1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying,
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν (here extended to καὶ Ααρων) is the standard Levitical introduction to a new priestly torah, rendering וַיְדַבֵּר יהוה אֶל; the inclusion of Aaron alongside Moses is characteristic of the purity-laws, where the priest is the operative authority for distinguishing clean from unclean (cf. Lev 11:1; 13:1; 14:33). The participle λέγων (rendering לֵאמֹר) opens the quotation frame.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders דִּבֶּר (Piel of דבר); the aorist ἐλάλησεν in the formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρός introduces each fresh block of Levitical legislation; here it opens the torah on discharges.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech delivered to Moses and Aaron together.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/third-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining co-recipient)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; the co-addressing of Aaron the priest is fitting for purity-legislation, since the priesthood adjudicates clean and unclean (cf. Lev 13–14).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (quotation frame)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct speech)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a fixed LXX quotation-marker introducing the content of divine speech; it agrees with κύριος.
2
λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς αὐτοῖς ἀνδρὶ ἀνδρί ᾧ ἐὰν γένηται ῥύσις ἐκ τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ ἡ ῥύσις αὐτοῦ ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν
Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them: Whatever man has a discharge from his body, his discharge is unclean.
The doubled command λάλησον … καὶ ἐρεῖς ('speak … and you shall say') is a standard LXX legislative opener. The distributive ἀνδρὶ ἀνδρί ('man by man / any man whatever') renders the Hebrew distributive repetition אִישׁ אִישׁ; with the conditional relative ᾧ ἐὰν γένηται it frames the first case-law of the chapter: the man with an abnormal genital discharge. The apodosis ἡ ῥύσις αὐτοῦ ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν states the verdict.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned proclamation)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist imperative λάλησον frames the promulgation as a single decisive act; the formula λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ opens countless Levitical statutes (cf. Lev 1:2; 4:2; 12:2).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object (addressees of λάλησον)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the covenant community as the addressees of the law.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; functions here as a genitive qualifying υἱοῖς.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγω (εἶπον)main verb (volitive future continuing the command)→ volitive future (imperatival force: 'and you are to say')λέγω / ἐρέω: 'say'; the future ἐρεῖς (suppletive future of λέγω) carries imperatival force in the Hebraizing 'speak … and say' formula, rendering וְאָמַרְתָּ; it introduces the verbatim content of the statute.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (the Israelites)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (the Israelites).
ἀνδρὶa manDativedative of reference (distributive: 'as for any man')→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: 'man / male'; the dative ἀνδρὶ ἀνδρί is a Hebraism rendering the distributive repetition אִישׁ אִישׁ ('man by man' = 'any man whatever'); the dative casus pendens sets up the case-law.
ἀνδρίman (by man)Dativedistributive repetition (Hebraism: 'any man whatever')→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: the second ἀνδρί completes the distributive doubling; the construction ἀνδρὶ ἀνδρί calques the Hebrew אִישׁ אִישׁ, emphasizing that the law applies to each and every man individually.
ᾧto whomDativerelative pronoun (dative of possession with γένηται)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾧ with γένηται expresses possession ('to whom a discharge comes' = 'who has a discharge'); the conditional relative ᾧ ἐάν renders the Hebrew אֲשֶׁר … כִּי.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; with the subjunctive γένηται it frames the protasis of the case-law; the relative-conditional ᾧ ἐάν is the standard LXX casuistic formula.
γένηταιthere comes / arisesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (eventual occurrence in the protasis)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be / happen'; the aorist subjunctive γένηται with ἐάν presents the onset of the discharge as a contingent event; renders יִהְיֶה.
ῥύσιςa discharge / flowNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceῥύσις: 'a flowing / flux / discharge'; from ῥέω ('flow'); renders Hebrew זוֹב ('flux, emission'); the key technical term of the chapter, denoting an abnormal genital discharge (likely a morbid/infectious flow); the same word describes the woman's hemorrhage at v. 25 and Mark 5:25.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματοςbody / fleshGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source of the discharge)→ relational specificationσῶμα: 'body'; here a euphemism for the genital organ (rendering בָּשָׂר, 'flesh', used in this sense in the Hebrew); the LXX uses σῶμα discreetly for the source of the genital flux.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ῥύσις, beginning the apodosis)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσιςdischargeNominativesubject of the apodosis (ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceῥύσις: the resumptive subject of the verdict-clause; the article ἡ ῥύσις αὐτοῦ refers back to the discharge introduced in the protasis.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀκάθαρτόςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict: 'is unclean')→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean / impure'; renders טָמֵא; the cardinal category of the chapter, opposite of καθαρός ('clean'); ritual rather than moral impurity, but rendering one unfit for sanctuary access until cleansed.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict of the apodosis)→ gnomic/declarative present (legal verdict)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula states the legal status; the present tense expresses a standing ruling valid whenever the condition obtains.
3
καὶ οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτοῦ ῥέων γόνον ἐκ σώματος αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῆς ῥύσεως ἧς συνέστηκεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ διὰ τῆς ῥύσεως αὕτη ἡ ἀκαθαρσία αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι ῥύσεως σώματος αὐτοῦ ᾗ συνέστηκεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ διὰ τῆς ῥύσεως ἀκαθαρσία αὐτοῦ ἐστιν
And this is the law of his uncleanness: one discharging an emission from his body out of the discharge by which his body is constituted through the discharge — this is his uncleanness in him. All the days of the discharge of his body, by which his body is constituted through the discharge, it is his uncleanness.
The heading οὗτος ὁ νόμος ('this is the law') is a Levitical summary-marker (cf. v. 32). The verse is notoriously convoluted in the LXX, rendering a difficult Hebrew clause about whether the discharge runs or is blocked; the LXX twice repeats the puzzling συνέστηκεν τὸ σῶμα … διὰ τῆς ῥύσεως ('his body is constituted/congested through the discharge'), apparently describing the morbid condition whether the flux flows freely or is obstructed. The refrain πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι ('all the days') stresses that the impurity endures for the whole duration of the discharge.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the cataphoric demonstrative in οὗτος ὁ νόμος points forward to the definition that follows; a standard heading-formula (cf. Lev 6:9; 7:1; 14:2).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative ('this is the law')→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / statute / instruction'; renders תּוֹרָה; here the specific torah governing the discharge-impurity; the same heading recurs at v. 32 as a subscription closing the unit.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the law of his uncleanness')→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness / impurity'; the abstract noun (rendering טֻמְאָה) corresponding to the adjective ἀκάθαρτος; denotes the state of ritual defilement that the law regulates.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ῥέωνdischarging / one who flowsPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ῥέωsubstantival/circumstantial participle (the man as 'one discharging')→ imperfective participle (ongoing condition)ῥέω: 'flow / run / discharge'; the present participle ῥέων describes the man as one in whom the flux is active; cognate with ῥύσις; renders the Hebrew participial זָב ('flowing').
γόνονemission / seedAccusativeaccusative object of ῥέων (internal/cognate-like object)→ object specificationγόνος: 'offspring / seed / emission'; here the discharged matter; the pairing of γόνος with ῥέω underlies the coined term γονορρυής ('emission-flowing one', vv. 4ff.); renders Hebrew זוֹב.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
σώματοςbodyGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationσῶμα: euphemism for the genital member (rendering בָּשָׂר); see v. 2.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source, resumptive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source, resumptive).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσεωςdischargeGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationῥύσις: see v. 2; here resumed to specify the morbid flux that is the object of the law.
ἧςby whichGenitiverelative pronoun (case attracted/instrumental with συνέστηκεν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun in the genitive (by attraction to ῥύσεως); construes with συνέστηκεν to describe the discharge by which the body is affected; the syntax is famously opaque in the LXX rendering of a difficult Hebrew clause.
συνέστηκενis congested / is constitutedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · συνίστημιverb of relative clause→ stative perfect (settled bodily condition)συνίστημι (perf. συνέστηκα): 'stand together / be compacted / be congested / be constituted'; the perfect denotes a settled state; the LXX uses it to render the obscure Hebrew describing whether the flux runs or the flesh is stopped up — i.e., the body is in a congested/morbid condition because of the flux.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyNominativesubject of συνέστηκεν→ participant prominenceσῶμα: here the man's body/flesh, affected by the discharge.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
διὰthrough / by means ofpreposition + genitive (instrumental/causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + genitive: 'through / by means of'; expresses the cause of the body's condition — the discharge itself.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσεωςdischargeGenitivegenitive object of διά (cause)→ relational specificationῥύσις: see above.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; the anaphoric demonstrative sums up the foregoing — 'this (state) is his uncleanness'; agrees with ἀκαθαρσία.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίαuncleannessNominativepredicate nominative ('this is his uncleanness')→ participant prominenceἀκαθαρσία: see above; the verdict that the described condition constitutes ritual impurity.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in him')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in him').
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐν (locative)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the impurity inheres 'in him' (ἐν αὐτῷ), i.e., it is his bodily condition, not an external accretion.
πᾶσαιallNominativeadjective (modifying ἡμέραι: 'all the days')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι ('all the days') frames the duration of the impurity, an accusative/nominative of extent of time.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativenominative of time-extent (casus pendens: 'all the days of...')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι ῥύσεως ('all the days of the discharge') marks the full temporal scope of the uncleanness — as long as the flux lasts.
ῥύσεωςof dischargeGenitivegenitive (defining the days)→ relational specificationῥύσις: see above.
σώματοςof bodyGenitivegenitive (source of the discharge)→ relational specificationσῶμα: see above.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ᾗby whichDativerelative pronoun (dative, instrumental with συνέστηκεν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun in the dative; resumes the opaque clause of the discharge by which the body is congested; the variation from ἧς (gen.) to ᾗ (dat.) reflects the LXX's struggle with the Hebrew syntax.
συνέστηκενis congested / is constitutedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · συνίστημιverb of relative clause (repetition)→ stative perfect (settled bodily condition)συνίστημι: see above; the repeated clause reinforces the description of the body's morbid condition.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyNominativesubject of συνέστηκεν→ participant prominenceσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as subject of συνέστηκεν.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (instrumental/causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (instrumental/causal).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσεωςdischargeGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationῥύσεως: meaning 'discharge'; it serves as genitive object of διά.
ἀκαθαρσίαuncleannessNominativepredicate nominative (verdict: 'it is his uncleanness')→ participant prominenceἀκαθαρσία: the closing verdict, restating that the whole condition is ritual impurity.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict)→ declarative present (legal verdict)εἰμί: copula stating the standing legal status.
4
πᾶσα κοίτη ἐφ᾿ ᾗ ἐὰν κοιμηθῇ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ὁ γονορρυής ἀκάθαρτός ἐστιν καὶ πᾶν σκεῦος ἐφ᾿ ὃ ἐὰν καθίσῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ ὁ γονορρυής ἀκάθαρτον ἔσται
Every bed on which the man with the discharge lies is unclean, and every vessel on which the man with the discharge sits shall be unclean.
The chapter's contagion-logic begins: the unclean man's impurity passes to whatever bears his weight — his bed (κοίτη) and any seat / vessel (σκεῦος). The two parallel clauses (πᾶσα κοίτη … πᾶν σκεῦος) with their resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς / ἐπ᾿ αὐτό (a Hebraizing pleonastic pronoun after the relative) establish the pattern repeated for the menstruant in vv. 20–23. Note the lexeme γονορρυής, the LXX's coined technical term for the man with the discharge.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
πᾶσαeveryNominativeadjective (modifying κοίτη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; distributive, marking the rule's universal application to any bed.
κοίτηbedNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς)→ participant prominenceκοίτη: 'bed / couch / place of lying'; renders מִשְׁכָּב; the object that contracts and transmits the discharge-impurity; also used of the conjugal act (κοίτη σπέρματος, v. 16).
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + dative (elided: ἐπί before rough breathing)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'on / upon'; locative.
ᾗwhichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾗ construes with ἐπί ('on which').
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with κοιμηθῇ forms the conditional relative clause.
κοιμηθῇhe lies / sleepsAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent occurrence)κοιμάω (pass. 'lie down / sleep'): renders שָׁכַב; the aorist passive deponent subjunctive describes the man lying on the bed; the verb also bears the sense 'lie with (sexually)' at vv. 18, 24, 33.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (resumptive, Hebraizing pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: the resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς redundantly repeats the relative ('on which … on it'), a Hebraism calquing the Hebrew resumptive pronoun אֲשֶׁר … עָלָיו.
αὐτῆςitGenitiveresumptive pronoun (object of ἐπ᾿, = the bed)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the pleonastic resumptive pronoun, agreeing with κοίτη (fem.).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with γονορρυής)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυήςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of κοιμηθῇ→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: 'one with a genital discharge'; a compound the LXX coins from γόνος ('seed / emission') + ῥέω ('flow') to render the Hebrew participle זָב; the technical designation of the afflicted man throughout the chapter (vv. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 32, 33).
ἀκάθαρτόςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict for the bed)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: the bed becomes ritually defiled by bearing the man's weight.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict)→ declarative present (legal verdict)εἰμί: copula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: distributive; the neuter πᾶν agrees with σκεῦος.
σκεῦοςvessel / seat / articleNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by ἐπ᾿ αὐτό)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: 'vessel / implement / article / furniture'; renders כְּלִי; here especially any seat or object the man sits on; the broad term covers furniture, utensils, and equipment.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (direction onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'onto'; with the verb of sitting.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter accusative agreeing with σκεῦος.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθίσῃhe sitsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καθίζωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent occurrence)καθίζω: 'sit / sit down / seat oneself'; renders יָשַׁב; the aorist subjunctive parallels κοιμηθῇ, extending the contagion-rule from lying to sitting.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό, repeating the relative (Hebraism).
αὐτὸitAccusativeresumptive pronoun (= the vessel)→ participant referenceαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun, neuter agreeing with σκεῦος.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυήςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of καθίσῃ→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see above.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict for the vessel)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος (neut. ἀκάθαρτον): agreeing with σκεῦος.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict, future)→ future of legal consequence ('shall be')εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): the future copula marks the legal consequence; the alternation ἐστιν / ἔσται between the two parallel clauses is stylistic, both stating the standing rule.
5
καὶ ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἂν ἅψηται τῆς κοίτης αὐτοῦ πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And a man who touches his bed shall wash his garments and bathe in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
The chapter's signature purification refrain debuts here and recurs almost verbatim through vv. 5–11, 21–22, 27: πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια … καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας ('wash garments + bathe + unclean until evening'). The three components — laundering, bathing, and a sunset waiting-period — define the standard one-day remedy for a derivative (touch-transmitted) impurity. The conditional relative ὃς ἂν ἅψηται introduces the second-order rule: contact with the contaminated bed itself defiles.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative/coordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςa man / personNominativesubject (antecedent of ὅς)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'human being / person'; renders אָדָם / אִישׁ; here the generic person who incurs derivative impurity by touching the bed.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἅψηται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃς ἄν + subjunctive forms the generalizing conditional relative ('whoever').
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle with the subjunctive marks the indefinite/generalizing relative clause.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act of contact)ἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι, + gen.): 'touch / take hold of'; renders נָגַע; the middle ἅπτομαι with the genitive is the standard verb of defiling contact throughout the chapter; the same participle ὁ ἁπτόμενος describes the hemorrhaging woman's act in Mark 5:27–31.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοίτηςbedGenitivegenitive object of ἅψηται (touch + genitive)→ relational specificationκοίτη: 'bed'; the genitive is governed by ἅπτομαι; this is the bed declared unclean in v. 4.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the discharged man's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the discharged man's).
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis: prescribed action)→ future of legal prescription ('he shall wash')πλύνω: 'wash / launder (clothes)'; renders כִּבֵּס; used specifically of laundering garments/textiles (distinct from λούω of bathing the body and νίπτω of rinsing parts); the prescriptive future has imperatival force.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak / clothing'; renders בֶּגֶד; the laundering of garments is the first component of the purification refrain.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis: prescribed action)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle: 'bathe himself')λούω (mid. λούομαι): 'bathe / wash the whole body'; renders רָחַץ; the middle is reflexive ('bathe oneself'); the second component of the refrain; λούσεται ὕδατι ('bathe in/with water') is fixed phrasing (cf. v. 16 πᾶν τὸ σῶμα).
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means (instrument of bathing)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the dative of means; renders בַּמַּיִם; water is the universal agent of ritual cleansing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (residual impurity)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: even after washing and bathing, the person remains in a residual state of impurity until sunset.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (residual-status verdict)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): the copula marks the residual impurity-status.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; with the genitive marks the temporal terminus of the impurity.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (temporal terminus)→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; renders עֶרֶב; ἕως ἑσπέρας ('until evening') marks sunset as the end of the day-long minor impurity — the third and final component of the refrain (cf. Lev 11:24–28).
6
καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ σκεύους ἐφ᾿ ὃ ἐὰν καθίσῃ ὁ γονορρυής πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And the one who sits on the vessel on which the man with the discharge has sat shall wash his garments and bathe in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
Parallel to v. 5 but with the seat (σκεῦος) of v. 4b: whoever sits where the γονορρυής has sat incurs the same one-day impurity and the same threefold remedy. The substantival participle ὁ καθήμενος ('the one sitting') marks the contracting party.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθήμενοςthe one sittingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · κάθημαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfective participle (the act of sitting)κάθημαι: 'sit / be seated'; the present participle ὁ καθήμενος ('the one who sits') substantivizes the subject; renders the Hebrew participle; parallel to ὁ ἁπτόμενος in v. 7.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'on / upon'; locative.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύουςvessel / seatGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationσκεῦος: 'vessel / seat / article'; the defiled seat of v. 4b.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'onto'; with καθίσῃ.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter accusative agreeing with σκεύους.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθίσῃhas sat / sitsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καθίζωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent prior act)καθίζω: 'sit'; see v. 4; here of the γονορρυής whose sitting defiled the seat.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυήςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of καθίσῃ→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see v. 4.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: 'launder garments'; see v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment'; see v. 5.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: 'bathe'; see v. 5.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; dative of means; see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (residual impurity)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula; see v. 5.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
7
καὶ ὁ ἁπτόμενος τοῦ χρωτὸς τοῦ γονορρυοῦς πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And the one who touches the flesh of the man with the discharge shall wash his garments and bathe in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
Escalation from touching objects to touching the man himself: contact with his very skin (χρώς) defiles. The substantival participle ὁ ἁπτόμενος is the precise phrase Mark 5:30–31 echoes (τίς μου ἥψατο; … ὁ ὄχλος … ἁπτόμενός μου); here the touch transmits impurity, but in the Gospel the flow is reversed.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςthe one touchingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἅπτωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfective participle (act of contact)ἅπτομαι (+ gen.): 'touch'; the present participle ὁ ἁπτόμενος ('the one who touches') is the recurring designation of the person who incurs contagion; the very phrase of the hemorrhaging-woman pericope (Mark 5:27, 30–31; Luke 8:44–47).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωτὸςflesh / skinGenitivegenitive object of ἁπτόμενος→ relational specificationχρώς (gen. χρωτός): 'skin / surface of the body / flesh'; renders בָּשָׂר; here the bodily surface of the discharged man, direct contact with which is maximally defiling.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυοῦςof the man with a dischargeGenitivegenitive (possessor of the flesh)→ relational specificationγονορρυής (gen. γονορρυοῦς): see v. 4; the genitive marks whose flesh is touched.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5; here the object ἱμάτια appears without the possessive αὐτοῦ (stylistic variation).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
8
ἐὰν δὲ προσσιελίσῃ ὁ γονορρυὴς ἐπὶ τὸν καθαρόν πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
But if the man with the discharge spits upon the clean person, he shall wash his garments and bathe in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
A fresh conditional case marked by δέ: even the man's saliva conveys impurity. The rare verb προσσιελίζω ('spit upon') renders the Hebrew יָרֹק ('spit'); the clean person (ὁ καθαρός) onto whom he spits must undergo the same one-day purification, demonstrating that bodily fluids generally — not only the discharge proper — carry the contagion.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces a fresh protasis.
δὲbut / andmild adversative / transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; marks the transition to a new sub-case within the discharge-torah.
προσσιελίσῃspits uponAor Act Subj 3 Sg · προσσιελίζωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)προσσιελίζω: 'spit upon / besputter'; a rare compound (πρός + σίελον, 'saliva') rendering Hebrew יָרֹק ('spit'); the aorist subjunctive posits the contingent act; the verse extends contagion to saliva, a fluid analogous to the discharge.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυὴςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of προσσιελίσῃ→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see v. 4.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (target of the spitting)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon / onto'; directional.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρόνclean personAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἐπί)→ object specificationκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; renders טָהוֹר; substantivized here ('the clean one'), the polar opposite of ἀκάθαρτος; the spitting transfers impurity from the unclean man to a clean person.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis: action of the clean person)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5; the subject shifts to the (now defiled) formerly-clean person.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
9
καὶ πᾶν ἐπίσαγμα ὄνου ἐφ᾿ ὃ ἂν ἐπιβῇ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ ὁ γονορρυής ἀκάθαρτον ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And every saddle of a donkey on which the man with the discharge mounts shall be unclean until evening.
The contagion-list extends from bed and seat to the donkey's saddle (ἐπίσαγμα ὄνου), any riding-gear the man straddles. As with the bed and seat (v. 4), the object itself becomes unclean (with no washing prescribed for the saddle, only the until-evening status); the verb ἐπιβαίνω ('mount / ride upon') captures the bodily contact through the saddle.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying ἐπίσαγμα)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; neuter πᾶν agreeing with ἐπίσαγμα.
ἐπίσαγμαsaddle / pack-saddleNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by ἐπ᾿ αὐτό)→ participant prominenceἐπίσαγμα: 'that which is loaded on / saddle / pack-saddle'; from ἐπισάττω ('load up, saddle'); renders Hebrew מֶרְכָּב ('riding-seat, saddle'); the riding equipment the discharged man sits astride.
ὄνουof a donkeyGenitivegenitive (defining the saddle)→ relational specificationὄνος: 'donkey / ass'; renders חֲמוֹר; specifies the saddle as a donkey's riding-gear, a typical mount.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'onto'; with ἐπιβῇ.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter accusative agreeing with ἐπίσαγμα.
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with the subjunctive marks the indefinite relative clause.
ἐπιβῇmounts / rides uponAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιβαίνωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act of mounting)ἐπιβαίνω: 'mount / step upon / ride'; renders רָכַב; the aorist subjunctive posits the act of riding; bodily contact through the saddle transmits the impurity to the gear.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό (Hebraism); see v. 4.
αὐτὸitAccusativeresumptive pronoun (= the saddle)→ participant referenceαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun, neuter agreeing with ἐπίσαγμα.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυήςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of ἐπιβῇ→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see v. 4.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict for the saddle)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος (neut.): agreeing with ἐπίσαγμα.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5; here the saddle's impurity-status, exceptionally, is bounded ἕως ἑσπέρας.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
10
καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος ὅσα ἐὰν ᾖ ὑποκάτω αὐτοῦ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας καὶ ὁ αἴρων αὐτὰ πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And everyone who touches whatever is under him shall be unclean until evening; and the one who carries them shall wash his garments and bathe in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
Two-tiered rule: merely touching whatever was under the man (ὅσα … ὑποκάτω αὐτοῦ) gives one-day impurity without washing, but actually carrying (ὁ αἴρων) those objects requires the full threefold remedy. The distinction between casual contact and bearing/lifting reflects a gradation of contamination-intensity.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativeadjective/substantive (with ὁ ἁπτόμενος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everyone / all'; πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος ('everyone who touches') universalizes the rule.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςone touchingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἅπτωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfective participle (act of contact)ἅπτομαι: 'touch'; see v. 7; πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος recurs at vv. 19, 22, 27.
ὅσαwhatever thingsGenitiverelative/correlative pronoun (object of ἁπτόμενος)→ relational specificationὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the neuter plural ὅσα generalizes over all objects that were beneath the man; though logically genitive after ἅπτομαι, the form is the indeclinable-style neuter plural.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ᾖ forms the indefinite clause.
ᾖmay bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indefinite relative clause→ present subjunctive (general state)εἰμί (subj. ᾖ): 'be'; the subjunctive in the generalizing clause ('whatever may be under him').
ὑποκάτωunderneathadverb / improper preposition (+ genitive)→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: 'under / beneath'; functions as an improper preposition with the genitive; renders תַּחַת; designates whatever the man lay or sat upon.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὑποκάτω→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him' = the discharged man.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5; here no washing is prescribed for mere touching, only the until-evening status.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second clause: carrying)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρωνthe one carryingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · αἴρωsubstantival participle (subject of second clause)→ imperfective participle (act of carrying/lifting)αἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; renders נָשָׂא; the present participle ὁ αἴρων distinguishes the heavier contagion of bearing the objects (vs. merely touching), which requires the full purification.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of αἴρων (the objects)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them' = the objects that were under the man.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
11
καὶ ὅσων ἐὰν ἅψηται ὁ γονορρυὴς καὶ τὰς χεῖρας οὐ νένιπται πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ λούσεται τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And whomever the man with the discharge touches without having rinsed his hands shall wash his garments and bathe his body in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
The condition καὶ τὰς χεῖρας οὐ νένιπται ('and he has not rinsed his hands') makes the man's unwashed hands the vector: anyone he touches is defiled. The perfect νένιπται (νίπτω, 'rinse the extremities') is the third washing-verb of the chapter, distinct from πλύνω (launder) and λούω (bathe the whole body). Here the purification specifies λούσεται τὸ σῶμα ('bathe the body') — the fuller formula seen also at vv. 13, 16.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσωνwhomeverGenitiverelative/correlative pronoun (genitive object of ἅψηται)→ relational specificationὅσος: 'whoever / as many as'; the genitive plural ὅσων is governed by ἅπτομαι ('touch' + gen.); generalizes over all persons the man touches.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ἅψηται forms the generalizing clause.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act of contact)ἅπτομαι (+ gen.): 'touch'; see v. 5; here the discharged man is the toucher, his unrinsed hands defiling others.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυὴςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of ἅψηται→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see v. 4.
καὶand (while)coordinating conjunction (circumstantial/concessive nuance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here links the qualifying clause about the unrinsed hands; functions almost circumstantially ('while / and yet').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of νένιπται (accusative of respect/object)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; the hands are the vector of contagion if unrinsed.
οὐnotnegative particle (with νένιπται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; negates the perfect νένιπται; the indicative negation οὐ (not μή) reflects a factual condition.
νένιπταιhe has rinsedPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · νίπτωverb of circumstantial clause (state)→ resultative perfect (current state of not-having-rinsed)νίπτω (mid. νίπτομαι): 'wash / rinse (hands, feet, face)'; renders שָׁטַף / רָחַץ; distinct from πλύνω (launder clothes) and λούω (bathe the body); the perfect οὐ νένιπται states the man has not rinsed his hands, so his touch defiles.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis: the person touched)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5; subject is the defiled person.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5; here with the explicit object τὸ σῶμα ('the body').
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: 'body'; here the whole body bathed (λούσεται τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι), the fuller form of the bathing formula (cf. vv. 13, 16, 21, 27).
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
12
καὶ σκεῦος ὀστράκινον οὗ ἂν ἅψηται ὁ γονορρυής συντριβήσεται καὶ σκεῦος ξύλινον νιφήσεται ὕδατι καὶ καθαρὸν ἔσται
And an earthenware vessel that the man with the discharge touches shall be shattered, and a wooden vessel shall be rinsed with water and shall be clean.
A materials distinction closes the man's contagion-rules: porous earthenware (ὀστράκινον), which absorbs impurity irremediably, must be smashed (συντριβήσεται), whereas a wooden vessel (ξύλινον), being washable, is merely rinsed (νιφήσεται) and becomes clean. The same principle governs earthenware in Lev 11:33; the verse uniquely ends with the positive verdict καθαρὸν ἔσται ('it shall be clean').
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεῦοςvesselNominativesubject (casus pendens)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: 'vessel'; see v. 4; here specifically a container/utensil.
ὀστράκινονearthenware / of clayNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ participant prominenceὀστράκινος: 'made of baked clay / earthenware'; from ὄστρακον ('potsherd'); renders חֶרֶשׂ; porous pottery absorbs impurity and cannot be cleansed, so it must be destroyed (cf. Lev 6:28; 11:33).
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive object of ἅψηται)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive οὗ governed by ἅπτομαι (touch + gen.).
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with subjunctive, generalizing.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent contact)ἅπτομαι: 'touch'; see v. 5.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυήςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of ἅψηται→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see v. 4.
συντριβήσεταιshall be shatteredFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb (verdict for earthenware)→ future of legal prescription (irremediable destruction)συντρίβω: 'shatter / break in pieces'; renders שָׁבַר; the future passive συντριβήσεται prescribes destroying porous pottery whose impurity is irremediable; the same verb describes the unbroken bones of the Passover lamb (Exod 12:46; cf. John 19:36, οὐ συντριβήσεται).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (contrastive parallel)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεῦοςvesselNominativesubject (second clause)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: see v. 4.
ξύλινονwoodenNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ participant prominenceξύλινος: 'made of wood'; from ξύλον ('wood'); renders עֵץ; nonporous, washable material that can be cleansed rather than destroyed.
νιφήσεταιshall be rinsedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · νίπτωmain verb (verdict for wooden vessel)→ future of legal prescription (remediable cleansing)νίπτω (fut. pass. νιφήσεται): 'rinse / wash'; see v. 11; the wooden vessel is rinsed with water and thereby restored to cleanness.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸνcleanNominativepredicate adjective (positive verdict)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; renders טָהוֹר; the positive verdict καθαρὸν ἔσται ('it shall be clean') closes the contrast; the neuter agrees with σκεῦος.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (positive verdict)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
13
ἐὰν δὲ καθαρισθῇ ὁ γονορρυὴς ἐκ τῆς ῥύσεως αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξαριθμήσεται αὐτῷ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας εἰς τὸν καθαρισμὸν καὶ πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ λούσεται τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι καὶ καθαρὸς ἔσται
But when the man with the discharge is cleansed of his discharge, he shall count off for himself seven days for his cleansing, and he shall wash his garments and bathe his body in water, and shall be clean.
The contrastive δέ pivots from contagion to restoration. Once the flux ceases (καθαρισθῇ … ἐκ τῆς ῥύσεως), the man counts seven days (ἐξαριθμήσεται … ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας) toward purification, then launders and bathes the whole body, and is declared clean (καθαρὸς ἔσται). The seven-day count parallels the menstruant's seven days (vv. 19, 24) and the hemorrhaging woman's (v. 28), establishing the symmetry of the chapter's two abnormal cases.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐὰνif / whenconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the protasis of the restoration-case.
δὲbutadversative/transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the turn from impurity to cleansing.
καθαρισθῇis cleansedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · καθαρίζωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (ingressive: becomes cleansed)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse / purify / declare clean'; renders טָהֵר; the aorist passive καθαρισθῇ ('is/becomes cleansed') marks the cessation of the flux as the precondition for the purification process; cognate with καθαρός and καθαρισμός.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυὴςthe man with a dischargeNominativesubject of καθαρισθῇ→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see v. 4.
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; here of separation/release from the discharge.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσεωςdischargeGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationῥύσις: see v. 2.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαριθμήσεταιhe shall count offFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαριθμέωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (middle: 'count for himself')ἐξαριθμέω: 'count out / number off / reckon'; the compound ἐξ- intensifies ('count out fully'); renders סָפַר; the middle ἐξαριθμήσεται αὐτῷ ('count off for himself') marks the personal reckoning of the seven-day purification period.
αὐτῷfor himselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive sense)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of advantage ('for himself'), reinforcing the middle voice.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; renders שֶׁבַע; the symbolic seven-day purification period (cf. vv. 19, 24, 28).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration (extent of time)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of extent ('for seven days').
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / unto'; here of purpose ('for the cleansing').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθαρισμὸνcleansing / purificationAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal)→ object specificationκαθαρισμός: 'cleansing / purification'; the process-noun cognate with καθαρίζω; renders טָהֳרָה; the same word names Mary's purification (Luke 2:22) and the broader purity-rite vocabulary.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5; with object τὸ σῶμα.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: see v. 11.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5; here the LXX specifies fresh/running water (Hebrew מַיִם חַיִּים) for the discharged man, though the Greek gives simply ὕδατι.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (positive verdict)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean'; see v. 8; the man is declared ritually clean after the seven days and washing — but the offering of vv. 14–15 still completes the rite.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (positive verdict)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
14
καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ λήμψεται ἑαυτῷ δύο τρυγόνας ἢ δύο νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν καὶ οἴσει αὐτὰ ἔναντι κυρίου ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ δώσει αὐτὰ τῷ ἱερεῖ
And on the eighth day he shall take for himself two turtledoves or two young pigeons, and he shall bring them before the LORD to the doors of the tent of meeting, and shall give them to the priest.
On the eighth day (the day after the seven-day count) the man brings the offering of the poor — two turtledoves or two young pigeons — to the tent of meeting and hands them to the priest. This same low-cost provision recurs for the hemorrhaging woman (v. 29) and is what the Holy Family offers at Jesus' presentation (Luke 2:24, citing Lev 12:8). The phrase ἔναντι κυρίου … ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου locates the rite at the sanctuary entrance.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the dative of time when; τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ ('on the eighth day').
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὀγδόῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῃeighthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: 'eighth'; ordinal; renders שְׁמִינִי; the eighth day, following the seven-day count, is the day of sacrificial completion (cf. Lev 14:10, 23; the eighth day also of circumcision, Lev 12:3).
λήμψεταιhe shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ future of legal prescription (middle: 'take for oneself')λαμβάνω (fut. mid. λήμψεται): 'take / receive / procure'; renders לָקַח; the middle with ἑαυτῷ marks procuring the birds for one's own offering.
ἑαυτῷfor himselfDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage)→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; the dative ἑαυτῷ ('for himself') reinforces the middle voice.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying τρυγόνας)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral; renders שְׁתֵּי.
τρυγόναςturtledovesAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationτρυγών: 'turtledove'; renders תֹּר; the cheapest of acceptable sacrificial birds, prescribed for the poor (cf. Lev 1:14; 5:7; 12:8).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; offers the alternative bird-pair.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying νεοσσούς)→ measure or countδύο: see above.
νεοσσοὺςyoung / nestlingsAccusativedirect object (alternative to τρυγόνας)→ object specificationνεοσσός: 'young bird / nestling'; renders בֶּן (in בְּנֵי יוֹנָה, 'young of a pigeon'); δύο νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν = 'two young pigeons.'
περιστερῶνof pigeons / dovesGenitivegenitive (defining the nestlings)→ relational specificationπεριστερά: 'pigeon / dove'; renders יוֹנָה; the genitive περιστερῶν specifies the species of the νεοσσοί.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb→ future of legal prescriptionφέρω (fut. οἴσει): 'bear / bring / carry'; renders בּוֹא (Hifil, 'bring') / נָתַן; the suppletive future οἴσει directs the bringing of the birds before YHWH.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of οἴσει (the birds)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them' = the birds; neuter plural by attraction to the collective.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD') situates the offering in the divine presence at the sanctuary.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive after ἔναντι; the offering is presented in YHWH's presence.
ἐπὶto / atpreposition + accusative (direction/location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'to / at'; of the destination.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoors / entranceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; renders פֶּתַח; the entrance of the tent of meeting was the place of presentation for offerings (cf. Lev 1:3; the singular θύραν at v. 29).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtent / tabernacleGenitivegenitive (defining the entrance)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן; the dwelling of YHWH among Israel (cf. v. 31, τὴν σκηνήν μου).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof testimony / meetingGenitivegenitive (defining the tent)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('tent of testimony/meeting') renders אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד; the LXX reads מוֹעֵד ('meeting') as if עֵדוּת ('testimony'), yielding 'tent of testimony,' the standard LXX designation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειhe shall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ future of legal prescriptionδίδωμι (fut. δώσει): 'give'; renders נָתַן; the man hands the birds to the priest, who performs the offering (v. 15).
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of δώσει→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them' = the birds.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativeindirect object of δώσει→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest is the cultic agent who offers the birds and makes atonement (v. 15).
15
καὶ ποιήσει αὐτὰ ὁ ἱερεύς μίαν περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ μίαν εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔναντι κυρίου ἀπὸ τῆς ῥύσεως αὐτοῦ
And the priest shall offer them, one for a sin-offering and one for a whole burnt offering, and the priest shall make atonement for him before the LORD for his discharge.
The priest offers the two birds in the standard pairing — one περὶ ἁμαρτίας (sin/purification-offering) and one εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα (whole burnt offering) — and thereby makes atonement (ἐξιλάσεται) for the man's discharge. The verb ποιέω here is the cultic 'offer / make (an offering)'; ἐξιλάσκομαι is the technical LXX verb for priestly atonement, the same construction repeated verbatim for the woman at v. 30.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειshall offer / makeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (priestly act)→ future of legal prescriptionποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; in cultic contexts ('offer, perform a sacrifice'); here the priest 'makes/offers' the two birds as the prescribed offerings.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει (the birds)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them' = the two birds.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject of ποιήσει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: see v. 14.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (one bird, in apposition to αὐτά)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the feminine μίαν agrees with an implied bird (τρυγόνα/περιστεράν); distributes the pair into the two offering-types.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (purpose: sin-offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'concerning / for'; περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for sin') is the fixed LXX term for the sin/purification-offering (rendering חַטָּאת).
ἁμαρτίαςsin / sin-offeringGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; in the phrase περὶ ἁμαρτίας it denotes the sin-offering (חַטָּאת), which purges ritual impurity rather than moral guilt here; the same idiom underlies Paul's περὶ ἁμαρτίας in Rom 8:3.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (the second bird)→ measure or countεἷς (fem. μίαν): see above; the second bird.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: burnt offering)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα ('for a whole burnt offering') marks the purpose of the second bird.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; from ὅλος ('whole') + καίω ('burn'); renders עֹלָה; the offering wholly consumed on the altar, here paired with the sin-offering to complete the purification.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (priestly atonement)→ future of legal prescriptionἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; the technical LXX rendering of כִּפֶּר (Piel of כפר); the compound ἐξ- intensifies; ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ('make atonement for him') is the priestly act that completes the purification (cf. v. 30; Lev 16).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'on behalf of / for'; the beneficiary of the atonement.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί (the man)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him' = the formerly discharged man.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται (resumptive)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: see v. 14; repeated as subject of the atonement-clause.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: see v. 14; the atonement is made in YHWH's presence.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; see v. 14.
ἀπὸfrom / forpreposition + genitive (separation: 'cleansing from')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἐξιλάσεται … ἀπὸ τῆς ῥύσεως ('make atonement … from/for the discharge'), i.e., to remove the impurity of the flux.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσεωςdischargeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationῥύσις: see v. 2; the impurity from which atonement cleanses.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
16
καὶ ἄνθρωπος ᾧ ἐὰν ἐξέλθῃ ἐξ αὐτοῦ κοίτη σπέρματος καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι πᾶν τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And a man from whom an emission of seed goes out shall bathe his whole body in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
The second main case opens (section B, vv. 16–18): the ordinary emission of seed (κοίτη σπέρματος), a normal rather than morbid event, yet still rendering a man unclean until evening. The remedy is lighter — bathing the whole body, with no seven-day count or offering — marking the difference between routine and abnormal impurity. The phrase κοίτη σπέρματος (lit. 'a lying of seed') renders שִׁכְבַת זֶרַע.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (sectional transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by ᾧ … ἐξ αὐτοῦ)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; see v. 5; here any man who has an emission.
ᾧfrom whomDativerelative pronoun (dative, resumed pleonastically by ἐξ αὐτοῦ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾧ … ἐξ αὐτοῦ ('to whom … out of him') is a Hebraizing resumptive construction calquing אֲשֶׁר … מִמֶּנּוּ.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ἐξέλθῃ forms the protasis.
ἐξέλθῃgoes outAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (contingent occurrence)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come forth'; renders יָצָא; the aorist subjunctive ἐξέλθῃ describes the emission going forth from the body.
ἐξfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source, resumptive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ: 'out of'; the resumptive ἐξ αὐτοῦ repeats the relative (Hebraism).
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveresumptive pronoun (object of ἐξ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: resumptive 'him' = the man.
κοίτηemission / lyingNominativesubject of ἐξέλθῃ→ participant prominenceκοίτη: 'bed / lying'; see v. 4; in the construct κοίτη σπέρματος ('lying of seed' = emission of semen) it renders שִׁכְבַת זֶרַע, the technical term for a seminal emission.
σπέρματοςof seed / semenGenitivegenitive (defining κοίτη)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / semen'; renders זֶרַע; here the male generative fluid; κοίτη σπέρματος = emission of semen.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing apodosis, Hebraizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodosis-καί (Hebraizing) introduces the consequence after the casus pendens.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5; here with the emphatic object πᾶν τὸ σῶμα ('the whole body').
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
πᾶνwhole / allAccusativeadjective (modifying σῶμα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πᾶν τὸ σῶμα ('the whole body') stresses total ablution.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: see v. 11.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
17
καὶ πᾶν ἱμάτιον καὶ πᾶν δέρμα ἐφ᾿ ὃ ἐὰν ᾖ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ κοίτη σπέρματος καὶ πλυθήσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτον ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And every garment and every skin on which the emission of seed falls shall be washed with water, and shall be unclean until evening.
The emission defiles whatever it falls on — cloth (ἱμάτιον) or leather/skin (δέρμα) — which must be laundered (πλυθήσεται) and remains unclean until evening. The resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό again calques the Hebrew. Note the passive πλυθήσεται here (the object is washed), where the personal cases use the active πλυνεῖ.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying ἱμάτιον)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; neuter agreeing with ἱμάτιον.
ἱμάτιονgarmentNominativesubject (casus pendens)→ participant prominenceἱμάτιον: see v. 5; here cloth on which the emission falls.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying δέρμα)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; neuter agreeing with δέρμα.
δέρμαskin / leatherNominativesubject (casus pendens, parallel to ἱμάτιον)→ participant prominenceδέρμα: 'skin / hide / leather'; renders עוֹר; leather goods, like cloth, can absorb the emission and require washing.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'onto'.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter accusative.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ᾖ.
ᾖmay be / fallsPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of conditional relative clause→ present subjunctive (general state)εἰμί (subj. ᾖ): 'be'; here 'may be (present) on it' = where the emission lands/remains.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό (Hebraism).
αὐτὸitAccusativeresumptive pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun.
κοίτηemissionNominativesubject of ᾖ→ participant prominenceκοίτη (σπέρματος): see v. 16; the emission that falls on the object.
σπέρματοςof seedGenitivegenitive (defining κοίτη)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: see v. 16.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodosis-καί (Hebraizing).
πλυθήσεταιshall be washedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis: the object washed)→ future of legal prescription (passive)πλύνω (fut. pass. πλυθήσεται): 'be laundered / washed'; see v. 5; the passive marks the garment/skin as what is washed, distinct from the active πλυνεῖ used of persons.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict for the object)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος (neut.): agreeing with ἱμάτιον/δέρμα.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
18
καὶ γυνή ἐὰν κοιμηθῇ ἀνὴρ μετ᾿ αὐτῆς κοίτην σπέρματος καὶ λούσονται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτοι ἔσονται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And a woman with whom a man lies with an emission of seed — they shall both bathe in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
The conjugal case: intercourse (κοιμηθῇ … κοίτην σπέρματος) renders both partners unclean until evening, requiring bathing. This is the sole verse in the chapter where the woman's impurity derives from the man's emission rather than her own discharge; the plural λούσονται / ἀκάθαρτοι ἔσονται marks the joint obligation. The fronted γυνή (casus pendens) is resumed by μετ᾿ αὐτῆς.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνήa womanNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by μετ᾿ αὐτῆς)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; fronted as topic, then resumed pleonastically.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with κοιμηθῇ.
κοιμηθῇliesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)κοιμάω (pass. 'lie down / lie with'): see v. 4; here in the sexual sense ('lie with'), the standard LXX euphemism for intercourse (cf. Gen 19:32–35).
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject of κοιμηθῇ→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / husband'; see v. 2.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; κοιμάομαι μετά τινος ('lie with someone') is the fixed idiom for intercourse.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ (resumptive of γυνή)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'her' = the woman; resumptive.
κοίτηνemission / a lyingAccusativeaccusative of respect / cognate accusative→ object specificationκοίτη (acc. κοίτην σπέρματος): see v. 16; here an adverbial/cognate accusative ('with an emission of seed'), specifying the act.
σπέρματοςof seedGenitivegenitive (defining κοίτην)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: see v. 16.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodosis-καί (Hebraizing).
λούσονταιthey shall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · λούωmain verb (apodosis, plural: both partners)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle, plural)λούω: see v. 5; the plural λούσονται marks the joint obligation of both man and woman to bathe.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοιuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (plural)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος (nom. pl. ἀκάθαρτοι): see v. 5; plural for both partners.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (plural)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut. pl. ἔσονται): copula; both shall be unclean.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
19
καὶ γυνή ἥτις ἐὰν ᾖ ῥέουσα αἵματι ἔσται ἡ ῥύσις αὐτῆς ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτῆς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἔσται ἐν τῇ ἀφέδρῳ αὐτῆς πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος αὐτῆς ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And a woman who has a flow of blood, her flow being in her body, shall be seven days in her menstrual separation; everyone who touches her shall be unclean until evening.
Section C (vv. 19–24) opens with the menstruant: a woman with a flow of blood (ῥέουσα αἵματι) is unclean seven days in her ἄφεδρος ('separation / seclusion'), and whoever touches her is unclean until evening. The periphrastic ᾖ ῥέουσα ('be flowing') renders the Hebrew participle; ἄφεδρος (lit. 'the sitting-apart') is the LXX's term for the menstrual state (נִדָּה), highlighting the woman's removal from ordinary contact.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (sectional transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνήa womanNominativesubject (casus pendens)→ participant prominenceγυνή: see v. 18.
ἥτιςwho / whoeverNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject of ᾖ)→ participant referenceὅστις: 'whoever / who'; the indefinite relative ἥτις generalizes ('any woman who').
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ᾖ.
ᾖmay bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic construction (with ῥέουσα)→ present subjunctive (general/durative state)εἰμί (subj. ᾖ): 'be'; here auxiliary in the periphrastic ᾖ ῥέουσα ('be flowing'), rendering the Hebrew durative participle.
ῥέουσαflowingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · ῥέωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ᾖ)→ imperfective participle (ongoing flow)ῥέω: 'flow'; see v. 3; the feminine participle ῥέουσα in periphrasis with ᾖ describes the woman's active menstrual flow; the same root and idiom (γυνὴ … ῥέῃ ῥύσει αἵματος) recurs at v. 25 and underlies Mark 5:25 (οὖσα ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος).
αἵματιwith bloodDativedative of means/respect (with ῥέουσα)→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the dative αἵματι ('with blood') specifies the substance of the flow; menstrual blood is the source of the impurity.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (main clause)→ future of legal prescriptionεἰμί (fut.): 'shall be'; introduces the verdict-clause about the flow's location and duration.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσιςflow / dischargeNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceῥύσις: see v. 2; here the menstrual flow.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; locative.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματιbodyDativedative object of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceσῶμα: 'body'; here the woman's body, the site of the flow.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: see v. 13; the seven days of menstrual impurity.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρα: see v. 13.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (second clause: her status)→ future of legal prescriptionεἰμί (fut.): 'shall be'; the woman shall be in her separation for seven days.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (state/condition)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; of the state of separation.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέδρῳmenstrual separationDativedative object of ἐν (state)→ sphere or referenceἄφεδρος: 'menstrual separation / seclusion / period'; the LXX's distinctive rendering of נִדָּה ('menstrual impurity'); literally 'the sitting-apart' (from ἀπό + ἕδρα, 'seat'), evoking the woman's removal from ordinary contact; the chapter's technical term for menstruation (vv. 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 33).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativeadjective/substantive (with ὁ ἁπτόμενος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everyone'; see v. 10.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςone touchingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἅπτωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfective participle (act of contact)ἅπτομαι: 'touch'; see v. 7; πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος αὐτῆς ('everyone who touches her') — the touch of the menstruant defiles, the very logic the hemorrhaging woman overturns at Mark 5:27–34.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of ἁπτόμενος→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'her' = the menstruant.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
20
καὶ πᾶν ἐφ᾿ ὃ ἂν κοιτάζηται ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ ἐν τῇ ἀφέδρῳ αὐτῆς ἀκάθαρτον ἔσται καὶ πᾶν ἐφ᾿ ὃ ἂν ἐπικαθίσῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτό ἀκάθαρτον ἔσται
And everything on which she lies in her menstrual separation shall be unclean, and everything on which she sits shall be unclean.
Parallel to the discharged man's rule (v. 4): whatever the menstruant lies on (κοιτάζηται) or sits on (ἐπικαθίσῃ) during her ἄφεδρος becomes unclean. The neuter πᾶν … πᾶν generalizes over all furniture; the resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό again calques the Hebrew. The verb κοιτάζομαι ('lie down, make one's bed') and ἐπικαθίζω ('sit upon') are the feminine-case counterparts of κοιμάομαι / καθίζω.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeverythingNominativesubstantival adjective (subject, casus pendens)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everything'; the neuter πᾶν substantivized ('every[thing]').
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'onto'.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter accusative.
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with subjunctive, generalizing.
κοιτάζηταιshe liesPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · κοιτάζομαιverb of conditional relative clause→ present subjunctive (habitual/durative act)κοιτάζομαι: 'lie down / make one's bed / rest'; from κοίτη; renders שָׁכַב; the middle/passive deponent describes the woman lying on the furniture during menstruation.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό (Hebraism).
αὐτὸitAccusativeresumptive pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (state/time)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in / during'; of the menstrual period.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέδρῳmenstrual separationDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceἄφεδρος: see v. 19.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος (neut.): agreeing with πᾶν.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeverythingNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: see above.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter accusative.
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing.
ἐπικαθίσῃshe sits uponAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπικαθίζωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)ἐπικαθίζω: 'sit upon / seat oneself on'; the compound ἐπι- ('upon') intensifies καθίζω (v. 4); renders יָשַׁב; the woman's sitting transmits impurity to the seat.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό.
αὐτόitAccusativeresumptive pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος (neut.): agreeing with πᾶν.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
21
καὶ πᾶς ὃς ἐὰν ἅψηται τῆς κοίτης αὐτῆς πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ λούσεται τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And everyone who touches her bed shall wash his garments and bathe his body in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
Parallel to v. 5: whoever touches the menstruant's bed incurs the standard one-day impurity and the full threefold remedy (launder + bathe the body + until evening). The feminine αὐτῆς ('her') marks the shift from the male case to the menstruant.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubstantive (antecedent of ὅς)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everyone'; see v. 10.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἅψηται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; πᾶς ὃς ἐάν ('everyone who').
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ἅψηται.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent contact)ἅπτομαι (+ gen.): 'touch'; see v. 5.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοίτηςbedGenitivegenitive object of ἅψηται→ relational specificationκοίτη: 'bed'; see v. 4; here the menstruant's bed.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5; with object τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: see v. 11.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
22
καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος παντὸς σκεύους οὗ ἐὰν καθίσῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτό πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ λούσεται ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
And everyone who touches any vessel on which she sits shall wash his garments and bathe in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
Parallel to vv. 6, 21: touching any seat the menstruant has sat on transmits one-day impurity with the threefold remedy. The construction πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος + genitive object (παντὸς σκεύους) is the recurring contagion-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativeadjective/substantive (with ὁ ἁπτόμενος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: see v. 10.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςone touchingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἅπτωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfective participle (act of contact)ἅπτομαι: 'touch'; see v. 7.
παντὸςany / everyGenitiveadjective (modifying σκεύους)→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. παντός): 'any / every'; genitive agreeing with σκεύους (object of ἅπτομαι).
σκεύουςvessel / seatGenitivegenitive object of ἁπτόμενος→ relational specificationσκεῦος: see v. 4; here the seat the menstruant sat on.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, antecedent σκεύους)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; here genitive by attraction to σκεύους ('on which').
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with καθίσῃ.
καθίσῃshe sitsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καθίζωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)καθίζω: 'sit'; see v. 4; subject is the menstruant.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό (Hebraism).
αὐτόitAccusativeresumptive pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
23
ἐὰν δὲ ἐν τῇ κοίτῃ αὐτῆς οὔσης ἢ ἐπὶ τοῦ σκεύους οὗ ἐὰν καθίσῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ ἅπτεσθαι αὐτὸν αὐτῆς ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
But if it is on her bed, she being there, or on the vessel on which she sits, when he touches her, he shall be unclean until evening.
A grammatically tangled case marked by δέ: if the contact occurs while the woman is on her bed (αὐτῆς οὔσης, a genitive absolute) or on her seat — i.e., in the act of touching her (ἐν τῷ ἅπτεσθαι αὐτὸν αὐτῆς, an articular infinitive) — he becomes unclean until evening. The LXX rendering is awkward, conflating the contagion of the furniture with direct contact with the woman.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional particle (+ subjunctive/elliptical)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the special case.
δὲbutadversative/transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the sub-case.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in / on'; locative.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοίτῃbedDativedative object of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceκοίτη: see v. 4; here the menstruant's bed.
αὐτῆςher / sheGenitivegenitive of genitive absolute (with οὔσης)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'she'; subject of the genitive absolute αὐτῆς οὔσης ('she being [there]').
οὔσηςbeingPres Act Ptcp Gen Fem Sg · εἰμίparticiple of genitive absolute→ imperfective participle (concurrent circumstance)εἰμί (ptcp. οὔσης): 'being'; the genitive absolute αὐτῆς οὔσης marks the woman's presence on the bed as the circumstance of the contact.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; offers the alternative location.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'on'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύουςvessel / seatGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationσκεῦος: see v. 4.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, antecedent σκεύους)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive by attraction.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with καθίσῃ.
καθίσῃshe sitsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καθίζωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)καθίζω: see v. 4.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + dative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ (Hebraism).
αὐτῷitDativeresumptive pronoun (= the vessel)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun, dative.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (articular infinitive: temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: 'in / when / while'; the construction ἐν τῷ + infinitive renders the Hebrew temporal infinitive (בְּ + inf.).
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅπτεσθαιtouchingPres Mid Infin · ἅπτωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he touches')→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing/concurrent act)ἅπτομαι: 'touch'; see v. 5; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ ἅπτεσθαι ('in/when the touching') with accusative subject αὐτόν marks the moment of contact.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he'; accusative subject of ἅπτεσθαι ('that he touches').
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of ἅπτεσθαι→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'her' = the menstruant; the genitive object of the touch-verb.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
24
ἐὰν δὲ κοίτῃ τις κοιμηθῇ μετ᾿ αὐτῆς καὶ γένηται ἡ ἀκαθαρσία αὐτῆς ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας καὶ πᾶσα κοίτη ἐφ᾿ ᾗ ἂν κοιμηθῇ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται
But if anyone lies in bed with her and her uncleanness comes upon him, he shall be unclean seven days, and every bed on which he lies shall be unclean.
The gravest case in section C: a man who lies with the menstruant contracts her seven-day impurity (ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας) — not merely a one-day defilement — and himself becomes a secondary source, defiling every bed he lies on. The dative κοίτῃ ('in bed') with κοιμηθῇ specifies the conjugal act; ἡ ἀκαθαρσία αὐτῆς ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ ('her uncleanness upon him') marks the transfer.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐὰνifconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the case.
δὲbutadversative/transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the new sub-case.
κοίτῃin bedDativedative of place/manner (with κοιμηθῇ)→ sphere or referenceκοίτη: 'bed'; see v. 4; the dative κοίτῃ ('in bed') with κοιμηθῇ specifies the conjugal lying.
τιςanyoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject of κοιμηθῇ)→ participant referenceτις: 'someone / anyone'; indefinite pronoun; renders אִישׁ in the generalizing sense.
κοιμηθῇliesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)κοιμάω (pass. 'lie with'): see vv. 4, 18; here the sexual sense.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; see v. 18.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'her' = the menstruant.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένηταιcomes / isAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of conditional protasis (second condition)→ aorist subjunctive (contingent occurrence)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; see v. 2; here 'her uncleanness comes (to be) upon him' — the transfer of impurity.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίαuncleannessNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceἀκαθαρσία: see v. 3; here the menstrual impurity that passes to the man.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + dative (locative: 'upon him')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'upon'; the impurity comes to rest on him.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐπ᾿→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'him' = the man.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodosis-καί (Hebraizing).
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5; here for the unusually long seven-day period.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: see v. 13; the man takes on her full seven-day impurity.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρα: see v. 13.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending contagion)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαeveryNominativeadjective (modifying κοίτη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; see v. 4.
κοίτηbedNominativesubject (casus pendens)→ participant prominenceκοίτη: see v. 4; now the man, having contracted impurity, defiles every bed — echoing v. 4 verbatim and showing he has become a secondary source.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + dative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'on'.
ᾗwhichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative.
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing.
κοιμηθῇhe liesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)κοιμάω: 'lie down'; see v. 4; here non-sexual ('lie/sleep on a bed').
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς (Hebraism).
αὐτῆςitGenitiveresumptive pronoun (= the bed)→ relational specificationαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun, feminine agreeing with κοίτη.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict for the bed)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5; here applied to the bed (though the form is masculine/feminine ἀκάθαρτος, agreeing loosely with κοίτη).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
25
καὶ γυνή ἐὰν ῥέῃ ῥύσει αἵματος ἡμέρας πλείους οὐκ ἐν καιρῷ τῆς ἀφέδρου αὐτῆς ἐὰν καὶ ῥέῃ μετὰ τὴν ἄφεδρον αὐτῆς πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι ῥύσεως ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτῆς καθάπερ αἱ ἡμέραι τῆς ἀφέδρου ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται
And if a woman has a flow of blood for many days, not at the time of her menstrual separation, or if she flows beyond her menstruation, all the days of the flow of her uncleanness shall be just as the days of her menstruation; she shall be unclean.
Section D (vv. 25–30) introduces the woman with a chronic flow of blood (ῥύσει αἵματος) outside or beyond her menstrual period — the precise condition of the hemorrhaging woman of Mark 5:25–34 (οὖσα ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος δώδεκα ἔτη). The cognate construction ῥέῃ ῥύσει (verb + cognate dative) is a Hebraism. Her impurity is assimilated to that of the menstruant (καθάπερ αἱ ἡμέραι τῆς ἀφέδρου), enduring all the days of the flow.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (sectional transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνήa womanNominativesubject (casus pendens)→ participant prominenceγυνή: see v. 18.
ἐὰνifconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ῥέῃ.
ῥέῃflowsPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ῥέωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (durative flow)ῥέω: 'flow'; see v. 3; the present subjunctive ῥέῃ describes the ongoing chronic flow; with the cognate dative ῥύσει it forms a Hebraism (verb + cognate noun).
ῥύσειwith a flowDativecognate dative (Hebraism, with ῥέῃ)→ sphere or referenceῥύσις: see v. 2; the cognate dative ῥέῃ ῥύσει ('flow with a flow') intensifies, calquing the Hebrew construction; the very phrase echoed at Mark 5:25 (ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος).
αἵματοςof bloodGenitivegenitive (defining the flow)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; see v. 19; ῥύσει αἵματος ('a flow of blood') is the technical phrase for the hemorrhage.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρα: see v. 13; ἡμέρας πλείους ('many days') marks the prolonged, abnormal duration.
πλείουςmany / moreAccusativecomparative adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπολύς (compar. πλείων): 'many / more'; ἡμέρας πλείους ('many/more days') indicates the flow extends beyond the normal menstrual span.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; negates the temporal phrase ('not at the time of her menstruation').
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in / at'; temporal.
καιρῷtime / seasonDativedative object of ἐν (temporal)→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / appointed time / season'; renders עֵת; here the regular time of menstruation, distinguished from the abnormal flow.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέδρουmenstruationGenitivegenitive (defining καιρῷ)→ relational specificationἄφεδρος: see v. 19; here the regular menstrual period whose 'time' the flow falls outside of.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐὰνif / or ifconditional particle (second protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the alternative condition (flow continuing past menstruation).
καὶalsoadverbial/intensive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'also / even'; here adverbial within the second condition.
ῥέῃshe flowsPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ῥέωverb of second conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (durative flow)ῥέω: see above; the flow continuing past the normal period.
μετὰafter / beyondpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; μετὰ τὴν ἄφεδρον ('after/beyond her menstruation').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄφεδρονmenstruationAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationἄφεδρος: see v. 19.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πᾶσαιallNominativeadjective (modifying ἡμέραι)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: see v. 3; πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι ('all the days') frames the duration of the abnormal impurity (cf. v. 3).
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject (of the comparison-clause)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: see v. 13.
ῥύσεωςof the flowGenitivegenitive (defining the days)→ relational specificationῥύσις: see v. 2.
ἀκαθαρσίαςof uncleannessGenitivegenitive (defining the flow)→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: see v. 3; ῥύσεως ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτῆς ('of the flow of her uncleanness').
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; introduces the comparison assimilating the prolonged flow's impurity to that of normal menstruation.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of the comparison→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: see v. 13.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέδρουof menstruationGenitivegenitive (defining the days)→ relational specificationἄφεδρος: see v. 19; the prolonged flow renders her unclean as in the menstrual days.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
26
καὶ πᾶσαν κοίτην ἐφ᾿ ἣν ἂν κοιμηθῇ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ῥύσεως κατὰ τὴν κοίτην τῆς ἀφέδρου ἔσται αὐτῇ καὶ πᾶν σκεῦος ἐφ᾿ ὃ ἐὰν καθίσῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτό ἀκάθαρτον ἔσται κατὰ τὴν ἀκαθαρσίαν τῆς ἀφέδρου
And every bed on which she lies all the days of the flow shall be to her as the bed of her menstruation, and every vessel on which she sits shall be unclean according to the uncleanness of her menstruation.
The contagion-rules for the prolonged flow are explicitly assimilated to the menstrual rules (κατὰ τὴν κοίτην τῆς ἀφέδρου … κατὰ τὴν ἀκαθαρσίαν τῆς ἀφέδρου): bed and seat transmit impurity exactly as in menstruation, for all the days of the flow. The double κατά ('according to') marks the legal equivalence.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeadjective (modifying κοίτην, accusative casus pendens)→ object specificationπᾶς: see v. 4; the accusative πᾶσαν κοίτην is a pendent accusative resumed by the dative αὐτῇ.
κοίτηνbedAccusativeaccusative (casus pendens)→ object specificationκοίτη: see v. 4.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, feminine accusative.
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing.
κοιμηθῇshe liesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)κοιμάω: 'lie down'; see v. 4.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς (Hebraism).
αὐτῆςitGenitiveresumptive pronoun (= the bed)→ relational specificationαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun, feminine.
πάσαςallAccusativeadjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') — accusative of duration.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρα: see v. 13.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσεωςof the flowGenitivegenitive (defining the days)→ relational specificationῥύσις: see v. 2.
κατὰaccording to / aspreposition + accusative (norm/correspondence)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / corresponding to'; κατὰ τὴν κοίτην τῆς ἀφέδρου ('as the bed of her menstruation') marks the legal equivalence.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοίτηνbedAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationκοίτη: see v. 4.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέδρουof menstruationGenitivegenitive (defining the bed)→ relational specificationἄφεδρος: see v. 19.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula; 'shall be to her' (with dative αὐτῇ).
αὐτῇto her / for herDativedative of reference (resuming πᾶσαν κοίτην)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of reference ('for her'), completing the pendent accusative construction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel clause: seat)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: see v. 4.
σκεῦοςvessel / seatNominativesubject (casus pendens)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: see v. 4.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter accusative.
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with καθίσῃ.
καθίσῃshe sitsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καθίζωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)καθίζω: see v. 4.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (resumptive pleonasm)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτό (Hebraism).
αὐτόitAccusativeresumptive pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: pleonastic resumptive pronoun.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος (neut.): agreeing with σκεῦος.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
κατὰaccording to / aspreposition + accusative (norm/correspondence)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: see above; κατὰ τὴν ἀκαθαρσίαν τῆς ἀφέδρου ('according to the uncleanness of her menstruation').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίανuncleannessAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀκαθαρσία: see v. 3.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέδρουof menstruationGenitivegenitive (defining the uncleanness)→ relational specificationἄφεδρος: see v. 19.
27
πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος αὐτῆς ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται καὶ πλυνεῖ τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ λούσεται τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι καὶ ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας
Everyone who touches her shall be unclean, and shall wash his garments and bathe his body in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
The contagion-by-touch rule and the threefold remedy close section D, exactly as for the menstruant (v. 19) and the discharged man. πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος αὐτῆς ('everyone who touches her') is the touch the hemorrhaging woman would have transmitted to Jesus under the Levitical logic — yet in the Gospel her touch draws healing power instead of imparting defilement (Mark 5:27–30).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
πᾶςeveryoneNominativeadjective/substantive (with ὁ ἁπτόμενος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: see v. 10.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςone touchingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἅπτωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfective participle (act of contact)ἅπτομαι: 'touch'; see v. 7; the Markan-Gospel keyword.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of ἁπτόμενος→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'her' = the woman with the flow.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (verdict)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (verdict)→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλυνεῖshall washFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescriptionπλύνω: see v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of πλυνεῖ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσεταιshall batheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λούωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: see v. 5; with object τὸ σῶμα.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of λούσεται→ object specificationσῶμα: see v. 11.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: see v. 5.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ future of legal consequenceεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: see v. 5.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: see v. 5.
28
ἐὰν δὲ καθαρισθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ῥύσεως καὶ ἐξαριθμήσεται αὐτῇ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα καθαρισθήσεται
But if she is cleansed of her flow, she shall count off for herself seven days, and after these she shall be clean.
Parallel to the man's restoration (v. 13): when the flow ceases, the woman counts seven days and is then cleansed (καθαρισθήσεται). The symmetry of the two abnormal cases is exact — both require a seven-day count and an eighth-day offering (v. 29). The future passive καθαρισθήσεται anticipates her full restoration.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐὰνif / whenconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the restoration-case.
δὲbutadversative/transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the turn to cleansing.
καθαρισθῇis cleansedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · καθαρίζωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (ingressive: becomes cleansed)καθαρίζω: see v. 13; the cessation of the flow.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; of separation/release from the flow.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσεωςflowGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationῥύσις: see v. 2.
καὶand / thencoordinate conjunction (apodosis sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαριθμήσεταιshe shall count offFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαριθμέωmain verb (apodosis)→ future of legal prescription (middle: 'count for herself')ἐξαριθμέω: see v. 13; the woman's reckoning of seven days, exactly parallel to the man's.
αὐτῇfor herselfDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of advantage ('for herself').
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: see v. 13.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρα: see v. 13.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; μετὰ ταῦτα ('after these things'), a standard temporal formula.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (= the seven days)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; ταῦτα refers to the seven days just counted.
καθαρισθήσεταιshe shall be cleanFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καθαρίζωmain verb (final verdict)→ future passive (resultant cleansing)καθαρίζω (fut. pass. καθαρισθήσεται): 'be cleansed / be made clean'; see v. 13; the future passive declares her cleansed after the seven days — completed by the eighth-day offering (vv. 29–30).
29
καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ λήμψεται αὐτῇ δύο τρυγόνας ἢ δύο νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν καὶ οἴσει αὐτὰ πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
And on the eighth day she shall take for herself two turtledoves or two young pigeons, and shall bring them to the priest at the door of the tent of meeting.
Verbatim parallel to the man's offering (v. 14): on the eighth day the woman brings two turtledoves or two young pigeons to the priest at the tent of meeting. This is the offering of the poor that Mary brings at Jesus' presentation (Luke 2:24). Minor differences from v. 14: the singular θύραν ('door') and πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα ('to the priest') rather than ἔναντι κυρίου.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: see v. 14.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὀγδόῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῃeighthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: see v. 14.
λήμψεταιshe shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ future of legal prescription (middle)λαμβάνω: see v. 14; here with the simple dative αὐτῇ ('for herself') rather than the reflexive ἑαυτῷ of v. 14.
αὐτῇfor herselfDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of advantage ('for herself').
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying τρυγόνας)→ measure or countδύο: see v. 14.
τρυγόναςturtledovesAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationτρυγών: see v. 14.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: see v. 14.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying νεοσσούς)→ measure or countδύο: see v. 14.
νεοσσοὺςyoung / nestlingsAccusativedirect object (alternative)→ object specificationνεοσσός: see v. 14.
περιστερῶνof pigeonsGenitivegenitive (defining the nestlings)→ relational specificationπεριστερά: see v. 14.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴσειshe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb→ future of legal prescriptionφέρω (fut. οἴσει): see v. 14.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of οἴσει→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them' = the birds.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / toward'; here πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα ('to the priest'), where v. 14 had ἔναντι κυρίου … τῷ ἱερεῖ.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: see v. 14.
ἐπὶto / atpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'to / at'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoor / entranceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθύρα: see v. 14; here singular θύραν (v. 14 had plural θύρας).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtent / tabernacleGenitivegenitive (defining the entrance)→ relational specificationσκηνή: see v. 14.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof testimony / meetingGenitivegenitive (defining the tent)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: see v. 14.
30
καὶ ποιήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν μίαν περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ τὴν μίαν εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτῆς ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔναντι κυρίου ἀπὸ ῥύσεως ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτῆς
And the priest shall offer the one for a sin-offering and the one for a whole burnt offering, and the priest shall make atonement for her before the LORD for the flow of her uncleanness.
Verbatim parallel to v. 15, with feminine pronouns: the priest offers the two birds (one sin-offering, one whole burnt offering) and makes atonement for the woman ἀπὸ ῥύσεως ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτῆς ('for the flow of her uncleanness'). The exact mirroring of vv. 14–15 and 29–30 underscores the structural symmetry of the man's and woman's abnormal cases.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειshall offer / makeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (priestly act)→ future of legal prescriptionποιέω: see v. 15.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ποιήσει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: see v. 14.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (one bird)→ measure or countεἷς (fem. μίαν): see v. 15; here with the article (τὴν μίαν), 'the one [bird].'
περὶforpreposition + genitive (purpose: sin-offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: περὶ ἁμαρτίας; see v. 15.
ἁμαρτίαςsin / sin-offeringGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: see v. 15.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (the second bird)→ measure or countεἷς (fem. μίαν): see v. 15.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: burnt offering)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα; see v. 15.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: see v. 15.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (priestly atonement)→ future of legal prescriptionἐξιλάσκομαι: see v. 15.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'on behalf of'.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of περί (the woman)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'her' = the woman.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται (resumptive)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: see v. 14.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: see v. 14.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; see v. 14.
ἀπὸfrom / forpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἐξιλάσεται … ἀπὸ ῥύσεως ('make atonement … for/from the flow').
ῥύσεωςflowGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationῥύσις: see v. 2; here without the article (v. 15 had τῆς ῥύσεως).
ἀκαθαρσίαςof uncleannessGenitivegenitive (defining the flow)→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: see v. 3; ῥύσεως ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτῆς ('the flow of her uncleanness').
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
31
καὶ εὐλαβεῖς ποιήσετε τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀκαθαρσιῶν αὐτῶν καὶ οὐκ ἀποθανοῦνται διὰ τὴν ἀκαθαρσίαν αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ μιαίνειν αὐτοὺς τὴν σκηνήν μου τὴν ἐν αὐτοῖς
And you shall make the sons of Israel reverent of their uncleannesses, and they shall not die because of their uncleanness, by their defiling my tabernacle that is in their midst.
The theological center of the chapter, shifting to second-person plural address (ποιήσετε) to Moses and Aaron: Israel must be made reverent (εὐλαβεῖς) of their impurities lest they die by defiling YHWH's tabernacle that dwells in their midst (τὴν σκηνήν μου τὴν ἐν αὐτοῖς). The discharge-laws matter precisely because accumulated impurity threatens the holiness of the indwelling sanctuary; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ μιαίνειν marks the defilement as the cause of the deadly danger.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (climactic transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλαβεῖςreverent / cautiousAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement of ποιήσετε)→ object specificationεὐλαβής: 'reverent / circumspect / God-fearing'; from εὖ + λαμβάνω ('take well, take care'); renders the Hebrew Hifil of נָזַר ('keep separate / warn'); εὐλαβεῖς ποιήσετε ('you shall make [them] cautious/reverent') = warn Israel to guard against defilement; the word later denotes pious reverence (cf. Luke 2:25, Simeon εὐλαβής).
ποιήσετεyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (2nd plural address to Moses and Aaron)→ volitive future (imperatival: 'you are to make')ποιέω: 'make / cause to be'; see v. 15; the second-person plural ποιήσετε addresses Moses and Aaron (cf. v. 1), charging them to make Israel circumspect; the double-accusative construction (εὐλαβεῖς … τοὺς υἱούς) is object + object-complement.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationυἱός: see v. 2; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant community.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v. 2; indeclinable.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (separation/guarding-from)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; εὐλαβεῖς … ἀπὸ τῶν ἀκαθαρσιῶν ('cautious/reverent away from their uncleannesses'), i.e., guarding themselves from impurity.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσιῶνuncleannessesGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: see v. 3; the plural ἀκαθαρσιῶν gathers all the impurities of the chapter.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶand / so thatcoordinate conjunction (consecutive: 'and so')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here with consecutive/purposive nuance ('and [so] they shall not die').
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀποθανοῦνται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; negates the future indicative.
ἀποθανοῦνταιthey shall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (consequence: 'they shall not die')→ predictive future (averted consequence)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the threat of death for defiling the sanctuary echoes the priestly danger-language (cf. Lev 10:1–2; Num 18:22); reverent care averts the deadly consequence.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + accusative: 'because of / on account of'; causal.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίανuncleannessAccusativeaccusative object of διά (cause of death)→ object specificationἀκαθαρσία: see v. 3; the impurity is the cause of the deadly danger if uncleansed.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (articular infinitive: causal/temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: 'in / by / when'; ἐν τῷ μιαίνειν ('in/by their defiling'), the Hebraizing infinitival construction expressing the manner/cause.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μιαίνεινdefiling / to defilePres Act Infin · μιαίνωarticular infinitive (causal/temporal, with accusative subject)→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing defiling)μιαίνω: 'defile / pollute / stain'; renders טִמֵּא; distinct from the status-adjective ἀκάθαρτος, μιαίνω is the active verb of polluting; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ μιαίνειν αὐτούς ('by their defiling') has its subject in the accusative (αὐτούς).
αὐτοὺςthem / theyAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'they'; accusative subject of μιαίνειν.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνήνtabernacleAccusativedirect object of μιαίνειν→ object specificationσκηνή: see v. 14; here τὴν σκηνήν μου ('my tabernacle'), YHWH's dwelling whose defilement is the gravest danger.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (divine first person)→ relational specificationἐγώ: 'my'; the first-person possessive marks the tabernacle as YHWH's own dwelling, raising the stakes of its defilement.
τὴνthe (which is)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article τὴν ἐν αὐτοῖς ('the [one] in their midst') turns the prepositional phrase into an attributive modifier of σκηνήν.
ἐνin / amongpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in / among'; ἐν αὐτοῖς ('in their midst / among them'), stressing the divine indwelling.
αὐτοῖςtheir midst / themDativedative object of ἐν (locative)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'them'; the tabernacle stands ἐν αὐτοῖς ('among them'), the theological ground of the whole purity-system: a holy God dwells in Israel's midst (cf. Exod 25:8; 29:45).
32
οὗτος ὁ νόμος τοῦ γονορρυοῦς καὶ ἐάν τινι ἐξέλθῃ ἐξ αὐτοῦ κοίτη σπέρματος ὥστε μιανθῆναι ἐν αὐτῇ
This is the law of the man with a discharge, and of him from whom an emission of seed goes out so as to be defiled by it,
The subscription opens (cf. the heading at v. 3): οὗτος ὁ νόμος ('this is the law') gathers the chapter's cases. Verse 32 recapitulates the first two: the man with the discharge (τοῦ γονορρυοῦς, vv. 2–15) and the man with an emission of seed (κοίτη σπέρματος, vv. 16–18), the result clause ὥστε μιανθῆναι ('so as to be defiled') summarizing the defiling effect. Verse 33 completes the list with the female cases.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the cataphoric demonstrative in οὗτος ὁ νόμος introduces the closing summary (cf. v. 3).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative ('this is the law')→ participant prominenceνόμος: see v. 3; the subscription-heading closing the torah, recapitulating its cases.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονορρυοῦςof the man with a dischargeGenitivegenitive (defining the law)→ relational specificationγονορρυής: see v. 4; the genitive 'of the discharged man' names the first case (vv. 2–15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the second case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐάνif / wheneverconditional particle (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with ἐξέλθῃ; here introducing the emission-case within the summary.
τινιfrom anyoneDativeindefinite pronoun (dative of reference, 'for/from anyone')→ participant reference or interestτις: 'someone / anyone'; the dative τινι ('to/for anyone') sets up the case ('and if from anyone an emission goes out').
ἐξέλθῃgoes outAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of conditional clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent occurrence)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; see v. 16; here summarizing the emission-case of vv. 16–18.
ἐξfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ: 'out of'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him' = the man.
κοίτηemissionNominativesubject of ἐξέλθῃ→ participant prominenceκοίτη (σπέρματος): see v. 16; the emission of seed.
σπέρματοςof seedGenitivegenitive (defining κοίτη)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: see v. 16.
ὥστεso as / so thatresult conjunction (+ infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / so that'; with the infinitive μιανθῆναι expresses the result — defilement; standard for actual or natural result.
μιανθῆναιto be defiledAor Pass Infin · μιαίνωinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive (resultant defilement)μιαίνω (aor. pass. inf.): 'be defiled / be polluted'; see v. 31; the result-infinitive states that the emission renders one ritually defiled.
ἐνby / inpreposition + dative (instrumental/causal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'by / in'; instrumental ('defiled by it').
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (= the emission, κοίτη)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'it'; feminine agreeing with κοίτη; the means/cause of the defilement.
33
καὶ τῇ αἱμορροούσῃ ἐν τῇ ἀφέδρῳ αὐτῆς καὶ ὁ γονορρυὴς ἐν τῇ ῥύσει αὐτοῦ τῷ ἄρσενι ἢ τῇ θηλείᾳ καὶ τῷ ἀνδρί ὃς ἂν κοιμηθῇ μετὰ ἀποκαθημένης
and concerning her who has a flow of blood in her menstrual separation, and the man with a discharge in his discharge, for the male or the female, and for the man who lies with a woman set apart.
The subscription's second half completes the catalogue: the woman with a flow of blood in her menstruation (τῇ αἱμορροούσῃ ἐν τῇ ἀφέδρῳ), the man with a discharge (resumed), the comprehensive 'male or female' (τῷ ἄρσενι ἢ τῇ θηλείᾳ), and the man who lies with a woman set apart (μετὰ ἀποκαθημένης). The participle αἱμορροούσῃ ('hemorrhaging') is the very LXX lexeme behind the Synoptic αἱμορροοῦσα (Matt 9:20) for the woman healed by touching Jesus' garment, and ἀποκαθημένη ('one sitting apart') is a synonym for the menstruant in her seclusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇthe (one) / for herDativearticle (substantivizing the participle, dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article τῇ αἱμορροούσῃ ('for the hemorrhaging woman'); dative continuing the summary's case-list.
αἱμορροούσῃhemorrhaging / having a flow of bloodPres Act Ptcp Dat Fem Sg · αἱμορροέωsubstantival participle (dative of reference)→ imperfective participle (ongoing flow of blood)αἱμορροέω: 'have a flow of blood / hemorrhage'; from αἷμα ('blood') + ῥέω ('flow'); the participle αἱμορροοῦσα is precisely the term used of the woman healed by touching Jesus' hem (Matt 9:20; cf. Mark 5:25 ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος); here it names the prolonged-flow case of vv. 25–30.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (state)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; of the state of menstruation.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέδρῳmenstrual separationDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceἄφεδρος: see v. 19.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (nominative, loosely appended to the list)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the nominative ὁ γονορρυής stands somewhat loosely in the dative-governed list, a typical LXX inconcinnity in summary catalogues.
γονορρυὴςthe man with a dischargeNominativenominative (in the summary list)→ participant prominenceγονορρυής: see v. 4; resumed in the catalogue.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (state)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; of his condition.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥύσειdischargeDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceῥύσις: see v. 2.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τῷthe / for theDativearticle (substantivizing ἄρσενι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article τῷ ἄρσενι ('for the male'), dative of reference.
ἄρσενιmaleDativesubstantival adjective (dative of reference)→ sphere or referenceἄρσην: 'male'; renders זָכָר; the summary embraces both sexes (τῷ ἄρσενι ἢ τῇ θηλείᾳ), a merism for all the discharge-cases.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; pairing male and female.
τῇthe / for theDativearticle (substantivizing θηλείᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article τῇ θηλείᾳ ('for the female').
θηλείᾳfemaleDativesubstantival adjective (dative of reference)→ sphere or referenceθῆλυς (fem. θήλεια): 'female'; renders נְקֵבָה; with ἄρσην forms the male/female merism (cf. Gen 1:27 ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷthe / for theDativearticle (with ἀνδρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρίmanDativedative of reference (antecedent of ὅς)→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: see v. 2; τῷ ἀνδρί ('for the man') names the final case — the consort of the menstruant (cf. v. 24).
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of κοιμηθῇ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃς ἄν + subjunctive ('whoever').
ἂνevermodal particle (+ subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing.
κοιμηθῇliesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (contingent act)κοιμάω (pass. 'lie with'): see vv. 18, 24; the sexual sense; recapitulating the consort-case of v. 24.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; see v. 18.
ἀποκαθημένηςa woman set apartPres Mid Ptcp Gen Fem Sg · ἀποκάθημαιsubstantival participle (genitive object of μετά)→ imperfective participle (the state of sitting apart)ἀποκάθημαι: 'sit apart / be in seclusion'; the compound ἀπο- ('away') with κάθημαι ('sit'); the participle ἡ ἀποκαθημένη ('the one sitting apart') is a synonym for the menstruant in her separation (rendering the Hebrew דָּוָה / נִדָּה), semantically linked to ἄφεδρος; the man who lies with her contracts her impurity (v. 24).