1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying:
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν (here extended to Aaron) is the standard LXX rubric introducing a fresh block of priestly legislation; the inclusion of Aaron is fitting, since the entire chapter concerns the priest's diagnostic office. The participle λέγων is the Hebraizing complementizer (= לֵאמֹר) marking the onset of direct divine speech that runs through the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders Hebrew דִּבֶּר (Piel); the aorist ἐλάλησεν opens a new legislative unit; the formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν is the most frequent speech-rubric in Leviticus.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; nominative subject of the speech-formula, marking this as unmediated divine instruction.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (acc. Μωυσῆν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun, coordinate with Μωυσῆν)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; his inclusion as co-addressee is apt, since the chapter's diagnostic office belongs to the Aaronic priesthood (cf. v. 2, 'to Aaron the priest or one of his sons the priests').
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (Hebraizing complementizer introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (here a frozen speech-marker)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the nominative participle λέγων calques Hebrew לֵאמֹר ('saying'), the standard LXX device for opening quoted divine speech; functionally a colon introducing the legislation that follows.
2
ἀνθρώπῳ ἐάν τινι γένηται ἐν δέρματι χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ οὐλὴ σημασίας τηλαυγὴς καὶ γένηται ἐν δέρματι χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ ἁφὴ λέπρας καὶ ἀχθήσεται πρὸς Ααρων τὸν ἱερέα ἢ ἕνα τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ τῶν ἱερέων
If any man has, in the skin of his body, a swelling of a bright mark, and there comes to be in the skin of his body a leprous affection, then he shall be brought to Aaron the priest or to one of his sons the priests.
The chapter's master case-law opens with a fronted dative of reference ἀνθρώπῳ … τινι ('with respect to any man'), a Hebraizing construction (= אָדָם כִּי) placing the topic before the conditional. The two key technical terms are introduced: οὐλὴ σημασίας τηλαυγής (the 'bright swelling/mark') and ἁφὴ λέπρας (the 'leprous affection'), the latter the chapter's controlling phrase. The apodosis prescribes referral to the priestly diagnostician.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἀνθρώπῳfor a manDativedative of reference (fronted topic: 'in the case of a man')→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; renders אָדָם; the fronted dative ἀνθρώπῳ … τινι is a Hebraizing topic-marker (= אָדָם כִּי, 'when a person…'), setting the subject of the case-law before the conditional clause.
ἐάνifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis, + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; with the subjunctive γένηται introduces the protasis of the case-law; characteristic of the casuistic legislative style of Leviticus.
τινιanyDativeindefinite pronoun in apposition to ἀνθρώπῳ ('any (man)')→ participant reference or interestτις, τι: indefinite pronoun 'someone / any'; the enclitic dative τινι reinforces ἀνθρώπῳ, generalising the law to any individual whatsoever.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the affection's coming-into-being)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be / arise'; renders הָיָה; the aorist subjunctive presents the appearance of the skin-condition as a contingent event triggering the protocol.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δέρματιskinDativedative of place (locative: 'in the skin')→ sphere or referenceδέρμα: 'skin / hide'; renders עוֹר; the chapter's base term for the bodily surface examined; later (vv. 47–59) the same word denotes worked leather.
χρωτὸςof body / fleshGenitivegenitive (partitive/possessive: 'skin of the body')→ relational specificationχρώς: 'skin-surface / body / flesh'; renders בָּשָׂר; the recurrent collocation δέρμα χρωτός ('skin of the body') is a near-pleonastic Hebraism designating the living bodily surface.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χρωτός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: personal/possessive pronoun; here 'his body.'
οὐλὴswelling / scarNominativesubject of γένηται ('a swelling arises')→ participant prominenceοὐλή: 'scar / weal / raised swelling'; renders שְׂאֵת ('swelling/rising'); one of the three cardinal lesion-types of the chapter (swelling, scab, bright spot).
σημασίαςof a mark / spotGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'a swelling consisting of a bright mark')→ relational specificationσημασία: 'sign / mark / indication'; renders סַפַּחַת ('scab/eruption') or functions with טַהֶרֶת; here a marked spot/blemish; the genitive qualifies οὐλή as a particular kind of bright blemish.
τηλαυγὴςbright / far-shiningNominativepredicate/attributive adjective (modifying οὐλή: 'bright')→ participant prominenceτηλαυγής: lit. 'shining from afar, conspicuous, bright'; renders בַּהֶרֶת ('bright spot'); a key diagnostic descriptor for a luminous patch on the skin (cf. vv. 4, 19, 24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis (second, coordinate subjunctive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι (repeated): the second γένηται restates the condition with the technical phrase ἁφὴ λέπρας, narrowing the swelling/mark to a potentially leprous affection.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δέρματιskinDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place (locative).
χρωτὸςof bodyGenitivegenitive (partitive/possessive)→ relational specificationχρωτὸς: meaning 'of body'; it serves as genitive (partitive/possessive).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἁφὴaffection / markNominativesubject of the second γένηται ('a leprous affection arises')→ participant prominenceἁφή: lit. 'a touch'; the chapter's master technical term for the 'mark / plague / affection' of disease, rendering Hebrew נֶגַע ('stroke / mark / plague'); recurs throughout the chapter as the object the priest examines and adjudicates.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'an affection of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (broadly, a scaly skin-disease), renders צָרַעַת; the term covers a range of conditions, not Hansen's disease; ἁφὴ λέπρας ('the mark of leprosy') is the controlling phrase of the chapter.
καὶand / thenapodotic καί (introducing the consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here apodotic, introducing the main clause (apodosis) of the case-law after the conditional protasis — a Hebraizing use (= waw-apodosis).
ἀχθήσεταιhe shall be broughtFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἄγωmain verb of the apodosis (passive: 'he is to be brought')→ prescriptive/legislative future (mandated procedure)ἄγω (fut. pass.): 'lead / bring'; renders הוּבָא (Hophal of בּוֹא); the legislative future expresses obligation — the afflicted person must be brought to the priest; the passive leaves the bringer unspecified.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑαρωνAaronaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; named here as the archetypal priestly diagnostician; the alternative 'or one of his sons the priests' extends the office to the whole Aaronic line.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (in apposition to Ααρων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ααρων ('Aaron the priest')→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest as cultic diagnostician is the central human agent of the chapter; cf. Jesus' instruction to the cleansed leper, 'show yourself to the priest' (Matt 8:4).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; introduces the alternative diagnostician — any of Aaron's priestly sons.
ἕναoneAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (parallel to Ααρων: 'or to one')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the masculine accusative ἕνα governs the partitive genitive τῶν υἱῶν ('one of the sons').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἕνα: 'one of the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; the priestly office is hereditary, vested in Aaron's male descendants.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Aaron's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Aaron's sons).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (in apposition to υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωνpriestsGenitivegenitive in apposition to υἱῶν ('the sons … the priests')→ relational specificationἱερεύς (gen. pl.): the appositional 'the priests' specifies that the relevant sons are those holding priestly office.
3
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν ἐν δέρματι τοῦ χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ θρὶξ ἐν τῇ ἁφῇ μεταβάλῃ λευκή καὶ ἡ ὄψις τῆς ἁφῆς ταπεινὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος τοῦ χρωτός ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτόν
And the priest shall examine the affection in the skin of his body; and if the hair in the affection has turned white and the appearance of the affection is lower than the skin of the body, it is a leprous affection; and the priest shall examine it and pronounce him unclean.
The diagnostic core of the chapter. The recurring main verb ὄψεται ('the priest shall examine') governs the whole protocol. Two cardinal positive signs are stated together: whitened hair in the affection (θρὶξ … λευκή) and depth lower than the skin (ταπεινὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος). When both hold, the verdict ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν follows, and the priest pronounces unclean (μιανεῖ).
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examine / seeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the priest's diagnostic act)→ prescriptive future (mandated examination)ὁράω (fut. mid. ὄψεται): 'see / look at / examine'; renders רָאָה; the technical verb for the priest's visual diagnosis, recurring throughout the chapter as the hinge of each verdict.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the priest as diagnostician; the grammatical subject of nearly every verdict-clause in the chapter.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffection / markAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφή: the 'mark / affection' (= נֶגַע); the object of the priest's examination.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δέρματιskinDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place (locative).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωτὸςbodyGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'skin of the body')→ relational specificationχρωτὸς: meaning 'body'; it serves as genitive (partitive: 'skin of the body').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶand / whenconjunction (introducing the diagnostic condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the conditional content of the examination ('and if the hair…').
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of μεταβάλῃ→ participant prominenceθρίξ: 'hair'; renders שֵׂעָר; the colour-change of the hair within the lesion (to white) is the first cardinal sign of true leprosy.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφῇaffectionDativedative of place ('the hair in the affection')→ sphere or referenceἁφῇ: meaning 'affection'; it serves as dative of place ('the hair in the affection').
μεταβάλῃhas turned / changedAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωverb of the diagnostic condition (subjunctive)→ resultative aorist subjunctive (a completed change of colour)μεταβάλλω: 'change / turn'; renders הָפַךְ; here intransitive, 'has turned (white)'; the change of the hair's colour to white is decisive evidence.
λευκήwhiteNominativepredicate adjective (result of μεταβάλῃ: 'turned white')→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white'; renders לָבָן; whiteness of the hair within the lesion is the principal positive sign of leprous uncleanness throughout the chapter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second diagnostic sign)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject (with implied ἐστίν: 'the appearance is lower')→ participant prominenceὄψις: 'sight / appearance / look'; renders מַרְאֶה; the visible aspect of the lesion, especially its depth relative to the surrounding skin.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφῆςaffectionGenitivegenitive ('the appearance of the affection')→ relational specificationἁφῆς: meaning 'affection'; it serves as genitive ('the appearance of the affection').
ταπεινὴlow / depressedNominativepredicate adjective ('the appearance is lower [than the skin]')→ participant prominenceταπεινός: 'low / sunken / depressed'; renders עָמֹק ('deep'); the lesion's appearance being 'lower / deeper than the skin' is the second cardinal sign of leprous uncleanness.
ἀπὸ(lower) than / frompreposition + genitive (comparison: 'lower than the skin')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here in a comparative sense ('lower than'), a Hebraizing use of מִן after the comparative-like adjective ταπεινή.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison (with ἀπό: 'than the skin')→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison (with ἀπό: 'than the skin').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωτόςbodyGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'skin of the body')→ relational specificationχρωτός: meaning 'body'; it serves as genitive (partitive: 'skin of the body').
ἁφὴaffectionNominativepredicate nominative (verdict: 'it is a leprous affection')→ participant prominenceἁφή: in the verdict-formula ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν, the priest's authoritative diagnosis.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive, with ἁφή)→ relational specificationλέπρα: the verdict declares the affection genuinely leprous.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ gnomic/declarative present (authoritative pronouncement)εἰμί: the copula in the priest's verdict-formula 'it is a leprous affection'; the present tense gives the pronouncement legal force.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (confirmatory examination)→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the repeated ὄψεται emphasises the deliberateness of the priest's inspection before pronouncing the verdict.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict: pronouncing unclean)→ declarative future (priestly pronouncement, not causation)μιαίνω: 'defile / pollute'; here in the declarative-estimative sense 'pronounce/declare unclean,' rendering טִמֵּא (Piel); the priest does not make the person unclean but authoritatively recognises and declares the state — a key technical verb of the chapter (opposed to καθαρίζω 'pronounce clean').
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτός: the afflicted person, object of the priest's verdict.
4
ἐὰν δὲ τηλαυγὴς λευκὴ ᾖ ἐν τῷ δέρματι τοῦ χρωτός καὶ ταπεινὴ μὴ ᾖ ἡ ὄψις αὐτῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος καὶ ἡ θρὶξ αὐτοῦ οὐ μετέβαλεν τρίχα λευκήν αὐτὴ δέ ἐστιν ἀμαυρά καὶ ἀφοριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
But if there is a bright white spot in the skin of the body and its appearance is not lower than the skin, and the hair has not turned white, but it is dim, then the priest shall quarantine the affection seven days.
The first counter-case (ἐὰν δέ marks the adversative alternative to v. 3): when the two cardinal signs are absent — the lesion is not deep and the hair has not whitened, and the spot is merely dim (ἀμαυρά) — the verdict is suspended and the priest imposes a seven-day quarantine (ἀφοριεῖ … ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας). ἀφορίζω ('set apart / sequester') is the chapter's technical term for diagnostic isolation.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the alternative protasis.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the contrast with the clear-cut case of v. 3 — here the diagnosis is uncertain.
τηλαυγὴςbrightNominativepredicate adjective (with λευκή and ᾖ)→ participant prominenceτηλαυγής: 'bright / conspicuous' (= בַּהֶרֶת); the bright spot whose status is in doubt.
λευκὴwhiteNominativepredicate adjective ('a bright white spot')→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white'; describes the bright patch itself (not yet the hair).
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): the existential/copulative verb of the condition ('if there is a bright white spot').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place (locative).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωτόςbodyGenitivegenitive (partitive)→ relational specificationχρωτός: meaning 'body'; it serves as genitive (partitive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινὴlow / deepNominativepredicate adjective (negated: 'not lower')→ participant prominenceταπεινός: 'low / depressed'; here negated — the lesion is not sunken below the skin, so the first cardinal sign is absent.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive ᾖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the subjunctive in the conditional clause.
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with negated ταπεινή)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): 'if … is not (lower).'
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject of ᾖ ('its appearance')→ participant prominenceὄψις: the lesion's visible aspect/depth (cf. v. 3).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to the bright spot/affection)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers back to the feminine ἁφή/spot.
ἀπὸ(lower) thanpreposition + genitive (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: comparative 'than the skin' (Hebraizing מִן).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of μετέβαλεν→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the hair, whose non-whitening here removes the second cardinal sign.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his hair')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his hair').
οὐnotnegative particle (with indicative μετέβαλεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: factual negation of the indicative verb.
μετέβαλενturned / changedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωmain verb of the condition (negated: 'has not turned')→ constative aorist (no completed colour-change)μεταβάλλω: 'change / turn'; here transitive with τρίχα λευκήν as object ('has not turned the hair white'); absence of whitening keeps the diagnosis open.
τρίχαhairAccusativedirect object of μετέβαλεν (cognate-like: 'turned the hair white')→ object specificationθρίξ (acc. τρίχα): the object of μεταβάλλω here; the construction 'has not turned the hair white' is a Hebraizing transitive idiom.
λευκήνwhiteAccusativepredicative accusative (modifying τρίχα: '[into] white')→ object specificationλευκός: 'white'; predicative with τρίχα.
αὐτὴitNominativesubject (referring to the bright spot)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the bright spot itself, subject of ἐστιν.
δέbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrastive — 'but it is dim.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: copula with the predicate ἀμαυρά.
ἀμαυράdim / faintNominativepredicate adjective ('it is dim')→ participant prominenceἀμαυρός: 'dim / dull / faint'; renders כֵּהָה ('faded/dull'); a dim, fading spot is non-diagnostic and triggers the quarantine rather than an immediate verdict.
καὶthenapodotic καί (introducing the consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, introducing the prescribed action.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantine / set apartFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb of the apodosis (the priest's action)→ prescriptive future (mandated diagnostic isolation)ἀφορίζω: 'set apart / separate / sequester'; renders הִסְגִּיר ('shut up / confine'); the chapter's technical term for the diagnostic quarantine, here for seven days; the priest withholds the verdict pending re-examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ (metonymy: the person bearing the affection)→ object specificationἁφή: the affection (and by metonymy its bearer) is what is quarantined.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable, accusative of extent of time)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; the seven-day quarantine (ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας) is the standard diagnostic interval, evoking the sabbatical/cultic completeness of the number.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of duration; the seven-day interval recurs throughout the chapter (vv. 5, 21, 26, 31, 33, 50, 54).
5
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ καὶ ἰδοὺ ἡ ἁφὴ μένει ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ οὐ μετέπεσεν ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τῷ δέρματι καὶ ἀφοριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας τὸ δεύτερον
And the priest shall examine the affection on the seventh day, and behold, if the affection remains before him and the affection has not spread in the skin, then the priest shall quarantine him seven days a second time.
The seventh-day re-examination. If the lesion is static (μένει) and has not spread (οὐ μετέπεσεν), the case remains undecided and a second seven-day quarantine (τὸ δεύτερον) is imposed. The deictic ἰδού ('behold') is the LXX's standard rendering of הִנֵּה, framing the priest's observation. μεταπίπτω ('change place / spread') is the technical verb for the lesion's progression.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (re-examination)→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's re-inspection at the end of the first quarantine.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφὴν: meaning 'affection'; it serves as direct object of ὄψεται.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: dative of point of time, 'on the … day.'
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive, with ἑβδόμῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ: 'the seventh day')→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; renders שְׁבִיעִי; the seventh day marks the close of the diagnostic week, the appointed time of re-examination.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection (deictic)→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; a frozen presentative marking the content of what the priest observes; recurs throughout the chapter at each examination.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of μένει→ participant prominenceἁφὴ: meaning 'affection'; it serves as subject of μένει.
μένειremainsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μένωmain verb (the lesion's static state)→ durative present (continuing condition)μένω: 'remain / stay / abide'; renders עָמַד ('stand/stay'); the affection's remaining unchanged is itself diagnostically inconclusive and prolongs the quarantine.
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofpreposition + genitive ('before him')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי / בְּעֵינָיו; here 'remains before him' = stays as the priest saw it, unchanged in his sight.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (the priest)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the priest.
οὐnotnegative particle (with indicative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετέπεσενhas spread / shiftedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταπίπτωmain verb (negated: 'has not spread')→ constative aorist (no completed change/spread)μεταπίπτω: lit. 'fall over into another state, change'; here 'shift / spread'; renders פָּשָׂה ('spread'); the spreading of the lesion is the key prognostic sign — its absence keeps the case open, its presence confirms leprosy.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of μετέπεσεν→ participant prominenceἁφὴ: meaning 'affection'; it serves as subject of μετέπεσεν.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place (locative).
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb of the apodosis→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / sequester'; the second imposition of quarantine, here on the person (αὐτόν).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀφοριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the second seven-day interval.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative of extent of time.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονa second timeAccusativeadverbial accusative ('the second time')→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'second'; the neuter τὸ δεύτερον is adverbial, 'a second time'; renders שֵׁנִית; marks the doubled quarantine characteristic of the inconclusive cases.
6
καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ τὸ δεύτερον καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀμαυρὰ ἡ ἁφή οὐ μετέπεσεν ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τῷ δέρματι καθαριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς σημασία γάρ ἐστιν καὶ πλυνάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια καθαρὸς ἔσται
And the priest shall examine him on the seventh day a second time, and behold, if the affection is dim and the affection has not spread in the skin, the priest shall pronounce him clean; for it is a mere mark, and when he has washed his garments he shall be clean.
The second seventh-day examination resolves the case toward cleanness: the dim, non-spreading lesion is judged a mere σημασία ('blemish/mark,' not leprosy), and the priest pronounces clean (καθαριεῖ). The explanatory γάρ supplies the rationale, and the participial clause πλυνάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια prescribes the ritual washing that completes the return to purity.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's second re-examination, after the doubled quarantine.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὄψεται.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the close of the second diagnostic week.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονa second timeAccusativeadverbial accusative→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'a second time'; marks this as the second of the doubled examinations.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה,' presenting the priest's observation.
ἀμαυρὰdimNominativepredicate adjective ('the affection is dim')→ participant prominenceἀμαυρός: 'dim / faded' (= כֵּהָה); the fading of the lesion confirms it is not progressive leprosy.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject (with implied copula)→ participant prominenceἁφή: meaning 'affection'; it serves as subject (with implied copula).
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετέπεσενhas spreadAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταπίπτωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristμεταπίπτω: 'spread / shift' (= פָּשָׂה); its absence here, combined with the fading, yields the clean verdict.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of μετέπεσεν→ participant prominenceἁφὴ: meaning 'affection'; it serves as subject of μετέπεσεν.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative verdict of cleanness)→ declarative future (priestly pronouncement)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse / declare clean'; here in the declarative-estimative sense 'pronounce clean,' rendering טִהַר (Piel); the positive counterpart of μιαίνω; the priest authoritatively restores the person to the pure community.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καθαριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
σημασίαa mark / blemishNominativepredicate nominative (verdict-rationale: 'it is a mere mark')→ participant prominenceσημασία: 'mark / blemish' (= מִסְפַּחַת / סַפַּחַת); a benign blemish, explicitly distinguished from true λέπρα; the explanatory clause justifies the clean verdict.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the reason for the clean verdict — it is only a blemish, not leprosy.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-rationale)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula in the explanatory verdict 'for it is a (mere) blemish.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυνάμενοςhaving washedAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πλύνωcircumstantial participle (conditional/temporal: 'when he has washed')→ antecedent aorist participle (action prior to ἔσται)πλύνω: 'wash (clothing)'; renders כִּבֵּס; the middle πλυνάμενος ('having washed for himself') prescribes laundering the garments as the ritual act completing the purification; cf. the washing required of the cleansed in Lev 14.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνάμενος→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; the washing of garments is a standard LXX purification act; note that the same word ἱμάτιον becomes the focus of the garment-leprosy section (vv. 47–59).
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται: 'he shall be clean')→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; renders טָהוֹר; the cultic state of purity that permits participation in the community and worship.
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of resulting state)→ predictive future (resulting purity)εἰμί (fut.): 'shall be'; the future copula declaring the restored state of purity once the washing is done.
7
ἐὰν δὲ μεταβαλοῦσα μεταπέσῃ ἡ σημασία ἐν τῷ δέρματι μετὰ τὸ ἰδεῖν αὐτὸν τὸν ἱερέα τοῦ καθαρίσαι αὐτόν καὶ ὀφθήσεται τὸ δεύτερον τῷ ἱερεῖ
But if the mark, changing, spreads in the skin after the priest has seen him to pronounce him clean, then he shall present himself to the priest a second time.
A relapse clause: if the blemish, having been pronounced clean, then changes and spreads, the person must return to the priest. The pleonastic participle + finite verb μεταβαλοῦσα μεταπέσῃ ('changing, it spreads') intensifies the notion of progression. The two articular infinitives (μετὰ τὸ ἰδεῖν, temporal; τοῦ καθαρίσαι, purpose) are characteristic LXX legal syntax.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts the relapse with the clean verdict of v. 6.
μεταβαλοῦσαchangingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · μεταβάλλωcircumstantial participle (modal/intensive, with μεταπέσῃ)→ coincident aorist participle (Hebraizing intensification of the finite verb)μεταβάλλω (aor. ptc.): 'change'; the feminine participle agrees with σημασία; the participle-plus-cognate-finite construction μεταβαλοῦσα μεταπέσῃ renders a Hebrew intensifying idiom, stressing that the blemish really does undergo change and spread.
μεταπέσῃspreadsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μεταπίπτωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (onset of spreading)μεταπίπτω: 'shift / spread' (= פָּשָׂה); the spreading after a clean verdict reopens the diagnosis.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σημασίαmark / blemishNominativesubject of μεταπέσῃ→ participant prominenceσημασία: the blemish previously declared benign now behaving progressively.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, governing articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; here with the articular infinitive τὸ ἰδεῖν, 'after the seeing' = 'after the priest has seen.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδεῖνto see / seeingAor Act Inf · ὁράωarticular infinitive (object of μετά; temporal clause)→ aorist infinitive (the completed act of inspection)ὁράω (aor. inf.): the articular infinitive τὸ ἰδεῖν in a temporal phrase 'after the priest's seeing'; the accusative αὐτόν is its object and τὸν ἱερέα its subject.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of the infinitive ἰδεῖν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the afflicted person, object of the priest's earlier seeing.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἰδεῖν→ object specificationἱερεύς: subject of the articular infinitive (accusative subject of infinitive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (genitive, substantivizing the purpose-infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρίσαιto pronounce cleanAor Act Inf · καθαρίζωgenitive articular infinitive of purpose ('in order to pronounce him clean')→ aorist infinitive (purpose)καθαρίζω (aor. inf.): the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ καθαρίσαι expresses purpose — the priest had seen him 'in order to pronounce him clean'; this Hebraizing genitive-infinitive of purpose is common in LXX legal prose.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of the infinitive καθαρίσαι→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of the infinitive καθαρίσαι.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθήσεταιhe shall present himself / be seenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of the apodosis (passive: 'he shall be seen / show himself')→ prescriptive future (mandated re-presentation)ὁράω (fut. pass. ὀφθήσεται): 'be seen / appear / show oneself'; renders נִרְאָה (Niphal); the afflicted must again present himself for inspection — the passive functions reflexively ('show himself').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονa second timeAccusativeadverbial accusative→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'a second time'; the relapse requires a renewed examination.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative of reference/agent ('to/before the priest')→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς (dat.): the dative indicates before whom the person presents himself.
8
καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ μετέπεσεν ἡ σημασία ἐν τῷ δέρματι καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς λέπρα ἐστίν
And the priest shall examine him, and behold, if the mark has spread in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is leprosy.
The relapse is adjudicated: a spreading mark is now declared λέπρα and the priest pronounces unclean (μιανεῖ). The terse verdict λέπρα ἐστίν seals the diagnosis, closing the first major case-law (vv. 2–8) on the basic skin-affection.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination at the re-presentation.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὄψεται.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה'; presents the observed fact.
μετέπεσενhas spreadAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταπίπτωmain verb (the decisive sign)→ constative aorist (completed spread)μεταπίπτω: 'spread' (= פָּשָׂה); here positive — the spreading confirms leprosy.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σημασίαmarkNominativesubject of μετέπεσεν→ participant prominenceσημασία: meaning 'mark'; it serves as subject of μετέπεσεν.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureμιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא); the verdict of uncleanness on the spreading lesion.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict: 'it is leprosy')→ participant prominenceλέπρα: 'leprosy' (= צָרַעַת); the curt verdict-formula λέπρα ἐστίν closes the case.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula in the verdict 'it is leprosy.'
9
καὶ ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐὰν γένηται ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ καὶ ἥξει πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα
And if a leprous affection comes upon a man, then he shall come to the priest.
A fresh case-law begins, again opening with ἁφὴ λέπρας fronted before the conditional, parallel to v. 2. The apodosis ἥξει πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα ('he shall come to the priest') re-establishes the diagnostic referral that frames the new section on chronic leprosy and the paradox of total whiteness.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new case-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of γένηται (fronted topic)→ participant prominenceἁφή: the leprous mark (= נֶגַע), fronted as topic of the new law.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive, with ἁφή)→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (= צָרַעַת).
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιcomes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: 'come to be / arise' (= הָיָה); the affection's appearance triggers the referral.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ἀνθρώπῳa manDativedative of place ('in a man')→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person' (= אָדָם).
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειhe shall comeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἥκωmain verb of the apodosis→ prescriptive future (mandated referral)ἥκω: 'come / have come / arrive'; renders בּוֹא; the afflicted person himself comes to the priest for diagnosis.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: the diagnostician to whom he comes.
10
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐλὴ λευκὴ ἐν τῷ δέρματι καὶ αὕτη μετέβαλεν τρίχα λευκήν καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑγιοῦς τῆς σαρκὸς τῆς ζώσης ἐν τῇ οὐλῇ
And the priest shall examine him, and behold, if there is a white swelling in the skin, and it has turned the hair white, and there is some of the sound part of the living flesh in the swelling,
The diagnostic signs of chronic leprosy: a white swelling (οὐλὴ λευκή) that has whitened the hair, with 'living flesh' (σὰρξ ζῶσα) present in the swelling. The presence of raw/living flesh is the distinctive marker of the established disease, picked up in v. 14. The verse runs syntactically into v. 11's verdict.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
οὐλὴswellingNominativesubject (with implied copula: 'there is a swelling')→ participant prominenceοὐλή: 'swelling / scar' (= שְׂאֵת); here a white raised swelling, the chief sign of chronic leprosy.
λευκὴwhiteNominativeattributive adjective (modifying οὐλή)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white' (= לָבָן).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηit / thisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject: the swelling)→ participant referenceοὗτος, αὕτη: 'this'; the feminine αὕτη refers to the swelling (οὐλή), subject of μετέβαλεν.
μετέβαλενhas turnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωmain verb (transitive: 'turned the hair white')→ constative aorist (completed colour-change)μεταβάλλω: 'change / turn'; transitive with τρίχα λευκήν, 'has turned the hair white' (= הָפַךְ); the whitened hair is the cardinal sign.
τρίχαhairAccusativedirect object of μετέβαλεν→ object specificationθρίξ (acc. τρίχα): the hair turned white within the lesion.
λευκήνwhiteAccusativepredicative accusative (modifying τρίχα)→ object specificationλευκός: predicative, '[turned the hair] white.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸ(some) ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the sound flesh')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here partitive, 'some of'; with an implied 'there is' = 'there is part of the sound living flesh in the swelling.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing ὑγιοῦς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑγιοῦςsound / healthy partGenitivesubstantivized adjective (partitive genitive: 'the sound part')→ relational specificationὑγιής: 'sound / healthy / whole'; renders חַי / בָּשָׂר חַי; the substantivized τὸ ὑγιές denotes the healthy/sound tissue; its persistence within the swelling marks the lesion as established disease.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκὸςfleshGenitivegenitive ('of the flesh')→ relational specificationσάρξ: 'flesh'; renders בָּשָׂר; the 'living flesh' is the raw tissue exposed within the lesion.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (attributive, with ζώσης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζώσηςlivingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Fem · ζάωattributive participle (modifying σαρκός: 'living flesh')→ imperfective participle (ongoing state)ζάω (pres. ptc.): 'live'; the attributive σὰρξ ζῶσα ('living flesh') renders בָּשָׂר חַי, the raw, unhealed quick flesh whose presence signals active disease (cf. v. 14, χρὼς ζῶν).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐλῇswellingDativedative of place ('in the swelling')→ sphere or referenceοὐλή: the swelling within which the living flesh appears.
11
λέπρα παλαιουμένη ἐστίν ἐν τῷ δέρματι τοῦ χρωτός ἐστιν καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἀφοριεῖ αὐτόν ὅτι ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν
it is a chronic leprosy in the skin of the body; and the priest shall pronounce him unclean and set him apart, for he is unclean.
The verdict on the established case: λέπρα παλαιουμένη ('an old / inveterate leprosy'). Because the disease is manifestly chronic, no quarantine is needed; the priest immediately pronounces unclean (μιανεῖ) and sets the man apart (ἀφοριεῖ), the causal ὅτι clause giving the ground: 'for he is unclean (ἀκάθαρτος).'
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: 'leprosy' (= צָרַעַת); here qualified as chronic/inveterate.
παλαιουμένηgrowing old / chronicPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Fem · παλαιόωattributive participle (modifying λέπρα: 'an aging/chronic leprosy')→ imperfective passive participle (ongoing process of becoming old)παλαιόω (pres. pass. ptc.): 'make/grow old, become obsolete'; the passive participle 'becoming old' renders Hebrew נוֹשֶׁנֶת ('inveterate / long-standing'); the leprosy is established and chronic, hence no quarantine is required.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula of the verdict.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωτόςbodyGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'skin of the body')→ relational specificationχρωτός: meaning 'body'; it serves as genitive (partitive: 'skin of the body').
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (resumptive repetition)→ declarative presentεἰμί: the repeated ἐστιν resumes the verdict after the locative phrase, a Hebraizing redundancy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureμιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא); immediate verdict, no quarantine.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall set apartFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb (segregation, not diagnostic quarantine here)→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / segregate'; here not a diagnostic quarantine but the segregation of one already declared unclean — the disease is settled.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀφοριεῖ.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the ground of the verdict — 'for he is unclean.'
ἀκάθαρτόςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective ('he is unclean')→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean / impure'; renders טָמֵא; the negated counterpart of καθαρός; the term that, intensified to a cry, recurs at v. 45 (ἀκάθαρτος ἀκάθαρτος).
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (causal clause)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula in the causal clause stating the man's settled impure status.
12
ἐὰν δὲ ἐξανθοῦσα ἐξανθήσῃ ἡ λέπρα ἐν τῷ δέρματι καὶ καλύψῃ ἡ λέπρα πᾶν τὸ δέρμα τῆς ἁφῆς ἀπὸ κεφαλῆς ἕως ποδῶν καθ᾿ ὅλην τὴν ὅρασιν τοῦ ἱερέως
But if the leprosy breaks out all over in the skin and the leprosy covers all the skin of the affection from head to foot, throughout the whole range of the priest's sight,
The striking counter-case that produces the chapter's central paradox. The pleonastic ἐξανθοῦσα ἐξανθήσῃ ('breaking out, it breaks out' = it utterly erupts) renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute construction. When the leprosy covers the entire body 'from head to foot,' the verdict will (surprisingly) be clean — the apodosis follows in v. 13. καθ᾿ ὅλην τὴν ὅρασιν τοῦ ἱερέως ('throughout the whole range of the priest's sight') stresses the totality.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the contrasting counter-case.
ἐξανθοῦσαbreaking outPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἐξανθέωcircumstantial participle (intensive, with ἐξανθήσῃ)→ imperfective participle reinforcing the cognate finite verb (Hebraism)ἐξανθέω (pres. ptc.): 'blossom out / break out / erupt' (of an eruption on the skin); the participle + cognate finite verb ἐξανθοῦσα ἐξανθήσῃ renders the Hebrew infinitive-absolute פָּרוֹחַ תִּפְרַח ('it surely breaks out'), expressing the totality of the eruption.
ἐξανθήσῃbreaks outAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐξανθέωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveἐξανθέω (aor. subj.): the finite member of the cognate construction; the leprosy fully erupts over the skin.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραleprosyNominativesubject of ἐξανθήσῃ→ participant prominenceλέπρα: the eruption that spreads over the whole body.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλύψῃcoversAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καλύπτωverb of the protasis (coordinate subjunctive)→ resultative aorist subjunctive (complete covering)καλύπτω: 'cover / conceal'; renders כִּסָּה; the total covering of the body by the eruption is the condition for the paradoxical clean verdict of v. 13.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραleprosyNominativesubject of καλύψῃ→ participant prominenceλέπρα: meaning 'leprosy'; it serves as subject of καλύψῃ.
πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δέρμα: 'all the skin')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the neuter πᾶν with δέρμα stresses the totality of the covering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρμαskinAccusativedirect object of καλύψῃ→ object specificationδέρμα: the whole bodily surface that the eruption covers.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφῆςaffectionGenitivegenitive ('the skin of the affection' = the afflicted surface)→ relational specificationἁφή: the affection now coextensive with the whole skin.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (merism start-point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: the merism ἀπὸ κεφαλῆς ἕως ποδῶν ('from head to foot') expresses the entire body.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive of source (merism: 'from head')→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the upper pole of the head-to-foot merism.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (merism end-point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / to'; completes the head-to-foot merism.
ποδῶνfeetGenitivegenitive of end-point (merism: 'to feet')→ relational specificationπούς (gen. pl. ποδῶν): 'foot'; renders רֶגֶל; the lower pole of the merism, marking total bodily coverage.
καθ᾿throughoutpreposition + accusative (distributive/extent)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here 'throughout / over the whole extent of'; stresses the comprehensiveness of the priest's inspection.
ὅληνwholeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὅρασιν)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; with ὅρασιν, 'the whole field of view.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρασινsight / range of visionAccusativeobject of κατά ('throughout the whole sight')→ object specificationὅρασις: 'sight / appearance / range of vision'; renders מַרְאֶה; 'the whole range of the priest's sight' = wherever the priest can see, the eruption extends.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestGenitivegenitive of possession ('the priest's sight')→ relational specificationἱερεύς (gen.): the priest whose comprehensive inspection is in view.
13
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐκάλυψεν ἡ λέπρα πᾶν τὸ δέρμα τοῦ χρωτός καὶ καθαριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφήν ὅτι πᾶν μετέβαλεν λευκόν καθαρόν ἐστιν
then the priest shall examine him, and behold, if the leprosy has covered all the skin of the body, then the priest shall pronounce the affection clean, because it has all turned white; it is clean.
The chapter's most striking ruling: when the leprosy has wholly covered the body and 'all has turned white,' the priest pronounces clean (καθαριεῖ). The causal ὅτι πᾶν μετέβαλεν λευκόν gives the rationale — uniform whiteness, without the tell-tale raw flesh, is benign. The terse καθαρόν ἐστιν seals the paradox, which v. 14 immediately qualifies.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis of v. 12's condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination of the wholly-covered body.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
ἐκάλυψενhas coveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλύπτωmain verb (the observed fact)→ constative aorist (completed covering)καλύπτω: 'cover' (= כִּסָּה); the eruption has covered the entire body.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραleprosyNominativesubject of ἐκάλυψεν→ participant prominenceλέπρα: meaning 'leprosy'; it serves as subject of ἐκάλυψεν.
πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δέρμα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; total coverage.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρμαskinAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλυψεν→ object specificationδέρμα: meaning 'skin'; it serves as direct object of ἐκάλυψεν.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωτόςbodyGenitivegenitive (partitive)→ relational specificationχρωτός: meaning 'body'; it serves as genitive (partitive).
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative verdict of cleanness)→ declarative futureκαθαρίζω: 'pronounce clean' (= טִהַר); the paradoxical clean verdict on the wholly-white body.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καθαριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήνaffectionAccusativeaccusative of respect ('clean as to the affection') / second object→ object specificationἁφή: 'the priest shall pronounce him clean as regards the affection'; the affection itself is declared clean.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the ground of the clean verdict.
πᾶνallNominativesubject ('all [of it]') / adverbial 'wholly'→ participant prominenceπᾶς: here substantival/adverbial, 'the whole has turned white.'
μετέβαλενhas turnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωmain verb of the causal clause→ constative aoristμεταβάλλω: 'turn / change'; here 'all has turned white' — uniform whiteness without raw flesh is the basis of cleanness.
λευκόνwhiteNominativepredicate adjective ('[turned] white')→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white'; the uniform whitening, here paradoxically a sign of cleanness rather than disease.
καθαρόνcleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict: 'it is clean')→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר); the verdict-formula.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula in the verdict 'it is clean.'
14
καὶ ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ ὀφθῇ ἐν αὐτῷ χρὼς ζῶν μιανθήσεται
But on whatever day living flesh appears in him, he shall be unclean.
The crucial qualification that resolves the paradox of vv. 12–13: the moment 'living flesh' (χρὼς ζῶν, raw quick flesh) appears, the person becomes unclean again. The indefinite relative ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ ('on whatever day') makes the rule time-independent; the passive μιανθήσεται states the resulting state of impurity.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative force here)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾗon whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, with ἡμέρᾳ: 'on which day')→ participant reference or interestὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the dative ᾗ … ἡμέρᾳ with ἄν forms an indefinite temporal clause, 'on whatever day.'
ἂνevermodal particle (indefinite, with subjunctive ὀφθῇ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle generalising the relative clause ('whatever day').
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (with ᾗ: 'on which day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the temporal antecedent of the indefinite relative clause.
ὀφθῇappearsAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the indefinite temporal clause (subjunctive)→ ingressive aorist passive subjunctive ('comes to be seen / appears')ὁράω (aor. pass. subj.): 'be seen / appear'; renders נִרְאָה (Niphal); the appearance of living flesh is the trigger event.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῷhimDativedative of place ('in him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the afflicted person.
χρὼςfleshNominativesubject of ὀφθῇ→ participant prominenceχρώς: 'skin / flesh / body-surface'; here the raw bodily tissue; χρὼς ζῶν ('living flesh') is the decisive sign of active disease.
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ζάωattributive participle (modifying χρώς: 'living flesh')→ imperfective participle (ongoing state)ζάω (pres. ptc.): 'live'; χρὼς ζῶν renders בָּשָׂר חַי, the raw 'quick' flesh; its appearance reverses the clean verdict and renders the person unclean.
μιανθήσεταιhe shall be uncleanFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (passive: declared/rendered unclean)→ predictive future passive (resulting impurity)μιαίνω (fut. pass.): 'be defiled / be declared unclean'; the passive states the resulting impure status once living flesh appears — the antithesis of the clean verdict of v. 13.
15
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸν χρῶτα τὸν ὑγιῆ καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ χρὼς ὁ ὑγιής ὅτι ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν λέπρα ἐστίν
And the priest shall examine the sound flesh, and the sound flesh shall render him unclean, because it is unclean; it is leprosy.
The verdict on the reappeared raw flesh. Notably the grammatical subject of μιανεῖ here is not the priest but ὁ χρὼς ὁ ὑγιής ('the sound/living flesh shall defile him') — the disease-tissue itself is the agent of impurity. The causal ὅτι ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν and the terse λέπρα ἐστίν seal the diagnosis; here ὑγιής ('sound') denotes the exposed quick flesh, paradoxically the unclean element.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination of the raw flesh.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρῶταfleshAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationχρώς (acc. χρῶτα): the exposed raw flesh, object of inspection.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with ὑγιῆ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑγιῆsound / raw-quickAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χρῶτα)→ object specificationὑγιής: 'sound / whole'; here paradoxically describing the raw quick flesh (the 'living' tissue of v. 14); its exposure marks active disease, so the 'sound flesh' is itself unclean.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall render uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (subject = the sound flesh, not the priest)→ predictive future (the flesh is the agent of defilement)μιαίνω: here the subject is ὁ χρώς ('the flesh shall defile him') — the diseased tissue itself renders the person unclean; the verb thus bears its proper causative force ('make unclean') rather than the declarative sense it has with the priest as subject.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρὼςfleshNominativesubject of μιανεῖ→ participant prominenceχρώς: the raw flesh as grammatical agent of defilement.
ὁtheNominativearticle (attributive, with ὑγιής)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑγιήςsound / raw-quickNominativeattributive adjective (modifying χρώς)→ participant prominenceὑγιής: the 'sound' (raw quick) flesh; its exposure is what defiles.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; the ground of the unclean verdict.
ἀκάθαρτόςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective ('it is unclean')→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (= טָמֵא); the raw flesh is itself impure.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (causal clause)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: the curt verdict λέπρα ἐστίν.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula in the verdict 'it is leprosy.'
16
ἐὰν δὲ ἀποκαταστῇ ὁ χρὼς ὁ ὑγιὴς καὶ μεταβάλῃ λευκή καὶ ἐλεύσεται πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα
But if the sound flesh is restored and turns white, then he shall come to the priest.
The reversal-case: if the raw flesh reverts (ἀποκαταστῇ, 'is restored') and turns white, the disease has resolved and the person again presents to the priest. ἀποκαθίστημι is the standard term for restoration to a prior state; the apodosis ἐλεύσεται πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα re-initiates the diagnostic process leading to the clean verdict of v. 17.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the reversal-case.
ἀποκαταστῇis restoredAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποκαθίστημιverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ resultative aorist subjunctive (return to prior state)ἀποκαθίστημι: 'restore / re-establish / return to a former state'; renders שׁוּב; the raw flesh 'is restored' (heals over) — the same verb the NT uses of the restored hand (Mark 3:5) and the eschatological restoration (Acts 1:6; 3:21).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρὼςfleshNominativesubject of ἀποκαταστῇ→ participant prominenceχρώς: the raw flesh now healing.
ὁtheNominativearticle (attributive, with ὑγιής)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑγιὴςsoundNominativeattributive adjective (modifying χρώς)→ participant prominenceὑγιής: 'sound'; the formerly raw flesh.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεταβάλῃturnsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωverb of the protasis (coordinate subjunctive)→ resultative aorist subjunctiveμεταβάλλω: 'turn / change'; here intransitive, 'turns white' — the healing sign.
λευκήwhiteNominativepredicate adjective (result of μεταβάλῃ)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white'; here the whitening signals healing, not disease (contrast vv. 3, 10).
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλεύσεταιhe shall comeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb of the apodosis→ prescriptive future (mandated re-presentation)ἔρχομαι (fut. ἐλεύσεται): 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; the person presents himself again for the priest's verdict.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: the diagnostician.
17
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ μετέβαλεν ἡ ἁφὴ εἰς τὸ λευκόν καὶ καθαριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφήν καθαρός ἐστιν
And the priest shall examine him, and behold, if the affection has turned white, then the priest shall pronounce the affection clean; it is clean.
The closing verdict of the chronic-leprosy section: when the affection has turned white (i.e., healed over), the priest pronounces clean. The terse καθαρός ἐστιν matches the verdict-formulae throughout and rounds off the unit on chronic leprosy and living flesh.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
μετέβαλενhas turnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωmain verb (the observed change)→ constative aoristμεταβάλλω: 'turn / change'; here 'has turned to white' (healing).
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of μετέβαλεν→ participant prominenceἁφὴ: meaning 'affection'; it serves as subject of μετέβαλεν.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (result of change)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; the change of state εἰς τὸ λευκόν, 'into the white,' marks healing.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing λευκόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λευκόνwhiteAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of εἰς: 'to white')→ object specificationλευκός: 'white'; substantival τὸ λευκόν, 'the white (state).'
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureκαθαρίζω: 'pronounce clean' (= טִהַר).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήνaffectionAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ object specificationἁφή: the affection declared clean.
καθαρόςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר).
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula in the verdict 'he is clean.'
18
καὶ σὰρξ ἐὰν γένηται ἐν τῷ δέρματι αὐτοῦ ἕλκος καὶ ὑγιασθῇ
And if flesh has a boil in its skin and it is healed,
A new case-law on the boil (ἕλκος). The protasis sets the scene: flesh that has had a boil which then heals (ὑγιασθῇ). The conditions continue into v. 19; the case treats the danger of leprosy re-emerging at the site of a healed boil.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new case-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὰρξfleshNominativesubject (fronted topic: 'as for flesh…')→ participant prominenceσάρξ: 'flesh' (= בָּשָׂר); the fronted nominative is a Hebraizing topic ('and as for flesh, if there be in its skin a boil…').
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: 'come to be / arise' (= הָיָה); the appearance of the boil.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession ('its skin')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('its skin').
ἕλκοςboil / ulcerNominativesubject of γένηται ('a boil arises')→ participant prominenceἕλκος: 'sore / ulcer / boil'; renders שְׁחִין; the inflamed boil that, on healing, may become a site of leprosy; the same word is used of the boils of the sixth plague (Exod 9:9) and of Job's affliction (Job 2:7).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑγιασθῇis healedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ὑγιάζωverb of the protasis (coordinate subjunctive)→ resultative aorist passive subjunctive (completed healing)ὑγιάζω (aor. pass.): 'make healthy / heal'; passive 'be healed'; renders רָפָא / נִרְפָּא; the boil's healing sets the stage for the diagnostic question of v. 19.
19
καὶ γένηται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τοῦ ἕλκους οὐλὴ λευκὴ ἢ τηλαυγὴς λευκαίνουσα ἢ πυρρίζουσα καὶ ὀφθήσεται τῷ ἱερεῖ
and in the place of the boil there comes to be a white swelling or a bright spot turning white or reddish, then it shall be shown to the priest;
The condition continues: a white swelling or a bright spot — whitening (λευκαίνουσα) or reddish (πυρρίζουσα) — appears at the boil's site. The colour-options (white / reddish) and the bright-spot terminology echo v. 2. The apodosis is referral: ὀφθήσεται τῷ ἱερεῖ ('it shall be shown to the priest').
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the new lesion arising at the boil-site.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place ('in the place')→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place / spot'; renders מָקוֹם; the precise site of the former boil.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕλκουςboilGenitivegenitive ('the place of the boil')→ relational specificationἕλκος: the healed boil (= שְׁחִין).
οὐλὴswellingNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceοὐλή: 'swelling / scar' (= שְׂאֵת).
λευκὴwhiteNominativeattributive adjective (modifying οὐλή)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white.'
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; offers the alternative lesion-type.
τηλαυγὴςbright spotNominativesubject (alternative to οὐλή: 'a bright spot')→ participant prominenceτηλαυγής: 'bright / conspicuous' (= בַּהֶרֶת); here substantival, 'a bright patch.'
λευκαίνουσαturning whitePres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · λευκαίνωattributive participle (modifying τηλαυγής)→ imperfective participle (ongoing whitening)λευκαίνω (pres. ptc.): 'make white / become white'; the participle 'whitening' describes the bright spot's colour-development; cf. λευκαίνω of garments at Mark 9:3.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πυρρίζουσαreddishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · πυρρίζωattributive participle (alternative colour: 'reddish')→ imperfective participle (ongoing reddishness)πυρρίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be fiery-red / reddish'; renders אֲדַמְדָּם ('reddish'); the alternative colour of the spot; the white-vs-reddish distinction is a recurring diagnostic in the boil/burn/baldness sections.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθήσεταιit shall be shownFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of the apodosis (passive)→ prescriptive future (mandated referral)ὁράω (fut. pass.): 'be seen / be shown'; renders נִרְאָה; the lesion is presented for inspection.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative of reference ('to the priest')→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς (dat.): before whom the lesion is shown.
20
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ ἡ ὄψις ταπεινοτέρα τοῦ δέρματος καὶ ἡ θρὶξ αὐτῆς μετέβαλεν εἰς λευκήν καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς λέπρα ἐστίν ἐν τῷ ἕλκει ἐξήνθησεν
and the priest shall examine it, and behold, if the appearance is lower than the skin and its hair has turned white, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is leprosy that has broken out in the boil.
The verdict for the boil-case applies the two cardinal signs of v. 3: depth below the skin (here the comparative ταπεινοτέρα) and whitened hair. When both are present, the priest pronounces unclean, with the diagnostic note ἐν τῷ ἕλκει ἐξήνθησεν — 'it is leprosy that has erupted in the boil.'
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject (with implied copula)→ participant prominenceὄψις: the lesion's visible depth.
ταπεινοτέραlowerNominativepredicate adjective (comparative: 'lower than the skin')→ participant prominenceταπεινός (compar. ταπεινοτέρα): 'lower / more depressed'; the comparative with the genitive of comparison τοῦ δέρματος ('lower than the skin') is the first cardinal sign; renders עָמֹק מִן.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison (with ταπεινοτέρα)→ relational specificationδέρμα: the skin, standard of comparison for depth.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of μετέβαλεν→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the hair, whose whitening is the second cardinal sign.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession ('its hair')→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the lesion/spot.
μετέβαλενhas turnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωmain verb (the colour-change)→ constative aoristμεταβάλλω: 'turn / change'; here intransitive, 'has turned to white.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (result of change)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into / to' (state of whiteness).
λευκήνwhiteAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of εἰς: 'to white')→ object specificationλευκός: 'white'; the whitened hair confirms leprosy.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureμιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: 'leprosy' (= צָרַעַת).
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕλκειboilDativedative of place ('in the boil')→ sphere or referenceἕλκος (dat. ἕλκει): the boil that has become the site of the eruption.
ἐξήνθησενit has broken outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξανθέωmain verb (diagnostic note: 'it erupted in the boil')→ constative aorist (completed eruption)ἐξανθέω: 'break out / erupt' (of a skin-eruption); renders פָּרַח; the diagnostic note 'it has erupted in the boil' specifies the origin of the leprosy.
21
ἐὰν δὲ ἴδῃ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν αὐτῷ θρὶξ λευκή καὶ ταπεινὸν μὴ ᾖ ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος τοῦ χρωτός καὶ αὐτὴ ᾖ ἀμαυρά ἀφοριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
But if the priest examines it and behold, there is no white hair in it, and it is not lower than the skin of the body, and it is dim, then the priest shall quarantine him seven days.
The ambiguous boil-lesion: no white hair, not deep, and dim (ἀμαυρά) — the same negative triad as v. 4. As before, the priest withholds judgment and imposes a seven-day quarantine (ἀφοριεῖ … ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the counter-case to v. 20.
ἴδῃexaminesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ aorist subjunctive (act of inspection)ὁράω (aor. subj. ἴδῃ): 'see / examine'; the aorist subjunctive in the conditional, equivalent in force to the future ὄψεται of the indicative verdicts.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: factual negation.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (negated: 'there is no')→ stative present (existential)εἰμί: existential 'there is'; with οὐκ, 'there is no white hair' — the first cardinal sign is absent.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῷitDativedative of place ('in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to the lesion.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the (absent) white hair.
λευκήwhiteNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θρίξ)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινὸνlow / deepNominativepredicate adjective (neuter, negated: 'not lower')→ participant prominenceταπεινός: 'low / depressed'; the neuter ταπεινόν here is used impersonally/adverbially ('not deep'); the second cardinal sign is absent.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive ᾖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negation with the subjunctive.
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (subjunctive in protasis)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): 'is not (lower).'
ἀπὸ(lower) thanpreposition + genitive (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: comparative 'than the skin' (Hebraizing מִן).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωτόςbodyGenitivegenitive (partitive)→ relational specificationχρωτός: meaning 'body'; it serves as genitive (partitive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὴitNominativesubject (referring to the lesion)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the lesion itself.
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (subjunctive in protasis)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): copula with ἀμαυρά.
ἀμαυράdimNominativepredicate adjective ('it is dim')→ participant prominenceἀμαυρός: 'dim / faded' (= כֵּהָה); the dimness completes the inconclusive triad and triggers the quarantine.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb of the apodosis→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / sequester'; the seven-day diagnostic quarantine.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀφοριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: the seven-day interval.
22
ἐὰν δὲ διαχέηται ἐν τῷ δέρματι καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν ἐν τῷ ἕλκει ἐξήνθησεν
But if it spreads abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is a leprous affection that has broken out in the boil.
Resolution after quarantine: if the lesion spreads (διαχέηται, 'is diffused abroad'), the verdict is unclean — ἁφὴ λέπρας that has erupted in the boil. διαχέω ('spread / diffuse') is the technical verb for progression in the boil/burn/scall/garment sections, parallel to μεταπίπτω earlier.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the spreading-case.
διαχέηταιit spreadsPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ durative present subjunctive (ongoing diffusion)διαχέω (mid./pass.): 'pour through / spread / diffuse'; renders פָּשָׂה ('spread'); the technical verb for the lesion's spreading in the boil, burn, scall, and garment sections (vv. 22, 27, 35, 51, etc.).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureμιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceἁφή: in the verdict ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive)→ relational specificationλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕλκειboilDativedative of place ('in the boil')→ sphere or referenceἕλκος (dat.): the boil-site.
ἐξήνθησενit has broken outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξανθέωmain verb (diagnostic note)→ constative aoristἐξανθέω: 'erupt' (= פָּרַח); 'it erupted in the boil.'
23
ἐὰν δὲ κατὰ χώραν μείνῃ τὸ τηλαύγημα καὶ μὴ διαχέηται οὐλὴ τοῦ ἕλκους ἐστίν καὶ καθαριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς
But if the bright spot stays in its place and does not spread, it is the scar of the boil, and the priest shall pronounce him clean.
The clean resolution of the boil-case: a static, non-spreading bright spot (τηλαύγημα) is merely the scar of the boil (οὐλὴ τοῦ ἕλκους), not leprosy, and the priest pronounces clean. The idiom κατὰ χώραν μένειν ('remain in its place') = remain static, the opposite of διαχέεσθαι.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the clean counter-case.
κατὰinpreposition + accusative (idiom: 'in its place')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in the idiom κατὰ χώραν, 'in (its) place / where it is.'
χώρανplaceAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom: 'in its place')→ object specificationχώρα: 'place / region'; the idiom κατὰ χώραν μένειν ('stay put') describes a static, non-spreading lesion; renders עָמַד תַּחְתָּיו.
μείνῃstaysAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μένωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ constative aorist subjunctive (remains static)μένω: 'remain / stay'; here 'stays in its place' = does not spread.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τηλαύγημαbright spotNominativesubject of μείνῃ→ participant prominenceτηλαύγημα: 'bright spot / shining patch'; cognate noun of τηλαυγής; renders בַּהֶרֶת; the luminous mark whose static behaviour proves it benign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negation with the subjunctive.
διαχέηταιspreadsPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the protasis (negated: 'does not spread')→ durative present subjunctiveδιαχέω: 'spread / diffuse' (= פָּשָׂה); its absence confirms the spot is a benign scar.
οὐλὴscarNominativepredicate nominative (verdict-rationale)→ participant prominenceοὐλή: here 'scar / cicatrix' (= צָרֶבֶת); the healed mark of the boil, not leprosy.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕλκουςboilGenitivegenitive ('scar of the boil')→ relational specificationἕλκος: the boil whose healed scar this is.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-rationale)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'it is the scar of the boil.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureκαθαρίζω: 'pronounce clean' (= טִהַר).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καθαριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
24
καὶ σὰρξ ἐὰν γένηται ἐν τῷ δέρματι αὐτοῦ κατάκαυμα πυρός καὶ γένηται ἐν τῷ δέρματι αὐτοῦ τὸ ὑγιασθὲν τοῦ κατακαύματος αὐγάζον τηλαυγὲς λευκὸν ὑποπυρρίζον ἢ ἔκλευκον
And if flesh has in its skin a burn of fire, and the healed part of the burn becomes in its skin a shining bright spot, white tending to reddish or whitish,
The burn-case (κατάκαυμα πυρός, 'a burn of fire'), structurally parallel to the boil-case. The healed area becomes a shining patch (αὐγάζον), white with a reddish or whitish cast. The colour-vocabulary is dense: αὐγάζον ('gleaming'), τηλαυγές ('bright'), ὑποπυρρίζον ('somewhat reddish'), ἔκλευκον ('whitish').
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new case-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὰρξfleshNominativesubject (fronted topic)→ participant prominenceσάρξ: 'flesh' (= בָּשָׂר); fronted topic, as in v. 18.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the burn arising.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κατάκαυμαburnNominativesubject of γένηται ('a burn arises')→ participant prominenceκατάκαυμα: 'burn / scald'; renders מִכְוָה ('burn'); the compound κατα-καίω noun denotes a fire-injury to the skin.
πυρόςof fireGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'a burn of fire')→ relational specificationπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; specifies the cause of the burn (מִכְוַת אֵשׁ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιbecomesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis (coordinate subjunctive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the healed burn-area becoming a bright patch.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὸtheNominativearticle (substantivizing ὑγιασθέν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑγιασθὲνthe healed partAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Neut · ὑγιάζωsubstantivized participle (subject: 'the healed [part]')→ resultative aorist passive participle (the part that has been healed)ὑγιάζω (aor. pass. ptc.): 'heal'; the substantival τὸ ὑγιασθέν, 'the healed-over portion (of the burn),' subject of the second γένηται.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακαύματοςburnGenitivegenitive ('the healed part of the burn')→ relational specificationκατάκαυμα (gen.): the burn whose healed area is in view.
αὐγάζονshiningPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Neut · αὐγάζωattributive/predicate participle ('a shining [patch]')→ imperfective participle (ongoing gleam)αὐγάζω (pres. ptc.): 'shine / gleam / be radiant'; the neuter αὐγάζον describes the glistening patch; the cognate τὸ αὐγάζον ('the bright patch') becomes the noun-phrase for the burn-lesion in vv. 25–28; cf. 2 Cor 4:4.
τηλαυγὲςbrightNominativeattributive adjective (neuter, modifying the patch)→ participant prominenceτηλαυγής: 'bright / conspicuous' (= בַּהֶרֶת); the neuter τηλαυγές agrees with the implied lesion.
λευκὸνwhiteNominativeattributive adjective (neuter)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white.'
ὑποπυρρίζονsomewhat reddishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Neut · ὑποπυρρίζωattributive participle (colour-nuance: 'tending to reddish')→ imperfective participle (ongoing reddish tinge)ὑποπυρρίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be somewhat reddish'; the prefix ὑπο- denotes a slight/partial shade; renders אֲדַמְדָּם; describes the reddish-white cast of the burn-patch.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; alternative colour-shade.
ἔκλευκονwhitishNominativeattributive adjective (alternative shade: 'whitish')→ participant prominenceἔκλευκος: 'whitish / off-white'; renders לְבָנָה; the alternative pale shade of the burn-patch.
25
καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ μετέβαλεν θρὶξ λευκὴ εἰς τὸ αὐγάζον καὶ ἡ ὄψις αὐτοῦ ταπεινὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος λέπρα ἐστίν ἐν τῷ κατακαύματι ἐξήνθησεν καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν
then the priest shall examine him, and behold, if the hair has turned white in the bright spot and its appearance is lower than the skin, it is leprosy that has broken out in the burn; and the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is a leprous affection.
The burn-verdict parallels v. 20: whitened hair in the bright patch plus depth below the skin = leprosy erupted in the burn (ἐν τῷ κατακαύματι ἐξήνθησεν), and the priest pronounces unclean. The doubled verdict-formulae (λέπρα ἐστίν … ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν) emphasise the diagnosis.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination of the burn-patch.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὄψεται.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
μετέβαλενhas turnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωmain verb (the colour-change)→ constative aoristμεταβάλλω: 'turn / change'; 'the hair has turned white in the bright patch.'
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of μετέβαλεν→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the whitened hair, first cardinal sign.
λευκὴwhiteNominativeattributive/predicate adjective (modifying θρίξ)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white.'
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative ('into / within the bright patch')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here 'into / within'; the hair has whitened within the bright patch.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing αὐγάζον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐγάζονbright spotPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Neut · αὐγάζωsubstantivized participle (object of εἰς: 'the gleaming patch')→ imperfective participle (ongoing gleam)αὐγάζω (pres. ptc.): the substantival τὸ αὐγάζον ('the bright/gleaming patch') is now the standing noun-phrase for the burn-lesion (cf. vv. 26, 28).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject (with implied copula)→ participant prominenceὄψis: the lesion's visible depth.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the patch (αὐγάζον, neuter).
ταπεινὴlowNominativepredicate adjective ('lower than the skin')→ participant prominenceταπεινός: 'low / depressed' (= עָמֹק); second cardinal sign.
ἀπὸ(lower) thanpreposition + genitive (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: comparative 'than the skin.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακαύματιburnDativedative of place ('in the burn')→ sphere or referenceκατάκαυμα (dat.): the burn that has become the site of eruption.
ἐξήνθησενit has broken outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξανθέωmain verb (diagnostic note)→ constative aoristἐξανθέω: 'erupt' (= פָּרַח); 'it erupted in the burn.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureμιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativepredicate nominative (second verdict-formula)→ participant prominenceἁφή: ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν, the reinforcing verdict.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive)→ relational specificationλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
26
ἐὰν δὲ ἴδῃ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τῷ αὐγάζοντι θρὶξ λευκή καὶ ταπεινὸν μὴ ᾖ ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος αὐτὸ δὲ ἀμαυρόν καὶ ἀφοριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
But if the priest examines it and behold, there is no white hair in the bright spot, and it is not lower than the skin, but it is dim, then the priest shall quarantine him seven days.
The ambiguous burn-lesion, exactly parallel to v. 21: no white hair, not deep, dim (the neuter ἀμαυρόν agreeing with τὸ αὐγάζον). The priest imposes a seven-day quarantine.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the counter-case to v. 25.
ἴδῃexaminesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the protasis→ aorist subjunctiveὁράω (aor. subj.): the priest's inspection.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (negated)→ stative present (existential)εἰμί: 'there is no white hair.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing αὐγάζοντι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐγάζοντιbright spotPres Act Ptc Dat Sg Neut · αὐγάζωsubstantivized participle (dative of place: 'in the bright patch')→ imperfective participleαὐγάζω (pres. ptc. dat.): the substantival τὸ αὐγάζον, 'the gleaming patch,' here in the dative of place.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the absent white hair.
λευκήwhiteNominativeattributive adjective→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινὸνlowNominativepredicate adjective (neuter, negated)→ participant prominenceταπεινός: 'low'; the neuter agrees with the patch; the depth-sign is absent.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (subjunctive)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): 'is not (lower).'
ἀπὸ(lower) thanpreposition + genitive (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: comparative 'than the skin.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
αὐτὸitNominativesubject (neuter, referring to the patch)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter αὐτό refers to τὸ αὐγάζον.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but it is dim.'
ἀμαυρόνdimNominativepredicate adjective (neuter: 'it is dim')→ participant prominenceἀμαυρός: 'dim / faded' (= כֵּהָה); neuter to agree with αὐτό/τὸ αὐγάζον.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb of the apodosis→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / sequester'; the seven-day quarantine.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀφοριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: the seven-day interval.
27
καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ ἐὰν δὲ διαχύσει διαχέηται ἐν τῷ δέρματι καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν ἐν τῷ ἕλκει ἐξήνθησεν
And the priest shall examine him on the seventh day; but if it spreads abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is a leprous affection that has broken out in the sore.
The seventh-day verdict for the burn-case. The cognate-dative intensification διαχύσει διαχέηται ('spreads with a spreading' = certainly spreads) renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute; spreading yields the unclean verdict. Note the diagnostic note here reverts to ἐν τῷ ἕλκει ('in the sore'), using the more general term for the affected spot.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the seventh-day re-examination.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὄψεται.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: dative of point of time.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh.'
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the spreading-case.
διαχύσειwith a spreadingDativecognate dative (Hebraism intensifying διαχέηται)→ sphere or referenceδιάχυσις: 'a spreading / diffusion'; the cognate dative διαχύσει with διαχέηται renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute (פָּשֹׂה תִפְשֶׂה), intensifying: 'if it really spreads.'
διαχέηταιit spreadsPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ durative present subjunctive (intensified by cognate dative)διαχέω: 'spread / diffuse' (= פָּשָׂה); with διαχύσει, the emphatic 'surely spreads.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureμιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceἁφή: ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive)→ relational specificationλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕλκειsoreDativedative of place ('in the sore')→ sphere or referenceἕλκος (dat.): here 'the sore' loosely for the burn-lesion; the diagnostic note follows the boil-formula of v. 22.
ἐξήνθησενit has broken outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξανθέωmain verb (diagnostic note)→ constative aoristἐξανθέω: 'erupt' (= פָּרַח).
28
ἐὰν δὲ κατὰ χώραν μείνῃ τὸ αὐγάζον καὶ μὴ διαχυθῇ ἐν τῷ δέρματι αὐτὴ δὲ ᾖ ἀμαυρά ἡ οὐλὴ τοῦ κατακαύματός ἐστιν καὶ καθαριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς ὁ γὰρ χαρακτὴρ τοῦ κατακαύματός ἐστιν
But if the bright spot stays in its place and does not spread in the skin, but it is dim, it is the scar of the burn, and the priest shall pronounce him clean; for it is the mark of the burn.
The clean resolution, parallel to v. 23: a static, dim, non-spreading bright patch is the scar (οὐλή) of the burn, and the priest pronounces clean. The explanatory γάρ-clause ὁ γὰρ χαρακτὴρ τοῦ κατακαύματός ἐστιν ('for it is the imprint of the burn') gives the rationale; χαρακτήρ ('stamp / impress') is a vivid term for the burn's residual mark (cf. Heb 1:3).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the clean counter-case.
κατὰinpreposition + accusative (idiom: 'in its place')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: κατὰ χώραν, 'in its place / where it is.'
χώρανplaceAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom)→ object specificationχώρα: 'place'; κατὰ χώραν μένειν = 'stay put.'
μείνῃstaysAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μένωverb of the protasis→ constative aorist subjunctiveμένω: 'remain / stay'; the static patch.
τὸtheNominativearticle (substantivizing αὐγάζον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐγάζονbright spotPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Neut · αὐγάζωsubstantivized participle (subject of μείνῃ)→ imperfective participleαὐγάζω (pres. ptc.): τὸ αὐγάζον, 'the gleaming patch.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negation with the subjunctive.
διαχυθῇspreadsAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the protasis (negated: 'does not spread')→ ingressive aorist passive subjunctiveδιαχέω (aor. pass.): 'be spread / diffused' (= פָּשָׂה); its absence confirms the patch is benign scarring.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
αὐτὴitNominativesubject (referring to the patch/scar)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the lesion.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but it is dim.'
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (subjunctive)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): copula with ἀμαυρά.
ἀμαυράdimNominativepredicate adjective ('it is dim')→ participant prominenceἀμαυρός: 'dim / faded' (= כֵּהָה).
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐλὴscarNominativepredicate nominative (verdict-rationale)→ participant prominenceοὐλή: 'scar / cicatrix' (= צָרֶבֶת); the healed mark of the burn.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακαύματόςburnGenitivegenitive ('scar of the burn')→ relational specificationκατάκαυμα (gen.): the burn whose scar this is.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-rationale)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureκαθαρίζω: 'pronounce clean' (= טִהַר).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καθαριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the rationale for the clean verdict.
χαρακτὴρmark / imprintNominativepredicate nominative ('it is the mark of the burn')→ participant prominenceχαρακτήρ: 'engraved mark / stamp / impress'; here the residual 'imprint' of the burn, not leprosy; the same noun in Heb 1:3 describes the Son as the χαρακτήρ of God's substance.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακαύματόςburnGenitivegenitive ('mark of the burn')→ relational specificationκατάκαυμα (gen.): the burn whose imprint remains.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (explanatory clause)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
29
καὶ ἀνδρὶ καὶ γυναικὶ ἐὰν γένηται ἐν αὐτοῖς ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ ἢ ἐν τῷ πώγωνι
And if a leprous affection comes to be in a man or a woman, on the head or in the beard,
A new case-law opens, expressly including both sexes (ἀνδρὶ καὶ γυναικί), since the affection now concerns the hair-bearing regions: the head (κεφαλή) and the beard (πώγων). This locates the section dealing with the θραῦσμα — the scall, Hebrew נֶתֶק.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new case-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρὶa manDativedative of reference (fronted topic: 'in the case of a man')→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ (dat. ἀνδρί): 'man / husband'; renders אִישׁ; the explicit man-and-woman pairing extends the law to both sexes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυναικὶa womanDativedative of reference (parallel to ἀνδρί)→ sphere or referenceγυνή (dat. γυναικί): 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; both sexes can develop the scall, especially relevant to head and beard.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the affection arising.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of place ('in them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to the man or woman.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceἁφή: the leprous mark (= נֶגַע).
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive)→ relational specificationλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῇheadDativedative of place ('on the head')→ sphere or referenceκεφαλή: 'head' (= רֹאשׁ); one of the two hair-bearing sites for the scall.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πώγωνιbeardDativedative of place ('in the beard')→ sphere or referenceπώγων: 'beard'; renders זָקָן; the second hair-bearing site; the beard-location makes the man-and-woman framing meaningful (a man's beard, a woman's head-hair).
30
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν καὶ ἰδοὺ ἡ ὄψις αὐτῆς ἐγκοιλοτέρα τοῦ δέρματος ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ θρὶξ ξανθίζουσα λεπτή καὶ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς θραῦσμά ἐστιν λέπρα τῆς κεφαλῆς ἢ λέπρα τοῦ πώγωνός ἐστιν
and the priest shall examine the affection, and behold, if its appearance is deeper than the skin, and in it there is thin yellowish hair, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is a scall, a leprosy of the head or a leprosy of the beard.
The diagnostic verdict for the scall introduces region-specific signs: the appearance deeper than the skin (ἐγκοιλοτέρα) and thin yellowish hair (θρὶξ ξανθίζουσα λεπτή) — yellow, not white, because the scall affects the hair-roots. The verdict-term θραῦσμα ('scall / scaly patch') renders the Hebrew נֶתֶק, glossed as leprosy of the head or beard.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφὴν: meaning 'affection'; it serves as direct object of ὄψεται.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject (with implied copula)→ participant prominenceὄψις: the scall's visible depth.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the affection.
ἐγκοιλοτέραdeeper / more hollowNominativepredicate adjective (comparative: 'deeper than the skin')→ participant prominenceἐγκοῖλος (compar. ἐγκοιλοτέρα): 'hollowed-in / deeper'; renders עָמֹק מִן; an intensified depth-term (the scall sinks below the skin); the comparative governs the genitive τοῦ δέρματος.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῇitDativedative of place ('in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the affection.
δὲandconnective particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: mild connective, 'and in it (there is)…'
θρὶξhairNominativesubject (with implied 'there is')→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the hair within the scall.
ξανθίζουσαyellowishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ξανθίζωattributive participle (modifying θρίξ: 'yellowish hair')→ imperfective participle (ongoing yellow tinge)ξανθίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be yellow / golden / tawny'; renders צָהֹב ('yellow'); the yellow (rather than white) colour of the hair is the scall-specific sign, reflecting damage to the hair at the root.
λεπτήthinNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θρίξ)→ participant prominenceλεπτός: 'thin / fine'; renders דַּק; the thinness of the yellow hair is a further scall-marker.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureμιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
θραῦσμάscallNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: lit. 'a fracture / breaking'; here the technical term for the 'scall / scaly patch' on the scalp or beard, rendering Hebrew נֶתֶק ('scall'); the defining term of this section (vv. 30–37).
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition: 'a leprosy of the head')→ participant prominenceλέπρα: the scall is classed as a leprosy of the head.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive ('leprosy of the head')→ relational specificationκεφαλή: (= רֹאשׁ).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (parallel: 'leprosy of the beard')→ participant prominenceλέπρα: the alternative location.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πώγωνόςbeardGenitivegenitive ('leprosy of the beard')→ relational specificationπώγων (gen.): (= זָקָן).
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
31
καὶ ἐὰν ἴδῃ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν τοῦ θραύσματος καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐχ ἡ ὄψις ἐγκοιλοτέρα τοῦ δέρματος καὶ θρὶξ ξανθίζουσα οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ἀφοριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν τοῦ θραύσματος ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
And if the priest examines the affection of the scall, and behold, the appearance is not deeper than the skin, and there is no yellowish hair in it, then the priest shall quarantine the affection of the scall seven days.
The ambiguous scall: not deeper than the skin and lacking yellow hair. As with the other lesion-types, the priest withholds the verdict and quarantines the scall (ἀφοριεῖ … τὴν ἁφὴν τοῦ θραύσματος) for seven days.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδῃexaminesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the protasis→ aorist subjunctiveὁράω (aor. subj.): the priest's inspection.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ἴδῃ→ object specificationἁφή: the affection of the scall.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραύσματοςscallGenitivegenitive ('the affection of the scall')→ relational specificationθραῦσμα (gen.): the scall (= נֶתֶק).
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
οὐχnotnegative particle (before rough breathing)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (form οὐχ): factual negation, 'the appearance is not deeper.'
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject (with implied copula)→ participant prominenceὄψις: the lesion's depth.
ἐγκοιλοτέραdeeperNominativepredicate adjective (comparative, negated)→ participant prominenceἐγκοῖλος (compar.): 'deeper / more hollow'; here negated — the depth-sign is absent.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the (absent) yellow hair.
ξανθίζουσαyellowishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ξανθίζωattributive participle (modifying θρίξ)→ imperfective participleξανθίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be yellow' (= צָהֹב); the scall-specific hair-colour, here absent.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (negated)→ stative present (existential)εἰμί: 'there is no yellow hair in it.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῇitDativedative of place ('in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the affection/scall.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb of the apodosis→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / sequester'; the seven-day quarantine of the scall.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ object specificationἁφή: the affection of the scall, here quarantined.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραύσματοςscallGenitivegenitive ('the affection of the scall')→ relational specificationθραῦσμα (gen.): (= נֶתֶק).
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: the seven-day interval.
32
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐ διεχύθη τὸ θραῦσμα καὶ θρὶξ ξανθίζουσα οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ἡ ὄψις τοῦ θραύσματος οὐκ ἔστιν κοίλη ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος
And the priest shall examine the affection on the seventh day, and behold, the scall has not spread, and there is no yellowish hair in it, and the appearance of the scall is not hollow below the skin.
The seventh-day re-examination of the scall: it has not spread (οὐ διεχύθη), no yellow hair, and is not sunken (οὐκ … κοίλη). The inconclusive findings lead (in v. 33) to shaving and a second quarantine rather than a final verdict.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the seventh-day re-examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφὴν: meaning 'affection'; it serves as direct object of ὄψεται.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: dative of point of time.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh.'
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεχύθηhas spreadAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαχέωmain verb (negated: 'has not spread')→ constative aorist passiveδιαχέω (aor. pass.): 'be spread / diffused' (= פָּשָׂה); the scall has not spread.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallNominativesubject of διεχύθη→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: the scall (= נֶתֶק).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the (absent) yellow hair.
ξανθίζουσαyellowishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ξανθίζωattributive participle (modifying θρίξ)→ imperfective participleξανθίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be yellow' (= צָהֹב).
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (negated)→ stative present (existential)εἰμί: 'there is no yellow hair in it.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῇitDativedative of place ('in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the affection.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceὄψις: the scall's visible depth.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραύσματοςscallGenitivegenitive ('appearance of the scall')→ relational specificationθραῦσμα (gen.): (= נֶתֶק).
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (negated)→ stative presentεἰμί: copula 'is not hollow.'
κοίληhollow / sunkenNominativepredicate adjective ('not hollow below the skin')→ participant prominenceκοῖλος: 'hollow / sunken'; renders עָמֹק; synonymous with the depth-sign — the scall is not sunken below the skin.
ἀπὸ(hollow) below / thanpreposition + genitive (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: comparative, 'hollow(er) than the skin.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
33
καὶ ξυρηθήσεται τὸ δέρμα τὸ δὲ θραῦσμα οὐ ξυρηθήσεται καὶ ἀφοριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ θραῦσμα ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας τὸ δεύτερον
then the skin shall be shaved, but the scall shall not be shaved, and the priest shall quarantine the scall seven days a second time.
A distinctive procedural step unique to the scall: the surrounding skin is shaved, but the scall itself is left unshaved (so its spread can be monitored), and a second seven-day quarantine is imposed (τὸ δεύτερον). ξυράω ('shave') points forward to the Nazirite and purification rites (cf. Num 6:9; Acts 21:24).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξυρηθήσεταιshall be shavedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξυράωmain verb (passive: the skin is shaved)→ prescriptive future passiveξυράω (fut. pass.): 'shave'; renders גִּלַּח; the surrounding skin is shaved so the scall's margins can be watched; the same verb is used of the Nazirite (Num 6:9) and Paul's vow (Acts 21:24).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρμαskinNominativesubject of ξυρηθήσεται→ participant prominenceδέρμα: here the haired skin (scalp/beard) around the scall.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but the scall itself shall not be shaved.'
θραῦσμαscallNominativesubject of ξυρηθήσεται→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: the scall, left unshaved (= נֶתֶק).
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξυρηθήσεταιshall be shavedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξυράωmain verb (negated)→ prescriptive future passiveξυράω (fut. pass.): the scall is deliberately not shaved, to preserve the diagnostic site.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / sequester'; the second quarantine of the scall.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ object specificationθραῦσμα: (= נֶתֶק).
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: the seven-day interval.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονa second timeAccusativeadverbial accusative→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'a second time'; the doubled quarantine for the scall.
34
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ θραῦσμα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐ διεχύθη τὸ θραῦσμα ἐν τῷ δέρματι μετὰ τὸ ξυρηθῆναι αὐτόν καὶ ἡ ὄψις τοῦ θραύσματος οὐκ ἔστιν κοίλη ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος καὶ καθαριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ πλυνάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια καθαρὸς ἔσται
And the priest shall examine the scall on the seventh day, and behold, if the scall has not spread in the skin after he was shaved, and the appearance of the scall is not hollow below the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him clean, and when he has washed his garments he shall be clean.
The clean verdict after the second quarantine: the scall has not spread after shaving (μετὰ τὸ ξυρηθῆναι αὐτόν) and is not sunken; the priest pronounces clean, and the washing of garments completes the purification (as in v. 6).
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the re-examination after the second quarantine.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationθραῦσμα: (= נֶתֶק).
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: dative of point of time.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh.'
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεχύθηhas spreadAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαχέωmain verb (negated)→ constative aorist passiveδιαχέω (aor. pass.): 'be spread' (= פָּשָׂה); the scall has not spread after shaving.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallNominativesubject of διεχύθη→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: (= נֶתֶק).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, governing articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with τὸ ξυρηθῆναι, 'after the being-shaved.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξυρηθῆναιto be shavedAor Pass Inf · ξυράωarticular infinitive (object of μετά; temporal)→ aorist passive infinitive (completed shaving)ξυράω (aor. pass. inf.): the articular infinitive τὸ ξυρηθῆναι in the temporal phrase 'after he was shaved'; αὐτόν is its accusative subject.
αὐτόνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ξυρηθῆναι→ participant referenceαὐτός: subject of the articular infinitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceὄψις: the scall's depth.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραύσματοςscallGenitivegenitive ('appearance of the scall')→ relational specificationθραῦσμα (gen.): (= נֶתֶק).
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (negated)→ stative presentεἰμί: copula 'is not hollow.'
κοίληhollowNominativepredicate adjective ('not hollow below the skin')→ participant prominenceκοῖλος: 'hollow / sunken' (= עָמֹק).
ἀπὸ(hollow) belowpreposition + genitive (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: comparative, 'hollow(er) than the skin.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςskinGenitivegenitive of comparison→ relational specificationδέρματος: meaning 'skin'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureκαθαρίζω: 'pronounce clean' (= טִהַר).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καθαριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυνάμενοςhaving washedAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πλύνωcircumstantial participle (temporal/conditional)→ antecedent aorist participleπλύνω (aor. mid. ptc.): 'wash (clothing)' (= כִּבֵּס); the washing of garments completes the purification (cf. v. 6).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνάμενος→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment' (= בֶּגֶד).
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר).
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of resulting state)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'shall be (clean)'; the restored state of purity.
35
ἐὰν δὲ διαχύσει διαχέηται τὸ θραῦσμα ἐν τῷ δέρματι μετὰ τὸ καθαρισθῆναι αὐτόν
But if the scall does indeed spread in the skin after he has been pronounced clean,
The relapse-case for the scall: if it spreads after being declared clean. The cognate-dative διαχύσει διαχέηται ('spreads with a spreading' = surely spreads) again renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute. The temporal articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ καθαρισθῆναι αὐτόν ('after he was pronounced clean') sets the relapse; the apodosis follows in v. 36.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the relapse-case.
διαχύσειwith a spreadingDativecognate dative (Hebraism intensifying διαχέηται)→ sphere or referenceδιάχυσις: 'a spreading'; the cognate dative renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute (פָּשֹׂה יִפְשֶׂה): 'if it really spreads.'
διαχέηταιspreadsPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ durative present subjunctive (intensified by cognate dative)διαχέω: 'spread / diffuse' (= פָּשָׂה); the emphatic spreading after the clean verdict.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallNominativesubject of διαχέηται→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: (= נֶתֶק).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, governing articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with τὸ καθαρισθῆναι, 'after the being-pronounced-clean.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρισθῆναιto be pronounced cleanAor Pass Inf · καθαρίζωarticular infinitive (object of μετά; temporal)→ aorist passive infinitive (completed cleansing-verdict)καθαρίζω (aor. pass. inf.): the articular infinitive τὸ καθαρισθῆναι in 'after he was pronounced clean'; αὐτόν is its accusative subject.
αὐτόνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive καθαρισθῆναι→ participant referenceαὐτός: subject of the articular infinitive.
36
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ διακέχυται τὸ θραῦσμα ἐν τῷ δέρματι οὐκ ἐπισκέψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς τριχὸς τῆς ξανθῆς ὅτι ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν
then the priest shall examine him, and behold, if the scall has spread in the skin, the priest shall not inquire about the yellow hair, for he is unclean.
The verdict on the spreading scall: the perfect διακέχυται ('has spread and remains spread') marks the established progression; spreading is decisive, so the priest 'need not inquire about the yellow hair' (οὐκ ἐπισκέψεται … περὶ τῆς τριχὸς τῆς ξανθῆς) — the causal ὅτι ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν settles the matter. ἐπισκέπτομαι ('inspect / inquire into') is the verb of careful investigation.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination of the relapsed scall.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
διακέχυταιhas spreadPerf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαχέωmain verb (perfect: completed and persisting spread)→ resultative perfect (established, abiding spread)διαχέω (perf. mid./pass. διακέχυται): 'has spread (and remains spread)'; the perfect stresses the settled state of the spreading — the disease is now established, making the hair-test unnecessary.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallNominativesubject of διακέχυται→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: (= נֶתֶק).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπισκέψεταιshall inquire / inspectFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb (negated: 'need not inquire')→ prescriptive future (the inquiry is dispensed with)ἐπισκέπτομαι: 'look upon / inspect / inquire into / visit'; renders בִּקֵּר; here the priest need not investigate the yellow-hair criterion, since the spreading already proves uncleanness; the verb elsewhere means God's gracious 'visitation' (e.g. Luke 1:68).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
περὶabout / concerningpreposition + genitive (reference: 'concerning the hair')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / about'; the object of the (dispensed-with) inquiry.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριχὸςhairGenitiveobject of περί ('about the hair')→ relational specificationθρίξ (gen. τριχός): the yellow hair, the usual scall-criterion, here rendered moot.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (attributive, with ξανθῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξανθῆςyellowGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying τριχός)→ relational specificationξανθός: 'yellow / golden / tawny' (= צָהֹב); the colour of the scall-hair; the adjective here, vs. the participle ξανθίζουσα elsewhere.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; the ground that makes the hair-inquiry superfluous.
ἀκάθαρτόςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective ('he is unclean')→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (= טָמֵא); the spreading scall is decisively impure.
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (causal clause)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
37
ἐὰν δὲ ἐνώπιον μείνῃ τὸ θραῦσμα ἐπὶ χώρας καὶ θρὶξ μέλαινα ἀνατείλῃ ἐν αὐτῷ ὑγίακεν τὸ θραῦσμα καθαρός ἐστιν καὶ καθαριεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς
But if the scall remains before him in its place, and black hair grows up in it, the scall has healed; he is clean, and the priest shall pronounce him clean.
The clean resolution of the scall-section: an arrested scall (μείνῃ … ἐπὶ χώρας) in which black hair has grown (θρὶξ μέλαινα ἀνατείλῃ) signals healing. Black (healthy) hair regrowth is the positive sign; the perfect ὑγίακεν ('it has healed and stays healed') gives the diagnosis, and the priest pronounces clean.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the favorable counter-case.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in his sightpreposition/adverb (here adverbial: 'before [him]')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; here adverbial, 'remains as it was before him,' i.e. unchanged.
μείνῃremainsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μένωverb of the protasis→ constative aorist subjunctive (remains static)μένω: 'remain / stay'; the scall is arrested, not spreading.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallNominativesubject of μείνῃ→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: (= נֶתֶק).
ἐπὶinpreposition + genitive (idiom: 'in its place')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: in the idiom ἐπὶ χώρας, 'in its place / where it is' (= static).
χώραςplaceGenitiveobject of ἐπί (idiom)→ relational specificationχώρα: 'place'; ἐπὶ χώρας = 'in its place,' synonymous with κατὰ χώραν (vv. 23, 28).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θρὶξhairNominativesubject of ἀνατείλῃ→ participant prominenceθρίξ: the hair; here black/healthy hair, the sign of healing.
μέλαιναblackNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θρίξ: 'black hair')→ participant prominenceμέλας (fem. μέλαινα): 'black'; renders שָׁחֹר; black (normal) hair regrowing in the scall indicates restored healthy follicles — the sign of cure (contrast yellow/thin hair, v. 30).
ἀνατείλῃgrows up / risesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀνατέλλωverb of the protasis (coordinate subjunctive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (onset of growth)ἀνατέλλω: 'rise / spring up / grow'; renders צָמַח; of hair, 'grows up'; the same verb is used of the sun's rising and the messianic 'dawning' (cf. Mal 4:2 LXX; Matt 4:16).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῷitDativedative of place ('in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the scall (neuter θραῦσμα).
ὑγίακενhas healedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑγιάζωmain verb (perfect: healed and remaining sound)→ resultative perfect (achieved and abiding health)ὑγιάζω (perf. act. ὑγίακεν): 'has become healthy / healed'; the perfect denotes the achieved, lasting state of cure — 'the scall has healed (and is now sound).'
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θραῦσμαscallNominativesubject of ὑγίακεν→ participant prominenceθραῦσμα: (= נֶתֶק).
καθαρόςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר).
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative verdict)→ declarative futureκαθαρίζω: 'pronounce clean' (= טִהַר).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καθαριεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
38
καὶ ἀνδρὶ ἢ γυναικὶ ἐὰν γένηται ἐν δέρματι τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ αὐγάσματα αὐγάζοντα λευκαθίζοντα
And if a man or a woman has, in the skin of his flesh, shining bright spots that are whitish,
A short case-law on the benign white blotches, again framed for both sexes. The triple description αὐγάσματα αὐγάζοντα λευκαθίζοντα ('bright shining whitish spots') sets up the contrast with leprosy; the verdict (v. 39) will be ἀλφός — a harmless dull-white tetter.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new case-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρὶa manDativedative of reference (fronted topic)→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ (dat.): 'man' (= אִישׁ).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
γυναικὶa womanDativedative of reference (parallel to ἀνδρί)→ sphere or referenceγυνή (dat.): 'woman' (= אִשָּׁה).
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the blotches arising.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκὸςfleshGenitivegenitive ('skin of the flesh')→ relational specificationσάρξ: 'flesh' (= בָּשָׂר); here σὰρξ replaces χρώς in the 'skin of the flesh' formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αὐγάσματαbright spotsNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceαὔγασμα: 'a gleam / bright patch'; cognate of αὐγάζω; renders בֶּהָרֹת ('bright spots'); the luminous blotches under examination.
αὐγάζονταshiningPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Neut · αὐγάζωattributive participle (modifying αὐγάσματα)→ imperfective participleαὐγάζω (pres. ptc. neut. pl.): 'shine / gleam'; the participle reinforces the cognate noun ('gleaming gleams') — a Hebraizing figura etymologica.
λευκαθίζονταwhitishPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Neut · λευκαθίζωattributive participle (modifying αὐγάσματα)→ imperfective participleλευκαθίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be whitish / dull white'; renders לְבָנֹת; the dull-white (not bright leprous-white) colour anticipates the benign verdict ἀλφός.
39
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐν δέρματι τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ αὐγάσματα αὐγάζοντα λευκαθίζοντα ἀλφός ἐστιν καθαρός ἐστιν ἐξανθεῖ ἐν τῷ δέρματι τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ καθαρός ἐστιν
and the priest shall examine him, and behold, if in the skin of his flesh there are shining whitish bright spots, it is a tetter; he is clean; it breaks out in the skin of his flesh; he is clean.
The clean verdict: the bright whitish blotches are ἀλφός — a harmless dull-white tetter (a vitiligo-like depigmentation), not leprosy. The threefold καθαρός ἐστιν … ἐξανθεῖ … καθαρός ἐστιν emphatically clears the person; the present ἐξανθεῖ ('it merely breaks out') downplays the eruption as cosmetic, not diseased.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκὸςfleshGenitivegenitive ('skin of the flesh')→ relational specificationσάρξ: (= בָּשָׂר).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αὐγάσματαbright spotsNominativesubject (with implied 'there are')→ participant prominenceαὔγασμα: 'bright patch' (= בֶּהָרֹת).
αὐγάζονταshiningPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Neut · αὐγάζωattributive participle (modifying αὐγάσματα)→ imperfective participleαὐγάζω (pres. ptc.): 'gleam'; figura etymologica with αὐγάσματα.
λευκαθίζονταwhitishPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Neut · λευκαθίζωattributive participle (modifying αὐγάσματα)→ imperfective participleλευκαθίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be whitish' (= לְבָנֹת).
ἀλφόςtetter / dull-white blotchNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceἀλφός: 'dull-white tetter / vitiligo-like blotch'; renders בֹּהַק; a harmless skin-discolouration, explicitly distinguished from λέπρα; the clean verdict-term of this case.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'it is a tetter.'
καθαρόςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר).
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'he is clean.'
ἐξανθεῖit breaks outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξανθέωmain verb (descriptive: 'it merely breaks out')→ durative present (a harmless ongoing eruption)ἐξανθέω: 'break out / erupt'; here in a benign sense — the tetter merely 'breaks out' on the skin without disease.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιskinDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρματι: meaning 'skin'; it serves as dative of place.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκὸςfleshGenitivegenitive ('skin of the flesh')→ relational specificationσάρξ: (= בָּשָׂר).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθαρόςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict, emphatic repetition)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: the repeated verdict emphatically declares the person clean.
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'he is clean.'
40
ἐὰν δέ τινι μαδήσῃ ἡ κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ φαλακρός ἐστιν καθαρός ἐστιν
But if any man's head loses its hair, he is bald; he is clean.
The baldness-section opens: mere loss of hair from the crown (μαδήσῃ ἡ κεφαλή) makes a man φαλακρός ('bald'), and he is clean — ordinary baldness is not leprosy. The verse pairs with v. 41 (forehead-baldness) before the leprosy-in-baldness case of vv. 42–44.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the new baldness-case.
τινιany (man)Dativeindefinite pronoun (dative of reference: 'in the case of anyone')→ participant reference or interestτις: indefinite pronoun 'someone / any'; the dative τινι generalises the case.
μαδήσῃloses its hairAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μαδάωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (onset of hair-loss)μαδάω: 'fall off (of hair) / grow bald'; renders מָרַט / קָרַח; of the head, 'lose its hair'; the source of φαλακρός.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴheadNominativesubject of μαδήσῃ→ participant prominenceκεφαλή: 'head' (= רֹאשׁ).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his head')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his head').
φαλακρόςbaldNominativepredicate adjective ('he is bald')→ participant prominenceφαλακρός: 'bald (at the crown/back)'; renders קֵרֵחַ; baldness of the crown; an ordinary, clean condition — cf. the mockery of bald Elisha (2 Kgs 2:23).
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'he is bald.'
καθαρόςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר); ordinary baldness is not unclean.
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'he is clean.'
41
ἐὰν δὲ κατὰ πρόσωπον μαδήσῃ ἡ κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ ἀναφάλαντός ἐστιν καθαρός ἐστιν
But if his head loses its hair at the front, he is forehead-bald; he is clean.
The companion case to v. 40: hair-loss at the front (κατὰ πρόσωπον) makes a man ἀναφάλαντος ('bald at the forehead / receding'), and he is likewise clean. The two terms φαλακρός (crown) and ἀναφάλαντος (forehead) distinguish the two baldness-zones for the leprosy-test of vv. 42–44.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the companion case.
κατὰatpreposition + accusative (idiom: 'at the front')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: κατὰ πρόσωπον, 'at the front / toward the face' = at the forehead.
πρόσωπονfront / faceAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom: 'at the front')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / front'; renders פָּנִים; κατὰ πρόσωπον locates the hair-loss at the forehead/front of the head.
μαδήσῃloses its hairAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μαδάωverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveμαδάω: 'grow bald / lose hair' (= קָרַח); here at the front of the head.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴheadNominativesubject of μαδήσῃ→ participant prominenceκεφαλή: (= רֹאשׁ).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀναφάλαντόςforehead-baldNominativepredicate adjective ('he is forehead-bald')→ participant prominenceἀναφάλαντος: 'bald at the forehead / having a receding hairline'; renders גִּבֵּחַ; baldness at the front, distinguished from φαλακρός (crown); a clean condition.
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'he is forehead-bald.'
καθαρόςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר).
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'he is clean.'
42
ἐὰν δὲ γένηται ἐν τῷ φαλακρώματι αὐτοῦ ἢ ἐν τῷ ἀναφαλαντώματι αὐτοῦ ἁφὴ λευκὴ ἢ πυρρίζουσα λέπρα ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ φαλακρώματι αὐτοῦ ἢ ἐν τῷ ἀναφαλαντώματι αὐτοῦ
But if there comes to be in his bald crown or in his bald forehead a white or reddish affection, it is leprosy breaking out in his bald crown or in his bald forehead.
The crucial counter-case: a white or reddish affection arising in the bald region (crown φαλάκρωμα or forehead ἀναφαλάντωμα) is leprosy. The abstract nouns φαλάκρωμα / ἀναφαλάντωμα ('the bald patch') correspond to the adjectives of vv. 40–41; the white-or-reddish colour-pair echoes the boil/burn cases.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the counter-case to vv. 40–41.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the affection arising in the bald area.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαλακρώματιbald crownDativedative of place ('in his bald crown')→ sphere or referenceφαλάκρωμα: 'bald patch (of the crown)'; abstract noun from φαλακρός; renders קָרַחַת; the bald area at the back/crown.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφαλαντώματιbald foreheadDativedative of place ('in his bald forehead')→ sphere or referenceἀναφαλάντωμα: 'bald patch (of the forehead)'; abstract noun from ἀναφάλαντος; renders גַּבַּחַת; the bald area at the front.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceἁφή: the leprous mark (= נֶגַע).
λευκὴwhiteNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἁφή)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white.'
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
πυρρίζουσαreddishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · πυρρίζωattributive participle (alternative colour: 'reddish')→ imperfective participleπυρρίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be reddish' (= אֲדַמְדָּם); the white-or-reddish pair, as in the boil/burn cases.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐστὶνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαλακρώματιbald crownDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceφαλάκρωμα: the bald crown (= קָרַחַת).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφαλαντώματιbald foreheadDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἀναφαλάντωμα: the bald forehead (= גַּבַּחַת).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
43
καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ ἡ ὄψις τῆς ἁφῆς λευκὴ πυρρίζουσα ἐν τῷ φαλακρώματι αὐτοῦ ἢ ἐν τῷ ἀναφαλαντώματι αὐτοῦ ὡς εἶδος λέπρας ἐν δέρματι τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ
And the priest shall examine him, and behold, if the appearance of the affection is white-reddish in his bald crown or in his bald forehead, like the appearance of leprosy in the skin of the flesh,
The examination confirms the white-reddish lesion in the bald region looks 'like the appearance of leprosy in the skin of the flesh' (ὡς εἶδος λέπρας) — i.e., the same diagnostic appearance as ordinary skin-leprosy. The comparison ὡς εἶδος λέπρας grounds the verdict that follows in v. 44.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὄψεται.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: '= הִנֵּה.'
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject (with implied copula)→ participant prominenceὄψις: the lesion's appearance.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφῆςaffectionGenitivegenitive ('appearance of the affection')→ relational specificationἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
λευκὴwhiteNominativepredicate adjective (modifying ὄψις)→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white.'
πυρρίζουσαreddishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · πυρρίζωattributive/predicate participle ('white-reddish')→ imperfective participleπυρρίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be reddish' (= אֲדַמְדָּם); the white-reddish cast of the lesion.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαλακρώματιbald crownDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceφαλάκρωμα: (= קָרַחַת).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφαλαντώματιbald foreheadDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἀναφαλάντωμα: (= גַּבַּחַת).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison with ordinary body-leprosy.
εἶδοςappearance / formNominativepredicate (comparison: 'like the appearance of leprosy')→ participant prominenceεἶδος: 'form / appearance / look'; renders מַרְאֶה; ὡς εἶδος λέπρας = 'like the look of leprosy' — the bald-area lesion is indistinguishable from skin-leprosy.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (with εἶδος: 'appearance of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δέρματιskinDativedative of place ('in the skin')→ sphere or referenceδέρμα: (= עוֹר).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκὸςfleshGenitivegenitive ('skin of the flesh')→ relational specificationσάρξ: (= בָּשָׂר).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
44
ἄνθρωπος λεπρός ἐστιν μιάνσει μιανεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ αὐτοῦ ἡ ἁφὴ αὐτοῦ
the man is leprous; the priest shall surely pronounce him unclean; his affection is on his head.
The verdict closing the baldness-section: ἄνθρωπος λεπρός ἐστιν ('the man is leprous'). The emphatic cognate-dative μιάνσει μιανεῖ ('he shall surely pronounce unclean') renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute, underscoring the certainty of the verdict; the closing clause locates the affection 'on his head' (ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ αὐτοῦ).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person' (= אִישׁ); the subject of the verdict.
λεπρόςleprousNominativepredicate adjective ('is leprous')→ participant prominenceλεπρός: 'leprous / a leper'; renders צָרוּעַ; the same word for the lepers Jesus cleanses (Matt 8:2; 10:8; Luke 17:12).
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula 'the man is leprous.'
μιάνσειwith a defilingDativecognate dative (Hebraism intensifying μιανεῖ)→ sphere or referenceμίανσις: 'a defiling / pronouncing-unclean'; the cognate dative μιάνσει with μιανεῖ renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute (טַמֵּא יְטַמְּאֶנּוּ): 'he shall surely pronounce him unclean.'
μιανεῖshall pronounce uncleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (declarative verdict, intensified by cognate dative)→ declarative future (emphatic via cognate dative)μιαίνω: 'declare unclean' (= טִמֵּא); with μιάνσει, the emphatic 'surely pronounce unclean.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῇheadDativedative of place ('on his head')→ sphere or referenceκεφαλή: (= רֹאשׁ); the affection's location.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject ('his affection is on his head')→ participant prominenceἁφή: the affection (= נֶגַע), here located on the head.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
45
καὶ ὁ λεπρός ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ἡ ἁφή τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ ἔστω παραλελυμένα καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ ἀκατακάλυπτος καὶ περὶ τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ περιβαλέσθω καὶ ἀκάθαρτος κεκλήσεται
And the leper in whom the affection is — his garments shall be torn, and his head uncovered, and he shall cover himself about the mouth, and he shall be called unclean.
The social-ritual heart of the chapter: the diagnosed leper must adopt the signs of mourning and contagion — garments torn/loosed (παραλελυμένα), head uncovered (ἀκατακάλυπτος), lip covered (περὶ τὸ στόμα περιβαλέσθω), and the self-announcing cry. The third-person imperatives (ἔστω, περιβαλέσθω) prescribe the obligatory mourning-display; κεκλήσεται ('he shall be called unclean') sets up the cry of v. 45–46 (ἀκάθαρτος ἀκάθαρτος in the Hebrew/traditional reading), warning others away.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λεπρόςleperNominativesubject (substantival: 'the leper')→ participant prominenceλεπρός: 'leper / leprous person' (= צָרוּעַ); here substantival, the subject of the mourning regulations; the figure Jesus repeatedly touches and cleanses (Mark 1:40–42).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relative clause: 'in whom')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (relative clause: 'in whom').
ᾧwhomDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν: 'in whom the affection is')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ἡ ἁφή = 'in whom the affection is.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the relative clause→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; the affection is present in him.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject of ἐστιν→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsNominativesubject of ἔστω ('his garments shall be…')→ participant prominenceἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak' (= בֶּגֶד); the torn garments are a sign of mourning and self-marking.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἔστωlet bePres Act Impv 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (third-person imperative)→ imperatival present (standing obligation)εἰμί (impv. ἔστω): 'let (them) be'; the third-person imperative prescribes the leper's required state of dress.
παραλελυμέναtorn / loosedPerf Pass Ptc Nom Pl Neut · παραλύωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἔστω: 'be torn')→ resultative perfect passive participle (state of being rent/undone)παραλύω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'loosen / undo / let hang loose'; renders פָּרַם ('rend / tear'); the perfect participle with ἔστω forms a periphrastic 'shall be torn/dishevelled' — the leper's garments hang rent as a mark of mourning; the same root yields παραλυτικός ('paralytic').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴheadNominativesubject (with implied ἔστω)→ participant prominenceκεφαλή: 'head' (= רֹאשׁ).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀκατακάλυπτοςuncoveredNominativepredicate adjective ('his head uncovered')→ participant prominenceἀκατακάλυπτος: 'uncovered / bare'; renders פָּרוּעַ ('unbound / dishevelled'); the bared/unbound head is a mourning-sign; the same word for the uncovered head in 1 Cor 11:5, 13.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶabout / aroundpreposition + accusative ('about the mouth')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + acc.: 'around / about'; περὶ τὸ στόμα, 'about the mouth/lip' — the covered upper lip is a mourning-gesture (cf. Ezek 24:17, 22; Mic 3:7).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouth / lipAccusativeobject of περί→ object specificationστόμα: 'mouth'; renders שָׂפָם ('upper lip / moustache'); the covering of the lip both signals mourning and muffles the breath, guarding others from contagion.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
περιβαλέσθωlet him cover himselfAor Mid Impv 3 Sg · περιβάλλωmain verb (third-person middle imperative)→ imperatival aorist middle (cover oneself)περιβάλλω (aor. mid. impv.): 'put around / clothe / wrap'; the middle 'let him wrap himself about the mouth' prescribes covering the lip; the verb commonly means 'clothe oneself' (cf. Matt 6:29; Rev 3:18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate (the cry/title: 'Unclean!')→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (= טָמֵא); the self-announcing cry the leper must utter ('Unclean! Unclean!') warns others to keep their distance; the title he 'shall be called.'
κεκλήσεταιhe shall be calledFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (passive: 'shall be called')→ predictive future passive (settled designation)καλέω (fut. pass. κεκλήσεται): 'be called / named'; renders יִקְרָא; the leper 'shall be called unclean' — both self-proclaimed and publicly recognised as such.
46
πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ὅσας ἂν ᾖ ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἡ ἁφή ἀκάθαρτος ὢν ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται κεχωρισμένος καθήσεται ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἔσται αὐτοῦ ἡ διατριβή
All the days that the affection is upon him, being unclean he shall be unclean; he shall sit apart; outside the camp shall be his dwelling.
The duration and the isolation: for the whole time the affection lasts, the leper is unclean and must dwell apart, outside the camp. The emphatic ἀκάθαρτος ὢν ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ('being unclean he shall be unclean') doubles the term, and κεχωρισμένος καθήσεται ('he shall sit separated') with ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς ('outside the camp') gives the social-exclusion verdict — the backdrop to the Gospel lepers who must live apart (Luke 17:12) and to Heb 13:12–13.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας, accusative of duration, 'all the days.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of duration.
ὅσαςas long asAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative: 'as many [days] as')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; ὅσας ἂν with the subjunctive forms an indefinite duration-clause, 'for however many days.'
ἂνevermodal particle (indefinite, with subjunctive ᾖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalises the temporal clause.
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the indefinite temporal clause→ durative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): 'is'; the affection's continuing presence.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (elided: 'upon him')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon'; the affection is upon him.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἐπί→ relational specificationαὐτός: the leper.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject of ᾖ→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate (with participle ὤν: 'being unclean')→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (= טָמֵא); first member of the emphatic doubling.
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίcircumstantial participle (with ἔσται: emphatic Hebraizing intensification)→ imperfective participle reinforcing the finite verb (Hebraism)εἰμί (pres. ptc. ὤν): the participle-plus-finite ἀκάθαρτος ὢν ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ('being unclean he shall be unclean') renders a Hebrew infinitive-absolute construction, emphatically stressing the leper's settled impurity.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: the second, emphatic 'unclean.'
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of state)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'he shall be (unclean)'; the abiding impure status.
κεχωρισμένοςseparated / apartPerf Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · χωρίζωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'he shall sit separated')→ resultative perfect passive participle (state of separation)χωρίζω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'separate / set apart'; renders בָּדָד ('alone'); the perfect participle marks the leper's enforced state of isolation; cf. the use of χωρίζω in Rom 8:35, 39.
καθήσεταιhe shall sit / dwellFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb ('he shall sit/dwell apart')→ predictive future (settled dwelling)κάθημαι (fut. καθήσεται): 'sit / dwell / remain'; renders יֵשֵׁב; the leper 'shall dwell' in isolation; the verb connotes settled residence, here in exclusion.
ἔξωoutsideadverb/preposition + genitive ('outside the camp')→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside'; with the genitive τῆς παρεμβολῆς, 'outside the camp'; the spatial mark of exclusion, echoed in Heb 13:12–13 (Jesus suffered 'outside the gate / camp').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitiveobject of ἔξω ('outside the camp')→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the Israelite camp around the tabernacle, from which the unclean are excluded; the same term in Heb 13:11–13.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb ('his dwelling shall be [outside]')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'shall be'; locates his dwelling outside the camp.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his dwelling')→ relational specificationαὐτός: the leper's.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διατριβήdwelling / abodeNominativesubject of ἔσται ('his dwelling')→ participant prominenceδιατριβή: 'a spending of time / abode / dwelling-place'; renders מוֹשָׁב; the leper's place of residence is fixed outside the camp.
47
καὶ ἱματίῳ ἐὰν γένηται ἐν αὐτῷ ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐν ἱματίῳ ἐρεῷ ἢ ἐν ἱματίῳ στιππυίνῳ
And if a leprous affection comes to be in a garment, whether in a woolen garment or in a garment of tow,
The final major section extends ἁφὴ λέπρας to fabrics. The fronted dative ἱματίῳ ('in the case of a garment') opens the law; the two basic textiles are named — woolen (ἐρεοῦν) and tow/flax (στιππύινον). The 'leprosy' here is some mould, mildew, or fungal/discolouring corruption of fabric, treated by the same examine/quarantine/burn protocol.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new case-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱματίῳa garmentDativedative of reference (fronted topic: 'in the case of a garment')→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloth'; renders בֶּגֶד; the fronted dative is a Hebraizing topic-marker for the new case-law on fabric-leprosy.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιthere comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the affection arising in the fabric.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῷitDativedative of place ('in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the garment.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceἁφή: the 'mark / plague' (= נֶגַע), here of fabric-corruption.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive)→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (= צָרַעַת); applied to fabric, a corrupting mould/mildew.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ἱματίῳgarmentDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἐρεῷwoolenDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἱματίῳ: 'woolen garment')→ sphere or referenceἐρεοῦς (ἔρεος): 'woolen / made of wool'; renders צֶמֶר; one of the two primary textiles (wool/linen) under examination.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ἱματίῳgarmentDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἱματίῳ: meaning 'garment'; it serves as dative of place.
στιππυίνῳof tow / flaxenDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἱματίῳ: 'garment of tow')→ sphere or referenceστιππύινος: 'made of tow / coarse flax'; renders פִּשְׁתִּים ('linen / flax'); the linen/flaxen textile, paired with wool.
48
ἢ ἐν στήμονι ἢ ἐν κρόκῃ ἢ ἐν τοῖς λινοῖς ἢ ἐν τοῖς ἐρεοῖς ἢ ἐν δέρματι ἢ ἐν παντὶ ἐργασίμῳ δέρματι
or in the warp or in the woof, or in the linen things or in the woolen things, or in leather or in any worked leather,
The protasis is extended to every fabric-component and to leather: the warp (στήμων) and woof (κρόκη) of weaving, linen and woolen articles, and leather (δέρμα) — including 'any worked leather' (παντὶ ἐργασίμῳ δέρματι). The comprehensive list (echoed in vv. 49, 52, 57–59) ensures no manufactured material is exempt.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
στήμονιwarpDativedative of place ('in the warp')→ sphere or referenceστήμων: 'warp' (the lengthwise threads on a loom); renders שְׁתִי; paired with κρόκη ('woof') for the two thread-systems of weaving.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
κρόκῃwoof / weftDativedative of place ('in the woof')→ sphere or referenceκρόκη: 'woof / weft' (the crosswise threads); renders עֵרֶב; paired with στήμων ('warp').
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (substantivizing λινοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λινοῖςlinen thingsDativesubstantivized adjective (dative of place: 'in the linen [articles]')→ sphere or referenceλίνεος / λινοῦς: 'made of linen / flax'; renders פִּשְׁתִּים; the substantival τὰ λινᾶ, 'linen articles.'
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (substantivizing ἐρεοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρεοῖςwoolen thingsDativesubstantivized adjective (dative of place: 'in the woolen [articles]')→ sphere or referenceἐρεοῦς: 'woolen'; substantival τὰ ἐρεᾶ, 'woolen articles' (= צֶמֶר).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δέρματιleatherDativedative of place ('in leather')→ sphere or referenceδέρμα: here 'hide / leather' (= עוֹר); the same word as 'skin' earlier, now of tanned hide.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
παντὶanyDativeattributive adjective (modifying δέρματι: 'any leather')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / any'; comprehensive 'any worked leather.'
ἐργασίμῳworked / wroughtDativeattributive adjective (modifying δέρματι)→ sphere or referenceἐργάσιμος: 'workable / wrought / serviceable'; renders מְלֶאכֶת ('work / manufacture'); 'worked leather' = leather fashioned into an article.
δέρματιleatherDativedative of place ('in worked leather')→ sphere or referenceδέρμα: 'leather / hide' (= עוֹר).
49
καὶ γένηται ἡ ἁφὴ χλωρίζουσα ἢ πυρρίζουσα ἐν τῷ δέρματι ἢ ἐν τῷ ἱματίῳ ἢ ἐν τῷ στήμονι ἢ ἐν τῇ κρόκῃ ἢ ἐν παντὶ σκεύει ἐργασίμῳ δέρματος ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν καὶ δείξει τῷ ἱερεῖ
and the affection is greenish or reddish in the leather, or in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in any article worked of leather, it is a leprous affection, and he shall show it to the priest.
The diagnostic colour for fabric-leprosy is greenish (χλωρίζουσα) or reddish (πυρρίζουσα) — appropriate to mould/mildew. The verdict ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν is provisional, and the article is shown to the priest (δείξει τῷ ἱερεῖ) for the formal protocol.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιis / comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: the affection appearing in the fabric/leather.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
χλωρίζουσαgreenishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · χλωρίζωattributive participle (colour: 'greenish')→ imperfective participleχλωρίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be greenish / yellow-green'; renders יְרַקְרַק; the greenish cast appropriate to mould/mildew in fabric; cognate with χλωρός ('green,' Rev 6:8).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
πυρρίζουσαreddishPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · πυρρίζωattributive participle (alternative colour: 'reddish')→ imperfective participleπυρρίζω (pres. ptc.): 'be reddish' (= אֲדַמְדָּם); the alternative colour of fabric-corruption.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιleatherDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρμα: 'leather' (= עוֹר).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίῳgarmentDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμονιwarpDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceστήμων: 'warp' (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκῃwoofDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceκρόκη: 'woof / weft' (= עֵרֶב).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
παντὶanyDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / any.'
σκεύειarticle / vesselDativedative of place ('in any article')→ sphere or referenceσκεῦος: 'vessel / implement / article'; renders כְּלִי; here any leather article/utensil.
ἐργασίμῳworkedDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceἐργάσιμος: 'wrought / worked' (= מְלֶאכֶת).
δέρματοςof leatherGenitivegenitive of material ('worked of leather')→ relational specificationδέρμα (gen.): 'of leather'; the material of the worked article.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceἁφή: ἁφὴ λέπρας ἐστίν, the provisional verdict.
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive)→ relational specificationλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δείξειhe shall showFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb (the referral)→ prescriptive future (mandated showing)δείκνυμι (fut. δείξει): 'show / point out / display'; renders הָרְאָה; the owner shows the affected article to the priest for examination.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativeindirect object of δείξει ('to the priest')→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς (dat.): the diagnostician.
50
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφήν καὶ ἀφοριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
And the priest shall examine the affection, and the priest shall quarantine the affection seven days.
The same examine-and-quarantine protocol now applied to the article: the priest examines and sets it apart (ἀφοριεῖ) for seven days. The fabric/leather is treated procedurally just like a human patient.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination of the article.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / sequester'; the affected article is quarantined seven days.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ (metonymy: the affected article)→ object specificationἁφή: the affection, and by metonymy the article bearing it.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: the seven-day interval.
51
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ ἐὰν δὲ διαχέηται ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τῷ ἱματίῳ ἢ ἐν τῷ στήμονι ἢ ἐν τῇ κρόκῃ ἢ ἐν τῷ δέρματι κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἂν ποιηθῇ δέρματα ἐν τῇ ἐργασίᾳ λέπρα ἔμμονός ἐστιν ἡ ἁφή ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν
And the priest shall examine the affection on the seventh day; but if the affection has spread in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in the leather, according to all that the leather may be made into in the working, the affection is a persistent leprosy; it is unclean.
The seventh-day verdict for the article: spreading proves the corruption is a λέπρα ἔμμονος ('a persistent/abiding leprosy') and the article is unclean. ἔμμονος ('persistent, ingrained, established') is the fabric-section's distinctive verdict-term, leading to burning (v. 52).
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the seventh-day re-examination.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: dative of point of time.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh.'
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the spreading-case.
διαχέηταιhas spreadPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ durative present subjunctiveδιαχέω: 'spread / diffuse' (= פָּשָׂה); spreading in the fabric confirms the persistent leprosy.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of διαχέηται→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίῳgarmentDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμονιwarpDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceστήμων: (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκῃwoofDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceκρόκη: (= עֵרֶב).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματιleatherDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceδέρμα: 'leather' (= עוֹר).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive: 'according to all')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ πάντα, 'in respect of everything.'
πάνταall thingsAccusativeobject of κατά ('according to all that…')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the comprehensive 'all the leather things.'
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative: 'as many as')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; ὅσα ἂν with the subjunctive, 'whatever (articles) may be made.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive ποιηθῇ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalises the relative clause.
ποιηθῇmay be madeAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the indefinite relative clause (passive)→ aorist passive subjunctive (potential manufacture)ποιέω (aor. pass. subj.): 'make / do'; passive 'be made / manufactured'; renders יֵעָשֶׂה; covers any leather article that may be fashioned.
δέρματαleather (articles)Nominativesubject of ποιηθῇ (constructio ad sensum: 'whatever leather things are made')→ participant prominenceδέρμα (pl. δέρματα): 'leather articles / hides'; the manufactured leather goods.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in the working')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'in the working').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐργασίᾳworking / manufactureDativedative of sphere ('in the working')→ sphere or referenceἐργασία: 'work / labor / manufacture'; renders מְלָאכָה; 'in the working' = as a finished manufactured product.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἔμμονόςpersistent / ingrainedNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λέπρα: 'a persistent leprosy')→ participant prominenceἔμμονος: 'abiding / persistent / ingrained'; renders מַמְאֶרֶת ('malignant'); the distinctive verdict-term for fabric-leprosy that has taken hold and must be destroyed.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject (in apposition: 'the affection is…')→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
ἀκάθαρτόςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (= טָמֵא); the article is unclean.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
52
κατακαύσει τὸ ἱμάτιον ἢ τὸν στήμονα ἢ τὴν κρόκην ἐν τοῖς ἐρεοῖς ἢ ἐν τοῖς λινοῖς ἢ ἐν παντὶ σκεύει δερματίνῳ ἐν ᾧ ἐὰν ᾖ ἐν αὐτῷ ἡ ἁφή ὅτι λέπρα ἔμμονός ἐστιν ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται
He shall burn the garment, or the warp, or the woof, whether in woolen things or in linen things, or any article of leather in which the affection is, because it is a persistent leprosy; it shall be burned with fire.
The decisive action for established fabric-leprosy: the article is burned (κατακαύσει … ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται). The causal ὅτι λέπρα ἔμμονός ἐστιν grounds the destruction; the doubled burning-verb (active then passive future) emphasises the total destruction by fire — the only remedy for ingrained corruption.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
κατακαύσειhe shall burnFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (the prescribed destruction)→ prescriptive futureκατακαίω (fut. κατακαύσει): 'burn up / consume with fire'; renders שָׂרַף; the compound κατα- intensifies ('burn completely'); the only remedy for the ingrained corruption.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarmentAccusativedirect object of κατακαύσει→ object specificationἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμοναwarpAccusativedirect object of κατακαύσει→ object specificationστήμων (acc. στήμονα): 'warp' (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκηνwoofAccusativedirect object of κατακαύσει→ object specificationκρόκη (acc. κρόκην): 'woof' (= עֵרֶב).
ἐνin / amongpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (substantivizing ἐρεοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρεοῖςwoolen thingsDativesubstantivized adjective ('among the woolen articles')→ sphere or referenceἐρεοῦς: 'woolen' (= צֶמֶר).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνin / amongpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (substantivizing λινοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λινοῖςlinen thingsDativesubstantivized adjective ('among the linen articles')→ sphere or referenceλινοῦς: 'linen' (= פִּשְׁתִּים).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
παντὶanyDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / any.'
σκεύειarticleDativedative of place ('in any article')→ sphere or referenceσκεῦος: 'vessel / article' (= כְּלִי).
δερματίνῳof leatherDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει: 'leather article')→ sphere or referenceδερμάτινος: 'made of leather / leathern'; renders עוֹר; the same word for John the Baptist's leather belt (Mark 1:6).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (relative clause).
ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν: 'in which')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; ἐν ᾧ … ἐν αὐτῷ is a Hebraizing resumptive ('in which … in it').
ἐὰνif / -everconditional/indefinite particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here generalising the relative ('in whichever the affection is').
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the relative clause (subjunctive)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): 'is'; the affection's presence in the article.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (resumptive: 'in it')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (resumptive: 'in it').
αὐτῷitDativeresumptive pronoun (Hebraizing: 'in which … in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: resumptive pronoun calquing the Hebrew relative + resumptive (אֲשֶׁר … בּוֹ).
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject of ᾖ→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; the ground for burning.
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (causal clause)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἔμμονόςpersistentNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λέπρα)→ participant prominenceἔμμονος: 'persistent / ingrained' (= מַמְאֶרֶת).
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (causal clause)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental, 'with fire'; ἐν πυρί calques Hebrew בָּאֵשׁ.
πυρὶfireDativedative of instrument ('with fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire' (= אֵשׁ); the means of destruction.
κατακαυθήσεταιit shall be burnedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (passive: 'it shall be burned')→ prescriptive future passiveκατακαίω (fut. pass.): 'be burned up'; the passive restates the destruction emphatically — the article is wholly consumed by fire.
53
ἐὰν δὲ ἴδῃ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ μὴ διαχέηται ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τῷ ἱματίῳ ἢ ἐν τῷ στήμονι ἢ ἐν τῇ κρόκῃ ἢ ἐν παντὶ σκεύει δερματίνῳ
But if the priest examines it, and the affection does not spread in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in any article of leather,
The favorable counter-case: if the affection has not spread in the article, the burning is not yet warranted, and the washing/re-quarantine procedure of vv. 54–55 follows. The condition mirrors the non-spreading lesions of the human cases.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the counter-case to vv. 51–52.
ἴδῃexaminesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the protasis→ aorist subjunctiveὁράω (aor. subj.): the priest's inspection.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negation with the subjunctive.
διαχέηταιspreadsPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the protasis (negated: 'does not spread')→ durative present subjunctiveδιαχέω: 'spread / diffuse' (= פָּשָׂה); its absence opens the way to washing rather than burning.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of διαχέηται→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίῳgarmentDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμονιwarpDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceστήμων: (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκῃwoofDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceκρόκη: (= עֵרֶב).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
παντὶanyDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / any.'
σκεύειarticleDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceσκεῦος: (= כְּלִי).
δερματίνῳof leatherDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceδερμάτινος: 'leathern' (= עוֹר).
54
καὶ συντάξει ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ πλυνεῖ ἐφ᾿ οὗ ἐὰν ᾖ ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἡ ἁφή καὶ ἀφοριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν ἁφὴν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας τὸ δεύτερον
then the priest shall give orders, and he shall wash that on which the affection is, and the priest shall quarantine the affection seven days a second time.
The procedure for the non-spreading article: the priest orders it washed (πλυνεῖ) and re-quarantines it a second seven days (τὸ δεύτερον). συντάσσω ('give command / arrange') marks the priest's authoritative directive; the relative ἐφ᾿ οὗ … ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ is again a Hebraizing resumptive.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συντάξειshall give ordersFut Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωmain verb (the priest's directive)→ prescriptive futureσυντάσσω (fut. συντάξει): 'arrange / give orders / command'; renders צִוָּה; the priest commands that the article be washed; the verb of authoritative instruction.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (the washing)→ prescriptive futureπλύνω (fut. πλυνεῖ): 'wash (cloth)'; renders כִּבֵּס; the affected article is laundered as a possible remedy before final judgment.
ἐφ᾿on whichpreposition + genitive (relative: 'that on which')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'on'; ἐφ᾿ οὗ, 'that on which the affection is.'
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun.
ἐὰν-everindefinite particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: generalising the relative.
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the relative clause (subjunctive)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): 'is'; the affection's location.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (resumptive: 'on it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: resumptive 'on it,' calquing the Hebrew relative + resumptive.
αὐτοῦitGenitiveresumptive pronoun (Hebraizing)→ relational specificationαὐτός: resumptive pronoun (= אֲשֶׁר … בּוֹ).
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject of ᾖ→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb→ prescriptive futureἀφορίζω: 'set apart / sequester'; the second quarantine of the article.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ object specificationἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: the seven-day interval.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονa second timeAccusativeadverbial accusative→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'a second time'; the doubled quarantine for the article.
55
καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς μετὰ τὸ πλυθῆναι αὐτὸ τὴν ἁφήν καὶ ἥδε μὴ μετέβαλεν τὴν ὄψιν ἡ ἁφή καὶ ἡ ἁφὴ οὐ διαχεῖται ἀκάθαρτόν ἐστιν ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται ἐστήρισται ἐν τῷ ἱματίῳ ἢ ἐν τῷ στήμονι ἢ ἐν τῇ κρόκῃ
And the priest shall examine the affection after the article has been washed, and behold, if the affection has not changed its appearance, and the affection has not spread, it is unclean; it shall be burned with fire; it is fixed in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof.
The verdict after washing: even though the affection has not spread, if it has not changed its appearance (μὴ μετέβαλεν τὴν ὄψιν), the article is unclean and burned. The perfect ἐστήρισται ('it is fixed/ingrained') explains why: the corruption is set fast in the fabric. Notably here non-change, not spreading, condemns — the fabric-corruption is judged by colour-persistence.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall examineFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ prescriptive futureὁράω: the priest's examination after washing.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, governing articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with τὸ πλυθῆναι, 'after the being-washed.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλυθῆναιto be washedAor Pass Inf · πλύνωarticular infinitive (object of μετά; temporal)→ aorist passive infinitive (completed washing)πλύνω (aor. pass. inf.): the articular infinitive τὸ πλυθῆναι, 'after it was washed'; αὐτό is its accusative subject.
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive πλυθῆναι (the article)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter αὐτό refers to the article (ἱμάτιον/σκεῦος).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήνaffectionAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφή: the affection examined after washing.
καὶandconjunction (introducing observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥδεbehold this / loNominativedemonstrative pronoun (presentative: 'and lo')→ participant referenceὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: 'this (here)'; the feminine ἥδε here functions presentatively (≈ ἰδού), 'and lo / behold this,' introducing the observation.
μὴnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negation.
μετέβαλενhas changedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβάλλωmain verb (negated: 'has not changed')→ constative aoristμεταβάλλω: 'change / alter'; here transitive, 'has not changed its appearance' — the colour-persistence is the condemning sign for fabric.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψινappearanceAccusativedirect object of μετέβαλεν ('changed its appearance')→ object specificationὄψις: 'appearance'; the affection's look has not altered after washing.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject of μετέβαλεν→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of διαχεῖται→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαχεῖταιspreadsPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαχέωmain verb (negated: 'does not spread')→ durative presentδιαχέω: 'spread' (= פָּשָׂה); though it has not spread, the unchanged colour still condemns the article.
ἀκάθαρτόνuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict, neuter)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (= טָמֵא); the neuter agrees with the article.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental, 'with fire' (= בָּאֵשׁ).
πυρὶfireDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire' (= אֵשׁ).
κατακαυθήσεταιit shall be burnedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (passive)→ prescriptive future passiveκατακαίω (fut. pass.): 'be burned up' (= שָׂרַף).
ἐστήρισταιit is fixed / ingrainedPerf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · στηρίζωmain verb (perfect: explaining the unclean verdict)→ resultative perfect (settled, fixed state)στηρίζω (perf. mid./pass. ἐστήρισται): 'fix firmly / establish / set fast'; renders פֶּחֶתֶת ('eaten-in / fretting'); the perfect 'it is fixed / ingrained' explains why the article is condemned — the corruption is set fast in it; cf. στηρίζω of the 'fixed' chasm (Luke 16:26) and faith being 'established' (Luke 22:32; Rom 1:11).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίῳgarmentDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμονιwarpDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceστήμων: (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκῃwoofDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceκρόκη: (= עֵרֶב).
56
καὶ ἐὰν ἴδῃ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ᾖ ἀμαυρὰ ἡ ἁφὴ μετὰ τὸ πλυθῆναι αὐτό ἀπορρήξει αὐτὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱματίου ἢ ἀπὸ τοῦ δέρματος ἢ ἀπὸ τοῦ στήμονος ἢ ἀπὸ τῆς κρόκης
And if the priest examines it, and the affection is dim after the article has been washed, he shall tear it out of the garment, or out of the leather, or out of the warp, or out of the woof.
If after washing the affection has faded (ᾖ ἀμαυρά), it need not destroy the whole article: the priest tears out (ἀπορρήξει) the affected portion from the fabric or leather. ἀπορρήγνυμι ('rend off / tear away') is the localized remedy, sparing the rest of the article.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδῃexaminesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the protasis→ aorist subjunctiveὁράω (aor. subj.): the priest's inspection.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾖisPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (subjunctive in protasis)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (subj.): 'is'; the affection is dim.
ἀμαυρὰdimNominativepredicate adjective ('the affection is dim')→ participant prominenceἀμαυρός: 'dim / faded' (= כֵּהָה); the fading after washing permits the localized remedy.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴaffectionNominativesubject of ᾖ→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, governing articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with τὸ πλυθῆναι, 'after the being-washed.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλυθῆναιto be washedAor Pass Inf · πλύνωarticular infinitive (object of μετά; temporal)→ aorist passive infinitive (completed washing)πλύνω (aor. pass. inf.): the articular infinitive τὸ πλυθῆναι, 'after it was washed'; αὐτό is its accusative subject.
αὐτόitAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive πλυθῆναι (the article)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter αὐτό, the article.
ἀπορρήξειhe shall tear outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπορρήγνυμιmain verb (the localized remedy)→ prescriptive futureἀπορρήγνυμι (fut. ἀπορρήξει): 'tear off / rend away'; renders קָרַע; the priest removes the affected patch from the article, sparing the rest.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ἀπορρήξει (the affected portion)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the affected patch torn out.
ἀπὸfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'out of / from'; the patch is removed from the article.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίουgarmentGenitivegenitive of separation (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἱμάτιον (gen.): (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρματοςleatherGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationδέρμα (gen.): 'leather' (= עוֹר).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμονοςwarpGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationστήμων (gen. στήμονος): 'warp' (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκηςwoofGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationκρόκη (gen. κρόκης): 'woof' (= עֵרֶב).
57
ἐὰν δὲ ὀφθῇ ἔτι ἐν τῷ ἱματίῳ ἢ ἐν τῷ στήμονι ἢ ἐν τῇ κρόκῃ ἢ ἐν παντὶ σκεύει δερματίνῳ λέπρα ἐξανθοῦσά ἐστιν ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται ἐν ᾧ ἐστὶν ἡ ἁφή
But if it appears again in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in any article of leather, it is a spreading leprosy; the article in which the affection is shall be burned with fire.
If, after the patch is torn out, the affection reappears (ὀφθῇ ἔτι), it is a λέπρα ἐξανθοῦσα ('a spreading / actively-breaking-out leprosy') and the whole article is burned. The relapse shows the corruption is not localized but active, requiring total destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the relapse-case.
ὀφθῇit appearsAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the protasis (passive: 'be seen / appear')→ ingressive aorist passive subjunctiveὁράω (aor. pass. subj.): 'be seen / appear' (= נִרְאָה); the affection reappears after the patch was removed.
ἔτιstill / againadverb (temporal: 'still / again')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet / again'; renders עוֹד; the reappearance signals an active, recurring corruption.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίῳgarmentDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμονιwarpDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceστήμων: (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκῃwoofDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceκρόκη: (= עֵרֶב).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
παντὶanyDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / any.'
σκεύειarticleDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceσκεῦος: (= כְּלִי).
δερματίνῳof leatherDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceδερμάτινος: 'leathern' (= עוֹר).
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict)→ participant prominenceλέπρα: (= צָרַעַת).
ἐξανθοῦσάbreaking out / spreadingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἐξανθέωattributive participle (modifying λέπρα: 'a spreading leprosy')→ imperfective participle (active, ongoing eruption)ἐξανθέω (pres. ptc.): 'break out / erupt'; renders פֹּרַחַת; the recurring eruption marks an active corruption that must be destroyed.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict-formula)→ declarative presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental, 'with fire' (= בָּאֵשׁ).
πυρὶfireDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire' (= אֵשׁ).
κατακαυθήσεταιit shall be burnedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (passive)→ prescriptive future passiveκατακαίω (fut. pass.): 'be burned up' (= שָׂרַף).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (relative clause).
ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν: 'in which')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; 'the article in which the affection is.'
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the relative clause→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; the affection's presence.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject of ἐστίν→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
58
καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον ἢ ὁ στήμων ἢ ἡ κρόκη ἢ πᾶν σκεῦος δερμάτινον ὃ πλυθήσεται καὶ ἀποστήσεται ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἡ ἁφή καὶ πλυθήσεται τὸ δεύτερον καὶ καθαρὸν ἔσται
And the garment, or the warp, or the woof, or any article of leather which shall be washed, and the affection departs from it, then it shall be washed a second time, and it shall be clean.
The clean outcome for the article: when, on washing, the affection departs (ἀποστήσεται) from it, the article is washed a second time and is clean. ἀφίστημι ('depart / withdraw') describes the corruption's removal; the doubled washing completes the purification of the salvaged article.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarmentNominativesubject (with the following disjunction)→ participant prominenceἱμάτιον: (= בֶּגֶד).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήμωνwarpNominativesubject (alternative)→ participant prominenceστήμων: 'warp' (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρόκηwoofNominativesubject (alternative)→ participant prominenceκρόκη: 'woof' (= עֵרֶב).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
πᾶνanyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / any.'
σκεῦοςarticleNominativesubject (alternative)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: 'article / vessel' (= כְּלִי).
δερμάτινονof leatherNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ participant prominenceδερμάτινος: 'leathern' (= עוֹר).
ὃwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of πλυθήσεται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun (neuter), 'which.'
πλυθήσεταιshall be washedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωverb of the relative clause (passive)→ prescriptive future passiveπλύνω (fut. pass.): 'be washed' (= כִּבֵּס); the article is laundered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστήσεταιdepartsFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb ('the affection departs from it')→ predictive future middle (the affection withdraws)ἀφίστημι (fut. mid. ἀποστήσεται): 'withdraw / depart / stand off'; renders סוּר; the affection 'departs from it' — the corruption is gone; the verb of apostasy/falling-away elsewhere (1 Tim 4:1; Heb 3:12).
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the affection departs from the article.
αὐτοῦitGenitiveobject of ἀπ᾿ ('from it')→ relational specificationαὐτός: the article.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήaffectionNominativesubject of ἀποστήσεται→ participant prominenceἁφή: (= נֶגַע).
καὶthenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυθήσεταιit shall be washedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (passive)→ prescriptive future passiveπλύνω (fut. pass.): the second laundering that completes the purification.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονa second timeAccusativeadverbial accusative→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'a second time'; the doubled washing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸνcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (= טָהוֹר); the neuter agrees with the article.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of state)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'shall be (clean)'; the salvaged article is restored to purity.
59
οὗτος ὁ νόμος ἁφῆς λέπρας ἱματίου ἐρεοῦ ἢ στιππυίνου ἢ στήμονος ἢ κρόκης ἢ παντὸς σκεύους δερματίνου εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι αὐτὸ ἢ μιᾶναι αὐτό
This is the law of the affection of leprosy of a woolen or flaxen garment, or of warp, or of woof, or of any article of leather, to pronounce it clean or to pronounce it unclean.
The summary colophon closing the garment-section and the chapter: οὗτος ὁ νόμος ('this is the law of…'), the standard Levitical subscription-formula (cf. Lev 6:9, 14; 7:1, 11; 14:54–57). The purpose-clause εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι … ἢ μιᾶναι ('to pronounce clean or unclean') sums up the priest's whole diagnostic office: to render the binding verdict of clean or unclean — the dual outcome that has governed the entire chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject: 'this is the law')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; introduces the summary rubric; οὗτος ὁ νόμος is the standard Levitical colophon (= זֹאת תּוֹרַת).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative ('this is the law')→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / instruction / torah'; renders תּוֹרָה; here the specific 'torah' (ritual instruction) governing fabric-leprosy.
ἁφῆςof the affectionGenitivegenitive (defining the law: 'law of the affection')→ relational specificationἁφή (gen.): (= נֶגַע).
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα (gen.): (= צָרַעַת).
ἱματίουof a garmentGenitivegenitive (the affected article)→ relational specificationἱμάτιον (gen.): (= בֶּגֶד).
ἐρεοῦwoolenGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἱματίου)→ relational specificationἐρεοῦς (gen.): 'woolen' (= צֶמֶר).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
στιππυίνουflaxen / of towGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἱματίου)→ relational specificationστιππύινος (gen.): 'of tow / flax' (= פִּשְׁתִּים).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
στήμονοςof warpGenitivegenitive (alternative article)→ relational specificationστήμων (gen. στήμονος): 'warp' (= שְׁתִי).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
κρόκηςof woofGenitivegenitive (alternative article)→ relational specificationκρόκη (gen. κρόκης): 'woof' (= עֵרֶב).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
παντὸςof anyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying σκεύους)→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen.): 'every / any.'
σκεύουςarticleGenitivegenitive (alternative article)→ relational specificationσκεῦος (gen. σκεύους): 'article / vessel' (= כְּלִי).
δερματίνουof leatherGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying σκεύους)→ relational specificationδερμάτινος (gen.): 'leathern' (= עוֹר).
εἰςfor / untopreposition + accusative (purpose, governing articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + articular infinitive: expresses purpose, 'in order to'; εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι … ἢ μιᾶναι, 'so as to pronounce clean or unclean.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρίσαιto pronounce cleanAor Act Inf · καθαρίζωarticular infinitive of purpose (with εἰς τό)→ aorist infinitive (purpose)καθαρίζω (aor. inf.): 'pronounce clean' (= טִהַר); one of the two verdict-outcomes summarising the priest's diagnostic task.
αὐτὸitAccusativeobject of the infinitive καθαρίσαι→ participant referenceαὐτός: the article (neuter).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the alternative verdict.
μιᾶναιto pronounce uncleanAor Act Inf · μιαίνωarticular infinitive of purpose (coordinate with καθαρίσαι)→ aorist infinitive (purpose)μιαίνω (aor. inf.): 'pronounce unclean' (= טִמֵּא); the other verdict-outcome; the clean/unclean pair sums up the whole diagnostic torah of the chapter.
αὐτόitAccusativeobject of the infinitive μιᾶναι→ participant referenceαὐτός: the article (neuter).