμ μεθύωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπαπνπμ μεθύω: verbal lexeme rendered 'being drunk' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἄνευwithoutP · ἄνευpreposition introducing and governing its complementἄνευ: preposition rendered 'without' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationοἶνος: lexical item rendered 'wine' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

2

ἰδοὺ ἰσχυρὸν καὶ σκληρὸν ὁ θυμὸς κυρίου ὡς χάλαζα καταφερομένη οὐκ ἔχουσα σκέπην βίᾳ καταφερομένη ὡς ὕδατος πολὺ πλῆθος σῦρον χώραν τῇ γῇ ποιήσει ἀνάπαυσιν ταῖς χερσίν

Behold, the wrath of the Lord is strong and harsh, like hail descending without shelter, violently descending like a great mass of rushing water; with his hand he will make the land a place of rest.

Storm of divine wrathasyndeton

The Lord's anger arrives as an unstoppable storm of hail and flood. The violence of the image strips away false security and shows that only divine action determines what sort of rest the land will know.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection or particle giving rhetorical force to the line→ discourse markerἰδού: particle or interjection rendered 'behold' here, contributing rhetorical force to the prophetic speech in Isaiah 28.

ἰσχυρὸνtermA1A NSN · ἰσχυρόςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἰσχυρός: lexical item rendered 'term' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

σκληρὸνtermA1A NSN · σκληρόςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseσκληρός: lexical item rendered 'term' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseθυμός: lexical item rendered 'venom / rage' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationκύριος: lexical item rendered 'of the LORD' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὡςasD · ὡςindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

χάλαζαtermN1A NSF · χάλαζαnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'term' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καταφερομένηdescendingV1 · πμπνσφ φέρω + καταverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπμπνσφ φέρω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered 'descending' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

οὐκnotD · οὐindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔχουσαhaveV1 · παπνσφ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπαπνσφ ἔχω: verbal lexeme rendered 'have' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

σκέπηνcoverN1 ASF · σκέπηςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementσκέπης: lexical item rendered 'cover' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

βίᾳby forceN1A DSF · βίαdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceβία: lexical item rendered 'by force' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καταφερομένηdescendingV1 · πμπνσφ φέρω + καταverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπμπνσφ φέρω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered 'descending' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ὡςasD · ὡςindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationὕδωρ: lexical item rendered 'water' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

πολὺmuchA1P ASN · πολύςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementπολύς: lexical item rendered 'much' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementπλῆθος: lexical item rendered 'multitude' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

σῦρονsweepingVB · ααπασν σύρωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseααπασν σύρω: verbal lexeme rendered 'sweeping' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

χώρανcountryN1A ASF · χώραaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementχώρα: lexical item rendered 'country' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceγῆ: lexical item rendered 'land' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ποιήσειwill makeVF FAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the announced resultποιέω: verbal lexeme rendered 'will make' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἀνάπαυσινtheN3I ASF · ἀνάπαυσιςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἀνάπαυσις: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

χερσίνhandN3 DPF · χείρdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceχείρ: lexical item rendered 'hand' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

3

καὶ τοῖς ποσὶν καταπατηθήσεται ὁ στέφανος τῆς ὕβρεως οἱ μισθωτοὶ τοῦ Εφραιμ

With the feet the crown of pride, the hirelings of Ephraim, will be trampled down.

Pride trampledasyndeton

The proud crown introduced in verse 1 now becomes something crushed underfoot. Public prestige is reduced to an object of humiliation.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ποσὶνfeetN3D DPM · πούςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceπούς: lexical item rendered 'feet' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καταπατηθήσεταιbe trampledVC FPI3S · πατέω + καταverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future passive indicativeπατέω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered 'be trampled' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

στέφανοςcrownN2 NSM · στέφανοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseστέφανος: lexical item rendered 'crown' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ὕβρεωςarroganceN3I GSF · ὕβριςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationὕβρις: lexical item rendered 'arrogance' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

μισθωτοὶhirelingsA1 NPM · μισθωτόςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseμισθωτός: lexical item rendered 'hirelings' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationἘφράιμ: lexical item rendered 'Ephraim' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

4

καὶ ἔσται τὸ ἄνθος τὸ ἐκπεσὸν τῆς ἐλπίδος τῆς δόξης ἐπ' ἄκρου τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ ὑψηλοῦ ὡς πρόδρομος σύκου ὁ ἰδὼν αὐτὸ πρὶν ἢ εἰς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ λαβεῖν θελήσει αὐτὸ καταπιεῖν

And the fallen flower of the hope of glory on the top of the high mountain will be like an early fig: whoever sees it, before taking it into his hand, will desire to swallow it down.

Glory proves fleetingasyndeton

Ephraim's beauty is compared to the first-ripe fig that is consumed at once. What looks desirable is also fragile and immediately devoured.

Word-by-word analysis· 32 words

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered 'shall be' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἄνθοςflowerN3E NSN · ἄνθοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἄνθος: lexical item rendered 'flower' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἐκπεσὸνfallenVB · ααπνσν πίπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseααπνσν πίπτω + ἐκ: verbal lexeme rendered 'fallen' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἐλπίδοςhopeN3D GSF · ἐλπίςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'hope' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationδόξα: lexical item rendered 'glory' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

ἄκρουendA1A GSN · ἄκροςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationἄκρος: lexical item rendered 'end' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ὄρουςmountainN3E GSN · ὄροςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationὄρος: lexical item rendered 'mountain' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ὑψηλοῦhighA1 GSN · ὑψηλόςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationὑψηλός: lexical item rendered 'high' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὡςasD · ὡςindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationὡς: lexical item rendered 'as' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

πρόδρομοςofA1B GSN · πρόδρομοςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationπρόδρομος: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

σύκουofN2N GSN · σύκονgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationσύκον: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἰδὼνhaving seenVB · ααπνσμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseααπνσμ ὁράω: verbal lexeme rendered 'having seen' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'it' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

πρὶνbeforeD · πρίνindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationπρίν: lexical item rendered 'before' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἢorC · ἤindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ coordinationἤ: lexical item rendered 'or' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementχείρ: lexical item rendered 'hand' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'his' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

λαβεῖνto takeVB AAN · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist infinitive expressing purpose or complementλαμβάνω: verbal lexeme rendered 'to take' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

θελήσειwillVF FAI3S · θέλωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future indicativeθέλω: verbal lexeme rendered 'will' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'it' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

καταπιεῖνto swallowVB AAN · πίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπίνω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered 'to swallow' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

5

τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἔσται κύριος σαβαωθ ὁ στέφανος τῆς ἐλπίδος ὁ πλακεὶς τῆς δόξης τῷ καταλειφθέντι μου λαῷ

On that day the Lord Sabaoth will be the crown of hope, the woven garland of glory, for my people who have been left.

The Lord as remnant's crownasyndeton

Against the failed human crown, the Lord himself becomes the remnant's adornment and confidence. True glory is relocated from intoxicated rulers to God.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceἡμέρα: lexical item rendered 'day' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseἐκεῖνος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'that' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered 'shall be' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered 'Lord' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationσαβαωθ: lexical item rendered 'Sabaoth' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

στέφανοςcrownN2 NSM · στέφανοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseστέφανος: lexical item rendered 'crown' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἐλπίδοςhopeN3D GSF · ἐλπίςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'hope' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

πλακεὶςwovenVA · αππνσμ πλέκωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseαππνσμ πλέκω: verbal lexeme rendered 'woven' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationδόξα: lexical item rendered 'glory' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

καταλειφθέντιleft behindVV · αππδσμ λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseαππδσμ λείπω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered 'left behind' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'my' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

6

καταλειφθήσονται ἐπὶ πνεύματι κρίσεως ἐπὶ κρίσιν καὶ ἰσχὺν κωλύων ἀνελεῖν

They will be left in a spirit of judgment for judgment, and as strength he will hinder killing.

Judicial strength for survivorsasyndeton

The remnant receives not drunken confusion but a spirit fitted for judgment. Divine strength also restrains slaughter, showing judgment under wise limit.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

καταλειφθήσονταιwill be leftVV FPI3P · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future passive indicativeλείπω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered 'will be left' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

πνεύματιspiritN3M DSN · πνεῦμαdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceπνεῦμα: lexical item rendered 'spirit' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

κρίσεωςjudgmentN3I GSF · κρίσιςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationκρίσις: lexical item rendered 'judgment' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementκρίσις: lexical item rendered 'judgment' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἰσχύς: lexical item rendered 'strength' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

κωλύωνrestrainingV1 · παπνσμ κωλύωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπαπνσμ κωλύω: verbal lexeme rendered 'restraining' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἀνελεῖνto killVB AAN · αἱρέω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseαἱρέω + ἀνα: verbal lexeme rendered 'to kill' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

7

οὗτοι γὰρ οἴνῳ πεπλανημένοι εἰσίν ἐπλανήθησαν διὰ τὸ σικερα ἱερεὺς καὶ προφήτης ἐξέστησαν διὰ τὸν οἶνον ἐσείσθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς μέθης τοῦ σικερα ἐπλανήθησαν τοῦτ' ἔστι φάσμα

For these are confused by wine; they have gone astray because of strong drink. Priest and prophet were beside themselves because of wine; they were shaken by the drunkenness of strong drink; they went astray, this is a vision.

Priests and prophets staggerasyndeton

The indictment extends from Ephraim to the official religious classes. Priest and prophet alike lose discernment, so even what they call vision is distorted by intoxication.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'these' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

γὰρforX · γάρconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argumentγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οἴνῳwineN2 DSM · οἶνοςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceοἶνος: lexical item rendered 'wine' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

πεπλανημένοιgone astrayVX · χμπνπμ πλανάωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseχμπνπμ πλανάω: verbal lexeme rendered 'gone astray' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

εἰσίνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ present active indicativeεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered 'be' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐπλανήθησανthey were led astrayVCI API3P · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist passive indicativeπλανάω: verbal lexeme rendered 'they were led astray' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: preposition rendered 'through' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

σικεραstrong drinkN3 ASN · σίκεραaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementσίκερα: lexical item rendered 'strong drink' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἱερεὺςpriestN3V NSM · ἱερεύςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἱερεύς: lexical item rendered 'priest' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

προφήτηςprophetN1M NSM · προφήτηςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseπροφήτης: lexical item rendered 'prophet' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐξέστησανwere terrified / panickedVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active indicativeἵστημι + ἐκ: verbal lexeme rendered 'were terrified / panicked' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: preposition rendered 'through' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementοἶνος: lexical item rendered 'wine' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐσείσθησανshakenVSI API3P · σείωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist passive indicativeσείω: verbal lexeme rendered 'shaken' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered 'from' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

μέθηςofN1 GSF · μέθηgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationμέθη: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

σικεραstrong drinkN3 ASN · σίκεραaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementσίκερα: lexical item rendered 'strong drink' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπλανήθησανthey were led astrayVCI API3P · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist passive indicativeπλανάω: verbal lexeme rendered 'they were led astray' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

τοῦτ'thisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

ἔστιisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ present active indicativeεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered 'is' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

φάσμαtermN3M NSN · φάσμαnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseφάσμα: lexical item rendered 'term' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

8

ἀρὰ ἔδεται ταύτην τὴν βουλήν αὕτη γὰρ ἡ βουλὴ ἕνεκεν πλεονεξίας

A curse will consume this counsel, for this counsel exists for the sake of greed.

Corrupt counsel condemnedasyndeton

The chapter exposes the ruling plan as greedy counsel under a curse. What seems politically shrewd is morally rotten at its core.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

ἀρὰcurseN1A NSF · ἀράnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἀρά: lexical item rendered 'curse' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔδεταιconsumeVF FMI3S · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future middle indicativeἐσθίω: verbal lexeme rendered 'consume' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

βουλήνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementβουλή: lexical item rendered 'counsel' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

γὰρforX · γάρconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argumentγάρ: lexical item rendered 'for' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

βουλὴplanN1 NSF · βουλήnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseβουλή: lexical item rendered 'plan' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἕνεκενenekenP · ἕνεκενpreposition introducing and governing its complementἕνεκεν: preposition rendered 'eneken' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

πλεονεξίαςofN1A GSF · πλεονεξίαgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationπλεονεξία: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

9

τίνι ἀνηγγείλαμεν κακὰ καὶ τίνι ἀνηγγείλαμεν ἀγγελίαν οἱ ἀπογεγαλακτισμένοι ἀπὸ γάλακτος οἱ ἀπεσπασμένοι ἀπὸ μαστοῦ

To whom have we announced evils, and to whom have we announced a message? To those weaned from milk, to those torn from the breast.

Mocking response from hearersasyndeton

The hearers caricature the prophetic teaching as suitable only for infants. Their sarcasm reveals contempt rather than maturity.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

τίνιwho?RI DSN · τίςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceτίς: lexical item rendered 'who?' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἀνηγγείλαμενannouncedVAI AAI1P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active indicativeἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: verbal lexeme rendered 'announced' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

κακὰevilsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementκακός: lexical item rendered 'evils' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τίνιto whomRI DSM · τίςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceτίς: lexical item rendered 'to whom' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἀνηγγείλαμενannouncedVAI AAI1P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active indicativeἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: verbal lexeme rendered 'announced' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἀγγελίανreportN1A ASF · ἀγγελίαaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἀγγελία: lexical item rendered 'report' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἀπογεγαλακτισμένοιweanedVT · χππνπμ γαλακτίζω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseχππνπμ γαλακτίζω + ἀπο: verbal lexeme rendered 'weaned' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered 'from' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

γάλακτοςofN3 GSN · γάλαgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationγάλα: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἀπεσπασμένοιdrawn awayVM · χμπνπμ σπάω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseχμπνπμ σπάω + ἀπο: verbal lexeme rendered 'drawn away' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered 'from' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

μαστοῦofN2 GSM · μαστόςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationμαστός: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

10

θλῖψιν ἐπὶ θλῖψιν προσδέχου ἐλπίδα ἐπ' ἐλπίδι ἔτι μικρὸν ἔτι μικρὸν

Await affliction upon affliction, hope upon hope, still a little, still a little.

Taunting repetitionasyndeton

The clipped repetition sounds like the mocking sing-song of Isaiah's opponents, but it also turns into a grim summary of what will actually come upon them.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

θλῖψινafflictionN3I ASF · θλῖψιςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementθλῖψις: lexical item rendered 'affliction' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

θλῖψινafflictionN3I ASF · θλῖψιςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementθλῖψις: lexical item rendered 'affliction' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

προσδέχουawaitV1 PMD2S · δέχομαι + προςverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseδέχομαι + προς: verbal lexeme rendered 'await' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐλπίδαhopeN3D ASF · ἐλπίςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'hope' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

ἐλπίδιin confidenceN3D DSF · ἐλπίςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'in confidence' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔτιstillD · ἔτιindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: lexical item rendered 'still' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μικρὸνsmall / insignificantA1A ASM · μικρόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementμικρός: lexical item rendered 'small / insignificant' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔτιstillD · ἔτιindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: lexical item rendered 'still' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μικρὸνsmall / insignificantA1A ASM · μικρόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementμικρός: lexical item rendered 'small / insignificant' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

11

διὰ φαυλισμὸν χειλέων διὰ γλώσσης ἑτέρας ὅτι λαλήσουσιν τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ

Because of contemptuous lips and another tongue, they will speak to this people.

Foreign speech as judgmentasyndeton

Since the people despise clear speech, the word will return to them through alien lips. Foreign language becomes a judicial sign.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: preposition rendered 'through' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

φαυλισμὸνtheN2 ASM · φαυλισμόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementφαυλισμός: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

χειλέωνlipN3E GPN · χεῖλοςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationχεῖλος: lexical item rendered 'lip' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: preposition rendered 'through' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

γλώσσηςtongueN1S GSF · γλῶσσαgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationγλῶσσα: lexical item rendered 'tongue' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἑτέραςofA1A GSF · ἕτεροςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationἕτερος: lexical item rendered 'of' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationὅτι: lexical item rendered 'that' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

λαλήσουσινwill speakVF FAI3P · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future active indicativeλαλέω: verbal lexeme rendered 'will speak' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τούτῳto himRD DSM · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'to him' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

12

λέγοντες αὐτῷ τοῦτο τὸ ἀνάπαυμα τῷ πεινῶντι καὶ τοῦτο τὸ σύντριμμα καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησαν ἀκούειν

Saying to them, 'This is the resting place for the hungry, and this is the ruin,' yet they were unwilling to hear.

Rest offered and refusedasyndeton

The prophetic word still held out rest, especially for the needy. Their refusal to listen transforms offered relief into impending collapse.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ participial verbal form expressing action in relation to a nearby substantive or clauseπαπνπμ λέγω: verbal lexeme rendered 'saying' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'to him' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἀνάπαυμαtermN3M NSN · ἀνάπαυμαnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἀνάπαυμα: lexical item rendered 'term' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

πεινῶντιto the hungryV3 · παπδσμ πεινάωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπαπδσμ πεινάω: verbal lexeme rendered 'to the hungry' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

σύντριμμαtermN3M NSN · σύντριμμαnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseσύντριμμα: lexical item rendered 'term' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οὐκnotD · οὐindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἠθέλησανwere willingVAI AAI3P · θέλωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active indicativeθέλω: verbal lexeme rendered 'were willing' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἀκούεινakoyoV1 PAN · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseἀκούω: verbal lexeme rendered 'akoyo' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

13

καὶ ἔσται αὐτοῖς τὸ λόγιον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ θλῖψις ἐπὶ θλῖψιν ἐλπὶς ἐπ' ἐλπίδι ἔτι μικρὸν ἔτι μικρόν ἵνα πορευθῶσιν καὶ πέσωσιν εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω καὶ κινδυνεύσουσιν καὶ συντριβήσονται καὶ ἁλώσονται

And the oracle of the Lord God will be to them affliction upon affliction, hope upon hope, still a little, still a little, so that they may go and fall backward and be endangered and be broken and be captured.

Word becomes stumblingasyndeton

What they mocked becomes their sentence. The repeated formula now drives toward backward fall, shattering, and capture.

Word-by-word analysis· 31 words

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered 'shall be' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'them' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

λόγιονoracleN2 NSN · λόγιονnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseλόγιον: lexical item rendered 'oracle' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationκύριος: lexical item rendered 'of the LORD' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationθεός: lexical item rendered 'God' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

θλῖψιςafflictionN3I NSF · θλῖψιςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseθλῖψις: lexical item rendered 'affliction' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

θλῖψινafflictionN3I ASF · θλῖψιςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementθλῖψις: lexical item rendered 'affliction' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐλπὶςἐλπίςN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'ἐλπίς' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

ἐλπίδιin confidenceN3D DSF · ἐλπίςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'in confidence' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔτιstillD · ἔτιindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: lexical item rendered 'still' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μικρὸνsmall / insignificantA1A ASM · μικρόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementμικρός: lexical item rendered 'small / insignificant' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔτιstillD · ἔτιindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: lexical item rendered 'still' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μικρόνtheA1A ASM · μικρόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementμικρός: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationἵνα: lexical item rendered 'so that' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

πορευθῶσινgoVC APS3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist passive subjunctiveπορεύομαι: verbal lexeme rendered 'go' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

πέσωσινfallVA AAS3P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active subjunctiveπίπτω: verbal lexeme rendered 'fall' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ὀπίσωafter / behindD · ὀπίσωindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationὀπίσω: lexical item rendered 'after / behind' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

κινδυνεύσουσινbe endangeredVF FAI3P · κινδυνεύωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future active indicativeκινδυνεύω: verbal lexeme rendered 'be endangered' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

συντριβήσονταιbe shatteredVD FPI3P · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future passive indicativeτρίβω + συν: verbal lexeme rendered 'be shattered' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἁλώσονταιbe capturedVF FMI3P · ἁλίσκωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future middle indicativeἁλίσκω: verbal lexeme rendered 'be captured' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

14

διὰ τοῦτο ἀκούσατε λόγον κυρίου ἄνδρες τεθλιμμένοι καὶ ἄρχοντες τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ

Therefore hear the word of the Lord, you afflicted men and rulers of this people in Jerusalem.

Address shifts to Jerusalem rulersasyndeton

The scene now turns from Ephraim toward Jerusalem's leadership. The summons marks them as equally accountable under the same divine word.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: preposition rendered 'through' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: verbal lexeme rendered 'hear' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementλόγος: lexical item rendered 'word' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationκύριος: lexical item rendered 'of the LORD' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἀνήρ: lexical item rendered 'man' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τεθλιμμένοιafflictedVP · χμπνπμ θλίβωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseχμπνπμ θλίβω: verbal lexeme rendered 'afflicted' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἄρχων: lexical item rendered 'rulers' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this / these' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationἸερουσαλήμ: lexical item rendered 'Jerusalem' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

15

ὅτι εἴπατε ἐποιήσαμεν διαθήκην μετὰ τοῦ ᾅδου καὶ μετὰ τοῦ θανάτου συνθήκας καταιγὶς φερομένη ἐὰν παρέλθῃ οὐ μὴ ἔλθῃ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς ἐθήκαμεν ψεῦδος τὴν ἐλπίδα ἡμῶν καὶ τῷ ψεύδει σκεπασθησόμεθα

Because you said, 'We have made a covenant with Hades, and with death agreements; if a rushing storm should pass by, it shall certainly not come upon us. We have made falsehood our hope, and by falsehood we shall be sheltered.'

False refuge confessedasyndeton

Jerusalem's rulers imagine themselves insulated from judgment by political and spiritual bargains. The Lord exposes their confidence as a shelter built out of lies.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationὅτι: lexical item rendered 'that' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

εἴπατεsayVAI AAI2P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active indicativeεἶπον: verbal lexeme rendered 'say' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐποιήσαμενhave doneVAI AAI1P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active indicativeποιέω: verbal lexeme rendered 'have done' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementδιαθήκη: lexical item rendered 'covenant' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: preposition rendered 'with' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ᾅδουto HadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationᾅδης: lexical item rendered 'to Hades' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: preposition rendered 'with' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

θανάτουdeathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive nominal qualifying another element or marking relationθάνατος: lexical item rendered 'death' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

συνθήκαςcovenantsN1 APF · συνθήκηaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementσυνθήκη: lexical item rendered 'covenants' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καταιγὶςstormN3D NSF · καταιγίςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseκαταιγίς: lexical item rendered 'storm' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

φερομένηrushingV1 · πμπνσφ φέρωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπμπνσφ φέρω: verbal lexeme rendered 'rushing' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐὰνifC · ἐάνindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ conditional contingencyἐάν: lexical item rendered 'if' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

παρέλθῃpass byVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active subjunctiveἔρχομαι + παρα: verbal lexeme rendered 'pass by' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

οὐnotD · οὐindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ simple negationοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μὴnotD · μήindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔλθῃcameVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: verbal lexeme rendered 'came' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'us' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

ἐθήκαμενmadeVAI AAI1P · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active indicativeτίθημι: verbal lexeme rendered 'made' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ψεῦδοςfalsehoodN3E ASN · ψεῦδοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementψεῦδος: lexical item rendered 'falsehood' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ἐλπίδαhopeN3D ASF · ἐλπίςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'hope' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'our' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

ψεύδειtoN2N DSN · ψεῦδοςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceψεῦδος: lexical item rendered 'to' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

σκεπασθησόμεθαbe shelteredVS FPI1P · σκεπάζωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future passive indicativeσκεπάζω: verbal lexeme rendered 'be sheltered' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

16

διὰ τοῦτο οὕτως λέγει κύριος ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐμβαλῶ εἰς τὰ θεμέλια Σιων λίθον πολυτελῆ ἐκλεκτὸν ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἔντιμον εἰς τὰ θεμέλια αὐτῆς καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ' αὐτῷ οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ

Therefore thus says the Lord: Behold, I am laying for the foundations of Zion a costly stone, a chosen precious cornerstone for her foundations, and the one who believes on it shall certainly not be put to shame.

Cornerstone laid in Zionasyndeton

God answers human fraud with his own durable act in Zion. The cornerstone becomes the stable center of trust and the opposite of panic or disgrace.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: preposition rendered 'through' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'this' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: lexical item rendered 'thus' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: verbal lexeme rendered 'say' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered 'Lord' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection or particle giving rhetorical force to the line→ discourse markerἰδού: particle or interjection rendered 'behold' here, contributing rhetorical force to the prophetic speech in Isaiah 28.

ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'I' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

ἐμβαλῶlayVF2 FAI1S · βάλλω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future active indicativeβάλλω + ἐν: verbal lexeme rendered 'lay' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

θεμέλιαfoundationsN2N APN · θεμέλιονaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementθεμέλιον: lexical item rendered 'foundations' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationΣιων: lexical item rendered 'Zion' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

λίθονstonesN2 ASM · λίθοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementλίθος: lexical item rendered 'stones' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

πολυτελῆtheA3H ASM · πολυτελήςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementπολυτελής: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐκλεκτὸνtheA1 ASM · ἐκλεκτόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἐκλεκτός: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἀκρογωνιαῖονtheA1B ASM · ἀκρογωνιαῖοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἀκρογωνιαῖος: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἔντιμονtheA1B ASM · ἔντιμοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἔντιμος: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

θεμέλιαfoundationsN2N APN · θεμέλιονaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementθεμέλιον: lexical item rendered 'foundations' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'its' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

πιστεύωνbelievingV1 · παπνσμ πιστεύωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseπαπνσμ πιστεύω: verbal lexeme rendered 'believing' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered 'upon' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'to him' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

οὐnotD · οὐindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ simple negationοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μὴnotD · μήindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καταισχυνθῇbe put to shameVC APS3S · αἰσχύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist passive subjunctiveαἰσχύνω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered 'be put to shame' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

17

καὶ θήσω κρίσιν εἰς ἐλπίδα ἡ δὲ ἐλεημοσύνη μου εἰς σταθμούς καὶ οἱ πεποιθότες μάτην ψεύδει ὅτι οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ὑμᾶς καταιγίς

And I will set judgment for hope, and my mercy for measures; and those who trust vainly in falsehood, a storm shall certainly not pass you by.

Judgment measures false trustasyndeton

The Lord establishes true standards in place of fabricated ones. Storm judgment exposes those who lean on empty deception.

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

θήσωI will set / placeVF FAI1S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future active indicativeτίθημι: verbal lexeme rendered 'I will set / place' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementκρίσις: lexical item rendered 'judgment' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

ἐλπίδαhopeN3D ASF · ἐλπίςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementἐλπίς: lexical item rendered 'hope' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

δὲbutX · δέconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argumentδέ: lexical item rendered 'but' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἐλεημοσύνηalmsgivingN1 NSF · ἐλεημοσύνηnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseἐλεημοσύνη: lexical item rendered 'almsgiving' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'my' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing and governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, specifying relation, direction, or sphere in Isaiah 28.

σταθμούςtheN2 APM · σταθμόςaccusative nominal functioning as object or affected elementσταθμός: lexical item rendered 'the' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the substantive or phrase that followsὁ: Greek article marking the noun phrase it accompanies and signaling case, number, and gender in Isaiah 28.

πεποιθότεςbeing confidentVX · χαπνπμ πείθωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clauseχαπνπμ πείθω: verbal lexeme rendered 'being confident' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

μάτηνin vainD · μάτηνindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relationμάτην: lexical item rendered 'in vain' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ψεύδειtoN2 DSM · ψεῦδοςdative nominal marking sphere, instrument, recipient, or referenceψεῦδος: lexical item rendered 'to' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationὅτι: lexical item rendered 'that' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

οὐnotD · οὐindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ simple negationοὐ: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

μὴnotD · μήindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

παρέλθῃpass byVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active subjunctiveἔρχομαι + παρα: verbal lexeme rendered 'pass by' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseσύ: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'you' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.

καταιγίςstormN3D NSF · καταιγίςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseκαταιγίς: lexical item rendered 'storm' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

18

μὴ καὶ ἀφέλῃ ὑμῶν τὴν διαθήκην τοῦ θανάτου καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ὑμῶν ἡ πρὸς τὸν ᾅδην οὐ μὴ ἐμμείνῃ καταιγὶς φερομένη ἐὰν ἐπέλθῃ ἔσεσθε αὐτῇ εἰς καταπάτημα

Will he not take away from you the covenant of death, and will not your hope that is toward Hades fail to remain? If a rushing storm comes upon you, you will become a thing trampled down by it.

Death covenant annulledasyndeton

The supposed pact with death cannot hold. Once the storm arrives, the rulers become the very thing it crushes.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

μὴnotD · μήindeclinable element shaping the clause or phrase relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: lexical item rendered 'not' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument→ coordinationκαί: lexical item rendered 'and' here according to its local role in Isaiah 28.

ἀφέλῃtake awayVB AAS3S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active subjunctiveαἱρέω + ἀπο: verbal lexeme rendered 'take away' here, carrying the immediate action or process of Isaiah 28.

ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun or determiner marking reference within the clauseσύ: pronominal or demonstrative form rendered 'your' here, tracking reference or possession within the clause.