1
προσαγάγετε ἔθνη καὶ ἀκούσατε ἄρχοντες ἀκουσάτω ἡ γῆ καὶ οἱ ἐν αὐτῇ ἡ οἰκουμένη καὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ ἐν αὐτῇ
Draw near, O nations, and hear; O rulers, listen. Let the earth hear, and those in it, the inhabited world and the people in it.
The chapter opens in courtroom style, calling rulers, earth, and the inhabited world to attend the oracle.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
προσαγάγετεago + prosVB AAD2P · ἄγω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἄγω + προς: meaning 'ago + pros'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθνηnationN3E NPN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄρχοντεςrulerN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀκουσάτωhearVA AAD3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῇaytosRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκουμένηdwellV2 · πμπνσφ οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ οἰκέω: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῇaytosRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
2
διότι θυμὸς κυρίου ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη καὶ ὀργὴ ἐπὶ τὸν ἀριθμὸν αὐτῶν τοῦ ἀπολέσαι αὐτοὺς καὶ παραδοῦναι αὐτοὺς εἰς σφαγήν
For the wrath of the Lord is upon all the nations, and anger upon their number, to destroy them and hand them over to slaughter.
Divine anger is directed not merely at one enemy but at the whole gathered count of the nations, ending in slaughter.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυμὸςwrathN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάνταallA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀργὴangerN1 NSF · ὀργήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀργή: meaning 'anger'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριθμὸνnumberN2 ASM · ἀριθμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀριθμός: meaning 'number'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπολέσαιdestroyVA AAN · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςaytosRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραδοῦναιparaVO AAN · δίδωμι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'para'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςaytosRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σφαγήνslaughterN1 ASF · σφαγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσφαγή: meaning 'slaughter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
οἱ δὲ τραυματίαι αὐτῶν ῥιφήσονται καὶ οἱ νεκροί καὶ ἀναβήσεται αὐτῶν ἡ ὀσμή καὶ βραχήσεται τὰ ὄρη ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῶν
Their wounded shall be cast out, together with their dead, and their stench shall rise, and the mountains shall be drenched with their blood.
The poem lingers on corpses, stench, and blood-soaked mountains to display judgment in visceral terms.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / andX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τραυματίαιwounded manN1T NPM · τραυματίαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτραυματίας: meaning 'wounded man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ῥιφήσονταιcast outVV FPI3P · ῥίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureῥίπτω: meaning 'cast out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεκροίdeadN2 NPM · νεκρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεκρός: meaning 'dead'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεταιgo upVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσμήstenchN1 NSF · ὀσμήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀσμή: meaning 'stench'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βραχήσεταιdrenchVD FPI3S · βρέχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβρέχω: meaning 'drench'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainN3E NPN · ὄροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
καὶ ἑλιγήσεται ὁ οὐρανὸς ὡς βιβλίον καὶ πάντα τὰ ἄστρα πεσεῖται ὡς φύλλα ἐξ ἀμπέλου καὶ ὡς πίπτει φύλλα ἀπὸ συκῆς
And heaven shall be rolled up like a scroll, and all the stars shall fall like leaves from a vine and as leaves fall from a fig tree.
The scale of judgment reaches heaven itself, where the sky rolls up and the stars fall like withered leaves.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑλιγήσεταιroll upVD FPI3S · ἑλίσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἑλίσσω: meaning 'roll up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸςheavenN2 NSM · οὐρανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βιβλίονscrollN2N ASN · βιβλίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'scroll'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄστραstarN2N NPN · ἄστρονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄστρον: meaning 'star'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πεσεῖταιfallVF FMI3S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φύλλαphyllaN2N APN · φύλλονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφύλλον: meaning 'phylla'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξout ofP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀμπέλουvineN2 GSF · ἄμπελοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίπτειfallV1 PAI3S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίπτω: meaning 'fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φύλλαphyllaN2N APN · φύλλονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφύλλον: meaning 'phylla'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συκῆςof a fig treeN1 GSF · συκῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυκῆ: meaning 'of a fig tree'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
5
ἐμεθύσθη ἡ μάχαιρά μου ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἰδοὺ ἐπὶ τὴν Ιδουμαίαν καταβήσεται καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν λαὸν τῆς ἀπωλείας μετὰ κρίσεως
My sword has been drunk in heaven; behold, it shall descend upon Idumea and upon the people of destruction with judgment.
What is prepared above is brought down specifically upon Idumea as the exemplary people appointed for ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐμεθύσθηbecame drunkVSI API3S · μεθύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμεθύω: meaning 'became drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάχαιράswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουI / meRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανῷheavenN2 DSM · οὐρανόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίανIdumeaN1 ASF · Ιδουμαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΙδουμαίαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καταβήσεταιkataVF FMI3S · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπωλείαςdestructionN1A GSF · ἀπώλειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κρίσεωςjudgmentN3I GSF · κρίσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
6
ἡ μάχαιρα κυρίου ἐνεπλήσθη αἵματος ἐπαχύνθη ἀπὸ στέατος ἀρνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ στέατος τράγων καὶ κριῶν ὅτι θυσία κυρίῳ ἐν Βοσορ καὶ σφαγὴ μεγάλη ἐν τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ
The sword of the Lord has been filled with blood; it has grown fat from the fat of lambs and from the fat of goats and rams, because there is a sacrifice to the Lord in Bosor and a great slaughter in Idumea.
The violence is framed cultically: Edom becomes the site of a bloody sacrifice offered to the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάχαιραswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνεπλήσθηfillVSI API3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπαχύνθηpachynoVCI API3S · παχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπαχύνω: meaning 'pachyno'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
στέατοςfatN3T GSN · στέαρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστέαρ: meaning 'fat'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀρνῶνlambN3 GPM · ἀρνόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀρνός: meaning 'lamb'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
στέατοςfatN3T GSN · στέαρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστέαρ: meaning 'fat'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τράγωνgoatN2 GPM · τράγοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτράγος: meaning 'goat'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριῶνramN2 GPM · κριόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκριός: meaning 'ram'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthat / becauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσίαsacrificeN1A NSF · θυσίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΒοσορBosorN DSM · Βοσορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφαγὴslaughterN1 NSF · σφαγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσφαγή: meaning 'slaughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μεγάληmegasA1 NSF · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'megas'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίᾳIdumeaN1 DSF · Ιδουμαίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ participant identificationΙδουμαίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
7
καὶ συμπεσοῦνται οἱ ἁδροὶ μετ' αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ κριοὶ καὶ οἱ ταῦροι καὶ μεθυσθήσεται ἡ γῆ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ στέατος αὐτῶν ἐμπλησθήσεται
And the mighty shall fall with them, and the rams and the bulls, and the land shall be drunk with blood, and from their fat it shall be filled.
Great beasts and the land itself absorb the same blood-soaked judgment as the human victims.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμπεσοῦνταιsynVF FMI3P · πίπτω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω + συν: meaning 'syn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁδροὶmighty oneA1A NPM · ἁδρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἁδρός: meaning 'mighty one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριοὶramsN2 NPM · κριόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκριός: meaning 'rams'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταῦροιbullN2 NPM · ταῦροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceταῦρος: meaning 'bull'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεθυσθήσεταιwill be made drunkVS FPI3S · μεθύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμεθύω: meaning 'will be made drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέατοςfatN3T GSN · στέαρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστέαρ: meaning 'fat'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐμπλησθήσεταιinVS FPI3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
ἡμέρα γὰρ κρίσεως κυρίου καὶ ἐνιαυτὸς ἀνταποδόσεως κρίσεως Σιων
For it is the day of the Lord's judgment and the year of recompense in Zion's cause.
The destruction is not random vengeance but the Lord's judicial repayment on behalf of Zion.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίσεωςjudgmentN3I GSF · κρίσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνιαυτὸςyearN2 NSM · ἐνιαυτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: meaning 'year'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνταποδόσεωςrecompenseN3I GSF · ἀνταπόδοσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνταπόδοσις: meaning 'recompense'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κρίσεωςjudgmentN3I GSF · κρίσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
9
καὶ στραφήσονται αὐτῆς αἱ φάραγγες εἰς πίσσαν καὶ ἡ γῆ αὐτῆς εἰς θεῖον καὶ ἔσται αὐτῆς ἡ γῆ καιομένη ὡς πίσσα
And her ravines shall be turned into pitch, and her land into sulfur, and her land shall become burning like pitch.
Natural features are transmuted into pitch and sulfur so that the land itself becomes fuel.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στραφήσονταιwill be turnedVD FPI3P · στρέφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστρέφω: meaning 'will be turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάραγγεςφάραγξN3G NPF · φάραγξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφάραγξ: meaning 'φάραγξ'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πίσσανpitchN1A ASF · πίσσαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπίσσα: meaning 'pitch'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θεῖονtheiosA1A ASM · θεῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεῖος: meaning 'theios'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καιομένηπμπνσφ καίωV1 · πμπνσφ καίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ καίω: meaning 'πμπνσφ καίω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίσσαpitchN1A NSF · πίσσαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπίσσα: meaning 'pitch'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
10
νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας καὶ οὐ σβεσθήσεται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα χρόνον καὶ ἀναβήσεται ὁ καπνὸς αὐτῆς ἄνω εἰς γενεὰς ἐρημωθήσεται καὶ εἰς χρόνον πολύν
By night and by day it shall not be quenched forever; its smoke shall rise upward for generations; it shall be left desolate for a very long time.
Unquenchable burning and generational smoke make the judgment temporally open-ended.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
νυκτὸςnightN3 GSF · νύξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σβεσθήσεταιquenchVS FPI3S · σβέννυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσβέννυμι: meaning 'quench'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναageN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεταιgo upVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καπνὸςsmokeN2 NSM · καπνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαπνός: meaning 'smoke'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄνωupwardD · ἄνωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἄνω: meaning 'upward'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationN1A APF · γενεάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐρημωθήσεταιdesolateVC FPI3S · ἐρημόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐρημόω: meaning 'desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολύνmanyA1P ASM · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
11
καὶ κατοικήσουσιν ἐν αὐτῇ ὄρνεα καὶ ἐχῖνοι καὶ ἴβεις καὶ κόρακες καὶ ἐπιβληθήσεται ἐπ' αὐτὴν σπαρτίον γεωμετρίας ἐρήμου καὶ ὀνοκένταυροι οἰκήσουσιν ἐν αὐτῇ
And birds, hedgehogs, ibises, and ravens shall dwell in it; and over it shall be cast the measuring line of a desert survey, and onocentaurs shall inhabit it.
Survey imagery and desert creatures portray the land as deliberately reassigned from human order to wild desolation.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικήσουσινkataVF FAI3P · οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῇaytosRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὄρνεαbirdN2N NPN · ὄρνεονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄρνεον: meaning 'bird'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχῖνοιhedgehogsN2 NPM · ἐχῖνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐχῖνος: meaning 'hedgehogs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴβειςibisN3I NPF · ἴβιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἴβις: meaning 'ibis'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόρακεςravensN3K NPM · κόραξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκόραξ: meaning 'ravens'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβληθήσεταιepiVC FPI3S · βάλλω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβάλλω + ἐπι: meaning 'epi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὴνaytosRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σπαρτίονmeasuring lineN2N ASN · σπαρτίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσπαρτίον: meaning 'measuring line'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γεωμετρίαςsurveyingN1A GSF · γεωμετρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγεωμετρία: meaning 'surveying'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐρήμουdesertN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔρημος: meaning 'desert'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀνοκένταυροιonocentaurN2 NPM · ὀνοκένταυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀνοκένταυρος: meaning 'onocentaur'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἰκήσουσινdwellVF FAI3P · οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκέω: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῇaytosRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
οἱ ἄρχοντες αὐτῆς οὐκ ἔσονται οἱ γὰρ βασιλεῖς αὐτῆς καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες αὐτῆς καὶ οἱ μεγιστᾶνες αὐτῆς ἔσονται εἰς ἀπώλειαν
Her rulers shall not remain; for her kings and her rulers and her great men shall be for destruction.
Kings, rulers, and magnates disappear into destruction so that no civic hierarchy remains.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulerN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulerN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγιστᾶνεςmagnateN3 NPM · μεγιστάνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμεγιστάν: meaning 'magnate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
13
καὶ ἀναφύσει εἰς τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν ἀκάνθινα ξύλα καὶ εἰς τὰ ὀχυρώματα αὐτῆς καὶ ἔσται ἔπαυλις σειρήνων καὶ αὐλὴ στρουθῶν
And thorny wood shall spring up in their cities and in her strongholds, and it shall become a lodging of sirens and a court of sparrows.
The ruined urban landscape is overgrown and repopulated by sirens and birds rather than by people.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναφύσειanaVF FAI3S · φύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφύω + ἀνα: meaning 'ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcityN3I APF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀκάνθιναakanthinosA1 APN · ἀκάνθινοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκάνθινος: meaning 'akanthinos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ξύλαwoodN2N APN · ξύλονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationξύλον: meaning 'wood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματαstrongholdN3M APN · ὀχύρωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: meaning 'stronghold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔπαυλιςlodgingN3I NSF · ἔπαυλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔπαυλις: meaning 'lodging'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σειρήνωνsirenN3 GPF · σειρήνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσειρήν: meaning 'siren'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐλὴcourtN1 NSF · αὐλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαὐλή: meaning 'court'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
στρουθῶνsparrowN2 GPM · στρουθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστρουθός: meaning 'sparrow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
14
καὶ συναντήσουσιν δαιμόνια ὀνοκενταύροις καὶ βοήσουσιν ἕτερος πρὸς τὸν ἕτερον ἐκεῖ ἀναπαύσονται ὀνοκένταυροι εὗρον γὰρ αὑτοῖς ἀνάπαυσιν
And demons shall meet with onocentaurs, and one shall cry to another; there onocentaurs shall find rest, for they found rest for themselves.
The poem heightens the estrangement of the place by imagining it as a settled refuge for uncanny beings.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναντήσουσινsynVF FAI3P · ἀντάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀντάω + συν: meaning 'syn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δαιμόνιαdemonN2N NPN · δαιμόνιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδαιμόνιον: meaning 'demon'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀνοκενταύροιςonocentaurN2 DPM · ὀνοκένταυροςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀνοκένταυρος: meaning 'onocentaur'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοήσουσινcry outVF FAI3P · βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβοάω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕτεροςanotherA1A NSM · ἕτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕτερονanotherA1A ASM · ἕτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκεῖekeiD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'ekei'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναπαύσονταιanaVF FMI3P · παύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπαύω + ἀνα: meaning 'ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀνοκένταυροιonocentaurN2 NPM · ὀνοκένταυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀνοκένταυρος: meaning 'onocentaur'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὗρονfindVB AAI3P · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὑτοῖςthemselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὑτοῖς: meaning 'themselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνάπαυσινrestN3I ASF · ἀνάπαυσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνάπαυσις: meaning 'rest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
15
ἐκεῖ ἐνόσσευσεν ἐχῖνος καὶ ἔσωσεν ἡ γῆ τὰ παιδία αὐτῆς μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ἐκεῖ ἔλαφοι συνήντησαν καὶ εἶδον τὰ πρόσωπα ἀλλήλων
There the hedgehog nested, and the ground kept her young safe; there deer met together and looked upon one another's faces.
The desolation becomes stable enough for reproduction, shelter, and mutual recognition among animals.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐκεῖekeiD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'ekei'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνόσσευσενnestVAI AAI3S · νοσσεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristνοσσεύω: meaning 'nest'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐχῖνοςhedgehogN2 NSM · ἐχῖνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐχῖνος: meaning 'hedgehog'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσωσενsaveVAI AAI3S · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσώζω: meaning 'save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίαyoungN1A APN · παιδίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαιδίον: meaning 'young'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀσφαλείαςsafetyN1A GSF · ἀσφάλειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσφάλεια: meaning 'safety'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκεῖekeiD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'ekei'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαφοιdeerN2 NPM · ἔλαφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔλαφος: meaning 'deer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συνήντησανsynVAI AAI3P · ἀντάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀντάω + συν: meaning 'syn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονseeVBI AAI3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπαfaceN2N APN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀλλήλωνone anotherRD GPM · ἀλλήλωpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἀλλήλων: meaning 'one another'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
16
ἀριθμῷ παρῆλθον καὶ μία αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀπώλετο ἑτέρα τὴν ἑτέραν οὐκ ἐζήτησαν ὅτι κύριος ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ συνήγαγεν αὐτάς
They passed by in number, and not one of them was lost; one did not seek another, because the Lord commanded them and his Spirit gathered them.
Their ordered presence is traced back to the Lord's speech and Spirit rather than to accident.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἀριθμῷnumberN2 DSM · ἀριθμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀριθμός: meaning 'number'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
παρῆλθονparaVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'para'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μίαeisA1A NSF · εἷςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countμία: meaning 'eis'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
αὐτῶνaytosRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώλετοdestroyVBI AMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑτέραanotherA1A NSF · ἕτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑτέρανanotherA1A ASF · ἕτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήτησανzeteoVAI AAI3P · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristζητέω: meaning 'zeteo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthat / becauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνετείλατοinVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςaytosRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαpneymaN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'pneyma'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦaytosRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συνήγαγενsynVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'syn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάςaytosRD APF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτάς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
17
καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιβαλεῖ αὐτοῖς κλήρους καὶ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ διεμέρισεν βόσκεσθαι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα χρόνον κληρονομήσετε εἰς γενεὰς γενεῶν ἀναπαύσονται ἐπ' αὐτῆς
And he himself shall cast lots for them, and his hand apportioned it for grazing forever; for generations of generations they shall inherit and rest upon it.
The chapter closes by portraying the waste as a permanent divinely distributed possession for its new inhabitants.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςaytosRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπιβαλεῖepiVF2 FAI3S · βάλλω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβάλλω + ἐπι: meaning 'epi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςaytosRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κλήρουςlotN2 APM · κλῆροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλῆρος: meaning 'lot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦaytosRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διεμέρισενdistributeVAI AAI3S · μερίζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμερίζω + δια: meaning 'distribute'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βόσκεσθαιgrazeV1 PMN · βόσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβόσκω: meaning 'graze'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναageN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κληρονομήσετεinheritVF FAI2P · κληρονομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκληρονομέω: meaning 'inherit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationN1A APF · γενεάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γενεῶνgenerationN1A GPF · γενεάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀναπαύσονταιanaVF FMI3P · παύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπαύω + ἀνα: meaning 'ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῆςaytosRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'aytos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.