1
βροτὸς γὰρ γεννητὸς γυναικὸς ὀλιγόβιος καὶ πλήρης ὀργῆς
For a mortal born of woman is short-lived and full of wrath.
Job opens with a compressed summary of the human condition: mortality, brevity, and emotional affliction belong to life from the outset.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
βροτὸςmortalN2 NSM · βροτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβροτός: meaning 'mortal'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεννητὸςbornA1 NSM · γεννητόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγεννητός: meaning 'born'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γυναικὸςwomanN3K GSF · γυνήnominal element functioning within the clause according to its case-form and local role→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause according to its case-form and local role.
ὀλιγόβιοςshort-livedA1B NSM · ὀλιγόβιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὀλιγόβιος: meaning 'short-lived'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
2
ἢ ὥσπερ ἄνθος ἀνθῆσαν ἐξέπεσεν ἀπέδρα δὲ ὥσπερ σκιὰ καὶ οὐ μὴ στῇ
Or like a flower that has bloomed, he fell away; he fled like a shadow and will by no means remain.
The first comparison presses the transience of mortal life through floral beauty and the passing shadow.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἄνθοςflowerN3E NSN · ἄνθοςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἄνθος: meaning 'flower'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
ἀνθῆσανhaving bloomedVA · ααπνσν ἀνθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentααπνσν ἀνθέω: meaning 'having bloomed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξέπεσενfell awayVBI AAI3S · πίπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπίπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'fell away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπέδραhas fledVBI AAI3S · διδράσκω + ἀποmain or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeδιδράσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'has fled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σκιὰshadowN1A NSF · σκιάnominative term in clause/list→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσκιά: meaning 'shadow'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
στῇremainVH AAS3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἵστημι: meaning 'remain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
οὐχὶ καὶ τούτου λόγον ἐποιήσω καὶ τοῦτον ἐποίησας εἰσελθεῖν ἐν κρίματι ἐνώπιόν σου
And is it not over such a one that you have taken notice, and made him enter into judgment before you?
Job turns from description to protest: the fragile mortal is still made to stand under divine scrutiny.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὐχὶnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: meaning 'not'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐποιήσωhave taken noticeVAI AMI2S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentποιέω: meaning 'have taken notice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronoun→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
ἐποίησαςdo / makeVAI AAI2S · ποιέωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
εἰσελθεῖνenterVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + εἰςfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aorist (marital approach notice)ἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κρίματιcustom / mannerN3M DSN · κρίμαdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ mortality, decay, and concealmentκρίμα: meaning 'custom'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ἐνώπιόνenopionP · ἐνώπιονprepositional element governing its complement→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἐνώπιόν: meaning 'enopion'; here it marks the relation signaled by prepositional element governing its complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
4
τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου ἀλλ' οὐθείς
For who will be clean from defilement? But no one.
The complaint becomes proverbial: impurity belongs so universally to humanity that no exception can be named.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸςcleanA1A NSM · καθαρόςpredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ mortality, decay, and concealmentκαθαρός: meaning 'clean'; it serves as predicate adjective (with ἔσται).
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ῥύπουdefilementN2 GSM · ῥύποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ mortality, decay, and concealmentῥύπος: meaning 'defilement'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐθείςno oneA3 NSF · οὐδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
5
ἐὰν καὶ μία ἡμέρα ὁ βίος αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἀριθμητοὶ δὲ μῆνες αὐτοῦ παρὰ σοί εἰς χρόνον ἔθου καὶ οὐ μὴ ὑπερβῇ
Even if his life upon the earth is but one day, his months are numbered with you; you have set a limit of time, and he will not pass beyond it.
Job grounds his plea in divine sovereignty over lifespan: God has already fixed the boundary of every human life.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μίαoneA1A NSF · εἷςnumeral quantifying persons, objects, measures, or sequence→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμία: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βίοςlifeN2 NSM · βίοςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ἀριθμητοὶnumberedA1 NPM · ἀριθμητόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἀριθμητός: meaning 'numbered'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μῆνεςmonthsN3 NPM · μήνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμήν: meaning 'months'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
σοίyourRP DS · σύpronoun→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσοί: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ mortality, decay, and concealmentχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ἔθουappointedVEI AMI2S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτίθημι: meaning 'appointed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπερβῇpass beyondVZ AAS3S · βαίνω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβαίνω + ὑπερ: meaning 'pass beyond'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
ἀπόστα ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ἵνα ἡσυχάσῃ καὶ εὐδοκήσῃ τὸν βίον ὥσπερ ὁ μισθωτός
Withdraw from him, that he may rest and find some pleasure in life like a hired laborer.
Because the term is fixed, Job asks for temporary relief, as though a laborer might at least enjoy the close of his day.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀπόσταwithdrawVH AAD2S · ἵστημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'withdraw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡσυχάσῃrestVA AAS3S · ἡσυχάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἡσυχάζω: meaning 'rest'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐδοκήσῃtake pleasureVA AAS3S · εὐδοκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentεὐδοκέω: meaning 'take pleasure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βίονlifeN2 ASM · βίοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθωτόςhired laborerA1 NSM · μισθωτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμισθωτός: meaning 'hired laborer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
7
ἔστιν γὰρ δένδρῳ ἐλπίς ἐὰν γὰρ ἐκκοπῇ ἔτι ἐπανθήσει καὶ ὁ ῥάδαμνος αὐτοῦ οὐ μὴ ἐκλίπῃ
For there is hope for a tree: if it is cut down, it will bloom again, and its shoot will by no means fail.
The argument pivots from human boundedness to a created thing that still retains hope after apparent destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δένδρῳfor a treeN2N DSN · δένδρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδένδρον: meaning 'for a tree'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐλπίςhopeN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominal term functioning as a nominative term→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a nominative term.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκοπῇis cut downVD AAS3S · κόπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentκόπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'is cut down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐπανθήσειwill bloom againVF FAI3S · ἀνθέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἀνθέω + ἐπι: meaning 'will bloom again'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάδαμνοςshootN2 NSM · ῥάδαμνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentῥάδαμνος: meaning 'shoot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦsame / her / himRD GSN · αὐτόςgenitive dependent modifier / possession relation→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'same'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive dependent modifier / possession relation.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐκλίπῃfailVB AAS3S · λείπω + ἐκverbal element carrying the clause's action or process→ mortality, decay, and concealmentλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'fail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
8
ἐὰν γὰρ γηράσῃ ἐν γῇ ἡ ῥίζα αὐτοῦ ἐν δὲ πέτρᾳ τελευτήσῃ τὸ στέλεχος αὐτοῦ
For if its root grows old in the earth, and its trunk dies in the rock,
The image intensifies: even deep age and apparent death at the stump do not eliminate the tree's possibility of renewal.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γηράσῃgrows oldVA AAS3S · γηράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγηράω: meaning 'grows old'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥίζαrootN1S NSF · ῥίζαnominal term functioning as a nominative term→ mortality, decay, and concealmentῥίζα: meaning 'root'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a nominative term.
αὐτοῦsame / her / himRD GSN · αὐτόςgenitive dependent modifier / possession relation→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'same'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive dependent modifier / possession relation.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέτρᾳthe rockN1A DSF · πέτραdative object of ἐν (location of the nest)→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπέτρα: meaning 'the rock'; it serves as dative object of ἐν (location of the nest).
τελευτήσῃdiesVA AAS3S · τελευτάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτελευτάω: meaning 'dies'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέλεχοςtrunkN3E NSN · στέλεχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentστέλεχος: meaning 'trunk'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦsame / her / himRD GSN · αὐτόςgenitive dependent modifier / possession relation→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'same'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive dependent modifier / possession relation.
9
ἀπὸ ὀσμῆς ὕδατος ἀνθήσει ποιήσει δὲ θερισμὸν ὥσπερ νεόφυτον
at the scent of water it will blossom, and it will produce a harvest like a newly planted thing.
A mere hint of water is enough for renewed vitality, underscoring the resilience denied to human beings in the next verses.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀσμῆςsmellN1 GSF · ὀσμήgenitive dependent phrase within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὀσμή: meaning 'smell'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
ἀνθήσειblossomVF FAI3S · ἀνθέωfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἀνθέω: meaning 'blossom'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ποιήσειwill makeVF FAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardποιέω: meaning 'will make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θερισμὸνharvestN2 ASM · θερισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ mortality, decay, and concealmentθερισμός: meaning 'harvest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
νεόφυτονnewly planted thingA1B ASN · νεόφυτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ mortality, decay, and concealmentνεόφυτος: meaning 'newly planted thing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
10
ἀνὴρ δὲ τελευτήσας ᾤχετο πεσὼν δὲ βροτὸς οὐκέτι ἔστιν
But a man, when he has died, is gone; and when a mortal has fallen, he is no more.
The contrast is now explicit: unlike the tree, the human being does not visibly return after falling into death.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τελευτήσαςhaving diedVA · ααπνσμ τελευτάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentααπνσμ τελευτάω: meaning 'having died'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ᾤχετοοἴχομαιV1I IMI3S · οἴχομαιfinite verb advancing the clause→ ingressive imperfect (setting off / departing)οἴχομαι: meaning 'οἴχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
πεσὼνfallingVB · ααπνσμ πίπτωcircumstantial participle→ mortality, decay, and concealmentααπνσμ πίπτω: meaning 'falling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βροτὸςmortalN2 NSM · βροτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβροτός: meaning 'mortal'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverb qualifying the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
11
χρόνῳ γὰρ σπανίζεται θάλασσα ποταμὸς δὲ ἐρημωθεὶς ἐξηράνθη
For in time the sea becomes scarce, and a river, laid waste, is dried up.
Job supports the contrast with another natural analogy: even vast waters can be exhausted.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
χρόνῳtimeN2 DSM · χρόνοςdative element marking reference, means, or association→ mortality, decay, and concealmentχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, or association.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπανίζεταιbecomes scarceV1 PPI3S · σπανίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσπανίζω: meaning 'becomes scarce'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θάλασσαseaN1S NSF · θάλασσαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ mortality, decay, and concealmentθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ποταμὸςriverN2 NSM · ποταμόςhead noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρημωθεὶςlaid wasteVC · αππνσμ ἐρημόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentαππνσμ ἐρημόω: meaning 'laid waste'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξηράνθηdried upVCI API3S · ξηραίνωparticiple modifying the clause with verbal force→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationξηραίνω: meaning 'dried up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with verbal force.
12
ἄνθρωπος δὲ κοιμηθεὶς οὐ μὴ ἀναστῇ ἕως ἂν ὁ οὐρανὸς οὐ μὴ συρραφῇ καὶ οὐκ ἐξυπνισθήσονται ἐξ ὕπνου αὐτῶν
So a human being, having lain down, will by no means rise until the heaven is stitched together; they will not be awakened from their sleep.
The chapter states the apparent finality of death under the present order with deliberately cosmic language.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοιμηθεὶςhaving lain downVC · αππνσμ κοιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentαππνσμ κοιμάω: meaning 'having lain down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀναστῇarisesVH AAS3S · ἵστημι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'arises'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸςheavenN2 NSM · οὐρανόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ mortality, decay, and concealmentοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
συρραφῇbe stitched togetherVD APS3S · ῥάπτω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentῥάπτω + συν: meaning 'be stitched together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξυπνισθήσονταιwill be awakenedVS FPI3S · ὑπνίζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὑπνίζω + ἐκ: meaning 'will be awakened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὕπνουof sleepN2 GSM · ὕπνοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὕπνος: meaning 'of sleep'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
13
εἰ γὰρ ὄφελον ἐν ᾅδῃ με ἐφύλαξας ἔκρυψας δέ με ἕως ἂν παύσηταί σου ἡ ὀργὴ καὶ τάξῃ μοι χρόνον ἐν ᾧ μνείαν μου ποιήσῃ
For if only you had kept me in Hades and hidden me until your anger ceased, and if you would appoint me a time in which you would remember me.
Out of despair comes a daring hope: perhaps concealment in death could become preservation until wrath passes.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄφελονif onlyVB AAI1S · ὀφείλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὀφείλω: meaning 'if only'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ᾅδῃHadesN1M DSM · ᾅδηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ mortality, decay, and concealmentᾅδης: meaning 'Hades'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐφύλαξαςyou shall keepVAI AAI2S · φυλάσσωmain verb (imperatival future)→ present infinitive (ongoing observance)φυλάσσω: meaning 'you shall keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (imperatival future).
ἔκρυψαςhiddenVAI AAI2S · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentκρύπτω: meaning 'hidden'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παύσηταίceasesVA AMS3S · παύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπαύω: meaning 'ceases'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀργὴwrathN1 NSF · ὀργήnominative term in clause/list→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάξῃappointVA AAS3S · τάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτάσσω: meaning 'appoint'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ mortality, decay, and concealmentχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ᾧwhichRR DSM · ὅςdative complement within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentᾧ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement within the clause.
μνείανmemorialN1A ASF · μνείαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμνεία: meaning 'memorial'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ποιήσῃwould makeVF FMI2S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentποιέω: meaning 'would make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ἐὰν γὰρ ἀποθάνῃ ἄνθρωπος ζήσεται συντελέσας ἡμέρας τοῦ βίου αὐτοῦ ὑπομενῶ ἕως ἂν πάλιν γένωμαι
For if a human being dies, shall he live again? When I have completed the days of my life, I will wait until I come to be again.
The wish becomes a question and then a resolve to wait, holding together uncertainty and expectancy.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθάνῃshe diesVB AAS3S · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'she dies'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ζήσεταιliveVF FMI3S · ζάωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ future middle indicativeζάω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
συντελέσαςhaving completedVA · ααπνσμ τελέω + συνmain verb→ mortality, decay, and concealmentααπνσμ τελέω + συν: meaning 'having completed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβίος: meaning 'property'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὑπομενῶI will endureVA AAS1S · μένω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμένω + ὑπο: meaning 'I will endure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverb or negative particle qualifying the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπάλιν: meaning 'again'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένωμαιit came to passVB AMS1S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ subjunctive verbal form projecting action as desired, contingent, or purposedγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
15
εἶτα καλέσεις ἐγὼ δέ σοι ὑπακούσομαι τὰ δὲ ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν σου μὴ ἀποποιοῦ
Then you will call, and I will listen to you; do not reject the works of your hands.
Job imagines restoration as renewed summons and answer between creator and creature.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
εἶταthenD · εἶταadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentεἶτα: meaning 'then'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καλέσειςyou callVF FAI2S · καλέωfinite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion→ future indicativeκαλέω: meaning 'you call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὑπακούσομαιI will listenVF FMI1S · ἀκούω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἀκούω + ὑπο: meaning 'I will listen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔργαworksN2N APN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive (source of the works)→ mortality, decay, and concealmentχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as genitive (source of the works).
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀποποιοῦrejectV2 PMD2S · ποιέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentποιέω + ἀπο: meaning 'reject'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
ἠρίθμησας δέ μου τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα καὶ οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ σε οὐδὲν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν μου
But you have numbered my pursuits, and none of my sins will escape you.
The hopeful imagination collapses back into present experience: Job feels fully measured and fully exposed before God.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἠρίθμησαςyou have numberedVAI AAI2S · ἀριθμέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἀριθμέω: meaning 'you have numbered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιτηδεύματαdeedN3M APN · ἐπιτήδευμαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἐπιτήδευμα: meaning 'deed'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
παρέλθῃpass byVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist active subjunctiveἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'pass by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
οὐδὲνno oneA3 NSN · οὐδείςhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinN1A GPF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
17
ἐσφράγισας δέ μου τὰς ἀνομίας ἐν βαλλαντίῳ ἐπεσημήνω δέ εἴ τι ἄκων παρέβην
And you have sealed up my lawless deeds in a pouch, and you have marked whether I transgressed in anything unwillingly.
The imagery of sealing and marking portrays divine accounting as exact and inescapable.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐσφράγισαςyou have sealed upVAI AAI2S · σφραγίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσφραγίζω: meaning 'you have sealed up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ mortality, decay, and concealmentμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A APF · ἀνομίαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
βαλλαντίῳpouchN2N DSN · βαλλάντιονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβαλλάντιον: meaning 'pouch'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπεσημήνωyou have markedVAI AMI2S · σημαίνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσημαίνω + ἐπι: meaning 'you have marked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴifC · εἰcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ mortality, decay, and concealmentεἴ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιanythingRI ASN · τιςaccusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing)→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing).
ἄκωνunwillinglyA3P NSM · ἄκωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἄκων: meaning 'unwillingly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρέβηνI transgressedVZI AAI1S · βαίνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentβαίνω + παρα: meaning 'I transgressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
καὶ πλὴν ὄρος πῖπτον διαπεσεῖται καὶ πέτρα παλαιωθήσεται ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῆς
Yet a mountain falling will utterly collapse, and a rock will grow old out of its place.
The closing lament widens to geological scale: even the strongest features of creation are subject to erosion and decay.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλὴνexceptD · πλήνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπλὴν: meaning 'except'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ὄροςmountainN3E NSN · ὄροςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πῖπτονfallingV1 · παπνσν πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπαπνσν πίπτω: meaning 'falling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διαπεσεῖταιwill utterly collapseVF FAI3S · πίπτω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπίπτω + δια: meaning 'will utterly collapse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέτραrockN1A NSF · πέτραnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπέτρα: meaning 'rock'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
παλαιωθήσεταιpalaiooVC FPI3S · παλαιόωfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπαλαιόω: meaning 'palaioo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
19
λίθους ἐλέαναν ὕδατα καὶ κατέκλυσεν ὕδατα ὕπτια τοῦ χώματος τῆς γῆς καὶ ὑπομονὴν ἀνθρώπου ἀπώλεσας
Waters have worn smooth stones, and the waters have flooded the low-lying soil of the earth; so you have destroyed the endurance of a human being.
Time and pressure erode the world itself, and Job sees human perseverance as similarly worn down by God.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
λίθουςstoneN2 APM · λίθοςcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐλέανανhave worn smoothVAI AAI3P · λεαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentλεαίνω: meaning 'have worn smooth'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕδαταwaterN3T NPN · ὕδωρnominal element functioning within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέκλυσενdrownedVAI AAI3S · κλύζω + καταmain verbal form carrying the clause's assertion, narration, rescue, or praise→ mortality, decay, and concealmentκλύζω + κατα: meaning 'drowned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause's assertion, narration, rescue, or praise.
ὕδαταwaterN3T NPN · ὕδωρnominal element functioning within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὕπτιαlow-lying placesA1A APN · ὕπτιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὕπτιος: meaning 'low-lying places'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώματοςsoilN3M GSN · χῶμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ mortality, decay, and concealmentχῶμα: meaning 'soil'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπομονὴνenduranceN1 ASF · ὑπομονήaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὑπομονή: meaning 'endurance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἀπώλεσαςyou destroyedVAI AAI2S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ aorist indicative presenting the action as a completed wholeὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'you destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
20
ὦσας αὐτὸν εἰς τέλος καὶ ᾤχετο ἐπέστησας αὐτῷ τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ ἐξαπέστειλας
You pushed him to the end, and he was gone; you set his face against him and sent him away.
Death is described as divine expulsion, the final dismissal of the mortal person.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὦσαςyou pushedVAI AAI2S · ὠθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὠθέω: meaning 'you pushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τέλοςendN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative complement→ mortality, decay, and concealmentτέλος: meaning 'end'; it serves as accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤχετοοἴχομαιV1I IMI3S · οἴχομαιfinite verb advancing the clause→ ingressive imperfect (setting off / departing)οἴχομαι: meaning 'οἴχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐπέστησαςyou set againstVHI AAI2S · ἵστημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἵστημι + ἐπι: meaning 'you set against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλαςdid you send awayVAI AAI2S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'did you send away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
21
πολλῶν δὲ γενομένων τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ οὐκ οἶδεν ἐὰν δὲ ὀλίγοι γένωνται οὐκ ἐπίσταται
If his children become many, he does not know it; and if they become few, he does not perceive it.
Job emphasizes the severance of death: the dead person is cut off even from the changing fortunes of his family.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πολλῶνmanyA1 GPM · πολύςmodifier of τόπων→ mortality, decay, and concealmentπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as modifier of τόπων.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενομένωνγενομένωνVB · αμπγπμ γίγνομαιparticiple elaborating the clause action→ mortality, decay, and concealmentαμπγπμ γίγνομαι: meaning 'γενομένων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle elaborating the clause action.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ mortality, decay, and concealmentυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οἶδενknowsVX XAI3S · οἶδαverbal element carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentοἶδα: meaning 'knows'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀλίγοιfewA1 NPM · ὀλίγοςpredicate adjective describing φόροι→ mortality, decay, and concealmentὀλίγος: meaning 'few'; it serves as predicate adjective describing φόροι.
γένωνταιmay becomeVB AMS3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentγίγνομαι: meaning 'may become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπίσταταιunderstandsV6 PMI3S · ἐπίσταμαιfinite verbal element carrying the clause action or state→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἐπίσταμαι: meaning 'understands'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal element carrying the clause action or state.
22
ἀλλ' ἢ αἱ σάρκες αὐτοῦ ἤλγησαν ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ἐπένθησεν
But only his flesh felt pain, and his soul mourned.
The final line contracts the whole chapter into pain and mourning, bodily and inward together.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
σάρκεςfleshN3K NPF · σάρξcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἤλγησανfelt painVAI AAI3P · ἀλγέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentἀλγέω: meaning 'felt pain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ mortality, decay, and concealmentδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψυχὴsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήSubject / head term→ mortality, decay, and concealmentψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as Subject / head term.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπένθησενmournedVAI AAI3S · πενθέωmain verb of mourning→ aorist summary statementπενθέω: meaning 'mourned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of mourning.