1
παρακαλεῖτε παρακαλεῖτε τὸν λαόν μου λέγει ὁ θεός
Comfort, comfort my people, says God.
The doubled imperative opens the new section with liturgical urgency. Consolation, not siege or rebuke, now governs the chapter's first word.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
παρακαλεῖτεcomfortV2 PAD2P · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'comfort'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρακαλεῖτεcomfortV2 PAD2P · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'comfort'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγειsaysV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'says'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςθεόςN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
2
ἱερεῖς λαλήσατε εἰς τὴν καρδίαν Ιερουσαλημ παρακαλέσατε αὐτήν ὅτι ἐπλήσθη ἡ ταπείνωσις αὐτῆς λέλυται αὐτῆς ἡ ἁμαρτία ὅτι ἐδέξατο ἐκ χειρὸς κυρίου διπλᾶ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα αὐτῆς
Priests, speak to the heart of Jerusalem; comfort her, because her humiliation has been fulfilled, her sin has been released, because she has received from the Lord's hand double for her sins.
The Greek directly addresses priests as agents of consolation. The message combines fulfilled affliction, released guilt, and an acknowledgment that Jerusalem has already received full disciplinary measure.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λαλήσατεspeakVA AAD2P · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
παρακαλέσατεcomfortVA AAD2P · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'comfort'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλήσθηwas fulfilledVSI API3S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: meaning 'was fulfilled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπείνωσιςhumiliationN3I NSF · ταπείνωσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceταπείνωσις: meaning 'humiliation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέλυταιhas been releasedVM XMI3S · λύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλύω: meaning 'has been released'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinN1A NSF · ἁμαρτίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδέξατοacceptedVAI AMI3S · δέχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδέχομαι: meaning 'accepted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διπλᾶdoubleA1C APN · διπλοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδιπλοῦς: meaning 'double'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτήματαsinsN3M APN · ἁμάρτημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἁμάρτημα: meaning 'sins'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
3
φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν κυρίου εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν
A voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord; make straight the paths of our God.
The wilderness herald announces a new divine approach. Preparation imagery turns return and restoration into a processional coming of the Lord himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
φωνὴvoiceN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βοῶντοςcryingV3 · παπγσμ βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ βοάω: meaning 'crying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇὁRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessN2 DSF · ἔρημοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἑτοιμάσατεmake ready / prepareVA AAD2P · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'make ready'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸνwayN2 ASF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εὐθείαςstraightA3U GSF · εὐθύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεὐθύς: meaning 'straight'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ποιεῖτεdidV2 PAD2P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίβουςpathsN2 APF · τρίβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτρίβος: meaning 'paths'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
πᾶσα φάραγξ πληρωθήσεται καὶ πᾶν ὄρος καὶ βουνὸς ταπεινωθήσεται καὶ ἔσται πάντα τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθεῖαν καὶ ἡ τραχεῖα εἰς πεδία
Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low, and all the crooked ways shall become straight, and the rough places plains.
Cosmic leveling describes the removal of every obstacle before God's advent. The imagery treats redemption as a new ordering of the landscape.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
πᾶσαeveryA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φάραγξvalley / ravineN3G NSF · φάραγξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφάραγξ: meaning 'valley'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πληρωθήσεταιwill be filledVC FPI3S · πληρόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπληρόω: meaning 'will be filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryA3 NSN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὄροςmountainN3E NSN · ὄροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βουνὸςhillN2 NSM · βουνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβουνός: meaning 'hill'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ταπεινωθήσεταιshall be brought lowVC FPI3S · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureταπεινόω: meaning 'shall be brought low'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκολιὰcrooked thingsA1A NPN · σκολιόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκολιός: meaning 'crooked things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐθεῖανstraightnessA3U ASF · εὐθύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεὐθύς: meaning 'straightness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τραχεῖαrough placesA3U NSF · τραχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτραχύς: meaning 'rough places'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πεδίαfieldsN2N APN · πεδίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπεδίον: meaning 'fields'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
καὶ ὀφθήσεται ἡ δόξα κυρίου καὶ ὄψεται πᾶσα σὰρξ τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ ὅτι κύριος ἐλάλησεν
And the glory of the Lord shall appear, and all flesh shall see the salvation of God, because the Lord has spoken.
The preparatory proclamation reaches its goal in public revelation. What God speaks becomes universally visible salvation.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθήσεταιwill appearVV FPI3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὁράω: meaning 'will appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιseeVF FMI3S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσαeveryA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σὰρξfleshN3K NSF · σάρξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτήριονsalvationN2N ASN · σωτήριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσωτήριον: meaning 'salvation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςκύριοςN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'κύριος'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλάλησενspokeVAI AAI3S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: meaning 'spoke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
φωνὴ λέγοντος βόησον καὶ εἶπα τί βοήσω πᾶσα σὰρξ χόρτος καὶ πᾶσα δόξα ἀνθρώπου ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου
A voice of one saying, 'Cry out.' And I said, 'What shall I cry?' All flesh is grass, and all human glory is like the flower of grass.
A second voice shifts the chapter from comfort to anthropological contrast. Human life and splendor are declared transient in preparation for the contrast with God's enduring word.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
φωνὴvoiceN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λέγοντοςwhile speakingV1 · παπγσμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ λέγω: meaning 'while speaking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βόησονcry outVA AAD2S · βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβοάω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βοήσωshall I cryVF FAI1S · βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβοάω: meaning 'shall I cry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσαeveryA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σὰρξfleshN3K NSF · σάρξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χόρτοςgrassN2 NSM · χόρτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχόρτος: meaning 'grass'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαeveryA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουof manN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'of man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθοςflowerN3E ASN · ἄνθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθος: meaning 'flower'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χόρτουχόρτοςN2 GSM · χόρτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχόρτος: meaning 'χόρτος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
7
ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν
The grass dried up, and the flower fell away.
The image is tersely enacted rather than merely stated. The withering of the plant embodies the frailty just proclaimed.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἐξηράνθηdried upVCI API3S · ξηραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristξηραίνω: meaning 'dried up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χόρτοςgrassN2 NSM · χόρτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχόρτος: meaning 'grass'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθοςflowerN3E NSN · ἄνθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθος: meaning 'flower'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξέπεσενgo outVAI AAI3S · πίπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'go out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
τὸ δὲ ῥῆμα τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα
But the word of our God remains forever.
Against fading flesh stands the permanence of the divine utterance. The short line functions as a doctrinal center of gravity for the whole chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥῆμαwordN3M NSN · ῥῆμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: meaning 'word'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μένειremainV1 PAI3S · μένωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμένω: meaning 'remain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναageN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
ἐπ' ὄρος ὑψηλὸν ἀνάβηθι ὁ εὐαγγελιζόμενος Σιων ὕψωσον τῇ ἰσχύι τὴν φωνήν σου ὁ εὐαγγελιζόμενος Ιερουσαλημ ὑψώσατε μὴ φοβεῖσθε εἰπὸν ταῖς πόλεσιν Ιουδα ἰδοὺ ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
Go up on a high mountain, you who bring good news to Zion; lift up your voice with strength, you who bring good news to Jerusalem. Lift it up; do not fear. Say to the cities of Judah, 'Behold your God.'
The city that suffered now becomes herald. The repeated commands build a public, fearless proclamation aimed at Judah's towns.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐπ'byP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑψηλὸνhighA1 ASN · ὑψηλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'high'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνάβηθιgo upVZ AAD2S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐαγγελιζόμενοςbringing good newsV1 · πμπνσμ εὐαγγελίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ εὐαγγελίζω: meaning 'bringing good news'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣιωνZionN ASF · Σιωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣιων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὕψωσονlift upVA AAD2S · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὑψόω: meaning 'lift up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇὁRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύιstrengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνήνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐαγγελιζόμενοςbringing good newsV1 · πμπνσμ εὐαγγελίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ εὐαγγελίζω: meaning 'bringing good news'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὑψώσατεexaltVA AAD2P · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὑψόω: meaning 'exalt'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβεῖσθεfearV2 PMD2P · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰπὸνsayVBI AAD2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesN3I DPF · πόλιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
ἰδοὺ κύριος μετὰ ἰσχύος ἔρχεται καὶ ὁ βραχίων μετὰ κυριείας ἰδοὺ ὁ μισθὸς αὐτοῦ μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ ἔργον ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ
Behold, the Lord comes with strength, and his arm comes with dominion. Behold, his reward is with him, and his work is before him.
The divine arrival is royal and effective. The arm imagery underscores victorious agency, while reward and recompense accompany the coming king.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςκύριοςN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'κύριος'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἰσχύοςstrengthN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔρχεταιis comingV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'is coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βραχίωνarmN3N NSM · βραχίωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβραχίων: meaning 'arm'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κυριείαςlordshipN1A GSF · κυριείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκυριεία: meaning 'lordship'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθὸςrewardN2 NSM · μισθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετ'μετάP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'μετά'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργονworkN2N NSN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐναντίονbeforeD · ἐναντίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
ὡς ποιμὴν ποιμανεῖ τὸ ποίμνιον αὐτοῦ καὶ τῷ βραχίονι αὐτοῦ συνάξει ἄρνας καὶ ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσας παρακαλέσει
Like a shepherd he will tend his flock, and with his arm he will gather lambs, and those with young he will comfort.
The same strong arm named in the previous verse is now pastoral rather than merely martial. The coming Lord rules by gathering and gently caring for the vulnerable.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιμὴνshepherdN3 NSM · ποιμήνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceποιμήν: meaning 'shepherd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ποιμανεῖwill shepherdVF2 FAI3S · ποιμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιμαίνω: meaning 'will shepherd'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίμνιονflockN2 ASN · ποίμνιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποίμνιον: meaning 'flock'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βραχίονιβραχίωνN3N DSM · βραχίωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβραχίων: meaning 'βραχίων'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συνάξειwill gatherVF FAI3S · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω + συν: meaning 'will gather'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄρναςlambsN3 APM · ἀρνόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀρνός: meaning 'lambs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γαστρὶin wombN3 DSF · γαστήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγαστήρ: meaning 'in womb'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐχούσαςhavingV1 · παπαπφ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπφ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρακαλέσεικαλέω + παραVF FAI3S · καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'καλέω + παρα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
τίς ἐμέτρησεν τῇ χειρὶ τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν σπιθαμῇ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν δρακί τίς ἔστησεν τὰ ὄρη σταθμῷ καὶ τὰς νάπας ζυγῷ
Who has measured the water with his hand, and the heaven with a span, and all the earth with his fist? Who has set the mountains by measure and the hills by a balance?
The first of a long chain of questions presents God as the one who handles the cosmos as though it were measurable household matter.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐμέτρησενmeasuredVAI AAI3S · μετρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμετρέω: meaning 'measured'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇὁRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterN3 ASN · ὕδωρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σπιθαμῇwith a spanN1 DSF · σπιθαμήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσπιθαμή: meaning 'with a span'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανπᾶςA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'πᾶς'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δρακίwith a handfulN3K DSF · δράξdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδράξ: meaning 'with a handful'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔστησενsetVAI AAI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σταθμῷfull weightN2 DSM · σταθμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσταθμός: meaning 'full weight'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νάπαςglensN1 APF · νάπηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνάπη: meaning 'glens'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ζυγῷyokeN2 DSM · ζυγόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceζυγός: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
13
τίς ἔγνω νοῦν κυρίου καὶ τίς αὐτοῦ σύμβουλος ἐγένετο ὃς συμβιβᾷ αὐτόν
Who has known the mind of the Lord, and who has become his counselor, who instructs him?
The argument turns from creation to counsel. No creature stands over God as interpreter or adviser.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔγνωknewVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νοῦνmindN2 ASM · νοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνοῦς: meaning 'mind'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σύμβουλοςcounselorN2 NSM · σύμβουλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύμβουλος: meaning 'counselor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγένετοbecameVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὃςὅςRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'ὅς'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συμβιβᾷinstructsVF2 FAI3S · βιβάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβιβάζω + συν: meaning 'instructs'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
ἢ πρὸς τίνα συνεβουλεύσατο καὶ συνεβίβασεν αὐτόν ἢ τίς ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ κρίσιν ἢ ὁδὸν συνέσεως τίς ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ
Or with whom did he take counsel, and who instructed him? Or who showed him judgment, or who showed him the way of understanding?
The questions intensify the denial that God depends on any external source of wisdom, justice, or discernment.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τίναwhomRI ASM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίνα: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συνεβουλεύσατοtake counselVAI AMI3S · βουλεύω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβουλεύω + συν: meaning 'take counsel'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεβίβασενinstructedVAI AAI3S · βιβάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβιβάζω + συν: meaning 'instructed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδειξενshowVAI AAI3S · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδεικνύω: meaning 'show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷαὐτόςRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁδὸνwayN2 ASF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συνέσεωςunderstandingN3I GSF · σύνεσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδειξενshowVAI AAI3S · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδεικνύω: meaning 'show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷαὐτόςRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
εἰ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ὡς σταγὼν ἀπὸ κάδου καὶ ὡς ῥοπὴ ζυγοῦ ἐλογίσθησαν καὶ ὡς σίελος λογισθήσονται
If all the nations are like a drop from a bucket and have been counted like the inclination of a balance, they shall be reckoned like spittle.
The nations that appear weighty in history are reduced to negligible residue in comparison with God's scale.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σταγὼνdropN3W NSF · σταγώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσταγών: meaning 'drop'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κάδουbucketN2 GSM · κάδοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκάδος: meaning 'bucket'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥοπὴinclinationN1 NSF · ῥοπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥοπή: meaning 'inclination'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζυγοῦyokeN2 GSM · ζυγόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζυγός: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐλογίσθησανconsider / reckonVSI API3P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σίελοςspittleN2 NSM · σίελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσίελος: meaning 'spittle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λογισθήσονταιlogizomaiVS FPI3P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλογίζομαι: meaning 'logizomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
ὁ δὲ Λίβανος οὐχ ἱκανὸς εἰς καῦσιν καὶ πάντα τὰ τετράποδα οὐχ ἱκανὰ εἰς ὁλοκάρπωσιν
But Lebanon is not sufficient for burning, and all its four-footed animals are not sufficient for whole burnt offering.
Even the most lavish imagined sacrificial resources cannot furnish an offering proportionate to the Lord's majesty.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛίβανοςLebanonN2 NSM · Λίβανοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΛίβανος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱκανὸςsufficientA1 NSM · ἱκανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱκανός: meaning 'sufficient'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καῦσινburningN3I ASF · καῦσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαῦσις: meaning 'burning'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετράποδαfour-footed animalsA1B NPN · τετράποδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτετράποδος: meaning 'four-footed animals'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱκανὰἱκανόςA1 APN · ἱκανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱκανός: meaning 'ἱκανός'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁλοκάρπωσινwhole burnt offeringN3I ASF · ὁλοκάρπωσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁλοκάρπωσις: meaning 'whole burnt offering'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
17
καὶ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ὡς οὐδέν εἰσι καὶ εἰς οὐθὲν ἐλογίσθησαν
And all the nations are as nothing, and they have been counted for nothing.
The previous comparisons are compressed into direct theological verdict: the nations cannot rival or constrain the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδένno oneA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰσιareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οὐθὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐλογίσθησανconsider / reckonVSI API3P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
τίνι ὡμοιώσατε κύριον καὶ τίνι ὁμοιώματι ὡμοιώσατε αὐτόν
To whom did you liken the Lord, and to what likeness did you liken him?
The argument now pivots from divine incomparability to polemic against idolatry by asking what image could possibly correspond to the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τίνιto whatRI DSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτίνι: meaning 'to what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡμοιώσατεdid you likenVAI AAI2P · ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁμοιόω: meaning 'did you liken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριονLordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίνιto whatRI DSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτίνι: meaning 'to what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁμοιώματιlikenessN3M DSN · ὁμοίωμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'likeness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὡμοιώσατεdid you likenVAI AAI2P · ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁμοιόω: meaning 'did you liken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
19
μὴ εἰκόνα ἐποίησεν τέκτων ἢ χρυσοχόος χωνεύσας χρυσίον περιεχρύσωσεν αὐτόν ὁμοίωμα κατεσκεύασεν αὐτόν
Did not a craftsman make an image? Or did not a goldsmith, after melting gold, gild it and make it into a likeness?
The rhetorical questions expose idols as manufactured objects, dependent on artisan skill and precious materials rather than divine life.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰκόναimageN3N ASF · εἰκώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεἰκών: meaning 'image'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενmadeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τέκτωνcraftsmanN3N NSM · τέκτωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτέκτων: meaning 'craftsman'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσοχόοςgoldsmithN2 NSM · χρυσοχόοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχρυσοχόος: meaning 'goldsmith'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χωνεύσαςhaving meltedVA · ααπνσμ χωνεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ χωνεύω: meaning 'having melted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
περιεχρύσωσενgildedVAI AAI3S · χρυσόω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristχρυσόω + περι: meaning 'gilded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁμοίωμαlikenessN3M ASN · ὁμοίωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁμοίωμα: meaning 'likeness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατεσκεύασενconstructedVAI AAI3S · σκευάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκευάζω + κατα: meaning 'constructed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
20
ξύλον γὰρ ἄσηπτον ἐκλέγεται τέκτων καὶ σοφῶς ζητεῖ πῶς στήσει αὐτοῦ εἰκόνα καὶ ἵνα μὴ σαλεύηται
For a carpenter chooses incorruptible wood and skillfully seeks how he may set up its image so that it may not be shaken.
The satire lingers on the practical problem of idol construction: the maker must devise a stable object lest the god topple.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ξύλονwoodN2N ASN · ξύλονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationξύλον: meaning 'wood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄσηπτονincorruptibleA1B ASM · ἄσηπτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄσηπτος: meaning 'incorruptible'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκλέγεταιchoosesV1 PMI3S · λέγω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω + ἐκ: meaning 'chooses'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τέκτωνcraftsmanN3N NSM · τέκτωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτέκτων: meaning 'craftsman'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφῶςskillfullyD · σοφῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσοφῶς: meaning 'skillfully'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζητεῖseeksV2 PAI3S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω: meaning 'seeks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήσειto make / establishVF FAI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'to make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰκόναimageN3N ASF · εἰκώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεἰκών: meaning 'image'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλεύηταιit may be shakenV1 PMS3S · σαλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσαλεύω: meaning 'it may be shaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
21
οὐ γνώσεσθε οὐκ ἀκούσεσθε οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑμῖν οὐκ ἔγνωτε τὰ θεμέλια τῆς γῆς
Will you not know? Will you not hear? Has it not been declared to you from the beginning? Have you not understood the foundations of the earth?
The hearers are rebuked for failing to draw the obvious conclusion from creation and tradition alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσεσθεwill you knowVF FMI2P · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγιγνώσκω: meaning 'will you know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσεσθεwill you hearVF FMI2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀκούω: meaning 'will you hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνηγγέληwas it declaredVDI API3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'was it declared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξἐκP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'ἐκ'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀρχῆςfrom the beginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀρχή: meaning 'from the beginning'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑμῖνσύRP DP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'σύ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωτεdid you knowVZI AAI2P · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'did you know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεμέλιαfoundationsN2N APN · θεμέλιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεμέλιον: meaning 'foundations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
22
ὁ κατέχων τὸν γῦρον τῆς γῆς καὶ οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν αὐτῇ ὡς ἀκρίδες ὁ στήσας ὡς καμάραν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ διατείνας ὡς σκηνὴν κατοικεῖν
He is the one who holds the roundness of the earth, and those who dwell in it are like locusts; he is the one who set the heaven like a vault and stretched it out like a tent to dwell in.
God's transcendence over earth's inhabitants is paired with his easy mastery of heaven's expanse.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατέχωνholdingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω + κατα: meaning 'holding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῦρονroundnessN2 ASM · γῦροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῦρος: meaning 'roundness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐν: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκρίδεςlocustsN3D NPF · ἀκρίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκρίς: meaning 'locusts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήσαςhaving setVA · ααπνσμ ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ ἵστημι: meaning 'having set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καμάρανvaultN1A ASF · καμάραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαμάρα: meaning 'vault'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διατείναςhaving stretched outVA · ααπνσμ τείνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ τείνω + δια: meaning 'having stretched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκηνὴνtentN1 ASF · σκηνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκηνή: meaning 'tent'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατοικεῖνto dwellV2 PAN · οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'to dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
23
ὁ διδοὺς ἄρχοντας εἰς οὐδὲν ἄρχειν τὴν δὲ γῆν ὡς οὐδὲν ἐποίησεν
He is the one who gives rulers power to rule as nothing, and he has made the earth as nothing.
Human authority exists only at God's disposal. Princes exercise power only within a sphere he can reduce to nothing.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διδοὺςgiveV8 · παπνσμ δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ δίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄρχονταςrulersN3 APM · ἄρχωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄρχεινto ruleV1 PAN · ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἄρχω: meaning 'to rule'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενmadeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
24
οὐ γὰρ μὴ σπείρωσιν οὐδὲ μὴ φυτεύσωσιν οὐδὲ μὴ ῥιζωθῇ εἰς τὴν γῆν ἡ ῥίζα αὐτῶν ἔπνευσεν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐξηράνθησαν καὶ καταιγὶς ὡς φρύγανα ἀναλήμψεται αὐτούς
For they shall certainly not sow, nor certainly plant, nor shall their root take hold in the earth; he blew upon them and they dried up, and a storm shall carry them off like brushwood.
Rulers and powers are pictured as vegetation that never truly establishes itself before God's breath removes it.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπείρωσινthey might sowVF2 FAI3P · σπείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσπείρω: meaning 'they might sow'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲοὐδέC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'οὐδέ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυτεύσωσινthey might plantVA AAS3P · φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyφυτεύω: meaning 'they might plant'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲοὐδέC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'οὐδέ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥιζωθῇmight take rootVC APS3S · ῥιζόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyῥιζόω: meaning 'might take root'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥίζαrootN1S NSF · ῥίζαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥίζα: meaning 'root'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶναὐτόςRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔπνευσενblewVAI AAI3S · πνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπνέω: meaning 'blew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'byP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςαὐτόςRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξηράνθησανthey dried upVCI API3P · ξηραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristξηραίνω: meaning 'they dried up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταιγὶςstormN3D NSF · καταιγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαταιγίς: meaning 'storm'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρύγαναbrushwoodN2N APN · φρύγανονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφρύγανον: meaning 'brushwood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀναλήμψεταιshall carry offVF FMI3S · λαμβάνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω + ἀνα: meaning 'shall carry off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςαὐτόςRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
25
νῦν οὖν τίνι με ὡμοιώσατε καὶ ὑψωθήσομαι εἶπεν ὁ ἅγιος
Now then, to whom did you liken me, that I should be exalted? said the Holy One.
The Lord himself now speaks, gathering the preceding argument into a personal challenge issued by 'the Holy One.'
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίνιto whatRI DSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτίνι: meaning 'to what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡμοιώσατεdid you likenVAI AAI2P · ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁμοιόω: meaning 'did you liken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑψωθήσομαιshall be exaltedVC FPI1S · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὑψόω: meaning 'shall be exalted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιοςHoly OneA1A NSM · ἅγιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'Holy One'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
26
ἀναβλέψατε εἰς ὕψος τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν καὶ ἴδετε τίς κατέδειξεν πάντα ταῦτα ὁ ἐκφέρων κατὰ ἀριθμὸν τὸν κόσμον αὐτοῦ πάντας ἐπ' ὀνόματι καλέσει ἀπὸ πολλῆς δόξης καὶ ἐν κράτει ἰσχύος οὐδέν σε ἔλαθεν
Lift up your eyes on high and see who displayed all these things, the one who brings out his world by number; he will call them all by name. From great glory and in the strength of power, nothing escaped your notice.
The audience is directed from abstract argument to visible heaven. The stars testify to a sovereign who orders, names, and never loses track of what he has made.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἀναβλέψατεlift upVA AAD2P · βλέπω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβλέπω + ἀνα: meaning 'lift up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὕψοςheightN3E ASN · ὕψοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὕψος: meaning 'height'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδετεseeVB AAD2P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέδειξενdisplayedVAI AAI3S · δεικνύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδεικνύω + κατα: meaning 'displayed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκφέρωνbringing outV1 · παπνσμ φέρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'bringing out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀριθμὸνnumberN2 ASM · ἀριθμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀριθμός: meaning 'number'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόσμονorderN2 ASM · κόσμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόσμος: meaning 'order'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάνταςallA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'byP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὀνόματιnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καλέσειhe will callVF FAI3S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαλέω: meaning 'he will call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πολλῆςgreatA1 GSF · πολύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κράτειmightN3E DSN · κράτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκράτος: meaning 'might'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἰσχύοςstrengthN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐδένno oneA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔλαθενescaped noticeVBI AAI3S · λανθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλανθάνω: meaning 'escaped notice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
27
μὴ γὰρ εἴπῃς Ιακωβ καὶ τί ἐλάλησας Ισραηλ ἀπεκρύβη ἡ ὁδός μου ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ὁ θεός μου τὴν κρίσιν ἀφεῖλεν καὶ ἀπέστη
For do not say, Jacob, and why have you spoken, Israel: 'My way was hidden from God, and my God has taken away my judgment and departed'?
The chapter voices Israel's despair in order to answer it. The complaint is that God neither sees nor vindicates his people.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπῃςyou may sayVB AAS2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἶπον: meaning 'you may say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙακωβJacobN VSM · Ἰακώβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐλάλησαςyou spokeVAI AAI2S · λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: meaning 'you spoke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN VSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἀπεκρύβηwas hiddenVV API3S · κρύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'was hidden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδόςὁδόςN2 NSF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'ὁδός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςθεόςN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀφεῖλενtook awayVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'took away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηdepartedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'departed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
28
καὶ νῦν οὐκ ἔγνως εἰ μὴ ἤκουσας θεὸς αἰώνιος ὁ θεὸς ὁ κατασκευάσας τὰ ἄκρα τῆς γῆς οὐ πεινάσει οὐδὲ κοπιάσει οὐδὲ ἔστιν ἐξεύρεσις τῆς φρονήσεως αὐτοῦ
And now, have you not known, if indeed you have not heard? God is eternal, the God who prepared the ends of the earth; he will not hunger, nor grow weary, nor is there any searching out of his understanding.
The reply begins by restating who God is: everlasting creator, unwearied ruler, and one whose understanding cannot be exhausted.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωςgignoskoVZI AAI2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'gignosko'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσαςyou heardVAI AAI2S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'you heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἰώνιοςeternalA1B NSM · αἰώνιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: meaning 'eternal'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατασκευάσαςhaving preparedVA · ααπνσμ σκευάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ σκευάζω + κατα: meaning 'having prepared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκραἄκροςA1A APN · ἄκροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄκρος: meaning 'ἄκρος'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεινάσειshall hungerVF FAI3S · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπεινάω: meaning 'shall hunger'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲοὐδέC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'οὐδέ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοπιάσειshall grow wearyVF FAI3S · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκοπιάω: meaning 'shall grow weary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲοὐδέC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'οὐδέ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξεύρεσιςsearching outN3I NSF · ἐξεύρεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐξεύρεσις: meaning 'searching out'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρονήσεωςφρονήσεωςN3I GSF · φρόνησιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφρόνησις: meaning 'φρονήσεως'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
29
διδοὺς τοῖς πεινῶσιν ἰσχὺν καὶ τοῖς μὴ ὀδυνωμένοις λύπην
Giving strength to the hungry and grief to those who are not pained.
The Greek line is terse and difficult, but it continues the description of God's distribution of strength and reversal among human conditions.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
διδοὺςgiveV8 · παπνσμ δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ δίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεινῶσινhungryV3 PAI3P · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπεινάω: meaning 'hungry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχὺνἰσχύςN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'ἰσχύς'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀδυνωμένοιςpainedV3 · πμπδπμ ὀδυνάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδπμ ὀδυνάω: meaning 'pained'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λύπηνsorrowN1 ASF · λύπηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλύπη: meaning 'sorrow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
30
πεινάσουσιν γὰρ νεώτεροι καὶ κοπιάσουσιν νεανίσκοι καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ ἀνίσχυες ἔσονται
For the young shall hunger, and young men shall labor, and chosen men shall become weak.
Natural vigor proves unreliable. Even those at the height of human strength are subject to exhaustion.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πεινάσουσινshall hungerVF FAI3P · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπεινάω: meaning 'shall hunger'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεώτεροιyoung menA1A NPMC · νέοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνέος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοπιάσουσινshall laborVF FAI3P · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκοπιάω: meaning 'shall labor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλεκτοὶchosen menA1 NPM · ἐκλεκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνίσχυεςweakV1I IAI2S · ἰσχύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἰσχύω + ἀνα: meaning 'weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔσονταιεἰμίVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
31
οἱ δὲ ὑπομένοντες τὸν θεὸν ἀλλάξουσιν ἰσχύν πτεροφυήσουσιν ὡς ἀετοί δραμοῦνται καὶ οὐ κοπιάσουσιν βαδιοῦνται καὶ οὐ πεινάσουσιν
But those who wait for God shall exchange strength; they shall put forth feathers like eagles, they shall run and not grow weary, they shall walk and not hunger.
The final promise resolves the chapter's movement from frailty to renewal. Waiting for God becomes the means by which weakness is exchanged for divinely supplied endurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπομένοντεςwaiting forV1 · παπνπμ μένω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ μένω + ὑπο: meaning 'waiting for'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνθεόςN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'θεός'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀλλάξουσινshall exchangeVF FAI3P · ἀλλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀλλάσσω: meaning 'shall exchange'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχύνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πτεροφυήσουσινshall put forth feathersVF FAI3P · πτεροφυέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπτεροφυέω: meaning 'shall put forth feathers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀετοίeaglesN2 NPM · ἀετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀετός: meaning 'eagles'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δραμοῦνταιthey shall runVF2 FMI3P · τρέχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτρέχω: meaning 'they shall run'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοπιάσουσινshall laborVF FAI3P · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκοπιάω: meaning 'shall labor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βαδιοῦνταιthey shall walkVF2 FMI3P · βαδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαδίζω: meaning 'they shall walk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεινάσουσινshall hungerVF FAI3P · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπεινάω: meaning 'shall hunger'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.