1
ὁ λαὸς ὁ πορευόμενος ἐν σκότει ἴδετε φῶς μέγα οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου φῶς λάμψει ἐφ' ὑμᾶς
The people walking in darkness, behold a great light; upon those dwelling in a land and shadow of death, light will shine on you.
The chapter opens with an abrupt reversal: a people marked by darkness and death-shadow are addressed by the appearance of great light.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateλαὸς: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πορευόμενοςporeuomenosV1 · πμπνσμ πορεύομαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyπορευόμενος: verbal lexeme rendered 'poreuomenos' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
σκότειdarknessN3E DSN · σκότοςdative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or meansσκότει: lexical item rendered 'darkness' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἴδετεideteVB AAD2P · ὁράωimperatival verbal form issuing a command or exhortation→ imperativeἴδετε: verbal lexeme rendered 'idete' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentφῶς: lexical item rendered 'light' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
μέγαgreatA1 ASN · μέγαςnominal term functioning as an accusative complementμέγα: lexical item rendered 'great' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseοἱ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyκατοικοῦντες: verbal lexeme rendered 'dwelling' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
χώρᾳlandN1A DSF · χώραdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationχώρᾳ: lexical item rendered 'land' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
σκιᾷshadowN1A DSF · σκιάdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationσκιᾷ: lexical item rendered 'shadow' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
θανάτουdeathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termθανάτου: lexical item rendered 'death' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentφῶς: lexical item rendered 'light' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
λάμψειlampseiVF FAI3S · λάμπωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureλάμψει: verbal lexeme rendered 'lampsei' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐφ'ephP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐφ: preposition rendered 'eph' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseὑμᾶς: pronominal form rendered 'you' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
2
τὸ πλεῖστον τοῦ λαοῦ ὃ κατήγαγες ἐν εὐφροσύνῃ σου καὶ εὐφρανθήσονται ἐνώπιόν σου ὡς οἱ εὐφραινόμενοι ἐν ἀμήτῳ καὶ ὃν τρόπον οἱ διαιρούμενοι σκῦλα
The greater part of the people whom you brought down in your gladness will also rejoice before you, as those rejoice at harvest and as those dividing spoils.
Joy is intensified through two familiar images, harvest celebration and the dividing of plunder after battle.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πλεῖστονplestonA1 ASMS · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπλεῖστον: lexical form glossed 'pleston'; nominal element in the present context.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termλαοῦ: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὃoRR NSN · ὅςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateὃ: lexical item rendered 'o' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
κατήγαγεςkategagesVBI AAI2S · ἄγω + καταfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristκατήγαγες: verbal lexeme rendered 'kategages' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
εὐφροσύνῃgladnessN1 DSF · εὐφροσύνηdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationεὐφροσύνῃ: lexical item rendered 'gladness' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseσου: pronominal form rendered 'your' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
εὐφρανθήσονταιwill rejoiceVC FPI3P · εὐφραίνωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureεὐφρανθήσονται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will rejoice' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐνώπιόνbeforeD · ἐνώπιονadverbial or subordinating marker shaping the clause relationἐνώπιόν: connective, prepositional, adverbial, indeclinable, or interjectional form rendered 'before' in this chapter's narrative flow.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseσου: pronominal form rendered 'your' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial modifier within the clauseὡς: adverbial item rendered 'as' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseοἱ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εὐφραινόμενοιrejoicingV1 · πμπνπμ εὐφραίνωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyεὐφραινόμενοι: verbal lexeme rendered 'rejoicing' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ἀμήτῳharvestN2 DSM · ἀμητόςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationἀμήτῳ: lexical item rendered 'harvest' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ὃνonRR ASM · ὅςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentὃν: lexical item rendered 'on' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τρόπονtroponN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentτρόπον: lexical item rendered 'tropon' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseοἱ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
διαιρούμενοιdiairoumenoiV2 · πμπνπμ αἱρέω + διαparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyδιαιρούμενοι: verbal lexeme rendered 'diairoumenoi' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
σκῦλαspoilsN2N APN · σκῦλονaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentσκῦλα: lexical item rendered 'spoils' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
3
διότι ἀφῄρηται ὁ ζυγὸς ὁ ἐπ' αὐτῶν κείμενος καὶ ἡ ῥάβδος ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ τραχήλου αὐτῶν τὴν γὰρ ῥάβδον τῶν ἀπαιτούντων διεσκέδασεν κύριος ὡς τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἐπὶ Μαδιαμ
For the yoke lying upon them has been taken away, and the staff upon their neck; for the Lord scattered the rod of those exacting from them, as on the day against Midian.
The source of rejoicing is named directly: oppressive burdens are shattered by the Lord in a deliverance likened to Midian's defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or particle shaping the clause relationδιότι: connective or particle rendered 'because' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἀφῄρηταιapheretaiVM XMI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionἀφῄρηται: verbal lexeme rendered 'apheretai' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ζυγὸςyokeN2 NSM · ζυγόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateζυγὸς: lexical item rendered 'yoke' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπ'epP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπ: preposition rendered 'ep' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered 'their' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
κείμενοςkeimenosV5 · πμπνσμ κεῖμαιfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionκείμενος: verbal lexeme rendered 'keimenos' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ῥάβδοςstaffN2 NSF · ῥάβδοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseῥάβδος: lexical item rendered 'staff' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τραχήλουneckN2 GSM · τράχηλοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termτράχηλος: lexical item rendered 'neck' and interpreted according to its local poetic and syntactic role.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered 'their' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὴν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρconnective or particle shaping the clause relationγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ῥάβδονrabdonN2 ASF · ῥάβδοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentῥάβδον: lexical item rendered 'rabdon' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτῶν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀπαιτούντωνapaitountonV2 · παπγπμ αἰτέω + ἀποparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyἀπαιτούντων: verbal lexeme rendered 'apaitounton' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
διεσκέδασενbreak apartVAI AAI3S · σκεδάζω + διαfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aoristσκεδάζω + δια: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateκύριος: lexical item rendered 'LORD' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial modifier within the clauseὡς: adverbial item rendered 'as' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
τῇto theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτῇ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationἡμέρᾳ: lexical item rendered 'day' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τῇto theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτῇ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ΜαδιαμMidianN GS · Μαδιαμproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΜαδιαμ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
4
ὅτι πᾶσαν στολὴν ἐπισυνηγμένην δόλῳ καὶ ἱμάτιον μετὰ καταλλαγῆς ἀποτείσουσιν καὶ θελήσουσιν εἰ ἐγενήθησαν πυρίκαυστοι
For every garment gathered by deceit, and every cloak taken in exchange, they will repay; indeed they would wish they had become fuel for fire.
The verse turns the imagery of war-gain and exploitative acquisition toward repayment and burning, preparing for the royal oracle that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or particle shaping the clause relationὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'because' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
πᾶσανpasanA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentπᾶσαν: lexical item rendered 'pasan' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
στολὴνgarmentN1 ASF · στολήaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentστολὴν: lexical item rendered 'garment' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐπισυνηγμένηνepisunegmenenVK · χμπασφ ἄγω + ἐπι + συνfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionἐπισυνηγμένην: verbal lexeme rendered 'episunegmenen' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
δόλῳdeceitN2 DSM · δόλοςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationδόλῳ: lexical item rendered 'deceit' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἱμάτιονcloakN2N ASN · ἱμάτιονaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentἱμάτιον: lexical item rendered 'cloak' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετὰ: preposition rendered 'with' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
καταλλαγῆςexchangeN1 GSF · καταλλαγήgenitive element qualifying a related head termκαταλλαγῆς: lexical item rendered 'exchange' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀποτείσουσινwill repayVF FAI3P · τίνω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureἀποτείσουσιν: verbal lexeme rendered 'will repay' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
θελήσουσινwill wishVF2 FAI3P · θέλωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureθελήσουσιν: verbal lexeme rendered 'will wish' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or particle shaping the clause relationεἰ: connective or particle rendered 'if' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἐγενήθησανegenethesanVCI API3P · γίγνομαιfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἐγενήθησαν: verbal lexeme rendered 'egenethesan' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
πυρίκαυστοιburned by fireA1 NPM · πυρίκαυστοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateπυρίκαυστοι: lexical item rendered 'burned by fire' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
5
ὅτι παιδίον ἐγεννήθη ἡμῖν υἱὸς καὶ ἐδόθη ἡμῖν οὗ ἡ ἀρχὴ ἐγενήθη ἐπὶ τοῦ ὤμου αὐτοῦ καὶ καλεῖται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ μεγάλης βουλῆς ἄγγελος ἐγὼ γὰρ ἄξω εἰρήνην ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας εἰρήνην καὶ ὑγίειαν αὐτῷ
For a child has been born to us, and a son has been given to us, whose rule came upon his shoulder; and his name is called Messenger of Great Counsel, for I will bring peace upon the rulers, peace and health to him.
The Septuagint renders the royal figure in revelatory terms, naming him the Messenger of Great Counsel and attaching peace to his rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or particle shaping the clause relationὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'because' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
παιδίονchildN2N ASN · παιδίονnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseπαιδίον: lexical item rendered 'child' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἐγεννήθηhe was bornVCI API3S · γεννάωverb of relative clause→ aoristγεννάω: passive; Haran died in the land of his birth — he never left.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseἡμῖν: pronominal form rendered 'to us' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateυἱὸς: lexical item rendered 'son' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἐδόθηwas givenVCI API3S · δίδωμιfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἐδόθη: verbal lexeme rendered 'was given' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseἡμῖν: pronominal form rendered 'to us' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὗouRR GSM · ὅςgenitive element qualifying a related head termοὗ: lexical item rendered 'ou' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀρχὴdominionsN1 NSF · ἀρχήaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀρχή: dominions; nominal or adjectival form used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐγενήθηegenetheVCI API3S · γίγνομαιfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἐγενήθη: verbal lexeme rendered 'egenethe' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὤμουshoulderN2 GSM · ὦμοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termὤμου: lexical item rendered 'shoulder' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered 'his' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
καλεῖταιis calledV2 PMI3S · καλέωverb introducing the common popular form of the name→ presentκαλέω: call or name; shifts from interpretation to ordinary usage.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentὄνομα: lexical item rendered 'name' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered 'his' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
μεγάληςgreatA1 GSF · μέγαςgenitive element qualifying a related head termμεγάλης: lexical item rendered 'great' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
βουλῆςcounselN1 GSF · βουλήgenitive element qualifying a related head termβουλῆς: lexical item rendered 'counsel' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἄγγελοςmessengerN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateἄγγελος: lexical item rendered 'messenger' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseἐγὼ: pronominal form rendered 'I' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
γὰρforX · γάρconnective or particle shaping the clause relationγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἄξωbringVF FAI1S · ἄγωmain verbal predicate→ futureἄγω: lead / bring; in 5:26 it is the carrying verb of Assyrian deportation.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentεἰρήνην: lexical item rendered 'peace' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἄρχονταςrulersN3 APM · ἄρχωνaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentἄρχοντας: lexical item rendered 'rulers' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentεἰρήνην: lexical item rendered 'peace' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ὑγίειανhealthN1A ASF · ὑγίειαaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentὑγίειαν: lexical item rendered 'health' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered 'to him' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
6
μεγάλη ἡ ἀρχὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς εἰρήνης αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅριον ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον Δαυιδ καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ κατορθῶσαι αὐτὴν καὶ ἀντιλαβέσθαι αὐτῆς ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἐν κρίματι ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν καὶ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα χρόνον ὁ ζῆλος κυρίου σαβαωθ ποιήσει ταῦτα
Great is his rule, and of his peace there is no boundary, upon the throne of David and over his kingdom, to set it right and uphold it in righteousness and in judgment from now and forever. The zeal of the Lord Sabaoth will do these things.
The child's reign is described as unbounded peace and righteous Davidic kingship secured by the Lord's own zeal.
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
μεγάληgreatA1 NSF · μέγαςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateμεγάλη: lexical item rendered 'great' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀρχὴdominionsN1 NSF · ἀρχήaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀρχή: dominions; nominal or adjectival form used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered 'his' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτῆς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εἰρήνηςpeaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηgenitive element qualifying a related head termεἰρήνης: lexical item rendered 'peace' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered 'his' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἔστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ presentἔστιν: verbal lexeme rendered 'is' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὅριονborderN2N ASN · ὅριονsubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θρόνονthroneN2 ASM · θρόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentθρόνον: lexical item rendered 'throne' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΔαυιδ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὴν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentβασιλείαν: lexical item rendered 'kingdom' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered 'his' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
κατορθῶσαιto set rightVA AMD2S · ορθόω + καταimperatival verbal form issuing a command or exhortation→ imperativeκατορθῶσαι: verbal lexeme rendered 'to set right' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
αὐτὴνherRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτὴν: pronominal form rendered 'her' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἀντιλαβέσθαιto upholdVV AMN · λαμβάνω + ἀντιfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionἀντιλαβέσθαι: verbal lexeme rendered 'to uphold' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῆς: pronominal form rendered 'her' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessN1 DSF · δικαιοσύνηdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationδικαιοσύνῃ: lexical item rendered 'righteousness' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
κρίματιcustom / mannerN3M DSN · κρίμαdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentκρίμα: 'custom / manner'
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phraseἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial modifier within the clauseνῦν: adverbial item rendered 'now' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αἰῶναageN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentαἰῶνα: lexical item rendered 'age' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
χρόνονforeverN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentχρόνον: lexical item rendered 'forever' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ζῆλοςjealousyN2 NSM · ζῆλοςsecond subject complement with ἔστινζῆλος: 'jealousy, rivalry'; another destabilizing passion denied of the Roman community.
κυρίουkuriouN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termκυρίου: lexical item rendered 'kuriou' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseσαβαωθ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
ποιήσειwill doVF FAI3S · ποιέωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureποιήσει: verbal lexeme rendered 'will do' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseταῦτα: pronominal form rendered 'these things' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
7
θάνατον ἀπέστειλεν κύριος ἐπὶ Ιακωβ καὶ ἦλθεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ
The Lord sent death upon Jacob, and it came upon Israel.
After the royal promise, the chapter pivots sharply into judgment: what the Lord sends against Jacob arrives without delay.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
θάνατονdeathN2 ASM · θάνατοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentθάνατον: lexical item rendered 'death' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἀπέστειλεν: verbal lexeme rendered 'sent' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateκύριος: lexical item rendered 'LORD' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ΙακωβJacobN ASM · Ἰακώβproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΙακωβ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἦλθεν: verbal lexeme rendered 'came' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΙσραηλ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
8
καὶ γνώσονται πᾶς ὁ λαὸς τοῦ Εφραιμ καὶ οἱ ἐγκαθήμενοι ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ ἐφ' ὕβρει καὶ ὑψηλῇ καρδίᾳ λέγοντες
And all the people of Ephraim and those dwelling in Samaria will know it, in arrogance and in a lofty heart, saying:
The community under judgment is identified as Ephraim and Samaria, and its defining posture is pride rather than repentance.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
γνώσονταιwill knowVF FMI3P · γιγνώσκωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureγνώσονται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will know' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
πᾶςpasA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateπᾶς: lexical item rendered 'pas' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateλαὸς: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΕφραιμ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseοἱ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐγκαθήμενοιegkathemenoiV5 · πμπνπμ ἧμαι + ἐν + καταfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionἐγκαθήμενοι: verbal lexeme rendered 'egkathemenoi' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaN1A DSF · Σαμαρείαdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationΣαμαρείᾳ: lexical item rendered 'Samaria' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐφ'ephP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐφ: preposition rendered 'eph' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ὕβρειarroganceN3I DSF · ὕβριςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationὕβρει: lexical item rendered 'arrogance' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ὑψηλῇloftyA1 DSF · ὑψηλόςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationὑψηλῇ: lexical item rendered 'lofty' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationκαρδίᾳ: lexical item rendered 'heart' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyλέγοντες: verbal lexeme rendered 'saying' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
9
πλίνθοι πεπτώκασιν ἀλλὰ δεῦτε λαξεύσωμεν λίθους καὶ ἐκκόψωμεν συκαμίνους καὶ κέδρους καὶ οἰκοδομήσωμεν ἑαυτοῖς πύργον
Bricks have fallen, but come, let us hew stones; and let us cut down sycamores and cedars and build a tower for ourselves.
Instead of humbling themselves, the people answer loss with grander plans for rebuilding and self-exaltation.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πλίνθοιbricksN2 NPF · πλίνθοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateπλίνθοι: lexical item rendered 'bricks' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
πεπτώκασινfellVX XAI3P · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clauseπεπτώκασιν: verbal lexeme rendered 'fell' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnective or particle shaping the clause relationἀλλὰ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
δεῦτεcomeD · δεῦτεadverbial modifier within the clauseδεῦτε: adverbial item rendered 'come' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
λαξεύσωμενlet us hewVA AAS1P · λαξεύωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionλαξεύσωμεν: verbal lexeme rendered 'let us hew' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
λίθουςstonesN2 APM · λίθοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentλίθους: lexical item rendered 'stones' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἐκκόψωμενlet us cut downVA AAS1P · κόπτω + ἐκfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionἐκκόψωμεν: verbal lexeme rendered 'let us cut down' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
συκαμίνουςsycamoresN2 APF · συκάμινοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentσυκαμίνους: lexical item rendered 'sycamores' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
κέδρουςcedarsN2 APF · κέδροςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentκέδρους: lexical item rendered 'cedars' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
οἰκοδομήσωμενoikodomeoVA AAS1P · οἰκοδομέωverbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or stateοἰκοδομήσωμεν: verbal lexeme rendered 'oikodomeo' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἑαυτοῖςfor ourselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseἑαυτοῖς: pronominal form rendered 'for ourselves' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
πύργονtowerN2 ASM · πύργοςdirect object of ἐπάταξενπύργος: tower, a defensive structure of the city.
10
καὶ ῥάξει ὁ θεὸς τοὺς ἐπανιστανομένους ἐπ' ὄρος Σιων ἐπ' αὐτοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν διασκεδάσει
And God will break those rising up against Mount Zion upon them, and he will scatter their enemies.
Human boasting does not control the outcome; God turns uprising and hostility into scattering.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ῥάξειwill breakVF FAI3S · ῥάσσωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureῥάξει: verbal lexeme rendered 'will break' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateθεὸς: lexical item rendered 'God' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπανιστανομένουςthose rising upVM · χμπαπμ ἵστημι + ἀναfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionἐπανιστανομένους: verbal lexeme rendered 'those rising up' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐπ'epP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπ: preposition rendered 'ep' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentὄρος: lexical item rendered 'mountain' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ΣιωνZionN ASF · Σιωνproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΣιων: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
ἐπ'epP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπ: preposition rendered 'ep' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοὺς: pronominal form rendered 'them' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐχθροὺςenemiesN2 APM · ἐχθρόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἐχθρός: hostile opponents of the Lord.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered 'their' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
διασκεδάσειwill scatterVF FAI3S · σκεδάζω + διαfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureδιασκεδάσει: verbal lexeme rendered 'will scatter' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
11
Συρίαν ἀφ' ἡλίου ἀνατολῶν καὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἀφ' ἡλίου δυσμῶν τοὺς κατεσθίοντας τὸν Ισραηλ ὅλῳ τῷ στόματι ἐπὶ τούτοις πᾶσιν οὐκ ἀπεστράφη ὁ θυμός ἀλλ' ἔτι ἡ χεὶρ ὑψηλή
Syria from the sunrise and the Greeks from the sunset, devouring Israel with the whole mouth; for all these things his anger has not turned away, but his hand is still raised high.
The judgment widens as eastern and western enemies consume Israel, while the refrain announces that the divine anger remains active.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ΣυρίανSyriaN1 ASN · Συρίαaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentΣυρίαν: lexical item rendered 'Syria' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀφ'aphP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phraseἀφ: preposition rendered 'aph' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ἡλίουηλιοςN2 GSM · ἥλιοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἥλιος: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
ἀνατολῶνeastN1 GPF · ἀνατολήgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀνατολῶν: lexical item rendered 'east' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἝλληναςGreeksN1 APM · Ἕλληνaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentἝλληνας: lexical item rendered 'Greeks' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀφ'aphP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phraseἀφ: preposition rendered 'aph' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ἡλίουηλιοςN2 GSM · ἥλιοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἥλιος: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
δυσμῶνwestN1 GPF · δυσμήgenitive element qualifying a related head termδυσμῶν: lexical item rendered 'west' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατεσθίονταςdevouringV1 · παπαπμ ἐσθίω + καταparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyκατεσθίοντας: verbal lexeme rendered 'devouring' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΙσραηλ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
ὅλῳwholeA1 DSM · ὅλοςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationὅλῳ: lexical item rendered 'whole' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτῷ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationστόματι: lexical item rendered 'mouth' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τούτοιςthese thingsRD DPM · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseτούτοις: pronominal form rendered 'these things' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationπᾶσιν: lexical item rendered 'pasin' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἀπεστράφηturned awayVDI API3S · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἀπεστράφη: verbal lexeme rendered 'turned away' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θυμόςangerN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateθυμός: lexical item rendered 'anger' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or particle shaping the clause relationἀλλ: connective or particle rendered 'all' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier within the clauseἔτι: adverbial item rendered 'eti' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateχεὶρ: lexical item rendered 'hand' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὑψηλήraised highA1 NSF · ὑψηλόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateὑψηλή: lexical item rendered 'raised high' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
12
καὶ ὁ λαὸς οὐκ ἀπεστράφη ἕως ἐπλήγη καὶ τὸν κύριον οὐκ ἐξεζήτησαν
And the people did not turn back until it was struck, and they did not seek the Lord.
The theological diagnosis is explicit: blows have fallen, yet the people still refuse both return and inquiry toward the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateλαὸς: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἀπεστράφηturned awayVDI API3S · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἀπεστράφη: verbal lexeme rendered 'turned away' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial modifier within the clauseἕως: adverbial item rendered 'until' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἐπλήγηeplegeVDI API3S · πλήσσωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἐπλήγη: verbal lexeme rendered 'eplege' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κύριονkurionN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentκύριον: lexical item rendered 'kurion' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἐξεζήτησανsoughtVAI AAI3P · ζητέω + ἐκfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἐξεζήτησαν: verbal lexeme rendered 'sought' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
13
καὶ ἀφεῖλεν κύριος ἀπὸ Ισραηλ κεφαλὴν καὶ οὐράν μέγαν καὶ μικρὸν ἐν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ
And the Lord took away from Israel head and tail, great and small, in one day.
The punishment is described as a same-day removal of every stratum of influence, from exalted to insignificant.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἀφεῖλενremovedVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἀφεῖλεν: verbal lexeme rendered 'removed' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateκύριος: lexical item rendered 'LORD' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phraseἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΙσραηλ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentκεφαλὴν: lexical item rendered 'head' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
οὐράνtailN1A ASF · οὐράaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentοὐράν: lexical item rendered 'tail' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
μέγανgreatA1P ASM · μέγαςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentμέγαν: lexical item rendered 'great' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
μικρὸνsmallA1A ASM · μικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentμικρὸν: lexical item rendered 'small' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
μιᾷoneA1A DSF · εἷςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationμιᾷ: lexical item rendered 'one' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationἡμέρᾳ: lexical item rendered 'day' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
14
πρεσβύτην καὶ τοὺς τὰ πρόσωπα θαυμάζοντας αὕτη ἡ ἀρχή καὶ προφήτην διδάσκοντα ἄνομα οὗτος ἡ οὐρά
The elder and those admiring faces, this is the head; and the prophet teaching lawless things, this is the tail.
Isaiah defines the metaphor: flattering prestige forms the head, while corrupt prophecy becomes the tail.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
πρεσβύτηνelderN1M ASM · πρεσβύτηςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentπρεσβύτην: lexical item rendered 'elder' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὰ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρόσωπαfacesN2N APN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentπρόσωπα: lexical item rendered 'faces' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
θαυμάζονταςadmiringV1 · παπαπμ θαυμάζωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyθαυμάζοντας: verbal lexeme rendered 'admiring' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
αὕτηauteRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὕτη: pronominal form rendered 'aute' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀρχήarcheN1 NSF · ἀρχήnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateἀρχή: lexical item rendered 'arche' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
προφήτηνprophetN1M ASM · προφήτηςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentπροφήτην: lexical item rendered 'prophet' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
διδάσκονταteachingV1 · παπασμ διδάσκωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyδιδάσκοντα: verbal lexeme rendered 'teaching' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἄνομαlawlessA1B APN · ἄνομοςattributive adjective describing τινεςἄνομος: lawless.
οὗτοςoutosRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseοὗτος: pronominal form rendered 'outos' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οὐράouraN1A NSF · οὐράnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateοὐρά: lexical item rendered 'oura' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
15
καὶ ἔσονται οἱ μακαρίζοντες τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον πλανῶντες καὶ πλανῶσιν ὅπως καταπίωσιν αὐτούς
And those calling this people blessed will be leading them astray, and they lead them astray so as to swallow them down.
Leadership is not merely mistaken but predatory; blessing language becomes a means of devouring the people.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἔσονταιwill beVF FMI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureἔσονται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will be' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseοἱ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μακαρίζοντεςcalling blessedV1 · παπνπμ μακαρίζωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyμακαρίζοντες: verbal lexeme rendered 'calling blessed' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸνlaonN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentλαὸν: lexical item rendered 'laon' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τοῦτονtoutonRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseτοῦτον: pronominal form rendered 'touton' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
πλανῶντεςleading astrayV3 · παπνπμ πλανάωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionπλανῶντες: verbal lexeme rendered 'leading astray' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
πλανῶσινplanosinV3 PAI3P · πλανάωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ presentπλανῶσιν: verbal lexeme rendered 'planosin' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὅπωςoposC · ὅπωςconnective or particle shaping the clause relationὅπως: connective or particle rendered 'opos' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
καταπίωσινswallow downVB AAS3P · πίνω + καταfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionκαταπίωσιν: verbal lexeme rendered 'swallow down' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
αὐτούςautousRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτούς: pronominal form rendered 'autous' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
16
διὰ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοὺς νεανίσκους αὐτῶν οὐκ εὐφρανθήσεται ὁ θεὸς καὶ τοὺς ὀρφανοὺς αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς χήρας αὐτῶν οὐκ ἐλεήσει ὅτι πάντες ἄνομοι καὶ πονηροί καὶ πᾶν στόμα λαλεῖ ἄδικα ἐπὶ πᾶσιν τούτοις οὐκ ἀπεστράφη ὁ θυμός ἀλλ' ἔτι ἡ χεὶρ ὑψηλή
Therefore God will not rejoice over their young men, and he will not have mercy on their orphans and their widows, because all are lawless and wicked and every mouth speaks unjust things; for all these things his anger has not turned away, but his hand is still raised high.
The verse emphasizes the breadth of the corruption and therefore the breadth of judgment, even withholding expected pity from the vulnerable.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιὰ: preposition rendered 'dia' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseτοῦτο: pronominal form rendered 'this' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
νεανίσκουςyoung menN2 APM · νεανίσκοςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentνεανίσκους: lexical item rendered 'young men' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered 'their' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
εὐφρανθήσεταιeuphranthesetaiVC FPI3S · εὐφραίνωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureεὐφρανθήσεται: verbal lexeme rendered 'euphranthesetai' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateθεὸς: lexical item rendered 'God' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοὺς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀρφανοὺςorphanA1 APM · ὀρφανόςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or descriptionὀρφανός: orphan; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered 'their' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὰς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χήραςwidowsN1A APF · χήραaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentχήρας: lexical item rendered 'widows' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered 'their' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἐλεήσειwill have mercyVF FAI3S · ἐλεέωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureἐλεήσει: verbal lexeme rendered 'will have mercy' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or particle shaping the clause relationὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'because' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
πάντεςpantesA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateπάντες: lexical item rendered 'pantes' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἄνομοιlawlessA1B NPM · ἄνομοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateἄνομοι: lexical item rendered 'lawless' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
πονηροίwickedA1A NPM · πονηρόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateπονηροί: lexical item rendered 'wicked' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
πᾶνpanA3 NSN · πᾶςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateπᾶν: lexical item rendered 'pan' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
στόμαmouthN3M NSN · στόμαsubject of ἀπεφράγηστόμα: mouth; the organ of speech now rendered useless.
λαλεῖspeaksV2 PAI3S · λαλέωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ presentλαλεῖ: verbal lexeme rendered 'speaks' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἄδικαunjust thingsA1B B · ἄδικοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseἄδικα: lexical item rendered 'unjust things' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationπᾶσιν: lexical item rendered 'pasin' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τούτοιςthese thingsRD DPM · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseτούτοις: pronominal form rendered 'these things' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἀπεστράφηturned awayVDI API3S · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἀπεστράφη: verbal lexeme rendered 'turned away' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θυμόςangerN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateθυμός: lexical item rendered 'anger' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or particle shaping the clause relationἀλλ: connective or particle rendered 'all' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier within the clauseἔτι: adverbial item rendered 'eti' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateχεὶρ: lexical item rendered 'hand' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὑψηλήraised highA1 NSF · ὑψηλόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateὑψηλή: lexical item rendered 'raised high' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
17
καὶ καυθήσεται ὡς πῦρ ἡ ἀνομία καὶ ὡς ἄγρωστις ξηρὰ βρωθήσεται ὑπὸ πυρός καὶ καυθήσεται ἐν τοῖς δάσεσι τοῦ δρυμοῦ καὶ συγκαταφάγεται τὰ κύκλῳ τῶν βουνῶν πάντα
And lawlessness will be burned like fire, and like dry grass it will be devoured by fire; and it will burn in the forests of the thicket and consume everything around the hills.
Sin is no longer merely a moral condition but an uncontrollable blaze spreading through the whole social landscape.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
καυθήσεταιwill burnVC FPI3S · καίωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureκαυθήσεται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will burn' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial modifier within the clauseὡς: adverbial item rendered 'as' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentπῦρ: lexical item rendered 'fire' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀνομίαlawlessnessN1A NSF · ἀνομίαnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateἀνομία: lexical item rendered 'lawlessness' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial modifier within the clauseὡς: adverbial item rendered 'as' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἄγρωστιςgrassN3I NSF · ἄγρωστιςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateἄγρωστις: lexical item rendered 'grass' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ξηρὰdryA1A NSF · ξηρόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateξηρὰ: lexical item rendered 'dry' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
βρωθήσεταιbe consumedVC FPI3S · βιβρώσκωfinite verb governing the clause→ futureβιβρώσκω: verb of being eaten up or devoured.
ὑπὸupoP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phraseὑπὸ: preposition rendered 'upo' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
πυρόςpurosN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive element qualifying a related head termπυρός: lexical item rendered 'puros' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
καυθήσεταιwill burnVC FPI3S · καίωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureκαυθήσεται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will burn' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῖς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δάσεσιforestsN3E DPN · δάσοςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationδάσεσι: lexical item rendered 'forests' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δρυμοῦthicketN2 GSM · δρυμόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termδρυμοῦ: lexical item rendered 'thicket' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
συγκαταφάγεταιwill consume togetherVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + συν + καταfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureσυγκαταφάγεται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will consume together' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὰ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κύκλῳkukloN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationκύκλῳ: lexical item rendered 'kuklo' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτῶν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βουνῶνhillsN2 GPM · βουνόςgenitive dependent within the phraseβουνός: rendered 'hills' here; a nominal form used in the genitive within Zephaniah's judgment oracle.
πάνταall thingsA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentπάντα: lexical item rendered 'all things' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
18
διὰ θυμὸν ὀργῆς κυρίου συγκέκαυται ἡ γῆ ὅλη καὶ ἔσται ὁ λαὸς ὡς ὑπὸ πυρὸς κατακεκαυμένος ἄνθρωπος τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐλεήσει
Because of the wrath of the Lord the whole land has been burned together, and the people will be like something consumed by fire; a man will not spare his brother.
Divine wrath and social collapse converge: the land burns, and ordinary kinship bonds fail.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιὰ: preposition rendered 'dia' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
θυμὸνthumonN2 ASM · θυμόςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentθυμὸν: lexical item rendered 'thumon' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὀργῆςwrathN1 GSF · ὀργήgenitive element qualifying a related head termὀργῆς: lexical item rendered 'wrath' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
κυρίουkuriouN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termκυρίου: lexical item rendered 'kuriou' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
συγκέκαυταιhas been burned togetherVM XMI3S · καίω + συνfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionσυγκέκαυται: verbal lexeme rendered 'has been burned together' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateγῆ: lexical item rendered 'land' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὅληwholeA1 NSF · ὅλοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateὅλη: lexical item rendered 'whole' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureἔσται: verbal lexeme rendered 'estai' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateλαὸς: lexical item rendered 'people' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial modifier within the clauseὡς: adverbial item rendered 'as' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ὑπὸupoP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phraseὑπὸ: preposition rendered 'upo' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSM · πῦρdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentπῦρ: 'fire'
κατακεκαυμένοςkaiokataVM · χμπνσμ καίω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseκαίω + κατα: kaiokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherN2 ASM · ἀδελφόςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentἀδελφὸν: lexical item rendered 'brother' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered 'his' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἐλεήσειwill have mercyVF FAI3S · ἐλεέωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureἐλεήσει: verbal lexeme rendered 'will have mercy' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
19
ἀλλὰ ἐκκλινεῖ εἰς τὰ δεξιά ὅτι πεινάσει καὶ φάγεται ἐκ τῶν ἀριστερῶν καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐμπλησθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἔσθων τὰς σάρκας τοῦ βραχίονος αὐτοῦ
But he will turn aside to the right because he is hungry, and he will eat from the left and still not be satisfied; each man will eat the flesh of his own arm.
The imagery becomes grotesque and claustrophobic, portraying hunger that consumes every side and finally consumes the self.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnective or particle shaping the clause relationἀλλὰ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἐκκλινεῖwill turn asideVF2 FAI3S · κλίνω + ἐκfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureἐκκλινεῖ: verbal lexeme rendered 'will turn aside' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὰ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δεξιάrightA1A APN · δεξιόςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentδεξιά: lexical item rendered 'right' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or particle shaping the clause relationὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'because' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
πεινάσειwill be hungryVF FAI3S · πεινάωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureπεινάσει: verbal lexeme rendered 'will be hungry' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
φάγεταιwill eatVF FMI3S · ἐσθίωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureφάγεται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will eat' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἐκekP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phraseἐκ: preposition rendered 'ek' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτῶν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀριστερῶνleftA1A GPM · ἀριστερόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀριστερῶν: lexical item rendered 'left' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
οὐouD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐ: adverbial item rendered 'ou' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμὴ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἐμπλησθῇbe filledVS APS3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertionἐμπλησθῇ: verbal lexeme rendered 'be filled' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered 'man' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἔσθωνeatV1 · παπνσμ ἐσθίωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance, description, or attendant actionἔσθων: verbal lexeme rendered 'eat' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὰς: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentσάρκας: lexical item rendered 'flesh' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βραχίονοςarmN3N GSM · βραχίωνgenitive element qualifying a related head termβραχίονος: lexical item rendered 'arm' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered 'his' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
20
φάγεται γὰρ Μανασση τοῦ Εφραιμ καὶ Εφραιμ τοῦ Μανασση ὅτι ἅμα πολιορκήσουσιν τὸν Ιουδαν ἐπὶ τούτοις πᾶσιν οὐκ ἀπεστράφη ὁ θυμός ἀλλ' ἔτι ἡ χεὶρ ὑψηλή
For Manasseh will eat Ephraim, and Ephraim Manasseh, and together they will besiege Judah; for all these things his anger has not turned away, but his hand is still raised high.
The chapter closes with reciprocal tribal violence and the unchanged refrain of unexhausted divine anger.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
φάγεταιwill eatVF FMI3S · ἐσθίωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureφάγεται: verbal lexeme rendered 'will eat' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
γὰρforX · γάρconnective or particle shaping the clause relationγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ΜανασσηManasseN NSM · Μανασσήproper name within the post-exilic narrative or registerΜανασση: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimN GSM · Ἐφράιμproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΕφραιμ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle shaping the clause relationκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ΕφραιμEphraimN NSM · Ἐφράιμname-item in the genealogical registerΕφραιμ: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτοῦ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΜανασσηManassehN GSM · Μανασσήproper name or indeclinable nominal within the clauseΜανασση: proper name or indeclinable nominal preserved in the geographic or prophetic setting of Isaiah 9.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or particle shaping the clause relationὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'because' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαadverbial modifier within the clauseἅμα: adverbial item rendered 'ama' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
πολιορκήσουσινwill besiegeVF FAI3P · πολιορκέωfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ futureπολιορκήσουσιν: verbal lexeme rendered 'will besiege' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseτὸν: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extentΙουδαν: lexical item rendered 'Judah' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here; it introduces the following complement and specifies relation, direction, or sphere.
τούτοιςthese thingsRD DPM · οὗτοςpronominal form functioning within the clause or phraseτούτοις: pronominal form rendered 'these things' here according to its local referent and syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, sphere, means, or relationπᾶσιν: lexical item rendered 'pasin' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐκ: adverbial item rendered 'not' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἀπεστράφηturned awayVDI API3S · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verbal form advancing the clause action or assertion→ aoristἀπεστράφη: verbal lexeme rendered 'turned away' here; the form carries the chapter's action, assertion, or dependent verbal sense in its immediate prophetic context.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θυμόςangerN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateθυμός: lexical item rendered 'anger' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or particle shaping the clause relationἀλλ: connective or particle rendered 'all' here, shaping the linkage and rhetorical flow of the prophetic sentence.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier within the clauseἔτι: adverbial item rendered 'eti' here, adjusting the manner, time, or force of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseἡ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateχεὶρ: lexical item rendered 'hand' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.
ὑψηλήraised highA1 NSF · ὑψηλόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicateὑψηλή: lexical item rendered 'raised high' here according to its local syntactic role in Isaiah 9.