1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard Levitical introduction to a divine speech-unit (cf. 4:1; 6:1; 12:1; 13:1); καί continues the priestly legislation in unbroken parataxis. The complementary participle λέγων ('saying') opens the quotation that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the paratactic connector rendering Hebrew וַ; it links this divine speech to the preceding legislation on leprosy diagnosis (ch. 13), marking ch. 14 as its continuation, not a fresh start.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders דִּבֶּר (Piel of דבר); in the Levitical formula ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν it introduces an authoritative divine legislative pronouncement; the aorist views the speech-act as a single whole.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech, the divine origin of the priestly legislation.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (complementary, introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (manner of the speaking)λέγω: the participle λέγων is a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר ('to say'), the standard particle introducing quoted speech in the LXX; it agrees with κύριος and opens the legislative quotation.
2
οὗτος ὁ νόμος τοῦ λεπροῦ ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ καθαρισθῇ καὶ προσαχθήσεται πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα
This is the law of the leper on whatever day he is cleansed: he shall also be brought to the priest,
οὗτος ὁ νόμος ('this is the law') is a Levitical superscription that opens or closes a ritual unit (cf. 6:9, 14, 25; 7:1, 11; 14:54, 57); here it introduces the whole cleansing procedure. The relative-temporal clause ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ καθαρισθῇ ('on whatever day he is cleansed') sets the procedure in motion at the moment of healing.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative heads the superscription οὗτος ὁ νόμος, pointing forward (cataphorically) to the regulation that follows; the same formula closes the chapter at v. 54.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with νόμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative (in nominal clause: 'this is the law')→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / instruction / regulation'; renders Hebrew תּוֹרָה; in Leviticus תּוֹרָה designates a specific ritual prescription (a 'torah of the leper'), not the Pentateuch as a whole.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λεπροῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λεπροῦleperGenitivegenitive (objective/topical: 'the law concerning the leper')→ relational specificationλεπρός: 'leprous (person)'; substantivized adjective rendering צָרוּעַ; LXX λέπρα covers a range of skin/scaling disorders (and mold), not modern Hansen's disease; the λεπρός here is one already healed (ch. 13's diagnosis is complete) and now awaiting ritual cleansing.
ᾗon whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, antecedent ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the dative ᾗ … ἡμέρᾳ ('on which day') with ἄν and the subjunctive forms an indefinite temporal clause, 'on whatever day'; a Hebraism rendering בְּיוֹם + infinitive.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing the temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle marking the relative-temporal clause as indefinite/general ('on whatever day'); it conditions the subjunctive καθαρισθῇ.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (antecedent of ᾗ: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the dative of time fixes the cleansing procedure to the precise day the cure is recognized.
καθαρισθῇhe is cleansedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · καθαρίζωverb of indefinite temporal clause (with ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the point at which cleansing is effected)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse / declare clean'; renders טִהֵר; the passive καθαρισθῇ refers not to the natural healing but to the ritual/declarative pronouncement of cleanness — the whole chapter unpacks what this passive entails.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking to main clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσαχθήσεταιhe shall be broughtFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival/legislative future (binding prescription)προσάγω: 'bring to / present / lead toward'; renders הוּבָא (Hophal of בוא); the legislative future has imperatival force — the healed person 'is to be brought' to the priest, who alone can certify cleanness; the same verb is used of presenting offerings (cf. v. 12).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest is the sole authorized agent who inspects and certifies cleanness — the diagnostic and declarative role lying behind 'show yourself to the priest' (Matt 8:4; Mark 1:44; Luke 5:14).
3
καὶ ἐξελεύσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς καὶ ὄψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἰδοὺ ἰᾶται ἡ ἁφὴ τῆς λέπρας ἀπὸ τοῦ λεπροῦ
and the priest shall go out outside the camp, and the priest shall look, and behold, the mark of leprosy is healed from off the leper;
The chain of legislative futures (ἐξελεύσεται … ὄψεται) sets out the first procedural step: because the healed leper is still outside the camp (cf. 13:46), the priest must go out to him. The deictic ἰδού introduces the inspection's positive finding — the mark is healed — the precondition for the whole rite.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεύσεταιshall go outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed procedure)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come out'; renders יָצָא; the priest must exit the camp because the unclean person has been quarantined outside it (13:46); the movement is significant — purity ministry reaches to the excluded.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the repeated subject (twice in this verse) underscores that every step is the priest's prerogative; only he can move the procedure forward.
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside'; functions as a preposition governing the genitive παρεμβολῆς; renders מִחוּץ; locates the leper (and the first rite) outside the sphere of the holy camp.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with παρεμβολῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive with ἔξω (place from which the priest goes out)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the Israelite wilderness camp around the tabernacle is the locus of holiness from which lepers are excluded; cf. the application to Christ 'outside the camp' (Heb 13:11–13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall lookFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (legislative future: the inspection)→ legislative future (prescribed examination)ὁράω (fut. ὄψομαι): 'see / look / examine'; renders רָאָה; this is the priest's diagnostic 'seeing' — the technical examination verb of chs. 13–14 (cf. vv. 37, 39, 44, 48); the priest's verdict, not the patient's word, governs.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject (restated)→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject (restated).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the deictic finding)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic interjection (presenting the inspection result)→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the attention-marker dramatizes the priest's positive finding and is characteristic of the diagnostic clauses in chs. 13–14.
ἰᾶταιis healedPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιverb of the deictic clause (result of the examination)→ resultative perfect (a healed state now obtaining)ἰάομαι: 'heal / cure'; renders נִרְפָּא (Niphal of רפא); the perfect/stative form presents the healing as an accomplished, abiding fact — the precondition that the ritual now ratifies; the physical cure precedes the ritual cleansing.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴmark / infectionNominativesubject of ἰᾶται→ participant prominenceἁφή: lit. 'touch / contact', here 'plague-spot / mark / infection'; renders נֶגַע; the technical term throughout chs. 13–14 for the visible lesion (on skin, garment, or house) that the priest must diagnose.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with λέπρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραςleprosyGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the mark of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy / scaly disease'; renders צָרַעַת; a broad category of skin scaling (and, later, mold/mildew in fabric and masonry), not modern leprosy.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; with ἰᾶται marks the leprosy as healed 'off' the person — removed from him; renders מִן.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λεπροῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λεπροῦleperGenitivegenitive of separation (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationλεπρός: the afflicted person from whom the mark has now departed; the term is still applied to him in his transitional status — healed in body but not yet ritually clean.
4
καὶ προστάξει ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ λήμψονται τῷ κεκαθαρισμένῳ δύο ὀρνίθια ζῶντα καθαρὰ καὶ ξύλον κέδρινον καὶ κεκλωσμένον κόκκινον καὶ ὕσσωπον
then the priest shall give orders, and they shall take for the one being cleansed two living clean birds and cedar wood and spun scarlet and hyssop;
The priest 'gives orders' (προστάξει) and unnamed assistants 'take' (λήμψονται) the ritual materials. The four items — two birds, cedar wood, scarlet, hyssop — are the apparatus of the two-bird rite (vv. 5–7) and recur verbatim in the house-cleansing rite (v. 49); the same cedar/scarlet/hyssop triad appears at the red-heifer rite (Num 19:6) and behind Heb 9:19.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστάξειshall give ordersFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστάσσωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed priestly command)προστάσσω: 'command / give orders / prescribe'; renders צִוָּה; the priest does not himself fetch the materials but issues the order — the recurring διάταξις-verb of the chapter (cf. vv. 5, 36, 40).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψονταιthey shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action by attendants)λαμβάνω: 'take / fetch / procure'; renders לָקַח; the impersonal third plural ('they shall take') leaves the agents unspecified — assistants acting on the priest's order; the same verb recurs throughout the chapter for taking ritual items (vv. 6, 10, 12, 21, etc.).
τῷfor theDativearticle (with κεκαθαρισμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκαθαρισμένῳone being cleansedPerf Pass Ptc Dat Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (dative of advantage: 'for the one cleansed')→ resultative perfect participle (one in process of/destined for cleansing)καθαρίζω: the perfect passive participle τῷ κεκαθαρισμένῳ designates the person who is the beneficiary of the rite; though formally perfect ('the one having been cleansed'), the cleansing is in process — the ritual is what completes it; dative of advantage, 'on behalf of the one being cleansed.'
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying ὀρνίθια)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral; the two birds are the heart of the rite — one to die, one to be released (vv. 5–7), enacting a single symbolic movement of death and liberation.
ὀρνίθιαbirdsAccusativedirect object of λήμψονται→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: diminutive of ὄρνις, 'small bird / sparrow'; renders צִפֳּרִים ('birds'); the unspecified species (any clean small bird) contrasts with the prescribed turtledoves/pigeons of the altar-offerings (v. 22).
ζῶνταlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Pl · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνίθια)→ imperfective participle (continuing state: 'alive')ζάω: 'live / be alive'; the participle ζῶντα stresses that both birds must be alive at the outset — essential to a rite that turns on the contrast between the slain bird and the released living one (cf. ὕδωρ ζῶν, 'living/running water', v. 5).
καθαρὰcleanAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὀρνίθια)→ object specificationκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; renders טָהוֹר; the birds must be ritually clean species — only a clean creature can serve in a purification rite; the adjective ties the apparatus to the chapter's pervasive clean/unclean polarity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλονwoodAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ὀρνίθια)→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood / piece of wood'; renders עֵץ; the cedar wood is one of three additive materials (with scarlet and hyssop) dipped with the live bird in the blood; the triad recurs at v. 49 and Num 19:6.
κέδρινονof cedarAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλον)→ object specificationκέδρινος: 'of cedar'; renders אֶרֶז; cedar was prized for its fragrance and resistance to decay, a natural symbol of incorruption fitting a cleansing rite.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κεκλωσμένονspunPerf Pass Ptc Acc Neut Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying κόκκινον)→ resultative perfect participle (spun and remaining so)κλώθω: 'spin / twist (thread)'; the perfect passive participle κεκλωσμένον ('spun / twisted') describes the scarlet as a spun thread or yarn; renders the participial sense of שָׁנִי ('crimson [thread]'); the resultative perfect marks a finished, abiding condition.
κόκκινονscarletAccusativedirect object (substantivized: 'scarlet [stuff]')→ object specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet / crimson'; renders שָׁנִי / תּוֹלַעַת; the dye derived from the κόκκος (kermes insect); scarlet's blood-red color suits a blood-rite, and the cedar/scarlet/hyssop triad reappears in the covenant-sprinkling tradition behind Heb 9:19.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕσσωπονhyssopAccusativedirect object (coordinate with the other materials)→ object specificationὕσσωπος: 'hyssop'; renders אֵזוֹב; a small aromatic plant used as a sprinkling-brush in purification rites (cf. the Passover blood, Exod 12:22; the cleansing plea of Ps 50:9 LXX; and the hyssop of Heb 9:19; John 19:29); the bushy stems make it the natural applicator for blood and water.
5
καὶ προστάξει ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ σφάξουσιν τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ἓν εἰς ἀγγεῖον ὀστράκινον ἐφ᾿ ὕδατι ζῶντι
and the priest shall give orders, and they shall slaughter the one bird into an earthen vessel over running water;
The first of the two birds is killed 'into' (εἰς) an earthen vessel set over running water, so its blood mixes with the living water. The 'living water' (ὕδωρ ζῶν) and the earthen vessel reappear in the house-rite (v. 50) and resonate with the red-heifer ashes mixed with living water (Num 19:17).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστάξειshall give ordersFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστάσσωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed priestly command)προστάσσω: 'command / give orders'; the repeated command-formula (cf. v. 4) keeps the priest as the authorizing agent while assistants perform the act of killing.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεὺς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξουσινthey shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed ritual slaughter)σφάζω: 'slay / slaughter (ritually)'; renders שָׁחַט; the technical verb for cultic killing (cf. the lamb, v. 13); here it kills the first bird whose blood becomes the cleansing agent.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρνίθιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνίθιονbirdAccusativedirect object of σφάξουσιν→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4); here the one designated to die, in contrast with τὸ ζῶν ('the living one') of v. 6.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἕν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἓνoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying ὀρνίθιον: 'the one bird')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; τὸ ἕν singles out the first of the pair; the articular numeral implies the second remains for the contrasting fate of release (v. 7).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal: blood collected into the vessel)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; the killing is done 'into' the vessel so the blood is caught and mixed with the living water.
ἀγγεῖονvesselAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationἀγγεῖον: 'vessel / container'; renders כְּלִי; an ordinary clay pot serves as the basin; cf. the synonym σκεῦος in the parallel house-rite (v. 50).
ὀστράκινονearthenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀγγεῖον)→ object specificationὀστράκινος: 'made of clay / earthen'; renders חֶרֶשׂ; an earthen vessel is cheap and disposable, suited to a rite that disposes of impurity; cf. 'treasure in earthen vessels' (2 Cor 4:7).
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + dative (ἐπί elided before vowel: 'over / upon')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'over / upon'; the vessel of blood is set 'over running water' so the blood and the living water combine as the sprinkling medium.
ὕδατιwaterDativedative object of ἐπί (locative)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; with ζῶντι it denotes fresh running water (see next word).
ζῶντιrunning / livingPres Act Ptc Dat Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὕδατι)→ imperfective participle (water that 'lives', i.e. flows)ζάω: the participle ζῶντι renders Hebrew מַיִם חַיִּים ('living water'), i.e. fresh, flowing spring or stream water as opposed to standing cistern water; 'living water' becomes a rich biblical image (Jer 2:13; Zech 14:8; John 4:10–11; 7:38).
6
καὶ τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ζῶν λήμψεται αὐτὸ καὶ τὸ ξύλον τὸ κέδρινον καὶ τὸ κλωστὸν κόκκινον καὶ τὸν ὕσσωπον καὶ βάψει αὐτὰ καὶ τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ζῶν εἰς τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ὀρνιθίου τοῦ σφαγέντος ἐφ᾿ ὕδατι ζῶντι
and the living bird he shall take—it and the cedar wood and the spun scarlet and the hyssop—and shall dip them, and the living bird also, in the blood of the bird slaughtered over running water;
The fronting of τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ζῶν ('the living bird') topicalizes the live bird, the rite's central object. The live bird, cedar, scarlet, and hyssop are all dipped together (βάψει) into the slain bird's blood mixed with living water — the transfer of cleansing power that the sprinkling (v. 7) then applies; cf. the hyssop-and-blood of Heb 9:19.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρνίθιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνίθιονbirdAccusativedirect object (fronted/topicalized, resumed by αὐτό)→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: here the second, living bird, fronted for emphasis and resumed by the pronoun αὐτό; it will be dipped in the blood and then released alive (v. 7).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ζῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνίθιον)→ imperfective participle (the bird that remains alive)ζάω: τὸ ζῶν ('the living one') distinguishes this bird from τοῦ σφαγέντος ('the slaughtered one') below; the live/slain contrast is the rite's structural axis.
λήμψεταιhe shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed priestly act)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the third singular returns the subject to the priest, who now personally handles the live bird and the three materials.
αὐτὸitAccusativepronoun (resumptive object, restating τὸ ὀρνίθιον)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive pronoun αὐτό picks up the fronted τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ζῶν, a Hebraizing pleonasm (resumption of a topicalized object) common in the LXX.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ξύλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλονwoodAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood'; the cedar piece (see v. 4), now articular as a previously-introduced item.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κέδρινον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέδρινονof cedarAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλον)→ object specificationκέδρινος: 'of cedar' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κόκκινον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλωστὸνspunAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κόκκινον)→ object specificationκλωστός: 'spun / twisted'; verbal adjective from κλώθω; a variant of the κεκλωσμένον of v. 4 (the perfect participle); both render שָׁנִי ('crimson thread'), the LXX varying the form of the same descriptor across the chapter.
κόκκινονscarletAccusativedirect object (substantivized: 'scarlet')→ object specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ὕσσωπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕσσωπονhyssopAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὕσσωπος: 'hyssop' (see v. 4); here masculine accusative τὸν ὕσσωπον (the noun fluctuates in gender).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βάψειhe shall dipFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βάπτωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed dipping)βάπτω: 'dip / immerse'; renders טָבַל; the dipping of the materials and the live bird into the blood is the key gesture transferring cleansing efficacy; cognate of βαπτίζω, with later baptismal resonance.
αὐτὰthemAccusativepronoun (direct object of βάψει, the materials)→ participant referenceαὐτός: neuter plural αὐτά gathers the cedar, scarlet, and hyssop as the objects dipped, with the living bird specified again below.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the bird to the dipped objects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρνίθιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνίθιονbirdAccusativedirect object (the live bird, also dipped)→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: the living bird itself is dipped in the blood along with the materials, then released — carrying the blood away into the open field (v. 7).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ζῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνίθιον)→ imperfective participle (still alive)ζάω: 'live' (see above).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal of the dipping)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of the dipping).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the blood of the slain bird, mingled with living water, is the cleansing medium; the centrality of blood in purification anticipates Heb 9:22 ('without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὀρνιθίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνιθίουbirdGenitivegenitive of source (blood 'of the bird')→ relational specificationὀρνίθιον: genitive specifying whose blood — the slain first bird's.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with σφαγέντος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σφαγέντοςslaughteredAor Pass Ptc Gen Neut Sg · σφάζωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνιθίου)→ aorist passive participle (completed slaughter, antecedent to the dipping)σφάζω: the aorist passive participle τοῦ σφαγέντος ('the one having been slaughtered') marks the first bird's death as already accomplished (v. 5); its blood now serves the living bird's dipping.
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + dative (ἐπί elided: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (ἐπί elided: 'over').
ὕδατιwaterDativedative object of ἐπί (locative)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water' (see v. 5); the phrase ἐφ᾿ ὕδατι ζῶντι echoes v. 5, binding the dipping to the slaughter-vessel.
ζῶντιrunningPres Act Ptc Dat Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὕδατι)→ imperfective participle (flowing water)ζάω: 'living/running water' (see v. 5).
7
καὶ περιρρανεῖ ἐπὶ τὸν καθαρισθέντα ἀπὸ τῆς λέπρας ἑπτάκις καὶ καθαρὸς ἔσται καὶ ἐξαποστελεῖ τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ζῶν εἰς τὸ πεδίον
and he shall sprinkle seven times upon the one cleansed from the leprosy, and he shall be clean; and he shall send away the living bird into the open field.
The rite culminates in two acts: a sevenfold sprinkling (περιρρανεῖ … ἑπτάκις) declaring the person clean (καθαρὸς ἔσται), and the release of the living bird into the open field (εἰς τὸ πεδίον). The departing bird, carrying the blood, dramatizes the carrying-away of impurity, structurally parallel to the scapegoat sent into the wilderness (Lev 16:22).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιρρανεῖhe shall sprinkleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · περιρραίνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed sprinkling)περιρραίνω: 'sprinkle around / besprinkle'; renders הִזָּה; the sevenfold blood-sprinkling is the act that effects ritual cleanness; cf. the same verb at v. 51 (house) and the sprinkling theology of Heb 9:19–21; 12:24 ('the sprinkled blood').
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (the person sprinkled)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (the person sprinkled).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with καθαρισθέντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρισθένταone cleansedAor Pass Ptc Acc Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (object of ἐπί)→ aorist passive participle (the one undergoing cleansing)καθαρίζω: the participle τὸν καθαρισθέντα ('the one being/having been cleansed') designates the recipient of the sprinkling; the cleansing is effected precisely through this act, so the aorist anticipates the completed result (καθαρὸς ἔσται).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with λέπρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραςleprosyGenitivegenitive of separation (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (see v. 3); the cleansing is specifically 'from the leprosy' that had excluded him.
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumerical adverb (frequency of the sprinkling)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times'; renders שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים; the sevenfold sprinkling is a recurrent perfection/completeness marker in priestly ritual (cf. 4:6, 17; 16:14, 19) and reappears at vv. 16, 27, 51.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; the declarative result — the sevenfold sprinkling makes the person ritually clean, the verdict the whole rite serves.
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of declared status)→ future of declared/resultant stateεἰμί: 'be'; the future καθαρὸς ἔσται renders Hebrew וְטָהֵר, a declarative formula by which clean status is pronounced (cf. its negative counterpart ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται, vv. 46–47).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (final act)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαποστελεῖhe shall send awayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed release)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release'; renders שִׁלַּח; the release of the blood-bearing live bird into the open field enacts the removal of impurity; structurally akin to the scapegoat sent away (16:22); recurs at v. 53 (house).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρνίθιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνίθιονbirdAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελεῖ→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: the living, blood-dipped bird, now released.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ζῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνίθιον)→ imperfective participle (alive, hence releasable)ζάω: the bird is 'living' — its life enables it to fly off carrying the impurity, the point of the contrast with the slain bird.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πεδίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίονopen field / plainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationπεδίον: 'plain / open country / field'; renders שָׂדֶה; the open field, away from human dwelling, is where the impurity is dispatched — paralleling the wilderness destination of the scapegoat (16:22) and the 'unclean place' of the house-stones (vv. 40–41).
8
καὶ πλυνεῖ ὁ καθαρισθεὶς τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ξυρηθήσεται αὐτοῦ πᾶσαν τὴν τρίχα καὶ λούσεται ἐν ὕδατι καὶ καθαρὸς ἔσται καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα εἰσελεύσεται εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν καὶ διατρίψει ἔξω τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
And the one cleansed shall wash his garments and shave off all his hair and bathe in water, and he shall be clean; and after these things he shall enter into the camp and remain outside his house seven days.
The subject shifts to the cleansed man himself (ὁ καθαρισθείς), who washes, shaves, and bathes — the standard purification triad (cf. Num 8:7). He may now re-enter the camp but must wait seven days outside his own tent: a transitional, liminal week between exclusion and full reintegration, completed on the eighth day (v. 10).
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed laundering)πλύνω: 'wash (clothes/objects)'; renders כִּבֵּס; distinct from λούω ('bathe the body'); the washing of garments is a standard purification act (cf. vv. 9, 47; Exod 19:10).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with καθαρισθείς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρισθεὶςone cleansedAor Pass Ptc Nom Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (subject)→ aorist passive participle (the now-cleansed person)καθαρίζω: ὁ καθαρισθείς ('the one cleansed') now becomes the acting subject; though declared clean by the sprinkling (v. 7), he still performs the washing/shaving/bathing that complete his reintegration.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἱμάτια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; laundering one's clothes is integral to the purification, removing residual defilement carried in fabric.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἱμάτια)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the possessive genitive personalizes the act.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξυρηθήσεταιhe shall shaveFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξυράωmain verb (legislative future, reflexive sense)→ legislative future (prescribed shaving)ξυράω: 'shave'; renders גִּלַּח; the passive-reflexive ('he shall have himself shaved / shave himself') of all body hair removes any vestige of the diseased growth; repeated more fully on day seven (v. 9); cf. the Levites' purification (Num 8:7).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τρίχα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; possessive with 'hair'.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τρίχα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶσαν τὴν τρίχα ('all the hair') stresses total removal — nothing of the former condition remains.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with τρίχα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίχαhairAccusativedirect object of ξυρηθήσεται→ object specificationθρίξ (acc. τρίχα): 'hair'; renders שֵׂעָר; the collective singular ('all the hair') covers the whole body; specified by parts in v. 9 (head, beard, eyebrows).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιhe shall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (legislative future, middle: bathe oneself)→ legislative future (prescribed bathing)λούω: 'wash / bathe (the whole body)'; renders רָחַץ; the middle λούσεται ('bathe himself') completes the triad with πλύνω (clothes) and ξυράω (hair); cf. the full-body washing of the priests (Exod 29:4).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/medium)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means/medium).
ὕδατιwaterDativedative object of ἐν (medium of bathing)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the bathing-water here is ordinary water (no longer the 'living water' of the bird-rite), the medium of bodily purification.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean'; the declarative formula (see v. 7) — a partial cleanness allowing re-entry to the camp, though full restoration awaits the eighth day.
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of declared status)→ future of declared/resultant stateεἰμί: 'be'; καθαρὸς ἔσται marks the staged advance in cleanness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετὰ ταῦτα ('after these things') is a standard LXX temporal connector marking narrative/procedural succession.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of μετά)→ participant referenceοὗτος: ταῦτα refers back to the washing/shaving/bathing; the formula sequences the re-entry after them.
εἰσελεύσεταιhe shall enterFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed re-entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; renders בּוֹא; the reversal of ἐξέρχομαι (v. 3) — the cleansed man re-enters the camp from which his disease had barred him, a first stage of social reintegration.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with παρεμβολήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp' (see v. 3); re-entry into the holy camp signals restored membership in the community.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διατρίψειhe shall remainFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διατρίβωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed waiting period)διατρίβω: 'spend time / stay / remain'; renders יָשַׁב; the seven-day stay outside his own tent is a final liminal interval — admitted to the camp but not yet to his household — before the eighth-day completion.
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside' (see v. 3); here governing οἴκου — outside his own house/tent.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouse / tentGenitivegenitive with ἔξω→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / dwelling'; renders אֹהֶל / בַּיִת; here his own tent — he must wait outside it, away from intimate domestic and conjugal contact, during the seven days.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκου)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the possessive marks the dwelling as his own, underscoring the temporary continued separation.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; the seven-day wait is a standard purification span (cf. 13:5; 15:13), here the interval before the eighth-day offerings.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of duration ('for seven days'); the seventh day brings the second shaving (v. 9), the eighth the offerings (v. 10).
9
καὶ ἔσται τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ ξυρηθήσεται πᾶσαν τὴν τρίχα αὐτοῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν πώγωνα καὶ τὰς ὀφρύας καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν τρίχα αὐτοῦ ξυρηθήσεται καὶ πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ λούσεται τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ ὕδατι καὶ καθαρὸς ἔσται
And it shall be on the seventh day that he shall shave off all his hair—his head and his beard and his eyebrows—indeed all his hair he shall shave off; and he shall wash his garments and bathe his body in water, and he shall be clean.
The Hebraizing temporal formula καὶ ἔσται … τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ ('and it shall be on the seventh day') opens the second stage. The shaving of v. 8 is now specified by parts (head, beard, eyebrows) and emphatically repeated (ξυρηθήσεται … ξυρηθήσεται), then sealed with the washing/bathing/cleanness formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimpersonal verb of temporal formula (καὶ ἔσται)→ future (temporal-frame marker)εἰμί: the impersonal καὶ ἔσται renders Hebrew וְהָיָה, a stock LXX formula introducing a future temporal setting ('and it shall come to pass on…'); it frames the day-seven actions.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; dative of time fixing the action to day seven of the seven-day wait of v. 8.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἑβδόμῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; renders שְׁבִיעִי; the seventh day completes the first week of purification and triggers the final shaving before the eighth-day offerings.
ξυρηθήσεταιhe shall shaveFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξυράωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed shaving)ξυράω: 'shave' (see v. 8); the day-seven shaving repeats and specifies that of day one, ensuring complete removal of hair regrown during the week.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τρίχα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing adjective brackets the verse (πᾶσαν … πᾶσαν), framing the enumerated parts as exhaustive.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with τρίχα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίχαhairAccusativedirect object of ξυρηθήσεται→ object specificationθρίξ: 'hair' (see v. 8).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τρίχα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κεφαλήν, in apposition specifying the hair)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative in apposition (specifying part: head-hair)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the first of the enumerated areas — the hair of the head.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with κεφαλήν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πώγωνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πώγωναbeardAccusativeaccusative (second enumerated part)→ object specificationπώγων: 'beard'; renders זָקָן; shaving the beard, normally guarded as a sign of dignity (cf. 2 Sam 10:4–5), marks the totality demanded by the rite.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ὀφρύας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφρύαςeyebrowsAccusativeaccusative (third enumerated part)→ object specificationὀφρῦς: 'eyebrow'; renders גַּבֹּת עֵינָיו ('eyebrows'); the explicit inclusion of so small a feature underscores the demand for utterly complete shaving.
καὶand indeedcoordinate conjunction (summarizing/recapitulating)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τρίχα, recapitulating)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the recapitulating πᾶσαν τὴν τρίχα gathers the enumerated parts back into the whole.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with τρίχα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίχαhairAccusativedirect object of the repeated ξυρηθήσεται→ object specificationθρίξ: 'hair' (see v. 8).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τρίχα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
ξυρηθήσεταιhe shall shaveFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξυράωmain verb (resumptive repetition for emphasis)→ legislative future (emphatic repetition)ξυράω: the verb is repeated at the verse's end, an emphatic Hebraizing recapitulation underscoring that absolutely all the hair is to be shaved.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυνεῖhe shall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed laundering)πλύνω: 'wash (clothes)' (see v. 8).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἱμάτια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment' (see v. 8).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιhe shall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (legislative future, middle)→ legislative future (prescribed bathing)λούω: 'bathe (the body)' (see v. 8); here with explicit object τὸ σῶμα ('the body').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σῶμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: 'body'; renders בָּשָׂר ('flesh') here; the whole body is bathed, completing the bodily purification.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with σῶμα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means (medium of bathing)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; dative of means, 'with water' (the ἐν of v. 8 is here omitted, a bare instrumental dative).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean'; the declarative formula closing the seventh-day stage (see v. 7).
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of declared status)→ future of declared/resultant stateεἰμί: 'be' (see v. 7).
10
καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ λήμψεται δύο ἀμνοὺς ἐνιαυσίους ἀμώμους καὶ πρόβατον ἐνιαύσιον ἄμωμον καὶ τρία δέκατα σεμιδάλεως εἰς θυσίαν πεφυραμένης ἐν ἐλαίῳ καὶ κοτύλην ἐλαίου μίαν
And on the eighth day he shall take two unblemished year-old he-lambs and one unblemished year-old ewe-lamb and three tenths of fine flour for a grain-offering, mixed with oil, and one measure of oil.
The eighth day (τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ) — the day after the completed week — is the day of the sacrificial offerings, paralleling the eighth-day inauguration of the priesthood (Lev 9:1). The full provision (two lambs, ewe-lamb, three tenths of flour, oil) is the standard required of those who can afford it; the poor person's reduced version follows in vv. 21–22.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; dative of time.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὀγδόῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῃeighthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: 'eighth'; renders שְׁמִינִי; the eighth day, beyond the perfect week, is a day of new beginning in priestly ritual (cf. circumcision, 12:3; priestly inauguration, 9:1); here the day of full restoration through sacrifice.
λήμψεταιhe shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed provision)λαμβάνω: 'take / procure' (see v. 4); the cleansed man provides the sacrificial animals and materials.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying ἀμνούς)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; two male lambs are required, for the guilt-offering (v. 12) and the burnt-offering (v. 19).
ἀμνοὺςlambsAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb (male)'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ; the male lambs serve as guilt- and burnt-offerings; ἀμνός is also the Johannine title of Christ (ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, John 1:29).
ἐνιαυσίουςyear-oldAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀμνούς)→ object specificationἐνιαύσιος: 'a year old / yearling'; renders בֶּן־שָׁנָה ('son of a year'); a yearling is the prescribed age for many offerings (cf. Exod 12:5).
ἀμώμουςunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀμνούς)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless'; renders תָּמִים; physical perfection is mandatory for sacrificial victims (22:19–20); the term becomes a key NT image for Christ (ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος, 1 Pet 1:19) and the church (Eph 5:27).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόβατονewe-lamb / sheepAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἀμνούς)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders כַּבְשָׂה ('ewe-lamb') here; the female animal serves as the sin-offering (v. 19); the LXX uses the generic πρόβατον for the Hebrew feminine.
ἐνιαύσιονyear-oldAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρόβατον)→ object specificationἐνιαύσιος: 'year-old' (see above).
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρόβατον)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'unblemished' (see above).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral (modifying δέκατα)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the neuter τρία agrees with δέκατα; 'three tenths' (of an ephah) of flour accompanies the offerings.
δέκαταtenthsAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'tenths [of an ephah]')→ object specificationδέκατον: 'a tenth (part)'; renders עִשָּׂרוֹן (a tenth of an ephah, the standard grain-measure); three tenths is the larger grain provision, reduced to one tenth for the poor (v. 21).
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivegenitive of content (the substance measured)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour / semolina'; renders סֹלֶת; the finest milled flour, prescribed for grain-offerings (2:1); genitive of content with δέκατα.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
θυσίανa grain-offeringAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationθυσία: 'offering / sacrifice'; here specifically the grain/cereal offering (מִנְחָה), the flour-and-oil oblation accompanying the animal sacrifices; εἰς θυσίαν marks its designated use.
πεφυραμένηςmixedPerf Pass Ptc Gen Fem Sg · φυράωattributive participle (modifying σεμιδάλεως)→ resultative perfect participle (already mixed, a settled condition)φυράω: 'mix / knead / moisten'; renders בָּלַל; the perfect passive participle agrees with σεμιδάλεως ('fine flour mixed with oil'); the standard preparation of the grain-offering (2:4–5).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative object of ἐν (means: mixed with oil)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; oil is mixed into the flour and also applied separately to the cleansed person (vv. 15–18); olive oil is a staple of offering and anointing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοτύληνmeasure / cupAccusativedirect object (coordinate with the offerings)→ object specificationκοτύλη: a small liquid measure, 'cup / log'; renders לֹג (the smallest biblical liquid measure, c. 0.3 litre); this separate measure of oil supplies the blood-and-oil rite of vv. 15–18.
ἐλαίουof oilGenitivegenitive of content (with κοτύλην)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see above); genitive of content, 'a measure of oil.'
μίανoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying κοτύλην)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; μίαν specifies a single measure of oil (one log), distinct from the oil already mixed into the flour.
11
καὶ στήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ καθαρίζων τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν καθαριζόμενον καὶ ταῦτα ἔναντι κυρίου ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
And the priest who cleanses shall set the person who is being cleansed, and these things, before the LORD at the door of the tent of meeting.
The cleansed person and the offerings are 'set before the LORD' (ἔναντι κυρίου) at the tent of meeting's door — the place of presentation and acceptance (cf. 1:3). The dual articular participle ὁ καθαρίζων … τὸν καθαριζόμενον ('the one cleansing … the one being cleansed') crisply distinguishes the active priestly agent from the passive recipient.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήσειshall set / presentFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (legislative future, transitive)→ legislative future (prescribed presentation)ἵστημι: 'make stand / set / present'; renders הֶעֱמִיד; the transitive future στήσει ('shall cause to stand') is the technical verb for formally presenting persons or offerings before YHWH (cf. Num 5:16, 18).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with καθαρίζων, attributive to ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρίζωνwho cleansesPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · καθαρίζωattributive participle (modifying ἱερεύς: 'the priest who cleanses')→ imperfective participle (the officiating agent)καθαρίζω: the active participle ὁ καθαρίζων designates the priest in his role as the agent who effects the cleansing — paired antithetically with the passive participle below.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄνθρωπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονpersonAccusativedirect object of στήσει→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being / person'; renders אִישׁ / אָדָם; the generic term frames the cleansed individual simply as the human recipient of the rite.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (with καθαριζόμενον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαριζόμενονbeing cleansedPres Pass Ptc Acc Masc Sg · καθαρίζωattributive participle (modifying ἄνθρωπον)→ imperfective passive participle (one currently undergoing cleansing)καθαρίζω: the present passive participle τὸν καθαριζόμενον ('the one being cleansed') marks the ongoing process — cleansing is underway but not complete until the offerings are made; it forms the deliberate active/passive pair with ὁ καθαρίζων.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (second object of στήσει: the offerings)→ participant referenceοὗτος: ταῦτα ('these things') refers to the animals, flour, and oil of v. 10, presented together with the person.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the recurrent ἔναντι κυρίου (vv. 12, 16, 18, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31) locates each act 'before the LORD' at the sanctuary.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; presentation 'before the LORD' signifies that the rite is enacted in the divine presence and for the divine acceptance.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θύραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (location)→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; renders פֶּתַח; the tent's doorway is the boundary where offerings are presented and accepted (1:3; 4:4); the cleansed man, newly readmitted, stands at this threshold of the holy.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the door of the tent')→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל; with μαρτυρίου it forms the standard phrase 'tent of meeting/witness.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of witnessGenitivegenitive (defining σκηνῆς: 'tent of meeting')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; the LXX renders אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting') as σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('tent of the testimony'), reading מוֹעֵד through עֵדוּת ('testimony'); the standard LXX designation of the central sanctuary.
12
καὶ λήμψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸν ἀμνὸν τὸν ἕνα καὶ προσάξει αὐτὸν τῆς πλημμελείας καὶ τὴν κοτύλην τοῦ ἐλαίου καὶ ἀφοριεῖ αὐτὸ ἀφόρισμα ἔναντι κυρίου
And the priest shall take the one lamb and offer it as a guilt-offering, with the measure of oil, and set it apart as a special portion before the LORD.
The first lamb becomes the πλημμέλεια (guilt-/reparation-offering), the offering proper to a breach of holiness; the priest 'sets it apart' (ἀφοριεῖ … ἀφόρισμα, a cognate-accusative) as a dedicated portion before the LORD — the LXX's rendering of the Hebrew wave-offering (תְּנוּפָה) gesture.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεταιshall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed act)λαμβάνω: 'take' (see v. 4); the priest selects the first lamb for the guilt-offering.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀμνόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμνὸνlambAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb' (see v. 10).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἕνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying ἀμνόν: 'the one lamb')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; τὸν ἕνα designates the first of the two male lambs, set apart for the guilt-offering.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξειshall offerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed presentation)προσάγω: 'bring near / present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; the technical verb for presenting a sacrifice (see v. 2); the lamb is brought as the guilt-offering.
αὐτὸνitAccusativepronoun (direct object of προσάξει, = the lamb)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; resumes the lamb.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive of purpose/quality ('as a guilt-offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'fault / trespass / reparation-offering'; renders אָשָׁם; the guilt- or reparation-offering proper to encroachment on the holy; the genitive τῆς πλημμελείας designates the lamb's sacrificial category (cf. 5:14–6:7); the leper's case requires this offering because his impurity was an intrusion on holiness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κοτύλην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοτύληνmeasureAccusativedirect object (coordinate: presented with the lamb)→ object specificationκοτύλη: 'measure (log)' of oil (see v. 10); the oil is presented together with the guilt-offering lamb.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουof oilGenitivegenitive of content (with κοτύλην)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall set apartFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb (legislative future, cognate-accusative construction)→ legislative future (prescribed dedication / wave-gesture)ἀφορίζω: 'separate / set apart / dedicate'; renders הֵנִיף ('wave') here; the cognate construction ἀφοριεῖ … ἀφόρισμα ('set apart as a setting-apart') is the LXX's rendering of the wave-offering ritual, by which a portion is ceremonially dedicated to the LORD.
αὐτὸitAccusativepronoun (direct object of ἀφοριεῖ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the neuter αὐτό refers to the dedicated material (the oil, or the offering collectively).
ἀφόρισμαa set-apart portionAccusativecognate accusative (with ἀφοριεῖ: 'set apart as a portion')→ object specificationἀφόρισμα: 'that which is set apart / a dedicated portion'; renders תְּנוּפָה ('wave-offering'); the cognate accusative ἀφοριεῖ … ἀφόρισμα is a Hebraizing figura etymologica intensifying the act of dedication 'before the LORD.'
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
13
καὶ σφάξουσιν τὸν ἀμνὸν ἐν τόπῳ οὗ σφάζουσιν τὰ ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ τὰ περὶ ἁμαρτίας ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ ἔστιν γὰρ τὸ περὶ ἁμαρτίας ὥσπερ τὸ τῆς πλημμελείας ἔστιν τῷ ἱερεῖ ἅγια ἁγίων ἐστίν
And they shall slaughter the lamb in the place where they slaughter the burnt-offerings and the sin-offerings, in the holy place; for the sin-offering, like the guilt-offering, belongs to the priest: it is most holy.
The guilt-offering lamb is slaughtered at the holy slaughter-site of the most-holy offerings. The γάρ-clause supplies the rationale: like the sin-offering, the guilt-offering is the priest's portion and is 'most holy' (ἅγια ἁγίων), a Hebraic superlative (קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξουσινthey shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed ritual slaughter)σφάζω: 'slaughter (ritually)' (see v. 5); the guilt-lamb is killed at the sacred slaughter-place.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀμνόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμνὸνlambAccusativedirect object of σφάξουσιν→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb' (see v. 10); the guilt-offering lamb of v. 12.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; the designated sacred slaughter-site north of the altar (cf. 1:11; 4:24).
οὗwhererelative adverb (introducing locative relative clause)→ participant referenceοὗ: 'where'; the locative relative adverb (genitive of ὅς used adverbially), 'in the place where'; renders אֲשֶׁר ... שָׁם.
σφάζουσινthey slaughterPres Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωverb of relative clause (customary present)→ customary present (regular cultic practice)σφάζω: the present σφάζουσιν describes the customary practice of slaughtering the most-holy offerings at that site.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαυτώματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώματαburnt-offeringsAccusativedirect object of σφάζουσιν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt-offering'; renders עֹלָה; the offering wholly consumed on the altar (1:3–9); 'holocaust' derives from this term.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthe (offerings)Accusativearticle (substantivizing περὶ ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (in the idiom 'for sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / for'; the articular phrase τὰ περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('the [offerings] for sin') is the LXX's standard rendering of חַטָּאת, the sin-offering.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; in the phrase τὸ περὶ ἁμαρτίας it denotes the sin-/purification-offering as a sacrificial category.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place, restating)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place, restating).
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place' (see above); here qualified as 'holy.'
ἁγίῳholyDativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπῳ)→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קָדוֹשׁ; the 'holy place' is the consecrated sanctuary precinct where the most-holy offerings are slaughtered.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of explanatory clause (existential/predicative)→ gnomic present (general ritual principle)εἰμί: 'be'; the accented ἔστιν here heads the explanatory γάρ-clause stating a general principle about the offerings.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the rationale for treating the guilt-offering like the sin-offering — both are most-holy priestly portions.
τὸthe (offering)Nominativearticle (substantivizing περὶ ἁμαρτίας: subject)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (idiom: 'the sin-offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: see above; τὸ περὶ ἁμαρτίας = 'the sin-offering' as subject.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin' (see above).
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as / like'; draws the analogy between the sin-offering and the guilt-offering — both share the most-holy status and priestly assignment.
τὸthe (offering)Nominativearticle (substantivizing τῆς πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the [offering] of guilt')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'guilt-offering' (see v. 12); τὸ τῆς πλημμελείας = 'the guilt-offering' as the term of comparison.
ἔστινit belongsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (predicative with dative of possession)→ gnomic present (standing rule of priestly entitlement)εἰμί: 'be / belong'; with the dative τῷ ἱερεῖ it expresses possession ('it belongs to the priest') — the offering is the officiating priest's perquisite.
τῷto theDativearticle (with ἱερεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative of possession ('belongs to the priest')→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2); the dative of possession assigns the most-holy offering to the officiating priest as his portion (cf. 7:7).
ἅγιαholyNominativepredicate adjective (in superlative phrase ἅγια ἁγίων)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the phrase ἅγια ἁγίων ('holy of holies') is a Hebraic superlative (קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים) marking the highest grade of holiness — an offering reserved and consumed under the strictest sanctity.
ἁγίωνof holiesGenitivegenitive (Hebraic superlative: 'most holy')→ relational specificationἅγιος: the genitive plural in the superlative idiom ἅγια ἁγίων ('most holy').
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating 'most holy')→ gnomic present (standing classification)εἰμί: 'be'; the closing copula formally classifies the offering as 'most holy.'
14
καὶ λήμψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ τῆς πλημμελείας καὶ ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὸν λοβὸν τοῦ ὠτὸς τοῦ καθαριζομένου τοῦ δεξιοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς χειρὸς τῆς δεξιᾶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ ποδὸς τοῦ δεξιοῦ
And the priest shall take some of the blood of the guilt-offering, and the priest shall put it on the lobe of the right ear of the one being cleansed, and on the tip of the right hand, and on the tip of the right foot.
The blood of the guilt-offering is daubed on the right ear-lobe, thumb (lit. 'tip of the hand'), and big toe ('tip of the foot') of the cleansed — exactly the rite performed in the ordination of Aaron and his sons (8:23–24). The healed leper is thus consecrated as if newly admitted to the holy people, his hearing, action, and walk claimed for purity.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεταιshall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed act)λαμβάνω: 'take' (see v. 4); the priest takes some of the guilt-offering blood.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἀπὸsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here partitive, 'some of'; a Hebraizing partitive use (rendering מִן) — the priest takes a portion of the blood.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with αἵματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood' (see v. 6); the guilt-offering's blood is the consecrating substance applied to the extremities.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the blood of the guilt-offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'guilt-offering' (see v. 12); the doubled article τοῦ τῆς πλημμελείας ('the [blood] that is of the guilt-offering') is a typical LXX articular construction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειshall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed application)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / put on'; renders נָתַן (here 'put / apply'); the verb governs the threefold daubing of blood on ear, hand, and foot; the same verb is used in the ordination rite (8:23).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject (restated)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the restated subject keeps the priestly agency explicit.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location of application)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location of application).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λοβόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοβὸνlobeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationλοβός: 'lobe (of the ear)'; renders תְּנוּךְ; the soft lower ear-lobe, first of the three points; the ear, as the organ of hearing/obedience, is consecrated to attend to God's word.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὠτός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠτὸςearGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the lobe of the ear')→ relational specificationοὖς (gen. ὠτός): 'ear'; renders אֹזֶן; the right ear specifically (see below).
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαριζομένου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαριζομένουbeing cleansedPres Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession: 'of the one being cleansed')→ imperfective passive participle (one undergoing cleansing)καθαρίζω: τοῦ καθαριζομένου ('of the one being cleansed') identifies whose ear, hand, and foot receive the blood (see v. 11).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὠτός: 'the right ear')→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right (-hand side)'; renders יְמָנִי; the right side is the side of honor and strength; consistently specified for all three points (cf. the ordination, 8:23–24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtip / extremityAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: 'tip / extremity / end'; here the thumb ('tip of the hand'); renders בֹּהֶן ('thumb/big toe'); the LXX uses ἄκρον for both the thumb and the great toe, the extremities of action and locomotion.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the tip of the hand')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; the hand, organ of action/work, is consecrated; 'tip of the hand' = the thumb.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιᾶςrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see above).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtip / extremityAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: here the big toe ('tip of the foot'); see above.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ποδός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδὸςfootGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the tip of the foot')→ relational specificationπούς: 'foot'; renders רֶגֶל; the foot, organ of walking/conduct, is consecrated; 'tip of the foot' = the big toe.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ποδός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see above); the threefold 'right' (ear, hand, foot) claims the dominant side of hearing, action, and walk for holiness.
15
καὶ λαβὼν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τῆς κοτύλης τοῦ ἐλαίου ἐπιχεεῖ ἐπὶ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ ἱερέως τὴν ἀριστερὰν
And the priest, taking some of the measure of oil, shall pour it on the priest's own left hand.
The blood-rite is now paralleled by an oil-rite. The priest pours oil from the log into his own left palm, from which he will sprinkle and daub. The circumstantial participle λαβών ('taking') subordinates the preparatory action to the main verb ἐπιχεεῖ ('shall pour').
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (attendant/antecedent action)→ aorist participle (action prior to the main verb)λαμβάνω: the aorist participle λαβών ('having taken / taking') expresses the preparatory act preceding the pouring; agrees with ὁ ἱερεύς.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἀπὸsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of' (see v. 14).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with κοτύλης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοτύληςmeasureGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationκοτύλη: 'measure (log)' (see v. 10); the oil is drawn from the single log set apart for the rite.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivegenitive of content (with κοτύλης)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
ἐπιχεεῖshall pourFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed pouring)ἐπιχέω: 'pour upon'; renders יָצַק; the oil is poured into the priest's own left hand, the reservoir for the sprinkling and daubing of vv. 16–18.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14); here the priest's own hand serves as the vessel for the oil.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἱερέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriest'sGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χεῖρα)→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the genitive specifies that it is the officiating priest's own hand (here the left, see next word) that receives the oil.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀριστεράν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριστερὰνleftAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χεῖρα)→ object specificationἀριστερός: 'left'; renders שְׂמָאלִי; the left hand holds the oil so the right index finger can dip and sprinkle (v. 16) — a practical division of labor between the hands.
16
καὶ βάψει τὸν δάκτυλον τὸν δεξιὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλαίου τοῦ ὄντος ἐπὶ τῆς χειρὸς τῆς ἀριστερᾶς καὶ ῥανεῖ ἑπτάκις τῷ δακτύλῳ ἔναντι κυρίου
And he shall dip his right finger in the oil that is on his left hand, and shall sprinkle with his finger seven times before the LORD.
The priest dips his right finger in the oil pooled in his left palm and sprinkles it seven times before the LORD — an oil-sprinkling matching the earlier sevenfold blood-sprinkling (v. 7) and the sin-offering sprinklings (4:6). The sevenfold gesture again signals completeness.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βάψειshall dipFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βάπτωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed dipping)βάπτω: 'dip' (see v. 6); the right finger is dipped into the oil for the sprinkling.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δάκτυλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκτυλονfingerAccusativedirect object of βάψει→ object specificationδάκτυλος: 'finger'; renders אֶצְבַּע; the finger is the instrument of priestly sprinkling (cf. 4:6, 17; 16:14).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δεξιόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιὸνrightAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δάκτυλον)→ object specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14); the right finger dips into the oil held in the left hand.
ἀπὸin / frompreposition + genitive (partitive/source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive/source 'some of / from' (see v. 14); the finger takes oil from the pool in the palm.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
τοῦthatGenitivearticle (with ὄντος, attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄντοςbeingPres Act Ptc Gen Neut Sg · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying ἐλαίου: 'the oil that is on...')→ imperfective participle (present location)εἰμί: the participle τοῦ ὄντος ('that is / being') localizes the oil — 'the oil that is on the left hand'; a common LXX attributive participle of place.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἀριστερᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριστερᾶςleftGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationἀριστερός: 'left' (see v. 15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥανεῖshall sprinkleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥαίνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed sprinkling)ῥαίνω: 'sprinkle'; renders הִזָּה; the simple form (cf. the compound περιρραίνω, v. 7); the sevenfold oil-sprinkling before the LORD parallels the sin-offering rite (4:6).
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumerical adverb (frequency)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times' (see v. 7); the sevenfold sprinkling marks ritual completeness.
τῷwith theDativearticle (with δακτύλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλῳfingerDativedative of means (instrument of sprinkling)→ sphere or referenceδάκτυλος: 'finger' (see above); dative of means — the sprinkling is done with the finger.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
17
τὸ δὲ καταλειφθὲν ἔλαιον τὸ ὂν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὸν λοβὸν τοῦ ὠτὸς τοῦ καθαριζομένου τοῦ δεξιοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς χειρὸς τῆς δεξιᾶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ ποδὸς τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ τῆς πλημμελείας
And the remaining oil that is on his hand the priest shall put on the lobe of the right ear of the one being cleansed, and on the tip of the right hand, and on the tip of the right foot, upon the place of the blood of the guilt-offering.
δέ marks the shift from sprinkling to daubing. The oil remaining in the priest's hand is applied to the same three extremities, and pointedly 'upon the place of the blood of the guilt-offering' — the oil overlays the blood, sealing the double consecration; the blood atones, the oil sanctifies.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἔλαιον; fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / butmild adversative/continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle marking the transition from the sprinkling (v. 16) to the daubing of the residual oil.
καταλειφθὲνremaining / left overAor Pass Ptc Acc Neut Sg · καταλείπωattributive participle (modifying ἔλαιον)→ aorist passive participle (oil left after the sprinkling)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the passive participle τὸ καταλειφθὲν ἔλαιον ('the oil left over') denotes the oil still in the priest's palm after the sevenfold sprinkling.
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει (fronted)→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
τὸthatAccusativearticle (with ὄν, attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὂνbeingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Sg · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying ἔλαιον: 'that is on the hand')→ imperfective participle (present location)εἰμί: the participle τὸ ὄν ('that is') localizes the oil in the hand (see v. 16).
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14); the priest's left palm holding the oil.
ἐπιθήσειshall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed application)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put on / apply' (see v. 14); the oil is daubed on the same points as the blood.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λοβόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοβὸνlobeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationλοβός: 'ear-lobe' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὠτός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠτὸςearGenitivegenitive (defining: 'lobe of the ear')→ relational specificationοὖς: 'ear' (see v. 14).
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαριζομένου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαριζομένουbeing cleansedPres Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession)→ imperfective passive participleκαθαρίζω: 'the one being cleansed' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὠτός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: 'tip / thumb' (see v. 14).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tip of the hand')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιᾶςrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: 'tip / big toe' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ποδός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδὸςfootGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tip of the foot')→ relational specificationπούς: 'foot' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ποδός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location: over the blood)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; the oil is placed precisely over the spot already marked with blood.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τόπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / spot'; here the exact point where the guilt-offering blood was applied (v. 14) — the oil overlays the blood, sealing atonement with sanctification.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with αἵματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive (defining: 'place of the blood')→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood' (see v. 6).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'blood of the guilt-offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'guilt-offering' (see v. 12).
18
τὸ δὲ καταλειφθὲν ἔλαιον τὸ ἐπὶ τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ ἱερέως ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ καθαρισθέντος καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔναντι κυρίου
And the remaining oil that is on the priest's hand the priest shall put on the head of the one cleansed, and the priest shall make atonement for him before the LORD.
The last of the oil is poured on the head of the cleansed — an anointing gesture — and the priest 'makes atonement' (ἐξιλάσεται) for him before the LORD. The verb ἐξιλάσκομαι is the chapter's recurring atonement-term (vv. 18, 19, 20, 21, 29, 31, 53).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἔλαιον; fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandcontinuative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the final disposal of the oil onto the head.
καταλειφθὲνremainingAor Pass Ptc Acc Neut Sg · καταλείπωattributive participle (modifying ἔλαιον)→ aorist passive participle (oil still remaining)καταλείπω: 'leave remaining' (see v. 17); the last residue of oil.
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει (fronted)→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
τὸthatAccusativearticle (attributive: 'that on the hand')→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location, in articular phrase)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'on'; the articular phrase τὸ ἐπὶ τῆς χειρός ('that which is on the hand') localizes the oil without a participle.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἱερέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriest'sGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2); the oil on the priest's own hand.
ἐπιθήσειshall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed application)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put on' (see v. 14); here the anointing of the head.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κεφαλήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head' (see v. 9); pouring oil on the head is an anointing gesture (cf. Ps 132:2 LXX; the anointing of priests and kings), here completing the cleansed person's consecration.
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαρισθέντος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρισθέντοςone cleansedAor Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession: 'of the one cleansed')→ aorist passive participle (one who has undergone cleansing)καθαρίζω: τοῦ καθαρισθέντος ('of the one cleansed'); the aorist participle here views the cleansing as nearing completion.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; renders כִּפֶּר (Piel of כפר); the key cultic verb for effecting reconciliation with God through sacrifice; recurs throughout the chapter (vv. 19, 20, 21, 29, 31, 53); cognate with ἱλαστήριον (Rom 3:25).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / on behalf of'; ἐξιλάσκομαι περί τινος ('make atonement for someone') is the standard construction.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί (beneficiary of atonement)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; the cleansed person on whose behalf atonement is made.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject (restated)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
19
καὶ ποιήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τοῦ ἀκαθάρτου τοῦ καθαριζομένου ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο σφάξει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα
And the priest shall offer the sin-offering, and the priest shall make atonement for the one being cleansed from his uncleanness; and after this the priest shall slaughter the burnt-offering.
After the guilt-offering and the blood-and-oil rite, the priest offers the sin-offering (τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας) to atone for the uncleanness, then slaughters the burnt-offering. The verb ποιέω ('do / make') is used technically for 'offering' a sacrifice (cf. v. 30; Exod 29:36).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειshall offerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed sacrifice)ποιέω: 'do / make'; here a technical cultic sense, 'offer / perform (a sacrifice)', rendering עָשָׂה used of sacrificing (cf. v. 30; 9:7); the object is the sin-offering.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τὸthe (offering)Accusativearticle (substantivizing περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (idiom: 'sin-offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: in τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ('the sin-offering') (see v. 13).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin' (see v. 13); the sin-offering (the ewe-lamb, v. 10) is now offered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement' (see v. 18); here specifically 'from his uncleanness.'
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject (restated)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'on behalf of' (see v. 18).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἀκαθάρτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθάρτουuncleanness / unclean (state)Genitivegenitive (object of atonement)→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; renders טָמֵא / טֻמְאָה; substantivized, denoting the ritual uncleanness from which the person is being purged; the genitive marks what the atonement removes.
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαριζομένου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαριζομένουbeing cleansedPres Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'of the one being cleansed')→ imperfective passive participleκαθαρίζω: 'the one being cleansed' (see v. 14).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the cleansing is 'from his sin/uncleanness.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive of separation (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; here the ritual fault/impurity from which atonement frees him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἁμαρτίας)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετὰ τοῦτο ('after this') sequences the burnt-offering after the sin-offering.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of μετά)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; refers to the just-completed sin-offering.
σφάξειshall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed slaughter)σφάζω: 'slaughter' (see v. 5); the burnt-offering lamb (the second male lamb, v. 10) is now killed.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαburnt-offeringAccusativedirect object of σφάξει→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt-offering' (see v. 13).
20
καὶ ἀνοίσει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ τὴν θυσίαν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ καθαρισθήσεται
And the priest shall offer up the burnt-offering and the grain-offering on the altar before the LORD; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he shall be clean.
The burnt-offering and grain-offering are sent up on the altar, the priest makes atonement, and the section closes with the declarative καὶ καθαρισθήσεται ('and he shall be clean') — the full reintegration achieved on the eighth day, capping the procedure begun in v. 2.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίσειshall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed offering up)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer up'; renders הֶעֱלָה; the technical verb for sending an offering up on the altar in smoke (cf. 1:13; Heb 7:27; 1 Pet 2:24); the ἀνα- ('up') suits the burnt-offering's ascent.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαburnt-offeringAccusativedirect object of ἀνοίσει→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'burnt-offering' (see v. 13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίανgrain-offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ object specificationθυσία: 'offering'; here the grain/cereal offering (see v. 10), offered with the burnt-offering.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar (of sacrifice)'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the LXX coinage (from θυσία) for the Israelite altar, distinguished from pagan βωμός; the place where the offerings are burned.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement' (see v. 18).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'on behalf of' (see v. 18).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject (restated)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρισθήσεταιhe shall be cleanFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (declarative future)→ future of declared/resultant state (final cleansing)καθαρίζω: the passive καθαρισθήσεται ('he shall be cleansed/clean') is the climactic declaration completing the whole procedure — what v. 2 anticipated (καθαρισθῇ) is now fully realized.
21
ἐὰν δὲ πένηται καὶ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ μὴ εὑρίσκῃ λήμψεται ἀμνὸν ἕνα εἰς ὃ ἐπλημμέλησεν εἰς ἀφαίρεμα ὥστε ἐξιλάσασθαι περὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ δέκατον σεμιδάλεως πεφυραμένης ἐν ἐλαίῳ εἰς θυσίαν καὶ κοτύλην ἐλαίου μίαν
But if he is poor and his hand cannot afford it, he shall take one lamb for what he was guilty of, for a wave-portion, so as to make atonement for him, and one tenth of fine flour mixed with oil for a grain-offering, and one measure of oil,
δέ marks the new case; the conditional ἐάν + subjunctive (πένηται … εὑρίσκῃ) introduces the reduced rite for the poor: one lamb (for the guilt-offering) instead of three animals, one tenth of flour instead of three, and birds in place of the lambs (v. 22). The idiom ἡ χεὶρ … μὴ εὑρίσκῃ ('his hand does not find/reach') renders Hebrew 'his hand cannot attain' (= he cannot afford it).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces a future/general condition with the subjunctive; renders אִם; here it opens the alternative provision for poverty.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; contrasts the poor person's case with the full provision of vv. 10–20.
πένηταιhe is poorPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · πένομαιverb of protasis (with ἐάν)→ imperfective subjunctive (a condition of standing poverty)πένομαι: 'be poor / work for one's living'; renders דַּל / מָךְ ('be low/poor'); the subjunctive in the protasis frames the condition; the πένης is the laborer too poor to afford the full offering.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two clauses of the protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with χείρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of εὑρίσκῃ (idiom for 'means')→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; in the idiom ἡ χεὶρ … εὑρίσκει ('the hand finds/reaches') the hand stands for one's means or ability to pay (rendering Hebrew הִשִּׂיגָה יָדוֹ); a Hebraism for affordability (cf. v. 22, 30, 32).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χείρ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the subjunctive; 'his hand does not reach (it).'
εὑρίσκῃreaches / can affordPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis (second clause, with ἐάν)→ imperfective subjunctive (continuing inability)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; in this idiom 'find the means / be able to afford'; ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ μὴ εὑρίσκῃ = 'if his means do not suffice.'
λήμψεταιhe shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb of apodosis (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed reduced provision)λαμβάνω: 'take' (see v. 4); the apodosis prescribes a single lamb in place of the three animals.
ἀμνὸνlambAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb' (see v. 10); just one lamb, for the guilt-offering, is required of the poor.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying ἀμνόν)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the single lamb contrasts with the two lambs and ewe of v. 10.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; purpose — the lamb is for the guilt that was incurred.
ὃwhatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπλημμέλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; εἰς ὃ ἐπλημμέλησεν ('for that in which he committed a trespass'), the matter for which the guilt-offering atones.
ἐπλημμέλησενhe was guilty / trespassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the trespass committed)πλημμελέω: 'commit a fault / err / be guilty'; cognate with πλημμέλεια (v. 12); renders אָשַׁם; the verb names the offense for which the guilt-offering makes reparation.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; designating the lamb's use as a wave-portion.
ἀφαίρεμαwave-portion / contributionAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationἀφαίρεμα: 'a portion set apart / contribution'; renders תְּנוּפָה / תְּרוּמָה; the dedicated portion lifted/separated for the LORD; akin to the ἀφόρισμα of v. 12.
ὥστεso as toconjunction (result/purpose, with infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / so that'; with the infinitive ἐξιλάσασθαι it expresses the purpose/result of the offering — to make atonement.
ἐξιλάσασθαιto make atonementAor Mid Inf · ἐξιλάσκομαιinfinitive (result/purpose with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive (the atonement as goal)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement' (see v. 18); the aorist infinitive states the offering's purpose.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'on behalf of' (see v. 18).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέκατονa tenthAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἀμνόν)→ object specificationδέκατον: 'a tenth (of an ephah)' (see v. 10); only one tenth for the poor, against the three tenths of v. 10.
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivegenitive of content (with δέκατον)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine flour' (see v. 10).
πεφυραμένηςmixedPerf Pass Ptc Gen Fem Sg · φυράωattributive participle (modifying σεμιδάλεως)→ resultative perfect participle (already mixed)φυράω: 'mix / knead' (see v. 10).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative object of ἐν (means)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
θυσίανa grain-offeringAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationθυσία: 'grain-offering' (see v. 10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοτύληνmeasureAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationκοτύλη: 'measure (log) of oil' (see v. 10); the oil measure is unreduced — the same single log as for the wealthy.
ἐλαίουof oilGenitivegenitive of content (with κοτύλην)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
μίανoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying κοτύλην)→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one' (see v. 10).
22
καὶ δύο τρυγόνας ἢ δύο νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν ὅσα εὗρεν ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσται ἡ μία περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ ἡ μία εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα
and two turtledoves or two young pigeons, whatever his hand can afford; and the one shall be for a sin-offering and the one for a burnt-offering.
Two turtledoves or two pigeons replace the ewe-lamb and the second lamb (the sin- and burnt-offerings of vv. 10, 19). The bird-substitute for the poor is a standing mercy in the priestly law (cf. 5:7; 12:8 — the offering of Mary at Luke 2:24). One bird serves as sin-offering, one as burnt-offering.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying τρυγόνας)→ measure or countδύο: 'two' (see v. 4).
τρυγόναςturtledovesAccusativedirect object (coordinate with the offerings)→ object specificationτρυγών: 'turtledove'; renders תֹּר; the cheaper substitute offering for the poor (cf. 5:7; 12:8; Luke 2:24).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; offers an alternative — turtledoves or young pigeons, whichever is available.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying νεοσσούς)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'.
νεοσσοὺςyoung (birds)Accusativedirect object (alternative to τρυγόνας)→ object specificationνεοσσός: 'young bird / nestling'; renders בֶּן ('young of'); in the phrase νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν ('young of pigeons') it denotes young pigeons.
περιστερῶνof pigeons / dovesGenitivegenitive (defining: 'young of pigeons')→ relational specificationπεριστερά: 'pigeon / dove'; renders יוֹנָה; νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν renders בְּנֵי יוֹנָה ('young pigeons').
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative/correlative pronoun (object of εὗρεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; ὅσα εὗρεν ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ('whatever his hand found') again uses the affordability idiom — he brings what he can manage.
εὗρενfound / could affordAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (what his means secured)εὑρίσκω: 'find / afford' (see v. 21); the affordability idiom in the aorist.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with χείρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of εὗρεν (idiom for means)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand / means' (see v. 21).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χείρ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (legislative future, designating use)→ legislative future (assignment of function)εἰμί: 'be'; ἔσται ἡ μία … καὶ ἡ μία ('the one shall be … and the one') assigns each bird its sacrificial role.
ἡtheNominativearticle (substantivizing μία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίαoneNominativenumeral (subject: 'the one [bird]')→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; ἡ μία ('the one') designates the first bird, for the sin-offering.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (idiom: 'for a sin-offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for (sin)' (see v. 13).
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (sin-offering)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin' (see v. 13); 'for a sin-offering.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (substantivizing μία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίαoneNominativenumeral (subject: 'the one [other bird]')→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; the second bird, for the burnt-offering.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for' (purpose).
ὁλοκαύτωμαa burnt-offeringAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'burnt-offering' (see v. 13).
23
καὶ προσοίσει αὐτὰ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἔναντι κυρίου
And he shall bring them on the eighth day for his cleansing, to the priest at the door of the tent of meeting, before the LORD.
The poor person, like the wealthy (vv. 10–11), brings the offerings on the eighth day to the priest at the tent of meeting. The articular infinitive εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι ('for the cleansing') states the purpose, repeating the procedure's goal.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσοίσειshall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed presentation)προσφέρω: 'bring to / present / offer'; renders הֵבִיא / הִקְרִיב; the standard verb for presenting offerings (cf. Heb 5:1; 9:14); the poor person brings his birds and flour to the priest.
αὐτὰthemAccusativepronoun (direct object: the offerings)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the birds, flour, and oil of vv. 21–22.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; dative of time (see v. 10).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὀγδόῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῃeighthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: 'eighth' (see v. 10); the same eighth-day schedule applies to rich and poor alike.
εἰςforpreposition + articular infinitive (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + articular infinitive: a purpose construction, 'for the purpose of cleansing.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitive καθαρίσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρίσαιto cleanseAor Act Inf · καθαρίζωarticular infinitive (purpose with εἰς τό)→ aorist infinitive (the cleansing as goal)καθαρίζω: the articular infinitive εἰς τὸ καθαρίσαι ('for the cleansing') states the purpose of bringing the offerings — to effect his cleansing.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject/object of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'; the object of the cleansing infinitive.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θύραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθύρα: 'door' (see v. 11).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (defining: 'door of the tent')→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent' (see v. 11).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meetingGenitivegenitive (defining σκηνῆς: 'tent of meeting')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / meeting' (see v. 11).
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
24
καὶ λαβὼν ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸν ἀμνὸν τῆς πλημμελείας καὶ τὴν κοτύλην τοῦ ἐλαίου ἐπιθήσει αὐτὰ ἐπίθεμα ἔναντι κυρίου
And the priest, taking the lamb of the guilt-offering and the measure of oil, shall set them as a wave-offering before the LORD.
The rite for the poor now mirrors vv. 12–18 exactly, with the bird-offerings substituting for the lambs. The priest waves the guilt-lamb and the oil as a dedicated 'wave-offering' (ἐπίθεμα), the cognate of ἐπιτίθημι, before the LORD.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (antecedent action)→ aorist participle (action prior to the main verb)λαμβάνω: 'take' (see v. 15).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀμνόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμνὸνlambAccusativedirect object of λαβών→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb' (see v. 10); the single guilt-offering lamb of v. 21.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'lamb of the guilt-offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'guilt-offering' (see v. 12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κοτύλην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοτύληνmeasureAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἀμνόν)→ object specificationκοτύλη: 'measure (log) of oil' (see v. 10).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουof oilGenitivegenitive of content (with κοτύλην)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
ἐπιθήσειshall set / presentFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed wave-presentation)ἐπιτίθημι: 'set / place'; here in the dedicatory sense, with the cognate ἐπίθεμα, of presenting the offering as a wave-portion before the LORD (parallel to ἀφοριεῖ … ἀφόρισμα, v. 12).
αὐτὰthemAccusativepronoun (direct object: lamb and oil)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the lamb and oil presented together.
ἐπίθεμαa wave-offering / presentationAccusativecognate accusative (with ἐπιθήσει: 'set as a presentation')→ object specificationἐπίθεμα: 'that which is set/placed, a dedicated portion'; renders תְּנוּפָה ('wave-offering'); the cognate accusative ἐπιθήσει … ἐπίθεμα is a figura etymologica (cf. ἀφοριεῖ ἀφόρισμα, v. 12) intensifying the act of dedication.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
25
καὶ σφάξει τὸν ἀμνὸν τῆς πλημμελείας καὶ λήμψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ τῆς πλημμελείας καὶ ἐπιθήσει ἐπὶ τὸν λοβὸν τοῦ ὠτὸς τοῦ καθαριζομένου τοῦ δεξιοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς χειρὸς τῆς δεξιᾶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ ποδὸς τοῦ δεξιοῦ
And he shall slaughter the lamb of the guilt-offering, and the priest shall take some of the blood of the guilt-offering and put it on the lobe of the right ear of the one being cleansed, and on the tip of the right hand, and on the tip of the right foot.
The blood-rite for the poor exactly repeats v. 14: the guilt-lamb is slaughtered, and its blood is daubed on the right ear-lobe, thumb, and big toe — the verbatim repetition signals that the poor receive the identical consecration, only the offering's cost being reduced.
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξειshall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed slaughter)σφάζω: 'slaughter' (see v. 5).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀμνόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμνὸνlambAccusativedirect object of σφάξει→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb' (see v. 10).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'lamb of the guilt-offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'guilt-offering' (see v. 12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεταιshall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed act)λαμβάνω: 'take' (see v. 4).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἀπὸsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with αἵματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood' (see v. 6).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'blood of the guilt-offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'guilt-offering' (see v. 12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειshall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed application)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put on / apply' (see v. 14).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λοβόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοβὸνlobeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationλοβός: 'ear-lobe' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὠτός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠτὸςearGenitivegenitive (defining: 'lobe of the ear')→ relational specificationοὖς: 'ear' (see v. 14).
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαριζομένου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαριζομένουbeing cleansedPres Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession)→ imperfective passive participleκαθαρίζω: 'the one being cleansed' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὠτός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: 'tip / thumb' (see v. 14).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tip of the hand')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιᾶςrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: 'tip / big toe' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ποδός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδὸςfootGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tip of the foot')→ relational specificationπούς: 'foot' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ποδός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
26
καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλαίου ἐπιχεεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ ἱερέως τὴν ἀριστεράν
And the priest shall pour some of the oil on the priest's own left hand,
The oil-rite for the poor repeats vv. 15–18: the priest pours oil into his own left palm, the reservoir for the sprinkling and daubing that follow.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
ἐπιχεεῖshall pourFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed pouring)ἐπιχέω: 'pour upon' (see v. 15).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἱερέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriest'sGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χεῖρα)→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 15).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀριστεράν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριστεράνleftAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χεῖρα)→ object specificationἀριστερός: 'left' (see v. 15).
27
καὶ ῥανεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τῷ δακτύλῳ τῷ δεξιῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλαίου τοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ ἀριστερᾷ ἑπτάκις ἔναντι κυρίου
and the priest shall sprinkle with his right finger some of the oil that is on his left hand seven times before the LORD.
The poor person's oil-sprinkling repeats v. 16: the right finger sprinkles oil from the left palm seven times before the LORD.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥανεῖshall sprinkleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥαίνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed sprinkling)ῥαίνω: 'sprinkle' (see v. 16).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τῷwith theDativearticle (with δακτύλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλῳfingerDativedative of means (instrument of sprinkling)→ sphere or referenceδάκτυλος: 'finger' (see v. 16).
τῷtheDativearticle (with δεξιῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιῷrightDativeattributive adjective (modifying δακτύλῳ)→ sphere or referenceδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
ἀπὸsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
τοῦthatGenitivearticle (attributive: 'that on the hand')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (location, in articular phrase)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'on / in'; the articular phrase τοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρί ('that on the hand') localizes the oil.
τῇtheDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χειρί)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the priest's own hand.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἀριστερᾷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριστερᾷleftDativeattributive adjective (modifying χειρί)→ sphere or referenceἀριστερός: 'left' (see v. 15).
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumerical adverb (frequency)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times' (see v. 7).
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
28
καὶ ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλαίου τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν λοβὸν τοῦ ὠτὸς τοῦ καθαριζομένου τοῦ δεξιοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ τῆς δεξιᾶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ ποδὸς αὐτοῦ τοῦ δεξιοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ τῆς πλημμελείας
And the priest shall put some of the oil that is on his hand on the lobe of the right ear of the one being cleansed, and on the tip of his right hand, and on the tip of his right foot, upon the place of the blood of the guilt-offering.
As in v. 17, the oil is daubed on the same three extremities, over the spot already marked with the guilt-offering blood. The verbatim repetition for the poor confirms that the consecration is identical regardless of means.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειshall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed application)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put on / apply' (see v. 14).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἀπὸsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
τοῦthatGenitivearticle (attributive: 'that on the hand')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location, in articular phrase)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'on'; τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς χειρός ('that on the hand') localizes the oil (see v. 18).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the priest's own hand.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λοβόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοβὸνlobeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationλοβός: 'ear-lobe' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὠτός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠτὸςearGenitivegenitive (defining: 'lobe of the ear')→ relational specificationοὖς: 'ear' (see v. 14).
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαριζομένου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαριζομένουbeing cleansedPres Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession)→ imperfective passive participleκαθαρίζω: 'the one being cleansed' (see v. 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὠτός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: 'tip / thumb' (see v. 14).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tip of the hand')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; here the cleansed person's hand.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιᾶςrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄκρον: 'tip / big toe' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ποδός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδὸςfootGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tip of the foot')→ relational specificationπούς: 'foot' (see v. 14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ποδός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιοῦrightGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ποδός)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right' (see v. 14).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location: over the blood)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon' (see v. 17).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τόπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / spot'; the spot of the blood (see v. 17).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with αἵματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive (defining: 'place of the blood')→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood' (see v. 6).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt-offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'blood of the guilt-offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'guilt-offering' (see v. 12).
29
τὸ δὲ καταλειφθὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλαίου τὸ ὂν ἐπὶ τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ ἱερέως ἐπιθήσει ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ καθαρισθέντος καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔναντι κυρίου
And the rest of the oil that is on the priest's hand he shall put on the head of the one cleansed, and the priest shall make atonement for him before the LORD.
As in v. 18, the remaining oil is placed on the head of the cleansed and the priest makes atonement before the LORD — completing the oil-rite for the poor person.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with the substantivized participle; fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandcontinuative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the final disposal of the oil (see v. 18).
καταλειφθὲνrest / remainingAor Pass Ptc Acc Neut Sg · καταλείπωsubstantival participle (object: 'the part left over')→ aorist passive participle (oil still remaining)καταλείπω: 'leave remaining' (see v. 17).
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of / from' (see v. 14); 'the part left over of the oil.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'oil' (see v. 10).
τὸthatAccusativearticle (with ὄν, attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὂνbeingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Sg · εἰμίattributive participle ('that is on the hand')→ imperfective participle (present location)εἰμί: 'that is' (see v. 17).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand' (see v. 14).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἱερέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriest'sGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 15).
ἐπιθήσειshall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed application)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put on' (see v. 14).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κεφαλήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head' (see v. 18).
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαρισθέντος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρισθέντοςone cleansedAor Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession)→ aorist passive participleκαθαρίζω: 'the one cleansed' (see v. 18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement' (see v. 18).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'on behalf of' (see v. 18).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
30
καὶ ποιήσει μίαν τῶν τρυγόνων ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν νεοσσῶν τῶν περιστερῶν καθότι εὗρεν αὐτοῦ ἡ χείρ
And he shall offer one of the turtledoves or of the young pigeons, according to what his hand could afford,
The birds replace the lambs of vv. 19–20: the priest offers one and then the other (v. 31), 'according to what his hand could afford' — the affordability idiom again, underscoring that the poor person's worship is accepted on the same footing.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειshall offerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed sacrifice)ποιέω: 'offer (a sacrifice)' (see v. 19).
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (direct object: 'one [bird]')→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; one of the two birds is offered first.
τῶνof theGenitivepartitive article (with τρυγόνων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρυγόνωνturtledovesGenitivepartitive genitive ('one of the turtledoves')→ relational specificationτρυγών: 'turtledove' (see v. 22).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or' (see v. 22).
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of / from' (see v. 14).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with νεοσσῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεοσσῶνyoung (birds)Genitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationνεοσσός: 'young bird' (see v. 22).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with περιστερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιστερῶνof pigeonsGenitivegenitive (defining: 'young of pigeons')→ relational specificationπεριστερά: 'pigeon / dove' (see v. 22).
καθότιaccording to whatcomparative/causal conjunction ('inasmuch as / according as')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'according as / inasmuch as'; introduces the affordability clause, 'according to what his hand could afford'; a compound of κατά + ὅτι.
εὗρενfound / could affordAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (what his means secured)εὑρίσκω: 'find / afford' (see v. 21).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χείρ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with χείρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείρhandNominativesubject of εὗρεν (idiom for means)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand / means' (see v. 21); the affordability idiom rounds off the poor person's provision.
31
τὴν μίαν περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ τὴν μίαν εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα σὺν τῇ θυσίᾳ καὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τοῦ καθαριζομένου ἔναντι κυρίου
the one for a sin-offering and the one for a burnt-offering, with the grain-offering; and the priest shall make atonement for the one being cleansed before the LORD.
The two birds are assigned (one sin-offering, one burnt-offering) with the grain-offering, and the section closes with the atonement formula matching v. 20 — the poor person's cleansing reaches the same goal as the wealthy person's.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing μίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (object: 'the one [bird]')→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; the first bird, for the sin-offering.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (idiom: sin-offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for (sin)' (see v. 13).
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (sin-offering)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin' (see v. 13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing μίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (object: 'the one [other bird]')→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; the second bird, for the burnt-offering.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for' (purpose).
ὁλοκαύτωμαa burnt-offeringAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'burnt-offering' (see v. 13).
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; the birds are offered along with the grain-offering of v. 21.
τῇtheDativearticle (with θυσίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίᾳgrain-offeringDativedative object of σύν (accompaniment)→ sphere or referenceθυσία: 'grain-offering' (see v. 10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement' (see v. 18).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'on behalf of' (see v. 18).
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (with καθαριζομένου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαριζομένουbeing cleansedPres Pass Ptc Gen Masc Sg · καθαρίζωsubstantival participle (genitive object of περί)→ imperfective passive participleκαθαρίζω: 'the one being cleansed' (see v. 14).
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before' (see v. 11).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 11).
32
οὗτος ὁ νόμος ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ἡ ἁφὴ τῆς λέπρας καὶ τοῦ μὴ εὑρίσκοντος τῇ χειρὶ εἰς τὸν καθαρισμὸν αὐτοῦ
This is the law for the one in whom is the mark of leprosy and who cannot afford with his hand the means for his cleansing.
The superscription οὗτος ὁ νόμος (cf. v. 2) here functions as a closing colophon for the whole personal-cleansing law (vv. 1–32), explicitly embracing the poor — 'the one who cannot afford with his hand the means for his cleansing.'
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this' (see v. 2); the colophon-formula closing the section.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with νόμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / instruction' (see v. 2).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (with relative: 'in whom')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (with relative: 'in whom').
ᾧwhomDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν: 'in whom')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ἡ ἁφή ('in whom is the mark') designates the afflicted person to whom the law applies.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (existential)→ gnomic present (general statement)εἰμί: 'be / is'; 'in whom there is the mark of leprosy.'
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴmarkNominativesubject of ἐστιν→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark / plague-spot' (see v. 3).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with λέπρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραςleprosyGenitivegenitive (defining: 'mark of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (see v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the second class)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (with εὑρίσκοντος, substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with participle)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates the participle, 'the one not finding/affording.'
εὑρίσκοντοςfinding / affordingPres Act Ptc Gen Masc Sg · εὑρίσκωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'of the one who cannot afford')→ imperfective participle (continuing inability)εὑρίσκω: 'find / afford' (see v. 21); τοῦ μὴ εὑρίσκοντος τῇ χειρί ('the one whose hand does not find/afford') gathers the poor under the same law.
τῇwith theDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means/instrument (with εὑρίσκοντος)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand / means' (see v. 21); 'with his hand' = by his own means.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; purpose — toward his cleansing.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with καθαρισμόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρισμὸνcleansingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationκαθαρισμός: 'cleansing / purification'; renders טָהֳרָה; the noun summing up the whole procedure; cf. its NT use (Mark 1:44; Luke 2:22; Heb 1:3).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying καθαρισμόν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
33
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying,
A fresh speech-formula opens the second half of the chapter (vv. 33–57). Unlike v. 1, the address is to Moses and Aaron together — fitting, since the priestly diagnosis of houses falls to Aaron's line.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: paratactic connector (see v. 1).
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak' (see v. 1).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה (see v. 1).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: 'Moses' (see v. 1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; Aaron the priest is co-addressee, since the house-diagnosis is a priestly task.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (manner of speaking)λέγω: the participle λέγων = Hebraism for לֵאמֹר (see v. 1).
34
ὡς ἂν εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν γῆν τῶν Χαναναίων ἣν ἐγὼ δίδωμι ὑμῖν ἐν κτήσει καὶ δώσω ἁφὴν λέπρας ἐν ταῖς οἰκίαις τῆς γῆς τῆς ἐγκτήτου ὑμῖν
When you enter into the land of the Canaanites, which I am giving you for a possession, and I put a mark of leprosy in the houses of the land of your possession,
The law is set in the future settled land (ὡς ἂν εἰσέλθητε, 'when you enter'), projecting beyond the wilderness camp. Strikingly, YHWH himself says 'I will put a mark of leprosy' (δώσω ἁφὴν λέπρας) in their houses — the affliction is framed as a divine act within the gift of the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (with ἄν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here temporal, 'when'; with ἄν and the subjunctive forms an indefinite temporal clause; renders כִּי.
ἂνevermodal particle (generalizing the temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle conditioning the subjunctive εἰσέλθητε.
εἰσέλθητεyou enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιverb of temporal clause (with ὡς ἄν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the future entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in' (see v. 8); the second plural addresses Israel as a whole entering Canaan.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; the promised land of Canaan.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with Χαναναίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαναναίωνCanaanitesGenitivegenitive (defining: 'land of the Canaanites')→ relational specificationΧαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; gentilic from Χανααν (כְּנַעַן); the land's present inhabitants, whose dispossession is implied in the gift to Israel.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωμι)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, accusative agreeing with γῆν; introduces the relative clause describing the land as YHWH's gift.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' stresses YHWH as the giver of the land — and, in the next clause, as the one who places the affliction.
δίδωμιgivePres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (futuristic present)→ futuristic present (the imminent/certain gift)δίδωμι: 'give' (see Exod 11:3); the present 'I am giving' presents the gift of the land as certain and already in process; renders נֹתֵן.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (recipients)→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): 'you'; the dative of the recipients, Israel.
ἐνforpreposition + dative (purpose/result: 'as a possession')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here 'for / as'; ἐν κτήσει = 'as/for a possession', a Hebraizing use rendering לַאֲחֻזָּה.
κτήσειpossessionDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceκτῆσις: 'possession / property'; renders אֲחֻזָּה; the land is given as Israel's permanent holding.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the temporal frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI put / will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine first-person future)→ predictive future (divine placing of the affliction)δίδωμι (fut. δώσω): 'give / put / set'; renders נָתַן; the startling first-person 'I will put a mark of leprosy in the houses' frames even house-mold as falling within divine providence — the same God who gives the land also gives the test of impurity within it.
ἁφὴνa markAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationἁφή: 'mark / plague-spot' (see v. 3); here the 'leprosy' of houses (mold/fungus in masonry).
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (defining: 'mark of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (see v. 3); applied to houses, it denotes a spreading discoloration of the walls.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with οἰκίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαιςhousesDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house'; renders בַּיִת; the permanent dwellings of the settled land — only now, with fixed houses, can a 'house leprosy' law take effect (it presupposes life beyond the tents).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining: 'houses of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land' (see above).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἐγκτήτου)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγκτήτουpossessed / held in possessionGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying γῆς)→ relational specificationἔγκτητος: 'acquired as property / held in possession'; a rare term (cognate with κτῆσις); renders אֲחֻזָּה; 'the land of your possession' — the land they will own and inhabit.
ὑμῖνyour / to youDativedative of possession/reference (with ἐγκτήτου)→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): 'you'; dative of possession, 'possessed by you / your possession.'
35
καὶ ἥξει τίνος αὐτοῦ ἡ οἰκία καὶ ἀναγγελεῖ τῷ ἱερεῖ λέγων ὥσπερ ἁφὴ ἑώραταί μου ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
then he whose house it is shall come and report to the priest, saying, 'Something like a mark has appeared to me in my house.'
The householder reports the suspicious mark to the priest. The cautious, tentative ὥσπερ ἁφή ('something like a mark') models the layman's deference: he does not pronounce a verdict but submits the appearance for priestly judgment. The phrasing τίνος αὐτοῦ ἡ οἰκία ('he whose house it is') is a Hebraistic relative construction.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis of v. 34's temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειshall comeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἥκωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed reporting)ἥκω: 'come / have come / arrive'; renders בּוֹא; the householder comes to the priest to report the mark.
τίνοςwhoseGenitiveinterrogative/indefinite pronoun (genitive of possession: 'whose')→ relational specificationτίς: interrogative pronoun used here in a relative-indefinite sense, 'he whose'; τίνος … ἡ οἰκία ('whose the house is') is a Hebraizing way of saying 'the owner of the house'; the genitive marks possession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitiveresumptive pronoun (genitive, reinforcing τίνος)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the resumptive αὐτοῦ ('his') redundantly reinforces τίνος, a Hebraizing pleonasm: 'the one whose house [is] his.'
ἡtheNominativearticle (with οἰκία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαhouseNominativesubject of the implied verb in the relative phrase→ participant prominenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34); the subject of the possessive phrase 'whose the house is.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναγγελεῖshall reportFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed reporting)ἀναγγέλλω: 'report / announce / declare'; renders הִגִּיד; the householder declares the matter to the priest — the layman initiates, the priest adjudicates.
τῷto theDativearticle (with ἱερεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative indirect object (recipient of the report)→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (manner of speaking)λέγω: λέγων = Hebraism for לֵאמֹר introducing the householder's words (see v. 1).
ὥσπερsomething likecomparative particle (tentative: 'as it were')→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as / as it were'; here softening the householder's report — 'something like a mark' — he reports an appearance, not a diagnosis, deferring to the priest.
ἁφὴa markNominativesubject of ἑώραται→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark / plague-spot' (see v. 3).
ἑώραταίhas appearedPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of quoted speech→ resultative perfect (a state of having become visible)ὁράω (perf. pass. ἑώραται): 'be seen / appear'; the perfect passive 'has appeared / become visible to me' presents the mark as a present, observable fact; the dative μου marks the perceiver.
μουto me / myGenitivegenitive (possessive with οἰκίᾳ, or dative-of-reference sense 'to me')→ relational specificationἐγώ: 'my / to me'; the genitive μου most naturally goes with ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ('in my house'), though it also conveys the perceiver ('appeared to me').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34); 'in my house.'
36
καὶ προστάξει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀποσκευάσαι τὴν οἰκίαν πρὸ τοῦ εἰσελθόντα ἰδεῖν τὸν ἱερέα τὴν ἁφὴν καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀκάθαρτα γένηται ὅσα ἐὰν ᾖ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα εἰσελεύσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καταμαθεῖν τὴν οἰκίαν
And the priest shall give orders to clear out the house before the priest goes in to see the mark, so that whatever is in the house may not become unclean; and after these things the priest shall go in to examine the house.
A merciful provision: the house is emptied before the priest enters, so that its contents are not caught under the impurity verdict — for once the priest enters and sees, everything inside becomes unclean. The priest then enters to 'examine' (καταμαθεῖν) the house.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστάξειshall give ordersFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστάσσωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed command)προστάσσω: 'command / give orders' (see v. 4); here governing the infinitive ἀποσκευάσαι.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἀποσκευάσαιto clear outAor Act Inf · ἀποσκευάζωcomplementary infinitive (with προστάξει)→ aorist infinitive (the commanded action)ἀποσκευάζω: 'clear out / remove the furnishings / empty'; renders פִּנָּה ('clear / empty'); the house is to be emptied of its goods (σκεύη) before inspection.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἀποσκευάσαι→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingπρό: 'before'; πρὸ τοῦ + infinitive ('before the [priest] going in to see') is a standard temporal construction.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with infinitive ἰδεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσελθόνταhaving enteredAor Act Ptc Acc Masc Sg · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (agreeing with τὸν ἱερέα, subject of ἰδεῖν)→ aorist participle (action prior to seeing)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter' (see v. 8); the participle εἰσελθόντα ('having gone in') describes the priest's entry preceding his seeing.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωarticular infinitive (with πρὸ τοῦ: 'before seeing')→ aorist infinitive (the priest's inspection)ὁράω (aor. inf. ἰδεῖν): 'see / look at' (see v. 3); the priest's diagnostic 'seeing' of the mark.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἰδεῖν→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2); accusative subject of the infinitive.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἁφήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνmarkAccusativedirect object of ἰδεῖν→ object specificationἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
καὶso that / andcoordinate conjunction (with purpose-result force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the purpose/result of clearing the house — 'so that whatever is in it may not become unclean.'
οὐnotnegative particle (with μή, emphatic)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the double negative οὐ μή with the subjunctive expresses emphatic denial, 'shall certainly not.'
μὴnotnegative particle (forming οὐ μή + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with οὐ and the subjunctive, the strong negation 'by no means.'
ἀκάθαρταuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (with γένηται)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19); the contents would contract impurity if present when the priest's verdict falls.
γένηταιmay becomeAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the οὐ μή clause (emphatic negation)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (becoming unclean)γίνομαι: 'become' (see Exod 11:3); the neuter plural subject ὅσα takes a singular verb (Greek neuter-plural concord); 'whatever is in the house may not become unclean.'
ὅσαwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of γένηται)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever' (see v. 22); the contents of the house collectively.
ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalizing the relative, = ἄν)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here equivalent to ἄν generalizing ὅσα ('whatever there may be'); ἐάν for ἄν is common in Koine/LXX.
ᾖmay bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of generalizing relative clause→ imperfective subjunctive (whatever happens to be there)εἰμί: 'be'; the subjunctive in the indefinite relative clause, 'whatever may be in the house.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετὰ ταῦτα ('after these things') (see v. 8).
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of μετά)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these things'; the clearing of the house.
εἰσελεύσεταιshall go inFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter' (see v. 8).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
καταμαθεῖνto examineAor Act Inf · καταμανθάνωinfinitive of purpose (with εἰσελεύσεται)→ aorist infinitive (purpose of entering)καταμανθάνω: 'observe closely / examine / study'; renders רָאָה (here 'inspect carefully'); the intensive κατα- marks a thorough scrutiny; an infinitive of purpose — the priest enters in order to examine the house.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of καταμαθεῖν→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
37
καὶ ὄψεται τὴν ἁφὴν ἐν τοῖς τοίχοις τῆς οἰκίας κοιλάδας χλωριζούσας ἢ πυρριζούσας καὶ ἡ ὄψις αὐτῶν ταπεινοτέρα τῶν τοίχων
And he shall look at the mark on the walls of the house: greenish or reddish depressions, and their appearance lower than the walls;
The diagnostic criteria for house-leprosy: greenish or reddish hollows (κοιλάδας χλωριζούσας ἢ πυρριζούσας) set lower than the wall surface (ταπεινοτέρα τῶν τοίχων) — the same 'depth/lowness' criterion used for skin-leprosy (13:3). The priest's trained 'seeing' (ὄψεται) governs the verdict.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall lookFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (legislative future: inspection)→ legislative future (prescribed examination)ὁράω: 'see / examine' (see v. 3); the priest's diagnostic seeing of the wall-mark.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἁφήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴνmarkAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with τοίχοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοίχοιςwallsDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceτοῖχος: 'wall (of a house)'; renders קִיר; the interior walls where the mold appears.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with οἰκίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseGenitivegenitive (defining: 'walls of the house')→ relational specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
κοιλάδαςdepressions / hollowsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἁφήν (specifying the mark)→ object specificationκοιλάς: 'hollow / depression / cavity'; renders שְׁקַעֲרוּרֹת ('depressions'); the sunken patches in the wall-surface, the visible form the house-mark takes.
χλωριζούσαςgreenishPres Act Ptc Acc Fem Pl · χλωρίζωattributive participle (modifying κοιλάδας)→ imperfective participle (showing a greenish hue)χλωρίζω: 'be greenish / show a green tinge'; from χλωρός ('green/pale'); renders the participial sense of יְרַקְרַקֹּת ('greenish'); one of the two diagnostic colors.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or' (see v. 22).
πυρριζούσαςreddishPres Act Ptc Acc Fem Pl · πυρρίζωattributive participle (modifying κοιλάδας)→ imperfective participle (showing a reddish hue)πυρρίζω: 'be reddish / show a red tinge'; from πυρρός ('flame-colored / red'); renders אֲדַמְדַּמֹּת ('reddish'); the second diagnostic color.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding a further criterion)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ὄψις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψιςappearanceNominativesubject of an implied copula ('their appearance [is]...')→ participant prominenceὄψις: 'appearance / look / sight'; renders מַרְאֶה; the visible aspect of the depressions, judged against the wall surface.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὄψις, = the depressions')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; refers to the κοιλάδες.
ταπεινοτέραlower / deeperNominativepredicate adjective (comparative; with implied copula)→ participant prominenceταπεινός (compar. ταπεινότερος): 'low / lower / depressed'; renders שָׁפָל ('lower / deeper'); the depressions appear set below the wall's plane — the same 'depth below the surface' diagnostic as for skin (13:3); the genitive of comparison τῶν τοίχων follows.
τῶνthan theGenitivearticle (with τοίχων, genitive of comparison)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοίχωνwallsGenitivegenitive of comparison (with ταπεινοτέρα: 'lower than the walls')→ relational specificationτοῖχος: 'wall' (see above); the genitive of comparison — the mark sits lower than the surrounding wall surface.
38
καὶ ἐξελθὼν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τῆς οἰκίας καὶ ἀφοριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν οἰκίαν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
then the priest, going out of the house to the door of the house, shall quarantine the house seven days.
Paralleling the seven-day quarantine of a suspected skin-mark (13:4), the priest shuts up (ἀφοριεῖ) the house for seven days to see whether the mark spreads. The participle ἐξελθών sets the priest at the doorway before he pronounces the quarantine.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (antecedent action)→ aorist participle (action prior to the main verb)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out' (see v. 3); the priest exits to the doorway before declaring the quarantine.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation/source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; the priest exits from within the house.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with οἰκίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θύραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθύρα: 'door' (see v. 11); the house's doorway, from which the priest pronounces his verdict.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with οἰκίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseGenitivegenitive (defining: 'door of the house')→ relational specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφοριεῖshall quarantineFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφορίζωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed quarantine)ἀφορίζω: 'separate / set apart'; here 'shut up / quarantine'; renders הִסְגִּיר; the same verb used of declaring persons or things isolated (cf. 13:4); the house is sealed for inspection over seven days.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject (restated)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖ→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven' (see v. 8).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day' (see v. 8); the seven-day quarantine span.
39
καὶ ἐπανήξει ὁ ἱερεὺς τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ καὶ ὄψεται τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐ διεχύθη ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τοῖς τοίχοις τῆς οἰκίας
And the priest shall return on the seventh day and look at the house, and behold, if the mark has not spread in the walls of the house,
On the seventh day the priest returns and re-examines. The diagnostic question is whether the mark has 'spread' (διεχύθη) — the same spreading-criterion as for skin (13:5). Here the negative finding (οὐ διεχύθη) triggers the repair of vv. 40–42.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπανήξειshall returnFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπανήκωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed return)ἐπανήκω: 'come back / return'; the double compound ἐπ-ανα-ήκω ('come back again'); the priest returns after the seven-day interval (cf. ἥκω, v. 35).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τῇon theDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day' (see v. 9).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἑβδόμῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh' (see v. 9); the day of re-inspection after the quarantine.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall lookFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (legislative future: inspection)→ legislative future (prescribed examination)ὁράω: 'see / examine' (see v. 3).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the deictic finding)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic interjection (presenting the finding)→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold' (see v. 3).
οὐnotnegative particle (with διεχύθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; negates the spreading verb — the mark has not spread.
διεχύθηhas spreadAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the deictic clause (result of examination)→ constative aorist (the spreading, here denied)διαχέω: 'pour through / diffuse / spread'; the passive 'has been spread / diffused'; renders פָּשָׂה ('spread'); the key diagnostic of whether the affliction is active; here, in the negative, indicating containment.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴmarkNominativesubject of διεχύθη→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with τοίχοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοίχοιςwallsDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceτοῖχος: 'wall' (see v. 37).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with οἰκίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseGenitivegenitive (defining: 'walls of the house')→ relational specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
40
καὶ προστάξει ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἐξελοῦσιν τοὺς λίθους ἐν οἷς ἐστιν ἡ ἁφή καὶ ἐκβαλοῦσιν αὐτοὺς ἔξω τῆς πόλεως εἰς τόπον ἀκάθαρτον
then the priest shall give orders, and they shall take out the stones in which the mark is and throw them outside the city into an unclean place,
First remedial step: the affected stones are pried out and discarded outside the city in an unclean place (εἰς τόπον ἀκάθαρτον) — the same disposal-destination as the released bird's field (v. 7) and the scapegoat's wilderness; impurity is carried away from the holy community's space.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστάξειshall give ordersFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστάσσωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed command)προστάσσω: 'command / give orders' (see v. 4).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελοῦσινthey shall take outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαιρέωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed removal)ἐξαιρέω: 'take out / remove / extract'; renders חִלֵּץ / נָתַץ; the impersonal plural ('they shall extract') leaves the laborers unnamed; the diseased stones are pried out of the wall.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λίθους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of ἐξελοῦσιν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the building-stones bearing the mark; replaced by fresh stones in v. 42.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (with relative: 'in which')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (with relative: 'in which').
οἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν: 'in which')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; ἐν οἷς ἐστιν ἡ ἁφή ('in which the mark is') identifies the affected stones.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (existential)→ stative present (the mark's presence)εἰμί: 'be / is'; locates the mark in the stones.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήmarkNominativesubject of ἐστιν→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκβαλοῦσινthey shall throw outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed disposal)ἐκβάλλω: 'cast out / throw out' (see Exod 11:1); the extracted stones are discarded outside the city.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativepronoun (direct object: the stones)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the diseased stones.
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside' (see v. 3); governing πόλεως.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive with ἔξω→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; in the settled land the 'city' replaces the wilderness 'camp' (παρεμβολή, v. 3) as the bounded sphere of community life; impurity is expelled beyond it.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place' (see v. 13).
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπον)→ object specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19); the designated dumping-ground for impurity outside the city — a counter-space to the holy.
41
καὶ ἀποξύσουσιν τὴν οἰκίαν ἔσωθεν κύκλῳ καὶ ἐκχεοῦσιν τὸν χοῦν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως εἰς τόπον ἀκάθαρτον
and they shall scrape the house inside all around, and they shall pour out the mortar-dust outside the city into an unclean place,
Second remedial step: the inner walls are scraped all around (ἔσωθεν κύκλῳ) and the scraped-off plaster/dust (χοῦς) is also poured out into the unclean place outside the city, paralleling the disposal of the stones (v. 40).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποξύσουσινthey shall scrapeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποξύωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed scraping)ἀποξύω: 'scrape off / scrape away'; renders הִקְצִעַ; the inner plaster surface is scraped clean of the affected material.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἀποξύσουσιν→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
ἔσωθενinsideadverb of place (interior)→ clausal contributionἔσωθεν: 'from within / inside'; renders מִבַּיִת; the scraping is of the interior wall-surfaces.
κύκλῳall aroundadverb of place (in a circle, all around)→ clausal contributionκύκλῳ: 'around / round about'; dative of κύκλος used adverbially; renders סָבִיב; the whole interior is scraped, not only the affected patch.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκχεοῦσινthey shall pour outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκχέωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed disposal)ἐκχέω: 'pour out / dump'; renders שָׁפַךְ; the loose scraped material is poured out beyond the city.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χοῦν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦνmortar-dust / rubbleAccusativedirect object of ἐκχεοῦσιν→ object specificationχοῦς: 'soil / dust / loose earth'; renders עָפָר; here the scraped-off plaster and mortar dust; the same word as the 'dust' of human creation (Gen 2:7 LXX).
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside' (see v. 3).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive with ἔξω→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city' (see v. 40).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationτόπος: 'place' (see v. 13).
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπον)→ object specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19).
42
καὶ λήμψονται λίθους ἀπεξυσμένους ἑτέρους καὶ ἀντιθήσουσιν ἀντὶ τῶν λίθων καὶ χοῦν ἕτερον λήμψονται καὶ ἐξαλείψουσιν τὴν οἰκίαν
and they shall take other scraped stones and put them in place of the stones, and they shall take other mortar and re-plaster the house.
Third remedial step: fresh dressed stones replace the removed ones (ἀντὶ τῶν λίθων) and new mortar re-plasters the house (ἐξαλείψουσιν). The repeated ἕτερος ('other / fresh') stresses that the replacement materials are entirely new and clean.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψονταιthey shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)λαμβάνω: 'take / procure' (see v. 4).
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of λήμψονται→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone' (see v. 40).
ἀπεξυσμένουςscraped / dressedPerf Pass Ptc Acc Masc Pl · ἀποξύωattributive participle (modifying λίθους)→ resultative perfect participle (stones in a dressed state)ἀποξύω: 'scrape / dress (stone)' (see v. 41); the perfect passive participle ('having been scraped/dressed') describes the fresh stones as smoothed and prepared.
ἑτέρουςotherAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λίθους)→ object specificationἕτερος: 'other / different'; renders אֲחֵרוֹת; the replacement stones are different from (and clean, unlike) the removed ones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντιθήσουσινthey shall put in placeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀντιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed substitution)ἀντιτίθημι: 'set against / put in place of / substitute'; the ἀντι- ('in place of') matches ἀντὶ τῶν λίθων; the new stones are set in the gaps left by the old.
ἀντὶin place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; renders תַּחַת; marks the fresh stones as substitutes for the removed ones.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with λίθων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθωνstonesGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationλίθος: 'stone' (see v. 40); the removed stones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χοῦνmortarAccusativedirect object of λήμψονται→ object specificationχοῦς: 'soil / mortar / plaster' (see v. 41); fresh mortar for re-plastering.
ἕτερονotherAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χοῦν)→ object specificationἕτερος: 'other / fresh' (see above).
λήμψονταιthey shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)λαμβάνω: 'take' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαλείψουσινthey shall re-plasterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαλείφωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed re-plastering)ἐξαλείφω: 'plaster over / smear / coat'; renders טָח ('plaster'); (the same verb can mean 'wipe out / obliterate', but here 'coat over'); the house walls are re-plastered with fresh mortar.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἐξαλείψουσιν→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
43
ἐὰν δὲ ἐπέλθῃ πάλιν ἁφὴ καὶ ἀνατείλῃ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ μετὰ τὸ ἐξελεῖν τοὺς λίθους καὶ μετὰ τὸ ἀποξυσθῆναι τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ μετὰ τὸ ἐξαλειφθῆναι
But if the mark comes again and breaks out in the house after the removal of the stones and after the house has been scraped and after it has been re-plastered,
δέ introduces the harder case: the mark returns despite all repairs. The three articular infinitives (μετὰ τὸ ἐξελεῖν … ἀποξυσθῆναι … ἐξαλειφθῆναι) recapitulate the three remedial steps of vv. 40–42, underscoring that even thorough repair has failed.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if' (see v. 21).
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; contrasts the recurrence with the hoped-for cure of vv. 40–42.
ἐπέλθῃcomes againAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπέρχομαιverb of protasis (with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the renewed onset)ἐπέρχομαι: 'come upon / come again'; renders שׁוּב; the mark 'comes back' onto the house — a relapse after treatment.
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)→ adverbial qualificationπάλιν: 'again / back'; stresses the recurrence after the repair.
ἁφὴmarkNominativesubject of ἐπέλθῃ→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνατείλῃbreaks outAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀνατέλλωverb of protasis (coordinate with ἐπέλθῃ)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the breaking-out)ἀνατέλλω: 'rise / spring up / break out'; usually of the sun rising or plants sprouting; here vividly of the mark 'springing up again' in the wall; renders פָּרַח ('break out / bud').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετὰ τό + infinitive ('after the removing') is a standard temporal construction.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitive ἐξελεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξελεῖνremovingAor Act Inf · ἐξαιρέωarticular infinitive (temporal with μετὰ τό)→ aorist infinitive (the completed removal)ἐξαιρέω: 'take out / remove' (see v. 40); 'after the removal of the stones.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λίθους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐξελεῖν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone' (see v. 40).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after' (see above).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitive ἀποξυσθῆναι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποξυσθῆναιbeing scrapedAor Pass Inf · ἀποξύωarticular infinitive (temporal with μετὰ τό)→ aorist passive infinitive (the completed scraping)ἀποξύω: 'scrape off' (see v. 41); the passive infinitive, 'after the house has been scraped.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeaccusative subject of the passive infinitive→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after' (see above).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitive ἐξαλειφθῆναι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαλειφθῆναιbeing re-plasteredAor Pass Inf · ἐξαλείφωarticular infinitive (temporal with μετὰ τό)→ aorist passive infinitive (the completed re-plastering)ἐξαλείφω: 're-plaster / coat over' (see v. 42); the passive infinitive, 'after it has been re-plastered'; the three infinitives recapitulate vv. 40–42.
44
καὶ εἰσελεύσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ὄψεται εἰ διακέχυται ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ λέπρα ἔμμονός ἐστιν ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν
then the priest shall go in and look, and if the mark has spread in the house, it is a persistent leprosy in the house: it is unclean.
The priest re-enters, and if the mark has now spread (διακέχυται), the verdict is final: a 'persistent leprosy' (λέπρα ἔμμονος) — the house is irremediably unclean and must be demolished (v. 45). The double ἐστιν drives home the categorical verdict.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσελεύσεταιshall go inFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter' (see v. 8).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεταιshall lookFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (legislative future: inspection)→ legislative future (prescribed examination)ὁράω: 'see / examine' (see v. 3).
εἰif / whetherconjunction (introducing indirect question/condition after ὄψεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if / whether'; introduces the object of the priest's examination ('whether the mark has spread'), which doubles as the protasis of the verdict.
διακέχυταιhas spreadPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the εἰ-clause→ resultative perfect (a spread now obtaining)διαχέω: 'spread / diffuse' (see v. 39); the perfect διακέχυται ('has spread and remains spread') marks an established, advancing affliction — the decisive negative sign.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴmarkNominativesubject of διακέχυται→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
λέπραleprosyNominativepredicate nominative (verdict: 'it is leprosy')→ participant prominenceλέπρα: 'leprosy' (see v. 3); here the priest's verdict-noun classifying the affliction.
ἔμμονόςpersistent / chronicNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λέπρα)→ participant prominenceἔμμονος: 'abiding / persistent / chronic'; from ἐν + μένω ('remain in'); renders מַמְאֶרֶת ('malignant / persistent'); the leprosy is entrenched and incurable — the same term used of chronic skin-leprosy (13:51).
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the verdict)→ gnomic present (declared classification)εἰμί: 'be'; the verdict copula, 'it is a persistent leprosy.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
ἀκάθαρτόςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (final verdict)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19); the categorical declaration of the house's impurity.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating 'unclean')→ gnomic present (declared classification)εἰμί: 'be'; the closing verdict copula, 'it is unclean' — sealing the house's condemnation.
45
καὶ καθελοῦσιν τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ τὰ ξύλα αὐτῆς καὶ τοὺς λίθους αὐτῆς καὶ πάντα τὸν χοῦν ἐξοίσουσιν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως εἰς τόπον ἀκάθαρτον
And they shall demolish the house, and its timbers and its stones and all its mortar they shall carry out outside the city into an unclean place.
The irremediable house is torn down entirely (καθελοῦσιν) and all its materials — timbers, stones, mortar — carried out to the unclean place. Total demolition is the analogue of the burning of a chronically leprous garment (13:52) and the death-equivalent for a 'house with persistent leprosy.'
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθελοῦσινthey shall demolishFut Act Indic 3 Pl · καθαιρέωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed demolition)καθαιρέω: 'take down / tear down / demolish'; renders נָתַץ; the whole structure is pulled down; the verb is used of demolishing altars and strongholds (cf. Luke 12:18; 2 Cor 10:4).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of καθελοῦσιν→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ξύλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλαtimbersAccusativedirect object (of ἐξοίσουσιν)→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood / timber' (see v. 4); here the structural beams of the house.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ξύλα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; the house's.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λίθους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object (of ἐξοίσουσιν)→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone' (see v. 40).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying λίθους)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χοῦν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the mortar' — nothing of the house's material is spared.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χοῦν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦνmortarAccusativedirect object of ἐξοίσουσιν→ object specificationχοῦς: 'mortar / dust' (see v. 41).
ἐξοίσουσινthey shall carry outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκφέρωmain verb (legislative future, impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed disposal)ἐκφέρω: 'carry out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the demolished materials are removed beyond the city (cf. ἐκβαλοῦσιν, v. 40).
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside' (see v. 3).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive with ἔξω→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city' (see v. 40).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationτόπος: 'place' (see v. 13).
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπον)→ object specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19).
46
καὶ ὁ εἰσπορευόμενος εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἃς ἀφωρισμένη ἐστίν ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And the one who enters the house during all the days it is shut up shall be unclean until evening.
A rule on derivative impurity: anyone who enters the house while it is under quarantine becomes unclean until evening — the standard minor-impurity formula (ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας), requiring only the passage of time (and, in v. 47, washing).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with εἰσπορευόμενος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορευόμενοςone who entersPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantival participle (subject: 'the one entering')→ imperfective participle (the act of entering)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter' (cf. Exod 11:4); the substantival participle designates anyone who enters the quarantined house.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all' (see v. 8).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day' (see v. 8); the duration of the quarantine.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative of time within relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, accusative of extent of time ('during which days').
ἀφωρισμένηshut up / quarantinedPerf Pass Ptc Nom Fem Sg · ἀφορίζωparticiple in periphrastic perfect (with ἐστίν)→ resultative perfect participle (in a state of quarantine)ἀφορίζω: 'shut up / quarantine' (see v. 38); the periphrastic perfect ἀφωρισμένη ἐστίν ('it is/has been shut up') describes the house's ongoing quarantined condition.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (forming periphrastic perfect with ἀφωρισμένη)→ stative present (periphrastic)εἰμί: 'be'; auxiliary of the periphrastic perfect.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (declarative future of status)→ future of declared statusεἰμί: 'be'; ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ('shall be unclean') is the standard minor-impurity formula (contrast καθαρὸς ἔσται, v. 7).
ἕωςuntilimproper preposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; with ἑσπέρας marks the end of the impurity at nightfall.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως: 'until evening')→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; renders עֶרֶב; 'until evening' is the standard term of a minor uncleanness, lifted at sundown.
47
καὶ ὁ κοιμώμενος ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας καὶ ὁ ἔσθων ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And the one who sleeps in the house shall wash his garments and shall be unclean until evening; and the one who eats in the house shall wash his garments and shall be unclean until evening.
Sleeping or eating in the house — closer contact than mere entry (v. 46) — adds the requirement to launder one's clothes, alongside the until-evening impurity. The two parallel clauses (κοιμώμενος / ἔσθων) intensify the contagion proportionate to the degree of contact.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with κοιμώμενος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιμώμενοςone who sleepsPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · κοιμάωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the one sleeping')→ imperfective participle (the act of sleeping)κοιμάομαι: 'sleep / lie down'; renders שָׁכַב; sleeping in the house is prolonged, intimate contact, hence the heightened requirement; the verb is also a NT euphemism for death (1 Thess 4:13).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed laundering)πλύνω: 'wash (clothes)' (see v. 8).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἱμάτια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment' (see v. 8).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἱμάτια)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (declarative future of status)→ future of declared statusεἰμί: 'be' (see v. 46).
ἕωςuntilimproper preposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until' (see v. 46).
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening' (see v. 46).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing parallel clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with ἔσθων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔσθωνone who eatsPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἐσθίωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the one eating')→ imperfective participle (the act of eating)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; renders אָכַל; eating in the house is likewise prolonged contact requiring laundering.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed laundering)πλύνω: 'wash (clothes)' (see v. 8).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἱμάτια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment' (see v. 8).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἱμάτια)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (declarative future of status)→ future of declared statusεἰμί: 'be' (see v. 46).
ἕωςuntilimproper preposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until' (see v. 46).
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening' (see v. 46).
48
ἐὰν δὲ παραγενόμενος εἰσέλθῃ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἴδῃ καὶ ἰδοὺ διαχύσει οὐ διαχεῖται ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ μετὰ τὸ ἐξαλειφθῆναι τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ καθαριεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν οἰκίαν ὅτι ἰάθη ἡ ἁφή
But if the priest arrives and goes in and looks, and behold, the mark has by no means spread in the house after the house has been re-plastered, then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the mark is healed.
The favorable alternative to v. 44: if after re-plastering the mark has not spread, the priest declares the house clean. The cognate construction διαχύσει οὐ διαχεῖται ('it has by no means spread') renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute — an emphatic negation. The causal ὅτι ἰάθη ('because it is healed') uses the same healing-verb as v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if' (see v. 21).
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; marks the favorable alternative to the demolition case.
παραγενόμενοςarrivingAor Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · παραγίνομαιcircumstantial participle (antecedent action)→ aorist participle (the priest's arrival)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come / be present'; renders בּוֹא; the participle marks the priest's coming to re-inspect after the re-plastering.
εἰσέλθῃgoes inAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of protasis (with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter' (see v. 8).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδῃlooksAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of protasis (coordinate with εἰσέλθῃ)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the examination)ὁράω: 'see / examine' (see v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing deictic finding)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold' (see v. 3).
διαχύσειby spreading / at allDativecognate dative (with διαχεῖται: emphatic, Hebraism)→ sphere or referenceδιάχυσις: 'spreading / diffusion'; the cognate dative διαχύσει οὐ διαχεῖται ('it does not spread with a spreading') renders the Hebrew infinitive absolute, an emphatic negation: 'it has by no means spread' (cf. ἐκβαλεῖ ἐκβολῇ, Exod 11:1).
οὐnotnegative particle (with διαχεῖται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; negates the spreading verb.
διαχεῖταιhas spreadPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαχέωverb of the deictic clause (with cognate dative)→ stative/durative present (no ongoing spreading)διαχέω: 'spread / diffuse' (see v. 39); the present διαχεῖται with the cognate dative and οὐ forms the emphatic 'by no means spreads' — the favorable diagnosis.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφὴmarkNominativesubject of διαχεῖται→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle (with οἰκίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after' (see v. 43).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitive ἐξαλειφθῆναι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαλειφθῆναιbeing re-plasteredAor Pass Inf · ἐξαλείφωarticular infinitive (temporal with μετὰ τό)→ aorist passive infinitive (the completed re-plastering)ἐξαλείφω: 're-plaster' (see v. 42).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeaccusative subject of the passive infinitive→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
καὶthencoordinate conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here apodotic, 'then' — introducing the favorable verdict.
καθαριεῖshall pronounce cleanFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (legislative future, declarative)→ legislative future (declarative pronouncement)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse / declare clean' (see v. 2); here the priest's declarative act pronouncing the house clean.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest' (see v. 2).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of καθαριεῖ→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the ground of the clean verdict — the mark is healed.
ἰάθηis healedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the accomplished healing)ἰάομαι: 'heal' (see v. 3); the same healing-verb as for the cured leper (v. 3) is applied to the house — its 'leprosy' is healed.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁφήmarkNominativesubject of ἰάθη→ participant prominenceἁφή: 'mark' (see v. 3).
49
καὶ λήμψεται ἀφαγνίσαι τὴν οἰκίαν δύο ὀρνίθια ζῶντα καθαρὰ καὶ ξύλον κέδρινον καὶ κεκλωσμένον κόκκινον καὶ ὕσσωπον
And to purify the house he shall take two living clean birds and cedar wood and spun scarlet and hyssop.
The cleansed house undergoes the very same two-bird rite as the healed leper (vv. 4–7), with identical materials (two clean birds, cedar, scarlet, hyssop). The purpose-infinitive ἀφαγνίσαι ('to purify') frames the rite; the parallel underscores that house and person share one purification logic.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεταιshall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed provision)λαμβάνω: 'take / procure' (see v. 4).
ἀφαγνίσαιto purifyAor Act Inf · ἀφαγνίζωinfinitive of purpose (with λήμψεται)→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the taking)ἀφαγνίζω: 'purify / cleanse ceremonially'; from ἁγνός ('pure'); renders חִטֵּא ('de-sin / purge'); the purpose-infinitive states the rite's goal — to purge the house.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἀφαγνίσαι→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying ὀρνίθια)→ measure or countδύο: 'two' (see v. 4).
ὀρνίθιαbirdsAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4).
ζῶνταlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Pl · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνίθια)→ imperfective participle (alive)ζάω: 'live' (see v. 4).
καθαρὰcleanAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὀρνίθια)→ object specificationκαθαρός: 'clean' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλονwoodAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood' (see v. 4).
κέδρινονof cedarAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλον)→ object specificationκέδρινος: 'of cedar' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κεκλωσμένονspunPerf Pass Ptc Acc Neut Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying κόκκινον)→ resultative perfect participle (spun and remaining so)κλώθω: 'spin / twist' (see v. 4).
κόκκινονscarletAccusativedirect object (substantivized)→ object specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕσσωπονhyssopAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὕσσωπος: 'hyssop' (see v. 4).
50
καὶ σφάξει τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ἓν εἰς σκεῦος ὀστράκινον ἐφ᾿ ὕδατι ζῶντι
And he shall slaughter the one bird into an earthen vessel over running water,
Exactly as in v. 5, one bird is slaughtered into an earthen vessel over running water (here σκεῦος rather than the synonym ἀγγεῖον).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξειshall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed slaughter)σφάζω: 'slaughter' (see v. 5).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρνίθιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνίθιονbirdAccusativedirect object of σφάξει→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4); the one designated to die.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἕν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἓνoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying ὀρνίθιον)→ measure or countεἷς, ἕν: 'one' (see v. 5).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into' (see v. 5).
σκεῦοςvesselAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσκεῦος: 'vessel / implement' (cf. Exod 11:2); here the synonym for the ἀγγεῖον of v. 5 — an earthen pot to catch the blood.
ὀστράκινονearthenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ object specificationὀστράκινος: 'earthen' (see v. 5).
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + dative (ἐπί elided: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'over' (see v. 5).
ὕδατιwaterDativedative object of ἐπί (locative)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water' (see v. 5).
ζῶντιrunningPres Act Ptc Dat Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὕδατι)→ imperfective participle (flowing water)ζάω: 'living/running water' (see v. 5).
51
καὶ λήμψεται τὸ ξύλον τὸ κέδρινον καὶ τὸ κεκλωσμένον κόκκινον καὶ τὸν ὕσσωπον καὶ τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ζῶν καὶ βάψει αὐτὸ εἰς τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ὀρνιθίου τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου ἐφ᾿ ὕδατι ζῶντι καὶ περιρρανεῖ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἑπτάκις
and he shall take the cedar wood and the spun scarlet and the hyssop and the living bird, and dip it in the blood of the slaughtered bird over running water, and sprinkle on the house with them seven times,
As in vv. 6–7, the materials and the live bird are dipped in the blood-and-water and the house is sprinkled seven times (περιρρανεῖ … ἑπτάκις). The object sprinkled has shifted from the person to the house, but the gesture is identical.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεταιshall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed act)λαμβάνω: 'take' (see v. 4).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ξύλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλονwoodAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood' (see v. 4).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κέδρινον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέδρινονof cedarAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλον)→ object specificationκέδρινος: 'of cedar' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κόκκινον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκλωσμένονspunPerf Pass Ptc Acc Neut Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying κόκκινον)→ resultative perfect participle (spun and remaining so)κλώθω: 'spin / twist' (see v. 4).
κόκκινονscarletAccusativedirect object (substantivized)→ object specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ὕσσωπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕσσωπονhyssopAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὕσσωπος: 'hyssop' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρνίθιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνίθιονbirdAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4); the living bird.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ζῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνίθιον)→ imperfective participle (alive)ζάω: 'live' (see v. 6).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βάψειshall dipFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βάπτωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed dipping)βάπτω: 'dip' (see v. 6).
αὐτὸitAccusativepronoun (direct object of βάψει, = the bird/materials)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; resuming the live bird (and materials) as the object dipped.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (goal of dipping)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into' (see v. 6).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood' (see v. 6).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὀρνιθίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνιθίουbirdGenitivegenitive of source (blood 'of the bird')→ relational specificationὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐσφαγμένου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐσφαγμένουslaughteredPerf Pass Ptc Gen Neut Sg · σφάζωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνιθίου)→ resultative perfect participle (in a slaughtered state)σφάζω: the perfect passive participle τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου ('the one having been slaughtered') marks the first bird's death as accomplished (cf. the aorist σφαγέντος, v. 6); the perfect stresses the abiding result.
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + dative (ἐπί elided: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'over' (see v. 5).
ὕδατιwaterDativedative object of ἐπί (locative)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water' (see v. 5).
ζῶντιrunningPres Act Ptc Dat Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὕδατι)→ imperfective participle (flowing water)ζάω: 'living/running water' (see v. 5).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιρρανεῖshall sprinkleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · περιρραίνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed sprinkling)περιρραίνω: 'sprinkle around' (see v. 7); the house is sprinkled as the person was.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means/instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with'; ἐν αὐτοῖς ('with them') = by means of the dipped materials and blood.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'them'; the blood-laden materials used to sprinkle.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (the object sprinkled)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (the object sprinkled).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the house sprinkled)→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34); the house takes the place of the person sprinkled in v. 7.
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumerical adverb (frequency)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times' (see v. 7).
52
καὶ ἀφαγνιεῖ τὴν οἰκίαν ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ὀρνιθίου καὶ ἐν τῷ ὕδατι τῷ ζῶντι καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀρνιθίῳ τῷ ζῶντι καὶ ἐν τῷ ξύλῳ τῷ κεδρίνῳ καὶ ἐν τῷ ὑσσώπῳ καὶ ἐν τῷ κεκλωσμένῳ κοκκίνῳ
and he shall purify the house with the blood of the bird and with the running water and with the living bird and with the cedar wood and with the hyssop and with the spun scarlet.
A summarizing verse: the house is purified by the whole apparatus, each element introduced by ἐν (instrumental) — blood, living water, living bird, cedar, hyssop, scarlet. The sixfold listing gathers the rite's full symbolic toolkit into one purgation.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφαγνιεῖshall purifyFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαγνίζωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed purification)ἀφαγνίζω: 'purify / purge' (see v. 49); the summarizing verb gathering the whole rite.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with οἰκίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἀφαγνιεῖ→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with' (see v. 51).
τῷtheDativearticle (with αἵματι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματιbloodDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: 'blood' (see v. 6).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὀρνιθίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνιθίουbirdGenitivegenitive of source (blood 'of the bird')→ relational specificationὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4); the slain bird.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with' (see v. 51).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὕδατι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατιwaterDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water' (see v. 5).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ζῶντι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶντιrunningPres Act Ptc Dat Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὕδατι)→ imperfective participle (flowing water)ζάω: 'living/running water' (see v. 5).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with' (see v. 51).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὀρνιθίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνιθίῳbirdDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4); the living bird.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ζῶντι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶντιlivingPres Act Ptc Dat Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνιθίῳ)→ imperfective participle (alive)ζάω: 'live' (see v. 6).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with' (see v. 51).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ξύλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλῳwoodDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceξύλον: 'wood' (see v. 4).
τῷtheDativearticle (with κεδρίνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεδρίνῳof cedarDativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλῳ)→ sphere or referenceκέδρινος: 'of cedar' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with' (see v. 51).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὑσσώπῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑσσώπῳhyssopDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὕσσωπος: 'hyssop' (see v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with' (see v. 51).
τῷtheDativearticle (with κοκκίνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκλωσμένῳspunPerf Pass Ptc Dat Neut Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying κοκκίνῳ)→ resultative perfect participle (spun and remaining so)κλώθω: 'spin / twist' (see v. 4).
κοκκίνῳscarletDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceκόκκινος: 'scarlet' (see v. 4).
53
καὶ ἐξαποστελεῖ τὸ ὀρνίθιον τὸ ζῶν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως εἰς τὸ πεδίον καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ τῆς οἰκίας καὶ καθαρὰ ἔσται
And he shall send away the living bird outside the city into the open field, and shall make atonement for the house, and it shall be clean.
The house-rite ends as the personal rite did (v. 7): the live bird is released into the open field, atonement is made, and the house is declared clean (καθαρὰ ἔσται). The parallelism with vv. 7, 20 is complete — the same release, atonement, and clean-verdict pattern governs both halves of the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαποστελεῖshall send awayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed release)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release' (see v. 7); the live bird is released, carrying the impurity away from the city.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὀρνίθιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρνίθιονbirdAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελεῖ→ object specificationὀρνίθιον: 'small bird' (see v. 4); the living, blood-dipped bird.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ζῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc Acc Neut Sg · ζάωattributive participle (modifying ὀρνίθιον)→ imperfective participle (alive, hence releasable)ζάω: 'live' (see v. 7).
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside' (see v. 3).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive with ἔξω→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city' (see v. 40).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πεδίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίονopen fieldAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationπεδίον: 'plain / open field' (see v. 7); the destination of the released bird, away from human dwelling.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (prescribed atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement' (see v. 18); here atonement is made for the house — even a building is brought within the atonement framework.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'on behalf of' (see v. 18).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with οἰκίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὰcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται; neuter/fem. agreeing with οἰκία)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean' (see v. 7); the declarative result for the house (feminine καθαρά agreeing with οἰκία).
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (declarative future of status)→ future of declared status (final cleansing of the house)εἰμί: 'be'; καθαρὰ ἔσται ('it shall be clean') closes the house-rite as καθαρὸς ἔσται closed the bird-rite for the person (v. 7).
54
οὗτος ὁ νόμος κατὰ πᾶσαν ἁφὴν λέπρας καὶ θραύσματος
This is the law for every mark of leprosy and of a scaly sore,
The closing colophon (vv. 54–57) gathers the entire body of leprosy legislation (chs. 13–14) under the heading οὗτος ὁ νόμος. It enumerates the categories the priest must adjudicate — leprosy, sores, garment- and house-mold, eruptions, bright spots — and ends by naming the priest's task of teaching the difference between clean and unclean.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this' (see v. 2); opens the summarizing colophon.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with νόμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / instruction' (see v. 2); here the entire torah of leprosy.
κατὰfor / according topreposition + accusative (distributive: 'for every')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / for'; κατὰ πᾶσαν ἁφήν ('for every mark') is distributive — the law covers each kind of affliction.
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἁφήν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every / all' (see v. 8).
ἁφὴνmarkAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἁφή: 'mark / plague-spot' (see v. 3).
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive (defining: 'mark of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (see v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θραύσματοςof a scaly soreGenitivegenitive (coordinate with λέπρας: 'and of a sore')→ relational specificationθραῦσμα: 'fracture / breaking / sore'; from θραύω ('break / shatter'); renders נֶתֶק ('scall / scaly eruption'); a specific category of skin affliction treated in ch. 13 (cf. 13:30).
55
καὶ τῆς λέπρας ἱματίου καὶ οἰκίας
and for the leprosy of a garment and of a house,
The colophon extends the law's scope to the 'leprosy' of garments (ch. 13:47–59) and of houses (this chapter, vv. 33–53) — the non-human applications of the same diagnostic vocabulary.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with λέπρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραςleprosyGenitivegenitive (continuing the catalog: 'and of the leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (see v. 3); here of inanimate things.
ἱματίουof a garmentGenitivegenitive (defining: 'leprosy of a garment')→ relational specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment' (see v. 8); the mold/mildew affliction of fabric legislated in 13:47–59.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκίαςof a houseGenitivegenitive (coordinate: 'and of a house')→ relational specificationοἰκία: 'house' (see v. 34); the house-leprosy of vv. 33–53.
56
καὶ οὐλῆς καὶ σημασίας καὶ τοῦ αὐγάζοντος
and for a scar and an eruption and a bright spot,
Three more diagnostic categories from ch. 13 are listed: scar/scab (οὐλή), eruption/swelling (σημασία), and bright/shiny spot (τὸ αὐγάζον). The catalog rehearses the full diagnostic vocabulary the priest must master.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐλῆςof a scarGenitivegenitive (continuing the catalog)→ relational specificationοὐλή: 'scar / cicatrice / healed sore'; renders שְׂאֵת or related skin terms; one of the diagnostic skin-features of ch. 13.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σημασίαςof an eruption / markGenitivegenitive (continuing the catalog)→ relational specificationσημασία: 'sign / mark / indication'; from σημαίνω ('signify'); here a diagnostic skin-marking (rendering a Hebrew term for an eruption or spot); a category requiring priestly verdict.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (substantivizing αὐγάζοντος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐγάζοντοςbright spotPres Act Ptc Gen Neut Sg · αὐγάζωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'the shining/bright spot')→ imperfective participle (a shining appearance)αὐγάζω: 'shine / gleam / be bright'; from αὐγή ('ray / brightness'); the substantival participle τὸ αὐγάζον ('the bright/shiny spot') renders בַּהֶרֶת ('bright spot'), a key diagnostic sign in ch. 13 (cf. 13:2); cf. αὐγάζω at 2 Cor 4:4.
57
καὶ τοῦ ἐξηγήσασθαι ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ἀκάθαρτον καὶ ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ καθαρισθήσεται οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς λέπρας
and for giving instruction on the day a thing is unclean and on the day it shall be cleansed. This is the law of leprosy.
The colophon ends with the priest's didactic role — 'to give instruction' (ἐξηγήσασθαι) on when a thing is unclean and when clean — and the final closing formula οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς λέπρας ('this is the law of leprosy'), forming an inclusio with v. 2. The priestly teaching office (the verb behind ἐξήγησις/exegesis) lies behind the Gospel command, 'Go, show yourself to the priest' (Matt 8:4; Mark 1:44; Luke 5:14).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (final item of the catalog)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦforGenitivearticle (with infinitive ἐξηγήσασθαι, genitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ + infinitive: a genitive articular infinitive of purpose, 'for the purpose of giving instruction.'
ἐξηγήσασθαιto give instructionAor Mid Inf · ἐξηγέομαιarticular infinitive of purpose (with τοῦ)→ aorist infinitive (the act of instructing)ἐξηγέομαι: 'explain / expound / give a ruling'; renders הוֹרָה (Hiphil of ירה, 'instruct / give torah'); the priest's judicial-didactic task of declaring clean vs. unclean; the source of 'exegesis'; cf. John 1:18 (ἐξηγήσατο, 'has made him known').
ᾗon whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, antecedent ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ('on the day on which') (see v. 2).
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day' (see v. 2).
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (with implied copula: '[a thing] is unclean')→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean' (see v. 19); the neuter ('a thing is unclean') generalizes across persons, garments, and houses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾗon whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun (see above).
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day' (see v. 2).
καθαρισθήσεταιit shall be cleansedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωverb of the relative-temporal clause→ future passive (the declared cleansing)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse / declare clean' (see v. 2); the priest must teach both verdicts — the day of uncleanness and the day of cleansing; the verb forms an inclusio with καθαρισθῇ (v. 2).
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of closing formula)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this' (see v. 2); the closing formula echoes the chapter's opening superscription, framing the whole as an inclusio.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with νόμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative (closing formula)→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / instruction' (see v. 2).
τῆςofGenitivearticle (with λέπρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέπραςleprosyGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the law of leprosy')→ relational specificationλέπρα: 'leprosy' (see v. 3); the closing 'this is the law of leprosy' seals chs. 13–14 as a single legislative unit.