1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX heading for a new block of cultic legislation in Leviticus (cf. 1:1; 5:14; 6:1); it renders וַיְדַבֵּר יהוה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר. The καί-parataxis links this revelation to the preceding offering-laws (chs. 1–3), and the redundant participle λέγων calques the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר that marks the onset of quoted speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the paratactic 'and' renders the Hebrew waw-consecutive that chains the legislative units of Leviticus; here it links the sin-offering law to the preceding sacrificial torah (chs. 1–3).
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֵּר (Piel); the aorist ἐλάλησεν opens a fresh divine oracle; the recurring formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν marks each new legislative section of Leviticus.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech, the source of all the cultic legislation that follows.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-marker, modifying κύριος)→ pleonastic present participle (Hebraism introducing direct discourse)λέγω: the participle λέγων is a pleonastic 'saying' calquing the Hebrew infinitive construct לֵאמֹר, the conventional marker that the words of YHWH are about to be quoted directly; it adds no new lexical content but signals the transition to oratio recta.
2
λάλησον πρὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ λέγων ψυχὴ ἐὰν ἁμάρτῃ ἔναντι κυρίου ἀκουσίως ἀπὸ τῶν προσταγμάτων κυρίου ὧν οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν καὶ ποιήσῃ ἕν τι ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν
Speak to the sons of Israel, saying, 'If a soul sins unintentionally before the LORD, against any of the LORD's ordinances which ought not to be done, and does some one of them—'
Moses is commanded to relay the law to Israel; the casuistic form opens with the conditional ψυχὴ ἐὰν ἁμάρτῃ ('if a soul sins'), establishing the governing premise of the entire chapter. The decisive adverb ἀκουσίως ('unintentionally') restricts the legislation to inadvertent sin; the prohibitions are 'things which ought not to be done' (ὧν οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν), so the sin in view is the transgression of a negative commandment by error.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר (Piel imperative); the aorist imperative frames the proclamation as a single decisive act of relaying the divine law to Israel.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the audience of the law)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX rendering of בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, designating the covenant people as the recipients of the cultic legislation.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a genitive qualifying υἱούς ('the sons of Israel').
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-marker introducing the quoted law)→ pleonastic present participle (Hebraism introducing direct discourse)λέγω: pleonastic λέγων again calques לֵאמֹר, marking the transition to the quoted casuistic statute that follows.
ψυχὴsoul / personNominativesubject of ἁμάρτῃ (the hypothetical sinner)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / living being / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; in priestly law ψυχή often means simply 'a person / anyone', the generic subject of a casuistic statute; here it introduces the indefinite offender whose case the law addresses.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; takes the subjunctive (ἁμάρτῃ); the standard particle of the casuistic 'if … then' formulation of priestly law, rendering Hebrew כִּי / אִם.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the protasis (conditional subjunctive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the act of falling into sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'miss the mark / sin'; renders חָטָא; the aorist subjunctive in the ἐάν-clause states the hypothetical case; the verb governs the whole chapter, which legislates the remedy for inadvertent ἁμαρτία.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; sin even committed in ignorance is reckoned ἔναντι κυρίου — a transgression against the divine presence itself, not merely a private fault.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι (the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the sin is defined as an offence committed in the sight of YHWH himself.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionallyadverb of manner (defining the kind of sin: inadvertent)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'involuntarily / unintentionally / in ignorance'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה ('by error / inadvertently'); this adverb is the hinge of the entire chapter (recurring vv. 13, 22, 27), restricting the sin offering to inadvertent transgression as opposed to the defiant, 'high-handed' sin for which no sacrifice avails (Num 15:30); cf. Heb 9:7, where the high priest offers for the sins of ignorance (ἀγνοημάτων) of the people.
ἀπὸfrom / againstpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'against one of the ordinances')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here partitive, 'in respect of / against (one) of'; the sin consists in transgressing one of the LORD's prohibitive commandments.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσταγμάτωνordinances / commandmentsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the body of divine commands)→ relational specificationπρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / decree / commandment'; renders מִצְוָה / חֻקָּה; the sin is a violation of a specific positive divine prohibition; the genitive plural with the partitive ἀπό means the offender breaks 'one of' these commands.
κυρίουLORD'sGenitivegenitive of source/possession (the LORD's ordinances)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the commandments are emphatically the LORD's own, so that their transgression is an offence against him.
ὧνwhichGen Neut Pl · ὅςrelative pronoun (genitive by attraction, modifying προσταγμάτων)→ relational specificationὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the genitive plural ὧν is attracted to the case of its antecedent προσταγμάτων; the clause ὧν οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν defines the commandments as prohibitions — 'things which one ought not to do.'
οὐnotnegative particle (with δεῖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; with δεῖ it expresses prohibition — 'it is not right / not permitted (to do).'
δεῖit is necessary / one oughtPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb (with negative οὐ and complementary infinitive ποιεῖν)→ gnomic present (standing obligation of the law)δεῖ: impersonal 'it is necessary / one must'; with οὐ it marks the prohibitive force — the commandments specify what οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν, 'what ought not to be done'; the present tense expresses the abiding legal norm.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Infin · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with δεῖ)→ imperfective present infinitive (the prohibited course of action)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the present infinitive complements δεῖ, defining the forbidden conduct.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking second subjunctive verb of protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσῃdoesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωsecond verb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (commission of the forbidden act)ποιέω (aor. subj.): the second subjunctive of the conditional restates the sin concretely — the offender actually commits one of the prohibited acts; the repetition of ποιέω (after ποιεῖν) underscores that the violation lies precisely in 'doing' the forbidden thing.
ἕνoneAcc Neut Sg · εἷςnumeral adjective (object of ποιήσῃ: 'some one thing')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the neuter ἕν with the indefinite τι means 'some single one (of them)' — even a single inadvertent breach incurs guilt and requires the offering.
τιany / a certainAcc Neut Sg · τιςindefinite pronoun (with ἕν: 'some one')→ participant referenceτις, τι: indefinite pronoun 'someone / something'; here joined to ἕν to express 'some one (of them)', generalizing the offence to any single one of the prohibited acts.
ἀπ᾿of / frompreposition + genitive (partitive, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of'; ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν = 'of them', i.e. of the prohibited commandments.
αὐτῶνthemGen Neut Pl · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive object of ἀπό: the commandments)→ relational specificationαὐτός: anaphoric personal pronoun; refers back to τῶν προσταγμάτων — the offence consists in doing one of 'them.'
3
ἐὰν μὲν ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς ὁ κεχρισμένος ἁμάρτῃ τοῦ τὸν λαὸν ἁμαρτεῖν καὶ προσάξει περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἥμαρτεν μόσχον ἐκ βοῶν ἄμωμον τῷ κυρίῳ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ
If the anointed high priest sins so as to cause the people to sin, then he shall bring for his sin which he has committed an unblemished bull-calf of the herd to the LORD for his sin.
The particle μέν opens the first of the four graded cases, anticipating the δέ-clauses that introduce the congregation (v. 13), the ruler (v. 22), and the commoner (v. 27). The gravest case comes first: when the anointed priest sins he implicates the people (τοῦ τὸν λαὸν ἁμαρτεῖν, an articular infinitive of result), since his cultic mediation is defiled; the tariff is correspondingly the costliest — an unblemished bull-calf.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis of the first case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the first specific case with the subjunctive ἁμάρτῃ.
μὲνindeed / on the one handcorrelative particle (anticipating later δέ-clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: post-positive correlative particle; here it marks the first member of the four-case sequence, looking forward to the ἐὰν δέ clauses at vv. 13, 22, 27 that introduce the remaining offenders.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιερεὺςhigh priestNominativesubject of ἁμάρτῃ (the offender in the first case)→ participant prominenceἀρχιερεύς: 'chief priest / high priest'; here renders הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ ('the anointed priest'); the LXX uses ἀρχιερεύς for the supreme priest whose ritual standing implicates the whole people in his guilt; the term acquires deep christological resonance in Hebrews (Heb 2:17; 9:7).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with attributive participle κεχρισμένος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεχρισμένοςanointedPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · χρίωattributive perfect participle (modifying ἀρχιερεύς: 'the anointed one')→ resultative perfect participle (the abiding state of having been anointed)χρίω: 'anoint'; renders מָשַׁח, the verb from which מָשִׁיחַ / Μεσσίας / Χριστός derive; the perfect passive ὁ κεχρισμένος ('the one who has been anointed') stresses the priest's permanent consecrated state through the anointing oil (Exod 29:7); the same root yields ὁ χριστός in v. 5.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the protasis (conditional subjunctive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the priest's lapse into sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the aorist subjunctive states the hypothetical case of the anointed priest's inadvertent transgression.
τοῦso as / of theGenitivearticle governing the articular infinitive (genitive of result)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τοῦ + infinitive): the genitive article with the infinitive ἁμαρτεῖν forms an articular infinitive of result/consequence — 'so as to cause the people to sin'; this construction renders the Hebrew לְאַשְׁמַת הָעָם ('bringing guilt on the people').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν, accusative subject of the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive ἁμαρτεῖν→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the priest's sin is grave precisely because it implicates the covenant people — his defilement compromises the cult that mediates for them; the accusative is the subject of the infinitive ἁμαρτεῖν.
ἁμαρτεῖνto sinAor Act Infin · ἁμαρτάνωarticular infinitive of result (with τοῦ: 'so as to make the people sin')→ constative aorist infinitive (the resultant implication of the people in guilt)ἁμαρτάνω (aor. infin.): in the articular-infinitive construction τοῦ … ἁμαρτεῖν it expresses consequence — the priest sins 'so as to bring guilt on the people'; his official position transmits his guilt to the community he represents.
καὶthen / andcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-marker after the protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces the apodosis ('then he shall bring …'), a Hebraizing use of waw to head the consequence of the conditional.
προσάξειhe shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb of the apodosis (the prescribed offering)→ legislative future (binding ritual prescription)προσάγω: 'bring near / present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב, the technical verb for presenting a sacrifice; the future has prescriptive force ('he shall offer'); προσάγω and its compounds (προσφέρω, προσοίσει) dominate the chapter's sacrificial vocabulary.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for his sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'concerning / for'; the phrase περὶ (τῆς) ἁμαρτίας is the technical LXX designation of the sin offering (rendering חַטָּאת); 'for his sin' specifies the purpose of the sacrifice.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (the sin atoned for)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; renders חַטָּאת, a noun that denotes both the sin and the offering that removes it; the phrase περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας is the chapter's recurring formula for the sin offering.
αὐτοῦhisGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the priest's own sin)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'his'; the priest offers for his own sin, not vicariously here — the gravity is that even the mediator must seek atonement (cf. Heb 7:27).
ἧςwhichGen Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (genitive by attraction to ἁμαρτίας)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the feminine genitive ἧς is attracted to its antecedent ἁμαρτίας; the cognate construction ἁμαρτίας … ἧς ἥμαρτεν ('the sin which he sinned') reflects a Hebraizing internal-accusative idiom.
ἥμαρτενhe sinned / committedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause (defining the sin)→ constative aorist (the completed act of sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the indicative aorist ἥμαρτεν in the relative clause specifies the actual transgression; ἁμαρτίας … ἧς ἥμαρτεν is a cognate ('sinned the sin') Hebraism rendering חַטָּאתוֹ אֲשֶׁר חָטָא.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of προσάξει (the victim offered)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders פַּר ('bull'); the bull-calf is the costliest individual victim, prescribed for the anointed priest and the whole congregation (vv. 3, 14), marking the gravity of their sin; the lesser ranks bring goats and lambs.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the herd')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; μόσχον ἐκ βοῶν ('a calf from the cattle') renders פַּר בֶּן־בָּקָר, specifying the victim as a young bovine drawn from the herd.
βοῶνcattle / herdGenitivegenitive of source (the herd from which the calf is taken)→ relational specificationβοῦς (gen. pl. βοῶν): 'ox / cow / head of cattle'; renders בָּקָר ('herd / cattle'); the genitive marks the bull-calf's origin in the domestic herd.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying μόσχον: 'without blemish')→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless'; renders תָּמִים; the unblemished quality of every sacrificial victim is foundational to the cult (cf. Lev 22:19–21) and is taken up typologically of Christ the spotless lamb (1 Pet 1:19; Heb 9:14).
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of indirect object (the offering is presented to YHWH)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the dative τῷ κυρίῳ marks the LORD as the recipient of the sacrifice — the offering is brought to him, the offended party whose ordinances were breached.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (resumptive: 'for his sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: the repetition of περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ at the verse's close frames the offering as wholly directed to the removal of the priest's specific sin.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (resumptive)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: the resumptive 'sin'; the doubled περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ emphasizes the singular focus of the rite on the priest's own transgression.
αὐτοῦhisGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive, resumptive)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'his'; closes the verse by re-anchoring the sacrifice to the priest's own guilt.
4
καὶ προσάξει τὸν μόσχον παρὰ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ ἐπιθήσει τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μόσχου ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ σφάξει τὸν μόσχον ἐνώπιον κυρίου
And he shall bring the bull-calf to the door of the tent of witness before the LORD, and he shall lay his hand upon the head of the bull-calf before the LORD, and he shall slaughter the bull-calf before the LORD.
The ritual unfolds in three καί-coordinated steps, each closed by the refrain ἔναντι / ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('before the LORD'): presentation at the tent door, the laying-on of the hand (ἐπίθεσις τῆς χειρός) by which the offerer identifies with the victim, and the slaughter. The threefold 'before the LORD' stresses that the whole transaction occurs in the divine presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (first ritual step: presentation)→ legislative future (prescribed action)προσάγω: 'bring near / present'; the first step of the rite is presenting the victim at the sanctuary entrance; the legislative future continues the prescriptive sequence begun in v. 3.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of προσάξει→ object specificationμόσχος: 'bull-calf'; the same victim of v. 3, now brought to the sanctuary door for the rite.
παρὰto / besidepreposition + accusative (motion toward: 'to the door')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'to / beside'; marks the place to which the victim is brought — the entrance of the tent, the boundary of the holy precinct where sacrifices are presented.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (the tent entrance)→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; renders פֶּתַח; the door of the tent of witness is the prescribed place of presentation and slaughter for the sin offering (cf. Lev 1:3).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent to which the door belongs)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל; the σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('tent of witness') is the LXX's standard rendering of אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitness / testimonyGenitivegenitive of description (the tent's identity)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness / testimony'; the LXX renders מוֹעֵד ('meeting / appointed time') by μαρτύριον, perhaps reading it via עֵדוּת ('testimony', the tablets of the covenant kept within); the phrase σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου is fixed in the Pentateuch for the tabernacle.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of: refrain)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the recurring ἔναντι κυρίου punctuates the rite, marking each act as performed in the divine presence.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second ritual step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall layFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (second ritual step: hand-laying)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / lay on'; renders סָמַךְ; the laying-on of the hand (ἐπίθεσις τῆς χειρός) on the victim's head identifies the offerer with the animal, transferring his sin to the substitute; a foundational gesture of the atonement theology.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; the single hand (sg.) laid on the head is the rite of identification; for the congregation it is the elders' hands (pl., v. 15).
αὐτοῦhisGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the priest's hand)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'his'; the offerer's own hand performs the identifying gesture.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position: 'upon the head')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; locates the hand on the victim's head, the point of contact for the transfer of identity.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the victim's head)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the head is the locus of the hand-laying, the most prominent part of the animal standing for the whole.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of possession (the calf's head)→ relational specificationμόσχος: the victim's head receives the offerer's hand.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (refrain: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: the second occurrence of the refrain, marking the hand-laying as done in the divine presence.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (third ritual step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξειhe shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (third ritual step: slaughter)→ legislative future (prescribed action)σφάζω: 'slay / slaughter (by cutting the throat)'; renders שָׁחַט, the technical verb for ritual killing; the slaughter releases the blood that is the agent of atonement (cf. Lev 17:11); the same verb recurs throughout the chapter (vv. 15, 24, 29, 33).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of σφάξει→ object specificationμόσχος: the victim slaughtered before the LORD.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (refrain, varied: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; a near-synonym of ἔναντι, also rendering לִפְנֵי; the LXX varies the two prepositions within the same verse's threefold refrain — the slaughter, like the presentation and hand-laying, occurs ἐνώπιον κυρίου.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the slaughter completes the threefold 'before the LORD' refrain of the verse.
5
καὶ λαβὼν ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστὸς ὁ τετελειωμένος τὰς χεῖρας ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ μόσχου καὶ εἰσοίσει αὐτὸ ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου
And the anointed priest, the one consecrated in his hands, having taken some of the blood of the bull-calf, shall also carry it into the tent of witness.
The blood manipulation, the heart of the sin-offering rite, now begins. The officiant is named with full solemnity: ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστός ('the anointed priest') and ὁ τετελειωμένος τὰς χεῖρας ('the one perfected/consecrated as to the hands'), the latter an accusative of respect calquing the Hebrew idiom מִלֵּא יָד ('to fill the hand' = to ordain). For the priest's and congregation's offerings alone the blood is carried inside the tent (contrast the ruler/commoner, where it never leaves the courtyard altar).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὼνhaving takenAor Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (antecedent action, modifying ὁ ἱερεύς)→ coincident/antecedent aorist participle (the act of taking the blood)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the aorist participle λαβών (with ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος) describes the priest taking some of the blood as the preliminary to carrying it inside; a standard LXX rendering of לָקַח in ritual sequences.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject (the officiant)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the standard cultic officiant; here qualified as ὁ χριστός ὁ τετελειωμένος, i.e. the anointed and ordained high priest of vv. 3–4.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with χριστός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χριστὸςanointedNominativeattributive adjective (substantival: 'the anointed one')→ participant prominenceχριστός: 'anointed'; verbal adjective of χρίω, rendering מָשִׁיחַ; ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστός ('the anointed priest') uses the very word that becomes the title Χριστός; the LXX's application of χριστός to the priest who bears the people's sin and enters the holy place is a key root of the christology of Hebrews.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with τετελειωμένος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετελειωμένοςconsecrated / perfectedPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · τελειόωattributive perfect participle (with accusative of respect τὰς χεῖρας)→ resultative perfect participle (the abiding ordained state)τελειόω: 'complete / perfect / consecrate'; renders מִלֵּא (יָד), the idiom 'to fill the hand' = to install in priestly office; ὁ τετελειωμένος τὰς χεῖρας is literally 'the one perfected as to the hands', i.e. the fully ordained priest; the same verb supplies the great 'perfecting' theme of Hebrews (Heb 2:10; 5:9; 7:28).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative of respect (with τετελειωμένος: 'consecrated as to the hands')→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the accusative plural τὰς χεῖρας is an accusative of respect with τετελειωμένος, calquing the Hebrew ordination idiom מִלֻּאִים / מִלֵּא יָד ('filling of the hands'); it specifies the priest as one whose hands have been formally invested for sacred service.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'; with λαβών and εἰσοίσει it marks the portion of blood taken and carried inside.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the atoning blood)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the blood is the central agent of atonement (Lev 17:11, 'the life of the flesh is in the blood … it makes atonement'); its manipulation is the decisive act of the sin offering and the basis of the blood-theology of Heb 9.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of source (the blood belongs to the slain calf)→ relational specificationμόσχος: the slain bull-calf whose blood is now manipulated.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming the main verb after the participle)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here a Hebraizing connective resuming the main clause after the participial phrase ('having taken … he shall also bring').
εἰσοίσειhe shall carry inFut Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (carrying the blood into the tent)→ legislative future (prescribed action)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in / carry into'; the compound εἰσ- marks entry into the tent; renders הֵבִיא; for the priest and congregation the blood is uniquely brought inside the sanctuary, foreshadowing the high priest's entry with blood into the holy place (Heb 9:7, 12).
αὐτὸitAcc Neut Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (direct object of εἰσοίσει: the blood)→ participant referenceαὐτός: anaphoric 'it', neuter agreeing with τὸ αἷμα; the blood is the object carried into the tent.
ἐπὶinto / topreposition + accusative (direction: 'to/into the tent')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here of motion toward — the blood is brought to the tent of witness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (destination of the blood)→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; the σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου into which the priest carries the blood.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitnessGenitivegenitive of description (tent of witness)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness / testimony'; the fixed Pentateuchal designation of the tabernacle (σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου), rendering אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד.
6
καὶ βάψει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸν δάκτυλον εἰς τὸ αἷμα καὶ προσρανεῖ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος ἑπτάκις ἔναντι κυρίου κατὰ τὸ καταπέτασμα τὸ ἅγιον
And the priest shall dip his finger into the blood and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before the LORD, toward the holy veil.
The first interior blood-act: the priest dips his finger and sprinkles seven times (ἑπτάκις) toward the holy veil (τὸ καταπέτασμα τὸ ἅγιον) that screens the most holy place. The sevenfold repetition signals completeness/perfection of the cleansing; the orientation toward the veil aims the rite at the very threshold of the divine presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βάψειhe shall dipFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βάπτωmain verb (dipping the finger in the blood)→ legislative future (prescribed action)βάπτω: 'dip / immerse'; renders טָבַל; the priest dips his finger to take up the blood for sprinkling; cognate with βαπτίζω, though here the simple verb denotes a ritual dipping into the blood.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the officiant continues the blood-rite.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκτυλονfingerAccusativedirect object of βάψει→ object specificationδάκτυλος: 'finger'; renders אֶצְבַּע; the finger is the instrument of the precise blood-application — both the sprinkling and the daubing on the altar horns (v. 7) are done with the finger.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the blood)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; marks the dipping of the finger into the blood.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the medium into which the finger is dipped before sprinkling.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσρανεῖhe shall sprinkleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσραίνωmain verb (sprinkling the blood toward the veil)→ legislative future (prescribed action)προσραίνω: 'sprinkle (toward)'; the compound προσ- gives the directional sense 'sprinkle in the direction of'; renders הִזָּה; the sevenfold sprinkling toward the veil is the climactic interior blood-act; cf. ῥαντισμός / the sprinkled blood of Heb 9:13, 19–21; 12:24.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'; the priest sprinkles a portion of the blood.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the blood sprinkled)→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood, sprinkled sevenfold.
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumeral adverb (frequency of sprinkling)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times'; renders שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים; the sevenfold sprinkling signals ritual completeness and perfect purification; seven is the number of covenantal fullness throughout the cult (cf. Lev 8:11; 16:14, 19).
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before'; the sprinkling is performed in the divine presence, oriented toward the veil.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
κατὰtoward / againstpreposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the veil')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'toward / in the direction of / over against'; orients the sprinkling toward the veil that screens the most holy place.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπέτασμαveilAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the direction of sprinkling)→ object specificationκαταπέτασμα: 'veil / curtain'; renders פָּרֹכֶת, the inner veil screening the holy of holies (Exod 26:31–33); the same veil that is torn at the crucifixion (Matt 27:51) and that Hebrews interprets as Christ's flesh and the way into the presence (Heb 6:19; 10:20).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἅγιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιονholyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying καταπέτασμα: 'the holy veil')→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קֹדֶשׁ / קָדוֹשׁ; the veil is 'holy' as the screen of the most holy place; the blood is sprinkled toward the very boundary of the divine dwelling.
7
καὶ ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ μόσχου ἐπὶ τὰ κέρατα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τοῦ θυμιάματος τῆς συνθέσεως τοῦ ἐναντίον κυρίου ὅ ἐστιν ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ πᾶν τὸ αἷμα τοῦ μόσχου ἐκχεεῖ παρὰ τὴν βάσιν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων ὅ ἐστιν παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
And the priest shall put some of the blood of the bull-calf upon the horns of the altar of the compounded incense which is before the LORD, which is in the tent of witness; and all the blood of the bull-calf he shall pour out beside the base of the altar of whole burnt offerings, which is beside the doors of the tent of witness.
Two further blood-acts complete the rite: daubing the horns of the inner altar of incense (τὸ θυσιαστήριον τοῦ θυμιάματος) — a privilege reserved to the priest's and congregation's offerings — and pouring all the remaining blood at the base of the great altar of burnt offerings at the tent door. The two altars are carefully distinguished by relative clauses (ὅ ἐστιν …), the inner one 'in the tent', the outer one 'beside the doors'.
Word-by-word analysis· 51 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (daubing blood on the altar horns)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / put on'; renders נָתַן; here the application of blood to the horns of the incense altar — a rite reserved for the gravest sin offerings (priest, congregation).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiating priest.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'; a portion of the blood is daubed on the horns.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationμόσχος: the slain calf whose blood is applied.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position: 'upon the horns')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the blood is placed on the projecting horns of the altar.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the altar's horns)→ object specificationκέρας (pl. κέρατα): 'horn'; renders קֶרֶן; the four projecting horns at the altar's corners were its most sacred points and a place of asylum (1 Kgs 1:50); applying blood to them consecrates and purifies the altar itself.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar to which the horns belong)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar / place of sacrifice'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; a LXX coinage (from θυσιάζω) reserved for the legitimate altar of YHWH, distinguished from the βωμός of pagan altars.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμιάματοςincenseGenitivegenitive of description (the incense altar)→ relational specificationθυμίαμα: 'incense / fragrant offering'; renders קְטֹרֶת; the θυσιαστήριον τοῦ θυμιάματος is the inner golden altar of incense (Exod 30:1–10), standing before the veil — its horns receive blood only for the gravest sin offerings.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνθέσεωςcompounding / compositionGenitivegenitive of description (the compounded/perfumed incense)→ relational specificationσύνθεσις: 'compounding / composition / mixture'; renders the sense of the specially blended sacred incense (cf. Exod 30:34–35, the compounded κατὰ τὴν σύνθεσιν); τὸ θυμίαμα τῆς συνθέσεως is 'the incense of the compound', the holy perfume burned on the inner altar.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing the prepositional phrase ἐναντίον κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τοῦ): the article substantivizes the following phrase, 'the (altar) that is before the LORD', further specifying the inner altar.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (locating the altar before YHWH)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in front of'; with the article τοῦ it forms an attributive phrase identifying the incense altar as the one standing 'before the LORD', i.e. before the veil.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
ὅwhichNom Neut Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter ὅ agrees with θυσιαστήριον (neuter); introduces the locating clause 'which is in the tent of witness'.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (in the relative clause locating the inner altar)→ stative present (permanent location)εἰμί: 'be'; the present copula locates the incense altar permanently within the tent.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; locates the incense altar inside the tent, distinguishing it from the outer altar of v. 7b.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῇtentDativedative of place (locative: 'in the tent')→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: the tabernacle, within which the incense altar stands.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitnessGenitivegenitive of description (tent of witness)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: the fixed designation of the tabernacle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the blood-pouring)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying αἷμα: 'all the blood')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶν τὸ αἷμα — the entire remainder of the blood (after the sprinkling and daubing) is poured out at the altar base.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐκχεεῖ→ object specificationαἷμα: the remaining blood, poured out at the base of the outer altar.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationμόσχος: the calf whose blood is wholly disposed of.
ἐκχεεῖhe shall pour outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb (pouring the remaining blood at the altar base)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐκχέω: 'pour out'; renders שָׁפַךְ; the disposal of all remaining blood at the altar's base returns the life-bearing blood to the sacred place; cf. the 'poured-out' blood of the new covenant (Matt 26:28; the verb of Rom 5:5; Acts 2:17).
παρὰbeside / atpreposition + accusative (position: 'at the base')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'beside / at'; locates the pouring at the foot of the outer altar.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσινbaseAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (the altar's base)→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / foot / foundation'; renders יְסוֹד; the blood is poured at the base of the altar of burnt offerings, the standard disposal point for sacrificial blood.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar whose base receives the blood)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: here the outer altar, distinguished from the inner incense altar by the qualifier τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτωμάτωνwhole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of description (the altar of burnt offerings)→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the great bronze altar of burnt offering in the courtyard is the θυσιαστήριον τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων, distinct from the inner incense altar; ὁλοκαύτωμα ('wholly burnt') names the offering entirely consumed on the altar.
ὅwhichNom Neut Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter ὅ; introduces the locating clause for the outer altar 'which is beside the doors of the tent'.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (locating the outer altar)→ stative present (permanent location)εἰμί: 'be'; locates the burnt-offering altar at the tent entrance.
παρὰbeside / atpreposition + accusative (position: 'beside the doors')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'beside'; locates the outer altar at the entrance of the tent, in the courtyard.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoorsAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (the tent entrance)→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; the plural θύρας denotes the entry of the tent; the outer altar stands just before it in the court.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent to which the doors belong)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitnessGenitivegenitive of description (tent of witness)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: the fixed designation of the tabernacle.
8
καὶ πᾶν τὸ στέαρ τοῦ μόσχου τοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας περιελεῖ ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ τὸ στέαρ τὸ κατακαλύπτον τὰ ἐνδόσθια καὶ πᾶν τὸ στέαρ τὸ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐνδοσθίων
And all the fat of the bull-calf of the sin offering he shall remove from it: the fat that covers the entrails, and all the fat that is upon the entrails,
Having disposed of the blood, the priest now removes the fat portions (στέαρ), the LORD's exclusive share of every offering (Lev 3:16–17). The phrase ὁ μόσχος ὁ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ('the bull-calf of the sin') is the chapter's idiom for the sin-offering victim. The fat enumeration mirrors the peace-offering law of Lev 3, underscoring that the fat belongs to YHWH regardless of the offering's type.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying στέαρ: 'all the fat')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the fat is the LORD's portion, reserved entirely for burning.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativedirect object of περιελεῖ (the fat removed)→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat / suet'; renders חֵלֶב; the hard fat around the organs was YHWH's portion, forbidden to Israel for food (Lev 3:17; 7:23–25); its burning sends the choicest part of the victim up to God.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of possession (the calf's fat)→ relational specificationμόσχος: the sin-offering bull-calf.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing the phrase τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τοῦ): the article forms the attributive phrase ὁ μόσχος ὁ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ('the bull-calf of the sin'), the standard idiom for the sin-offering victim.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive of description (the sin-offering calf)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; ὁ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ('that of the sin') designates the victim as the sin offering; the genitive renders the Hebrew construct פַּר הַחַטָּאת.
περιελεῖhe shall removeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωmain verb (removing the fat)→ legislative future (prescribed action)περιαιρέω: 'take away / remove (all around)'; renders הֵסִיר; the technical verb for stripping off the fat portions from the carcass; recurs at vv. 19, 31, 35 (and the cognate present περιαιρεῖται).
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; marks the separation of the fat from the carcass.
αὐτοῦitGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive of separation: from the calf)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it', referring to the calf; the fat is removed 'from it'.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (in apposition, specifying the fat)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativeaccusative in apposition to the first στέαρ (specifying which fat)→ object specificationστέαρ: the appositional repetition itemizes the specific fat — that which covers the entrails.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with participle κατακαλύπτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακαλύπτονcoveringPres Act Ptcp Acc Neut Sg · κατακαλύπτωattributive participle (modifying στέαρ: 'the fat that covers')→ imperfective present participle (describing the fat's position)κατακαλύπτω: 'cover completely / veil'; the attributive participle specifies the omental fat covering the viscera; renders the Hebrew הַחֵלֶב הַמְכַסֶּה (Lev 3:3).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνδόσθιαentrails / inner partsAccusativeaccusative object of κατακαλύπτον (what the fat covers)→ object specificationἐνδόσθια: 'inward parts / entrails / viscera'; renders קֶרֶב; the inner organs over which the suet lies; the fat covering them is the LORD's portion.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying στέαρ)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the second fat-portion — all the fat upon the entrails — is likewise removed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativeaccusative (second itemized fat-portion)→ object specificationστέαρ: the fat lying upon the entrails, the second portion enumerated.
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing the phrase ἐπὶ τῶν ἐνδοσθίων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τό): the article forms the attributive phrase 'the (fat) that is upon the entrails'.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position: 'upon the entrails')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon'; locates the fat upon the surface of the viscera.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνδοσθίωνentrailsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationἐνδόσθια: the viscera upon which the second portion of fat rests.
9
καὶ τοὺς δύο νεφροὺς καὶ τὸ στέαρ τὸ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν ὅ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῶν μηρίων καὶ τὸν λοβὸν τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἥπατος σὺν τοῖς νεφροῖς περιελεῖ αὐτό
and the two kidneys and the fat that is upon them, which is upon the thighs, and the lobe upon the liver together with the kidneys he shall remove;
The enumeration of the LORD's portions continues exactly as in the peace-offering law (Lev 3:4, 9–10): the two kidneys with their fat, and the lobe (ὁ λοβός) of the liver. The careful itemization establishes the equivalence of the sin offering's fat-disposal with that of the σωτήριον, made explicit in v. 10.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the list of fat-portions)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying νεφρούς)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral; specifies both kidneys with their surrounding fat as the LORD's portion.
νεφροὺςkidneysAccusativedirect object of περιελεῖ (with the rest of the list)→ object specificationνεφρός: 'kidney'; renders כְּלָיֹת; the kidneys, embedded in fat, were a prized internal portion offered to God; figuratively the seat of the inmost self (Ps 7:9; Jer 11:20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativedirect object (the fat on the kidneys)→ object specificationστέαρ: the fat adhering to the kidneys, part of the LORD's portion.
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τό): forms the attributive phrase 'the (fat) that is upon them'.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (position, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon'; locates the fat upon the kidneys.
αὐτῶνthemGen Masc Pl · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive object of ἐπ᾿: the kidneys)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the kidneys; the fat 'upon them'.
ὅwhichNom Neut Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, modifying στέαρ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter ὅ agrees with στέαρ; introduces the further locating clause 'which is upon the thighs/loins'.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (locating the loin-fat)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; locates the fat upon the loins/thighs.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon'; the fat lies upon the loins.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηρίωνthighs / loinsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationμηρίον (dimin. of μηρός): 'thigh / loin'; renders כֶּסֶל ('loins / flank'); the fat over the loins is part of the choice internal fat reserved for God.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοβὸνlobeAccusativedirect object (the lobe of the liver)→ object specificationλοβός: 'lobe'; renders יֹתֶרֶת ('appendage / caudate lobe of the liver'); ὁ λοβὸς ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἥπατος is the projecting lobe removed with the kidneys as part of the LORD's portion (cf. Lev 3:4).
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing ἐπὶ τοῦ ἥπατος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τόν): forms the attributive phrase 'the (lobe) that is upon the liver'.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon'; locates the lobe on the liver.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥπατοςliverGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationἧπαρ (gen. ἥπατος): 'liver'; renders כָּבֵד; the liver's lobe is removed with the kidneys; the liver was also the focus of pagan divination (hepatoscopy), but here it is simply a sacrificial portion.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment: 'together with the kidneys')→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; the lobe is removed along with the kidneys as a single portion.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφροῖςkidneysDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceνεφρός: the kidneys, removed together with the liver-lobe.
περιελεῖhe shall removeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωmain verb (gathering up the whole list of fat-portions)→ legislative future (prescribed action)περιαιρέω: 'remove'; the main verb, deferred to the end of the long object-list (a Greek/Hebrew periodic structure), governs all the enumerated fat-portions of vv. 8–9.
αὐτόitAcc Neut Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (resumptive object of περιελεῖ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumptive neuter 'it', gathering up the whole removed portion (the fat collectively); a Hebraizing pleonastic object resuming the preceding list.
10
ὃν τρόπον ἀφαιρεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ μόσχου τοῦ τῆς θυσίας τοῦ σωτηρίου καὶ ἀνοίσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῆς καρπώσεως
in the manner it is taken away from the bull-calf of the sacrifice of deliverance; and the priest shall offer it up upon the altar of the burnt offering.
The comparative clause ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner that') explicitly equates the sin offering's fat-disposal with that of the θυσία τοῦ σωτηρίου ('sacrifice of deliverance/peace offering', Lev 3). The fat is then 'offered up' (ἀνοίσει) on the altar of καρπώσεως ('the burnt offering'), the LORD's portion sent up in smoke.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὃνwhichAcc Masc Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (in the adverbial accusative phrase ὃν τρόπον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον ('in which manner / just as') is a fixed adverbial-accusative idiom rendering כַּאֲשֶׁר ('according as'); it draws the comparison with the peace-offering procedure.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὃν: 'in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; the accusative of respect ὃν τρόπον functions as a comparative conjunction, 'just as'; recurs at vv. 20, 21, 31, 35 to coordinate the various rites.
ἀφαιρεῖταιit is taken awayPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωverb of the comparative clause (the customary removal)→ customary/gnomic present (standing ritual practice)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove'; the middle/passive ἀφαιρεῖται describes the established practice ('as is removed') of taking the fat from the peace offering; the present tense expresses the standing rule.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; marks the source from which the fat is removed.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationμόσχος: the bull-calf of the peace offering, the comparison-point for the fat-removal.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς θυσίας τοῦ σωτηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τοῦ): forms the attributive phrase 'the (calf) of the sacrifice of deliverance'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςsacrificeGenitivegenitive of description (the peace-offering sacrifice)→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders זֶבַח; here in construct with σωτηρίου to denote the peace/well-being offering of Lev 3, the model for the fat-disposal.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτηρίουof deliverance / peace offeringGenitivegenitive of description (qualifying θυσίας)→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / salvation / peace offering'; renders שְׁלָמִים ('peace / well-being offering'); the LXX's θυσία (τοῦ) σωτηρίου is the fellowship sacrifice shared between God, priest, and offerer; the word σωτήριον acquires saving resonance (cf. Luke 2:30; 3:6).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming main-line procedure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίσειhe shall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (burning the fat on the altar)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer up'; renders הֶעֱלָה / הִקְטִיר; the technical verb for sending the offering up in smoke on the altar; the upward motion (ἀνα-) conveys the offering's ascent to God; cf. Heb 7:27; 13:15 (ἀναφέρωμεν θυσίαν αἰνέσεως).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant who burns the fat.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place onto which the fat is offered)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the fat is laid on the altar to be burned.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the altar of burnt offering)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar; here the outer altar on which the fat is consumed.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπώσεωςburnt offeringGenitivegenitive of description (the altar of the burnt offering)→ relational specificationκάρπωσις: 'burnt offering / the offering up of fruit-portions'; from καρπόω ('present an offering'); τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῆς καρπώσεως is another designation of the outer altar where the LORD's portions are burned (cf. τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων in v. 7).
11
καὶ τὸ δέρμα τοῦ μόσχου καὶ πᾶσαν αὐτοῦ τὴν σάρκα σὺν τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ τοῖς ἀκρωτηρίοις καὶ τῇ κοιλίᾳ καὶ τῇ κόπρῳ
But the hide of the bull-calf and all its flesh, with the head and the extremities and the belly and the dung—
Over against the LORD's fat-portions burned on the altar, the entire carcass — hide, flesh, head, limbs, viscera, and dung — is itemized as the object to be removed (the verb follows in v. 12). Unlike other offerings, no part of the priest's/congregation's sin-offering bull is eaten; its complete removal 'outside the camp' marks it as bearing sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (contrastive: over against the fat)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here mildly contrastive — over against the fat that ascends to God, the carcass is destined for removal.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέρμαhide / skinAccusativeaccusative object (anticipating ἐξοίσουσιν in v. 12)→ object specificationδέρμα: 'skin / hide'; renders עוֹר; the hide, normally a priestly perquisite for the burnt offering (Lev 7:8), is here destroyed with the rest — the priest may not profit from the victim that bears his own sin.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμόσχος: the sin-offering calf whose carcass is now disposed of.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανallAccusativeadjective (modifying σάρκα: 'all its flesh')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the entirety of the flesh is removed — nothing of this victim is consumed at the altar or eaten.
αὐτοῦitsGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the calf's flesh)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'its', referring to the calf.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαfleshAccusativeaccusative object (part of the carcass list)→ object specificationσάρξ: 'flesh'; renders בָּשָׂר; the meat of the victim; its destruction outside the camp (rather than priestly consumption) is what Heb 13:11 highlights as the type of Christ suffering outside the gate.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; introduces the remaining bodily parts that go with the flesh and hide.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῇheadDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the head is removed with the carcass.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκρωτηρίοιςextremities / lower legsDativedative (coordinate with κεφαλῇ under σύν)→ sphere or referenceἀκρωτήριον: 'extremity / tip'; here the legs/shanks of the animal (renders כְּרָעַיִם, 'lower legs'); the term denotes the projecting limbs disposed of with the carcass.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλίᾳbelly / inner cavityDativedative (coordinate under σύν)→ sphere or referenceκοιλία: 'belly / abdominal cavity / entrails'; renders קֶרֶב / פֶּרֶשׁ; the inner cavity and its contents, removed with the rest of the body.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόπρῳdungDativedative (final item under σύν)→ sphere or referenceκόπρος: 'dung / excrement'; renders פֶּרֶשׁ; the inclusion of the dung emphasizes the total, unsparing disposal of the entire animal — the sin-bearing victim is removed whole, down to its refuse.
12
καὶ ἐξοίσουσιν ὅλον τὸν μόσχον ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς εἰς τόπον καθαρόν οὗ ἐκχεοῦσιν τὴν σποδιάν καὶ κατακαύσουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ ξύλων ἐν πυρί ἐπὶ τῆς ἐκχύσεως τῆς σποδιᾶς καυθήσεται
and they shall carry the whole bull-calf outside the camp to a clean place, where they pour out the ashes, and they shall burn it up on wood with fire; it shall be burned upon the pouring-out of the ashes.
The chapter's most theologically resonant detail: the whole carcass is carried ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς ('outside the camp') to a clean place and burned. Hebrews 13:11–13 makes this its central type: 'the bodies of those beasts whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin are burned outside the camp; therefore Jesus also … suffered outside the gate' — Christ as the sin-offering consumed beyond the sacred precinct. Note the shift to plural verbs (ἐξοίσουσιν, κατακαύσουσιν), the assistants performing the removal.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξοίσουσινthey shall carry outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκφέρωmain verb (removing the carcass; plural subject: the attendants)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐκφέρω: 'carry out / bring forth'; the compound ἐκ- marks removal outside; renders הוֹצִיא; the plural subject (impersonal 'they') denotes the priestly assistants; the carcass is taken out of the camp.
ὅλονwholeAccusativeadjective (modifying μόσχον: 'the whole calf')→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; renders כָּל; the entirety of the carcass is removed — nothing remains in the camp.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of ἐξοίσουσιν→ object specificationμόσχος: the sin-offering calf, carried out whole.
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place: 'outside the camp')→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside'; with the genitive τῆς παρεμβολῆς renders מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה; the phrase ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς ('outside the camp', also v. 21) is the locus of the carcass-burning that Heb 13:11–13 reads typologically of Christ's death 'outside the gate'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive object of ἔξω→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the Israelite camp around the tabernacle; what is sin-bearing or unclean is removed beyond its bounds (cf. Lev 16:27; Heb 13:11–13).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'to / into'; marks the destination of the removal — a clean place.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / spot'; renders מָקוֹם; the designated disposal site outside the camp.
καθαρόνcleanAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπον: 'a clean place')→ object specificationκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; renders טָהוֹר; even outside the camp the carcass is burned in a ritually clean spot — the place where the altar ashes are deposited, not a defiled or profane location.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place (introducing the locating clause)→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; locates the clean place as the spot where the altar ashes are customarily poured out.
ἐκχεοῦσινthey pour outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκχέωverb of the relative clause (the customary ash-disposal)→ customary/legislative future (standing practice)ἐκχέω: 'pour out'; here of pouring out the altar ashes; the clean place is identified as the regular ash-dump (cf. Lev 1:16; 6:10–11).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σποδιάνashesAccusativedirect object of ἐκχεοῦσιν→ object specificationσποδιά: 'ashes / ash-heap'; renders דֶּשֶׁן ('fatty ashes of the altar'); the place where the greasy ashes from the altar are deposited; a ritually clean site fit for the carcass-burning.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακαύσουσινthey shall burn upFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακαίωmain verb (burning the carcass)→ legislative future (prescribed action)κατακαίω: 'burn up / consume by fire'; the intensive κατα- marks complete incineration; renders שָׂרַף; distinct from the altar-burning (ἀναφέρω): this is destruction, not an offering ascending to God.
αὐτὸνitAcc Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (direct object: the calf)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it', the calf-carcass, masculine in agreement with μόσχον.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (means/place: 'on wood')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'on / upon'; the carcass is burned on a wood-pile.
ξύλωνwood / logsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the fuel)→ relational specificationξύλον: 'wood / log / timber'; renders עֵצִים; the wood fuels the burning; the same word denotes the 'tree' of the cross (Acts 5:30; Gal 3:13; 1 Pet 2:24), part of the outside-the-camp typology.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'with'; ἐν πυρί ('with fire') is a Hebraizing instrumental (בְּאֵשׁ).
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument (the means of burning)→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the agent of the carcass's destruction.
ἐπὶupon / atpreposition + genitive (place: 'at the ash-heap')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon / at'; locates the burning at the ash-pouring site.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκχύσεωςpouring-outGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationἔκχυσις: 'pouring out / outpouring'; cognate noun of ἐκχέω; ἡ ἔκχυσις τῆς σποδιᾶς is 'the (place of the) pouring-out of the ashes' — the ash-dump where the carcass is consumed.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σποδιᾶςashesGenitivegenitive (of the ashes, qualifying ἐκχύσεως)→ relational specificationσποδιά: 'ashes'; the ash-heap; the carcass is burned at the very place where the altar ashes are emptied.
καυθήσεταιit shall be burnedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καίωmain verb (passive summary: the carcass is consumed)→ predictive/legislative future passive (the prescribed outcome)καίω: 'burn / kindle'; the future passive καυθήσεται ('it shall be burned') restates the disposal impersonally as a settled requirement; the verse closes by sealing the total incineration of the sin-bearing victim outside the camp.
13
ἐὰν δὲ πᾶσα συναγωγὴ Ισραηλ ἀγνοήσῃ ἀκουσίως καὶ λάθῃ ῥῆμα ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν τῆς συναγωγῆς καὶ ποιήσωσιν μίαν ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἐντολῶν κυρίου ἣ οὐ ποιηθήσεται καὶ πλημμελήσωσιν
But if the whole congregation of Israel sins in ignorance unintentionally, and a matter escapes the eyes of the assembly, and they do one of all the commandments of the LORD which ought not to be done, and they incur guilt,
The δέ answers the μέν of v. 3, opening the second graded case. The corporate offender is πᾶσα συναγωγὴ Ισραηλ ('the whole congregation of Israel'). The compound description piles up the inadvertence: ἀγνοήσῃ ('errs in ignorance') ἀκουσίως ('unintentionally'), and λάθῃ ῥῆμα ('a matter is hidden from the eyes of the assembly') — the community sins corporately without realizing it, then incurs guilt (πλημμελήσωσιν).
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis of the second case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the second case with subjunctive verbs (ἀγνοήσῃ, λάθῃ, ποιήσωσιν, πλημμελήσωσιν).
δὲbut / andcorrelative particle (answering μέν of v. 3; post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; here it correlates with the μέν of v. 3, marking the transition from the priest's case to the congregation's; the ἐὰν δέ formula heads each subsequent case (vv. 22, 27).
πᾶσαwhole / allNominativeadjective (modifying συναγωγή: 'the whole congregation')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πᾶσα συναγωγή stresses that the entire community, not an individual, is the offender — a corporate sin.
συναγωγὴcongregation / assemblyNominativesubject (the corporate offender)→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'gathering / congregation / assembly'; renders עֵדָה ('community / congregation'); the LXX's standard term for Israel as the assembled covenant people; the later sense 'synagogue' develops from this gathering-word.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here genitive qualifying συναγωγή ('the congregation of Israel').
ἀγνοήσῃerrs in ignoranceAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀγνοέωverb of the protasis (the act of erring)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the corporate lapse)ἀγνοέω: 'be ignorant / err through ignorance'; renders שָׁגָה; the cognate noun ἀγνόημα ('sin of ignorance') is precisely the category for which the high priest offers in Heb 9:7 (ὑπὲρ … τῶν τοῦ λαοῦ ἀγνοημάτων); the verb makes explicit that the congregation's sin is unwitting.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionallyadverb of manner (reinforcing ἀγνοήσῃ)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'unintentionally / inadvertently'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה; reiterates the governing condition of the chapter (vv. 2, 22, 27); paired here with ἀγνοέω it doubly stresses that the corporate sin is in ignorance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάθῃis hidden / escapes noticeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λανθάνωverb of the protasis (the matter escaping notice)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the matter becoming hidden)λανθάνω: 'escape notice / be hidden'; renders נֶעְלַם; λάθῃ ῥῆμα ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν ('a matter is hidden from the eyes') describes the corporate inadvertence — the transgression goes unperceived by the community.
ῥῆμαmatter / thingNominativesubject of λάθῃ (the unnoticed matter)→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / thing / matter'; renders דָּבָר, which (like ῥῆμα in Hebraic Greek) means both 'word' and 'thing/matter'; here the 'matter' of the transgression that has escaped the assembly's notice.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the eyes')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; with ὀφθαλμῶν, 'hidden from the eyes of', a Hebraism for escaping perception.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עֵינַיִם; 'the eyes of the assembly' stands for the community's awareness; the matter is hidden from their collective perception.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγῆςassemblyGenitivegenitive of possession (the assembly's eyes)→ relational specificationσυναγωγή: the congregation, from whose collective sight the matter is hidden.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσωσινthey doAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of the protasis (committing the forbidden act; plural)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the corporate commission)ποιέω: 'do'; the plural ποιήσωσιν (constructio ad sensum, the congregation as many persons) restates the offence — the community does one of the prohibited commandments; cf. the singular ποιήσῃ at v. 2.
μίανoneAcc Fem Sg · εἷςnumeral (object: 'one of the commandments')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; feminine μίαν agrees with ἐντολῶν (implied 'one commandment'); 'one of all the commandments' — a single corporate breach incurs guilt.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of'; 'one of all the commandments'.
πασῶνallGenitiveadjective (modifying ἐντολῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole body of the LORD's commandments is in view; any one of them transgressed incurs liability.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολῶνcommandmentsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (partitive)→ relational specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; here synonymous with the προστάγματα of v. 2; the corporate sin is the transgression of one divine command.
κυρίουLORD'sGenitivegenitive of source (the LORD's commandments)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the commandments are the LORD's own.
ἣwhichNom Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ποιηθήσεται, modifying the commandment)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine ἣ agrees with the implied ἐντολή; the clause ἣ οὐ ποιηθήσεται ('which is not to be done') defines the command as prohibitive, paralleling ὧν οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν of v. 2.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιηθήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; marks the prohibitive sense — what 'shall not be done'.
ποιηθήσεταιis to be done / shall be doneFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause (with οὐ: prohibitive)→ prohibitive future passive (gnomic norm: 'ought not to be done')ποιέω (fut. pass.): the passive 'shall/ought (not) be done' renders the Hebrew negated imperfect of prohibition (לֹא תֵעָשֶׂינָה); οὐ ποιηθήσεται defines the commandment as a standing prohibition.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλημμελήσωσινthey incur guiltAor Act Subj 3 Pl · πλημμελέωverb of the protasis (the resultant liability; plural)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (incurring of guilt)πλημμελέω: 'commit a fault / be guilty / err'; renders אָשֵׁם ('be guilty'); denotes incurring objective liability before God; the cognate πλημμέλεια / θυσία πλημμελείας is the related 'guilt/trespass offering' (Lev 5); here the congregation falls under guilt.
14
καὶ γνωσθῇ αὐτοῖς ἡ ἁμαρτία ἣν ἥμαρτον ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ προσάξει ἡ συναγωγὴ μόσχον ἐκ βοῶν ἄμωμον περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ προσάξει αὐτὸν παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
and the sin in which they sinned becomes known to them, then the congregation shall bring an unblemished bull-calf of the herd for the sin, and shall bring it to the doors of the tent of witness;
The corporate sin offering is triggered when the inadvertent sin 'becomes known' (γνωσθῇ) — the same discovery-clause recurs for the ruler (v. 23) and commoner (v. 28). Because the offender is the whole congregation, the victim is the costliest, a bull-calf, equal to the priest's, presented at the tent door.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (continuing protasis: 'and when…')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνωσθῇbecomes knownAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of the temporal protasis (the sin coming to light)→ ingressive aorist passive subjunctive (the moment of discovery)γινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; the aorist passive γνωσθῇ ('becomes known') marks the point at which the hidden corporate sin is at last recognized, triggering the obligation to offer; the same discovery-clause structures vv. 23, 28.
αὐτοῖςto themDat Masc Pl · αὐτόςdative of reference (to whom the sin becomes known)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to them', the congregation; the dative marks those to whom the sin is disclosed.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject of γνωσθῇ→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; the corporate transgression that comes to light.
ἣνwhichAcc Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (object within the cognate relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ἣν ἥμαρτον ἐν αὐτῇ ('which they sinned in it') is a Hebraizing cognate construction with a redundant resumptive ἐν αὐτῇ, calquing אֲשֶׁר חָטְאוּ בָהּ.
ἥμαρτονthey sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed corporate sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the plural ἥμαρτον (congregation as many) within the cognate clause specifies the actual transgression that has now been discovered.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (resumptive Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; ἐν αὐτῇ resumes the relative ἣν pleonastically — a Hebraizing resumptive pronoun.
αὐτῇitDat Fem Sg · αὐτόςresumptive pronoun (object of ἐν, redundant with ἣν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: resumptive 'it', referring to ἁμαρτία; the redundant pronoun calques the Hebrew resumptive suffix.
καὶthen / andcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the apodosis ('then the congregation shall bring…').
προσάξειshall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb of the apodosis (the prescribed offering)→ legislative future (binding prescription)προσάγω: 'bring near / present'; the prescribed offering; the singular verb agrees with the collective συναγωγή.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴcongregationNominativesubject of προσάξει→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: the congregation, acting corporately to present the offering.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of προσάξει→ object specificationμόσχος: the bull-calf, the same costly victim as the priest's (v. 3), since the offender is the whole community.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (source: from the herd)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; μόσχον ἐκ βοῶν, as in v. 3.
βοῶνcattle / herdGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationβοῦς: 'cattle / herd'; the bull-calf is drawn from the herd.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying μόσχον)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; renders תָּמִים; the victim must be flawless.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for the sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'for'; περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, the sin-offering formula.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; the corporate sin being atoned.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξειshall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (repeated: bringing the victim to the tent door)→ legislative future (prescribed action)προσάγω: the repeated verb now specifies the place of presentation — the tent entrance.
αὐτὸνitAcc Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (direct object: the calf)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it', the calf, masculine in agreement with μόσχον.
παρὰto / besidepreposition + accusative (motion toward the door)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'to / beside'; the victim is brought to the tent entrance.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoorsAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; the doors of the tent of witness, the place of presentation.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent to which the doors belong)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitnessGenitivegenitive of description (tent of witness)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: the fixed designation of the tabernacle.
15
καὶ ἐπιθήσουσιν οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τῆς συναγωγῆς τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ μόσχου ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ σφάξουσιν τὸν μόσχον ἔναντι κυρίου
and the elders of the congregation shall lay their hands upon the head of the bull-calf before the LORD, and they shall slaughter the bull-calf before the LORD.
Because the offerer is the whole community, the elders (οἱ πρεσβύτεροι) act as its representatives, laying their hands (plural χεῖρας) on the victim's head — corporate identification with the substitute. The refrain ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD') again frames both the hand-laying and the slaughter.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσουσινthey shall layFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (the elders' hand-laying; plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'lay upon'; the plural subject (the elders) perform the corporate identification gesture on behalf of the congregation; renders סָמַךְ.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject (the congregation's representatives)→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; renders זְקֵנִים; the elders represent the whole assembly in the rite, their hands standing for the hands of all Israel; the term later names the leaders of synagogue and church (πρεσβύτεροι / presbyters).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγῆςcongregationGenitivegenitive of relationship (the congregation's elders)→ relational specificationσυναγωγή: the assembly whose elders act on its behalf.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσουσιν (plural: the elders' hands)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the plural τὰς χεῖρας (contrast the single hand of the individual offerer, v. 4) reflects the multiple representatives of the corporate body.
αὐτῶνtheirGen Masc Pl · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the elders' hands)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'their', referring to the elders.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the hands are placed on the victim's head.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the point of identification with the victim.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of possession (the calf's head)→ relational specificationμόσχος: the victim.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (refrain)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before'; the hand-laying is done in the divine presence.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξουσινthey shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωmain verb (slaughter; plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)σφάζω: 'slaughter'; the plural σφάξουσιν continues the corporate framing; the victim is killed before the LORD, releasing the blood for the rite.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of σφάξουσιν→ object specificationμόσχος: the victim slaughtered.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (refrain)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before'; the slaughter, like the hand-laying, is performed before the LORD.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
16
καὶ εἰσοίσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ μόσχου εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου
And the anointed priest shall carry some of the blood of the bull-calf into the tent of witness;
The blood-rite for the congregation exactly parallels that for the priest (vv. 5–7): the anointed priest (ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστός) carries the blood into the tent. The repetition underscores that the corporate sin is grave enough to require the same interior blood-manipulation as the priest's own sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσοίσειhe shall carry inFut Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (carrying the blood inside)→ legislative future (prescribed action)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in'; as at v. 5, the blood is carried into the sanctuary — the mark of the gravest sin offerings; foreshadows the high priest's entry with blood (Heb 9:7, 12).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant, here qualified as ὁ χριστός.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with χριστός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χριστὸςanointedNominativeattributive adjective (substantival: 'the anointed one')→ participant prominenceχριστός: 'anointed'; ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστός, the anointed high priest (cf. v. 5); only he may carry the blood inside.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood of the congregation's calf.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationμόσχος: the slain calf.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the tent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; marks entry into the sanctuary (contrast ἐπί in v. 5; here the more explicit εἰς).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, into which the blood is carried.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitnessGenitivegenitive of description (tent of witness)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: the fixed designation of the tabernacle.
17
καὶ βάψει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸν δάκτυλον ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ μόσχου καὶ ῥανεῖ ἑπτάκις ἔναντι κυρίου κατενώπιον τοῦ καταπετάσματος τοῦ ἁγίου
and the priest shall dip his finger in some of the blood of the bull-calf and sprinkle it seven times before the LORD, in front of the holy veil.
The sevenfold sprinkling repeats v. 6 almost verbatim, but the simple ῥανεῖ replaces προσρανεῖ, and κατενώπιον ('right in front of') replaces κατά. The orientation toward the holy veil (τὸ καταπέτασμα τὸ ἅγιον) again aims the blood at the threshold of the divine presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βάψειhe shall dipFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βάπτωmain verb (dipping the finger)→ legislative future (prescribed action)βάπτω: 'dip'; as in v. 6, the priest dips his finger to take up the blood for sprinkling.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκτυλονfingerAccusativedirect object of βάψει→ object specificationδάκτυλος: 'finger'; the instrument of the blood-application.
ἀπὸin / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'in some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'; the finger takes up a portion of the blood.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationμόσχος: the slain calf.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥανεῖhe shall sprinkleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥαίνωmain verb (sprinkling the blood)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ῥαίνω: 'sprinkle'; the simplex of προσραίνω (v. 6), rendering הִזָּה; the sevenfold sprinkling toward the veil; cognate with the ῥαντισμός-language of Heb 9:13, 19; 12:24; 1 Pet 1:2.
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumeral adverb (frequency)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times'; the sevenfold completeness of the purifying sprinkling, as in v. 6.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before'; the sprinkling is done before the LORD.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
κατενώπιονin front of / facingimproper preposition + genitive (direction: 'right in front of the veil')→ spatial or relational framingκατενώπιον: 'directly opposite / in front of'; a strengthened form (κατά + ἐνώπιον); replaces the κατά of v. 6, specifying that the sprinkling faces the veil head-on; renders the directional 'toward the front of the veil' (אֶת־פְּנֵי הַפָּרֹכֶת).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπετάσματοςveilGenitivegenitive object of κατενώπιον→ relational specificationκαταπέτασμα: 'veil / curtain'; the inner veil screening the holy of holies; the blood is sprinkled facing it (cf. v. 6 note).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἁγίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουholyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying καταπετάσματος: 'the holy veil')→ relational specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; the veil is holy as the screen of the most holy place.
18
καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὰ κέρατα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῶν θυμιαμάτων τῆς συνθέσεως ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον κυρίου ὅ ἐστιν ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ τὸ πᾶν αἷμα ἐκχεεῖ πρὸς τὴν βάσιν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῶν καρπώσεων τῶν πρὸς τῇ θύρᾳ τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
And the priest shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar of the compounded incense which is before the LORD, which is in the tent of witness; and all the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offerings, which is by the door of the tent of witness.
The congregation's rite completes the interior blood-manipulation exactly as the priest's (v. 7): blood on the horns of the incense altar, the remainder poured at the base of the burnt-offering altar. The two altars are again carefully distinguished by relative clauses, the inner one 'before the LORD … in the tent', the outer one 'by the door'.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive, fronted for emphasis)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'; the fronting of ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος before the verb foregrounds the blood as the focus of the act.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (daubing blood on the horns)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put upon'; the application of blood to the horns of the incense altar, as in v. 7.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the blood is placed on the horns.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκέρας: 'horn'; the projecting corners of the incense altar receive the blood.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar of incense)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the inner altar.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμιαμάτωνincenseGenitivegenitive of description (the incense altar)→ relational specificationθυμίαμα: 'incense'; the plural θυμιαμάτων (vs. singular in v. 7) varies the phrase but denotes the same inner altar of fragrant incense.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνθέσεωςcompoundingGenitivegenitive of description (the compounded incense)→ relational specificationσύνθεσις: 'compounding / composition'; the specially blended sacred incense (cf. v. 7; Exod 30:34–35).
ὅwhichNom Neut Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν, modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the first locating clause 'which is before the LORD'.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (locating the inner altar)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the inner altar stands before the LORD.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; locates the incense altar before the LORD (cf. ἐναντίον in v. 7).
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
ὅwhichNom Neut Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of the second ἐστιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the second locating clause 'which is in the tent of witness'.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (locating the inner altar in the tent)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the incense altar is within the tent.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; locates the altar inside the tent.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῇtentDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: the tabernacle, within which the incense altar stands.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitnessGenitivegenitive of description (tent of witness)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: the fixed designation of the tabernacle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the blood-pouring)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶνall / wholeAccusativeadjective (modifying αἷμα: 'all the blood')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; τὸ πᾶν αἷμα — all the remaining blood (word-order variant of πᾶν τὸ αἷμα in v. 7) is poured at the altar base.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐκχεεῖ→ object specificationαἷμα: the remaining blood, wholly disposed of at the base of the outer altar.
ἐκχεεῖhe shall pour outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb (pouring the remaining blood)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐκχέω: 'pour out'; the disposal of the remaining blood at the altar base, as in v. 7.
πρὸςat / topreposition + accusative (position: 'at the base')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'at / to'; here locates the pouring at the foot of the outer altar (varying the παρά of v. 7).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσινbaseAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / foot'; the foot of the altar of burnt offerings, the standard blood-disposal point.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the outer altar)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar, qualified as τῶν καρπώσεων.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπώσεωνburnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of description (the altar of burnt offerings)→ relational specificationκάρπωσις: 'burnt offering'; τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπώσεων is the outer altar (cf. τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων, v. 7); the LXX varies its designations of the same altar.
τῶνthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing πρὸς τῇ θύρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τῶν): the article forms the attributive phrase 'the (altar) that is by the door'.
πρὸςby / atpreposition + dative (position: 'by the door')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + dative: 'by / at / near'; the rare dative use of πρός marks fixed location — the outer altar stands by the tent entrance.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρᾳdoorDativedative object of πρός (location)→ sphere or referenceθύρα: 'door / entrance'; the outer altar stands at the tent entrance in the courtyard.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent to which the door belongs)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitnessGenitivegenitive of description (tent of witness)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: the fixed designation of the tabernacle.
19
καὶ τὸ πᾶν στέαρ περιελεῖ ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνοίσει ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον
And he shall remove all its fat and offer it up upon the altar.
The fat-disposal of the congregation's calf is compressed into a single summary verse (contrast the detailed enumeration of vv. 8–10 for the priest's): all the fat is removed and offered up on the altar. The brevity presumes the fuller earlier description.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying στέαρ: 'all the fat')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole of the fat is removed for burning, summarizing vv. 8–9.
στέαρfatAccusativedirect object of περιελεῖ→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat'; the LORD's portion, removed and burned.
περιελεῖhe shall removeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωmain verb (removing the fat)→ legislative future (prescribed action)περιαιρέω: 'remove'; the technical verb for stripping the fat (cf. vv. 8, 31, 35).
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the fat is removed from the carcass.
αὐτοῦitGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive of separation: from the calf)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it', the calf; the fat is taken 'from it'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίσειhe shall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (burning the fat on the altar)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἀναφέρω: 'offer up'; the fat is sent up in smoke on the altar (cf. v. 10).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place of offering)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the fat is laid on the altar.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar where the fat is burned.
20
καὶ ποιήσει τὸν μόσχον ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησεν τὸν μόσχον τὸν τῆς ἁμαρτίας οὕτως ποιηθήσεται καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτῶν ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτοῖς ἡ ἁμαρτία
And he shall do with the bull-calf just as he did with the bull-calf of the sin offering; so shall it be done. And the priest shall make atonement for them, and the sin shall be forgiven them.
The comparative clause equates the congregation's rite with the priest's own sin offering (vv. 3–12). The verse then sounds the chapter's great atonement formula for the first time: ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτῶν ὁ ἱερεύς, καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτοῖς ('the priest shall make atonement for them, and it shall be forgiven them'), recurring at vv. 26, 31, 35. ἐξιλάσκομαι renders כִּפֶּר, the verb of the Day of Atonement; ἀφεθήσεται ('it shall be forgiven') is the divine-passive promise of pardon.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειhe shall doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (performing the rite with the calf)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ποιέω: 'do / deal with'; ποιήσει τὸν μόσχον ('he shall do/deal with the calf') uses the accusative of the thing handled — the priest performs the whole rite upon the victim.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει (the victim handled)→ object specificationμόσχος: the congregation's calf, treated exactly as the priest's.
ὃνwhichAcc Masc Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (in the adverbial phrase ὃν τρόπον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον ('just as') introduces the comparison with the priest's rite.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὃν: 'in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον = 'just as', coordinating the congregation's rite with the priest's.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the comparative clause→ constative aorist (the previously prescribed rite)ποιέω: 'do'; the aorist ἐποίησεν refers back to the rite already legislated for the priest's calf (vv. 3–12).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationμόσχος: the priest's earlier calf, the model for the rite.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τόν): forms the attributive phrase 'the (calf) of the sin offering'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive of description (the sin-offering calf)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: ὁ μόσχος ὁ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, the sin-offering victim.
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (summarizing: 'so shall it be done')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; renders כֵּן; sums up the comparison — the same procedure is to be followed in full.
ποιηθήσεταιit shall be doneFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (impersonal summary of the rite)→ legislative future passive (the prescribed procedure)ποιέω (fut. pass.): οὕτως ποιηθήσεται ('so shall it be done') seals the rite as fixed law; the impersonal passive states the binding requirement.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (the priest's act of atonement)→ legislative future (the effected atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; the standard LXX rendering of כִּפֶּר (Piel of כפר, 'cover / atone'), the verb behind יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים (Day of Atonement); the middle ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτῶν ('he shall make atonement on their behalf') is the theological heart of the chapter (recurring vv. 26, 31, 35); cf. the cognate ἱλαστήριον (Rom 3:25; Heb 9:5) and ἱλάσκομαι (Heb 2:17).
περὶfor / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (on whose behalf: 'for them')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'for / on behalf of'; the atonement is made περὶ αὐτῶν, on behalf of the congregation.
αὐτῶνthemGen Masc Pl · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive object of περί: the congregation)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'them', the congregation, on whose behalf atonement is made.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται (the atoning agent)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the priest, the human agent of atonement; cf. the priestly mediation fulfilled in Christ the great high priest (Heb 2:17).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the forgiveness clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive: the promise of pardon)→ predictive future passive (divine passive: God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'release / forgive / remit'; renders סָלַח ('forgive'); the future passive ἀφεθήσεται αὐτοῖς ('it shall be forgiven them') is a divine passive — God himself is the implied agent of pardon; this is the goal of the whole rite and the standard LXX language of forgiveness (cf. the ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν of the NT).
αὐτοῖςthemDat Masc Pl · αὐτόςdative of advantage (to whom forgiveness is granted)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to them', the congregation; the dative marks the recipients of forgiveness.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject of ἀφεθήσεται (what is forgiven)→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the corporate sin, now remitted; its nominative as subject of the passive ('the sin shall be forgiven them') is a slight Hebraizing extension of the formula.
21
καὶ ἐξοίσουσιν τὸν μόσχον ὅλον ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς καὶ κατακαύσουσιν τὸν μόσχον ὃν τρόπον κατέκαυσαν τὸν μόσχον τὸν πρότερον ἁμαρτία συναγωγῆς ἐστιν
And they shall carry the whole bull-calf outside the camp and burn the bull-calf just as they burned the former bull-calf. It is a sin offering of the congregation.
The congregation's calf is disposed of exactly as the priest's (vv. 11–12): the whole carcass is carried outside the camp and burned. The closing verbless label ἁμαρτία συναγωγῆς ἐστιν ('it is a sin offering of the congregation') classifies the whole rite — the same kind of summary tag recurs at vv. 24 (ἁμαρτία ἐστίν).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξοίσουσινthey shall carry outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκφέρωmain verb (removing the carcass; plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐκφέρω: 'carry out'; the attendants remove the whole carcass from the camp, as in v. 12.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of ἐξοίσουσιν→ object specificationμόσχος: the congregation's calf.
ὅλονwholeAccusativeadjective (modifying μόσχον: 'the whole calf')→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole'; the entire carcass is removed.
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place: 'outside the camp')→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside'; ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς, as in v. 12; the locus of the Heb 13:11–13 typology of Christ suffering outside the gate.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive object of ἔξω→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp'; the Israelite encampment, beyond which the sin-bearing carcass is taken.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακαύσουσινthey shall burn upFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακαίωmain verb (burning the carcass)→ legislative future (prescribed action)κατακαίω: 'burn up completely'; the total incineration of the carcass (cf. v. 12), distinct from the altar-offering.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of κατακαύσουσιν→ object specificationμόσχος: the calf, burned outside the camp.
ὃνwhichAcc Masc Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (in the adverbial phrase ὃν τρόπον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον ('just as') draws the comparison with the priest's calf.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὃν: 'just as')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον = 'just as', equating this burning with the former one.
κατέκαυσανthey burnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακαίωverb of the comparative clause→ constative aorist (the previously prescribed burning)κατακαίω: the aorist κατέκαυσαν refers back to the burning of the priest's calf (v. 12).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of κατέκαυσαν→ object specificationμόσχος: the earlier calf.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πρότερον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρότερονformer / earlierAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying μόσχον: 'the former calf')→ object specificationπρότερος: 'former / earlier'; τὸν μόσχον τὸν πρότερον points back to the priest's bull-calf of vv. 3–12 as the precedent for this disposal.
ἁμαρτίαsin offeringNominativepredicate nominative (in the verbless summary label)→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; here predicate of the labeling clause — the whole transaction is classified as a 'sin offering (of the congregation)', rendering חַטַּאת הַקָּהָל.
συναγωγῆςof the congregationGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose sin offering it is)→ relational specificationσυναγωγή: the congregation; the genitive identifies the offering as the community's.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (summary classification)→ stative present (definitional)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the classifying label ἁμαρτία συναγωγῆς ἐστιν ('it is a sin offering of the congregation').
22
ἐὰν δὲ ὁ ἄρχων ἁμάρτῃ καὶ ποιήσῃ μίαν ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἐντολῶν κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτῶν ἣ οὐ ποιηθήσεται ἀκουσίως καὶ ἁμάρτῃ καὶ πλημμελήσῃ
But if a ruler sins and does unintentionally one of all the commandments of the LORD their God which ought not to be done, and so sins and incurs guilt,
The third graded case lowers the rank to ὁ ἄρχων ('the ruler / chieftain'), a tribal or civil leader. The protasis stacks the verbs of inadvertent guilt — ἁμάρτῃ … ἀκουσίως … ἁμάρτῃ … πλημμελήσῃ — and uniquely adds τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτῶν ('their God'), underscoring the covenant relation breached. The tariff drops accordingly to a male goat (v. 23).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis of the third case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the ruler's case.
δὲbut / andcorrelative particle (post-positive; continuing the μέν…δέ series)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; the ἐὰν δέ formula marks the next case in the graded series (cf. vv. 13, 27).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχωνrulerNominativesubject (the offender in the third case)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / leader / chief'; renders נָשִׂיא ('chieftain / prince'), the head of a tribe or clan; ranking below the priest and the whole community but above the common person, his offering is a male goat; the term ἄρχων is widely used in the NT for rulers and officials.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the ruler's lapse)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the aorist subjunctive states the hypothetical case of the ruler's transgression.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσῃdoesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the protasis (committing the act)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (commission of the forbidden act)ποιέω: 'do'; the ruler does one of the prohibited commandments.
μίανoneAcc Fem Sg · εἷςnumeral (object: 'one of the commandments')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; feminine μίαν agrees with ἐντολῶν; 'one of all the commandments'.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of'.
πασῶνallGenitiveadjective (modifying ἐντολῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole body of commandments.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολῶνcommandmentsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (partitive)→ relational specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; the divine commands, any of which transgressed incurs guilt.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive of source (the LORD's commandments)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ, in apposition to κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD their God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; κύριος ὁ θεός renders יהוה אֱלֹהִים; the addition τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτῶν ('their God', unique to this case) stresses the covenant bond the ruler's sin violates.
αὐτῶνtheirGen Masc Pl · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: 'their God', i.e. Israel's)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'their', referring to the people of Israel; the covenant formula 'the LORD their God' underlines the relationship breached by the sin.
ἣwhichNom Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ποιηθήσεται, modifying the commandment)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ἣ οὐ ποιηθήσεται ('which is not to be done'), the prohibitive definition (cf. v. 13).
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιηθήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative.
ποιηθήσεταιis to be doneFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause (with οὐ: prohibitive)→ prohibitive future passive (gnomic norm)ποιέω (fut. pass.): 'ought not to be done'; defines the commandment as a standing prohibition.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionallyadverb of manner (the inadvertence of the sin)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'unintentionally'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה; again the governing condition — the ruler's sin is inadvertent (cf. vv. 2, 13, 27); its position here, after the relative clause, attaches the inadvertence to the whole act.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the protasis (resumptive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the sin restated)ἁμαρτάνω: the resumptive ἁμάρτῃ restates the sin, the verbal piling-up emphasizing the reality of the guilt incurred.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλημμελήσῃincurs guiltAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of the protasis (the resultant liability)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (incurring of guilt)πλημμελέω: 'be guilty / commit a fault'; renders אָשֵׁם; the ruler falls under objective liability before God (cf. v. 13).
23
καὶ γνωσθῇ αὐτῷ ἡ ἁμαρτία ἣν ἥμαρτεν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ προσοίσει τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ χίμαρον ἐξ αἰγῶν ἄρσεν ἄμωμον
and the sin in which he sinned becomes known to him, then he shall bring his gift, an unblemished male goat from the goats;
The discovery-clause (γνωσθῇ αὐτῷ) and cognate relative (ἣν ἥμαρτεν ἐν αὐτῇ) repeat the pattern of v. 14, now in the singular. The ruler's tariff is a χίμαρος ἐξ αἰγῶν ('a male goat'), explicitly ἄρσεν ('male'), lower than the bull but distinguished by sex from the commoner's female goat (v. 28); δῶρον ('gift') names the offering as a presentation to God.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (continuing protasis: 'and when…')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνωσθῇbecomes knownAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of the temporal protasis→ ingressive aorist passive subjunctive (the moment of discovery)γινώσκω: 'know'; γνωσθῇ ('becomes known'), the discovery-clause that triggers the offering (cf. vv. 14, 28).
αὐτῷto himDat Masc Sg · αὐτόςdative of reference (to whom the sin becomes known)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him', the ruler; the dative marks the one to whom the sin is disclosed.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject of γνωσθῇ→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the ruler's transgression that comes to light.
ἣνwhichAcc Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (object within the cognate relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ἣν ἥμαρτεν ἐν αὐτῇ, the Hebraizing cognate construction with resumptive ἐν αὐτῇ (cf. v. 14).
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the singular ἥμαρτεν specifies the ruler's actual transgression.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (resumptive Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; ἐν αὐτῇ resumes the relative ἣν pleonastically.
αὐτῇitDat Fem Sg · αὐτόςresumptive pronoun (object of ἐν, redundant with ἣν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: resumptive 'it', referring to ἁμαρτία; the redundant pronoun calques the Hebrew resumptive suffix.
καὶthen / andcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the apodosis ('then he shall bring his gift…').
προσοίσειhe shall bring / presentFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb of the apodosis (presenting the offering)→ legislative future (binding prescription)προσφέρω: 'bring to / present / offer'; near-synonym of προσάγω; renders הִקְרִיב; the technical verb for presenting an offering; cf. its rich use in Hebrews for Christ's self-offering (Heb 9:14, 28).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονgift / offeringAccusativedirect object of προσοίσει→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן ('offering / oblation'); the sacrifice is conceived as a gift presented to God (cf. Matt 5:23–24; Heb 5:1, where the priest offers δῶρα for sins).
αὐτοῦhisGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the ruler's gift)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'his'; the offering is the ruler's own.
χίμαρονmale goatAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρον (the specific victim)→ object specificationχίμαρος: 'he-goat / young male goat'; renders שָׂעִיר עִזִּים ('a male of the goats'); the ruler's tariff — a male goat, lower than the bull of the priest/congregation but, as a male, ranked above the commoner's female goat (v. 28).
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the goats')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; χίμαρον ἐξ αἰγῶν, 'a male goat from the goats', specifying the species.
αἰγῶνgoatsGenitivegenitive of source (the flock of goats)→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; renders עִזִּים; the flock from which the male goat is drawn.
ἄρσενmaleAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χίμαρον: 'male')→ object specificationἄρσην: 'male'; renders זָכָר; explicitly marks the ruler's goat as male, in deliberate contrast to the commoner's female goat (θήλειαν, v. 28) — the sex of the victim tracks the offender's rank.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χίμαρον)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; renders תָּמִים; every victim must be flawless.
24
καὶ ἐπιθήσει τὴν χεῖρα ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ χιμάρου καὶ σφάξουσιν αὐτὸν ἐν τόπῳ οὗ σφάζουσιν τὰ ὁλοκαυτώματα ἐνώπιον κυρίου ἁμαρτία ἐστίν
And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the male goat, and they shall slaughter it in the place where they slaughter the whole burnt offerings before the LORD. It is a sin offering.
The ruler lays his single hand on the goat's head and it is slaughtered 'in the place where they slaughter the whole burnt offerings' — i.e., at the courtyard altar, since for the ruler (and commoner) the blood never enters the tent. The verbless tag ἁμαρτία ἐστίν ('it is a sin offering') again classifies the rite (cf. v. 21).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall layFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (hand-laying)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'lay upon'; the ruler lays his hand on the goat, identifying with the victim (cf. v. 4).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει (the single hand)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the single hand of the individual offerer (contrast the elders' plural hands, v. 15).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the hand is placed on the goat's head.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the point of identification with the victim.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χιμάρουmale goatGenitivegenitive of possession (the goat's head)→ relational specificationχίμαρος: the ruler's male goat.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξουσινthey shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωmain verb (slaughter; impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)σφάζω: 'slaughter'; the impersonal plural 'they' denotes the attendants/priests; the goat is slain at the burnt-offering site.
αὐτὸνitAcc Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (direct object: the goat)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it', the male goat, masculine in agreement with χίμαρον.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; locates the slaughter at the designated place.
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; the designated slaughter-site, north of the altar (cf. Lev 1:11).
οὗwhererelative adverb of place (introducing the locating clause)→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; identifies the spot as the place where the burnt offerings are slaughtered.
σφάζουσινthey slaughterPres Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωverb of the relative clause (customary practice)→ customary present (standing practice)σφάζω (pres.): the present denotes the regular practice — the place 'where they (customarily) slaughter the burnt offerings'; the sin offering shares the burnt offering's slaughter-site.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object of σφάζουσιν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the burnt offerings whose slaughter-site the sin offering shares.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; the slaughter is done before the LORD.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
ἁμαρτίαsin offeringNominativepredicate nominative (verbless summary label)→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; the classifying tag ἁμαρτία ἐστίν ('it is a sin offering'), rendering חַטָּאת הוּא (cf. v. 21).
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (summary classification)→ stative present (definitional)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the classifying label.
25
καὶ ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας τῷ δακτύλῳ ἐπὶ τὰ κέρατα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων καὶ τὸ πᾶν αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐκχεεῖ παρὰ τὴν βάσιν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων
And the priest shall put with his finger some of the blood of the sin offering upon the horns of the altar of whole burnt offerings, and all its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of whole burnt offerings.
The crucial difference from the priest's/congregation's rite: for the ruler the blood is NOT carried into the tent and NOT sprinkled before the veil. It is applied directly with the finger to the horns of the outer altar of whole burnt offerings, and the remainder poured at its base. The lesser sin requires no penetration of the inner sanctuary.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (daubing blood on the altar horns)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put upon'; the blood is daubed on the horns of the outer altar — not the inner incense altar, marking the lower rank of the offence.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant (here not specified as 'anointed', since the blood does not enter the tent).
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood.
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τοῦ): forms the attributive phrase 'the (blood) of the sin offering'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsin offeringGenitivegenitive of description (the sin-offering blood)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; τὸ αἷμα τὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, the blood of the sin offering.
τῷwith theDativearticle (with δακτύλῳ, dative of instrument)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλῳfingerDativedative of instrument (the blood applied 'with the finger')→ sphere or referenceδάκτυλος: 'finger'; the dative of instrument τῷ δακτύλῳ ('with the finger') specifies the manner of applying blood to the horns (cf. the dipping of v. 6).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the blood is placed on the horns.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκέρας: 'horn'; here the horns of the outer altar of burnt offerings, not the incense altar.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar of burnt offerings)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτωμάτωνwhole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of description (the altar of burnt offerings)→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the outer altar where, for the ruler, the blood is applied — the inner altar is not involved.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the blood-pouring)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying αἷμα: 'all its blood')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; all the remaining blood is poured at the altar base.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐκχεεῖ→ object specificationαἷμα: the remaining blood, wholly disposed of at the base.
αὐτοῦitsGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the goat's blood)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'its', referring to the goat.
ἐκχεεῖhe shall pour outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb (pouring the remaining blood)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐκχέω: 'pour out'; the disposal of the remaining blood at the base of the outer altar.
παρὰbeside / atpreposition + accusative (position: 'at the base')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'beside / at'; locates the pouring at the foot of the altar.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσινbaseAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / foot'; the foot of the altar of burnt offerings.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar of burnt offerings)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτωμάτωνwhole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: the altar of burnt offerings, at whose base the blood is poured; the repeated full designation underscores that the whole rite stays at the outer altar.
26
καὶ τὸ πᾶν στέαρ αὐτοῦ ἀνοίσει ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ὥσπερ τὸ στέαρ θυσίας σωτηρίου καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ
And he shall offer up all its fat upon the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of deliverance; and the priest shall make atonement for him for his sin, and it shall be forgiven him.
All the goat's fat is burned on the altar 'like the fat of the peace offering' (ὥσπερ τὸ στέαρ θυσίας σωτηρίου), the same equivalence as v. 10. The atonement formula then recurs — ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς … καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ — now in the singular for the individual ruler, with the added phrase ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ ('from his sin').
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying στέαρ: 'all its fat')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole of the goat's fat is burned.
στέαρfatAccusativedirect object of ἀνοίσει→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat'; the LORD's portion, offered up on the altar.
αὐτοῦitsGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the goat's fat)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'its', referring to the goat.
ἀνοίσειhe shall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (burning the fat on the altar)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἀναφέρω: 'offer up'; the fat is sent up in smoke on the altar (cf. vv. 10, 19).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place of offering)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the fat is laid on the altar.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar where the fat is burned.
ὥσπερjust as / likecomparative particle (introducing the comparison with the peace offering)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as / like'; introduces the comparison — the fat is burned exactly as the fat of the peace offering (cf. ὃν τρόπον in v. 10).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativeaccusative (object of comparison: the peace-offering fat)→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat'; the fat of the peace offering, the model for this fat-burning.
θυσίαςof the sacrificeGenitivegenitive of source (the peace-offering sacrifice)→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; in construct with σωτηρίου, the peace/well-being offering of Lev 3 (cf. v. 10).
σωτηρίουof deliverance / peace offeringGenitivegenitive of description (qualifying θυσίας)→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / peace offering'; renders שְׁלָמִים; the fellowship offering whose fat-disposal is the model.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (the priest's act of atonement)→ legislative future (the effected atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; the standard rendering of כִּפֶּר; the atonement formula recurs (cf. v. 20), here for the individual ruler.
περὶfor / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (on whose behalf: 'for him')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'for / on behalf of'; atonement made περὶ αὐτοῦ, on behalf of the ruler.
αὐτοῦhimGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive object of περί: the ruler)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him', the ruler, on whose behalf atonement is made.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the priest, the agent of atonement.
ἀπὸfrom / forpreposition + genitive (separation: atonement 'from his sin')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ ('from his sin') marks the sin from which the ruler is cleansed by the atonement — an added phrase distinguishing this formula from v. 20.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the sin atoned for)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the ruler's specific transgression from which he is cleansed.
αὐτοῦhisGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the ruler's sin)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'his'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the forgiveness clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive: the promise of pardon)→ predictive future passive (divine passive: God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive / remit'; renders סָלַח; the divine-passive ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ ('it shall be forgiven him') promises God's pardon, the goal of the rite (cf. v. 20).
αὐτῷhimDat Masc Sg · αὐτόςdative of advantage (to whom forgiveness is granted)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him', the ruler; the dative marks the recipient of forgiveness.
27
ἐὰν δὲ ψυχὴ μία ἁμάρτῃ ἀκουσίως ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ τῆς γῆς ἐν τῷ ποιῆσαι μίαν ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἐντολῶν κυρίου ἣ οὐ ποιηθήσεται καὶ πλημμελήσῃ
But if one soul from the common people of the land sins unintentionally, in doing one of all the commandments of the LORD which ought not to be done, and incurs guilt,
The fourth and lowest case: ψυχὴ μία ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ τῆς γῆς ('a single soul from the common people of the land'), the ordinary Israelite (Heb. עַם הָאָרֶץ). The articular-infinitive ἐν τῷ ποιῆσαι ('in the doing') frames the sin temporally. The closing tariff (vv. 28, 32) is the cheapest: a female goat or a ewe-lamb.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis of the fourth case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the common person's case.
δὲbut / andcorrelative particle (post-positive; continuing the series)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; ἐὰν δέ marks the final case in the graded series (cf. vv. 13, 22).
ψυχὴsoul / personNominativesubject (the individual offender)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the generic individual, here the ordinary layperson, returning to the language of v. 2 (ψυχὴ ἐὰν ἁμάρτῃ).
μίαone / singleNom Fem Sg · εἷςnumeral adjective (modifying ψυχή: 'a single soul')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; feminine μία agrees with ψυχή; 'one soul' = a single individual, the lowest unit of the social scale addressed by the chapter.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the protasis→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the individual's lapse)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the aorist subjunctive states the hypothetical case of the layperson's transgression.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionallyadverb of manner (the inadvertence of the sin)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'unintentionally'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה; the governing condition once more (cf. vv. 2, 13, 22) — even the common person's sin offering covers only inadvertent sin.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the people')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / of'; ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ τῆς γῆς, 'from the common people of the land', identifies the offender's class.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς renders עַם הָאָרֶץ ('the people of the land'), the ordinary populace, those of no special rank — neither priest, nor community-as-whole, nor ruler.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of relationship (the people of the land)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς is an idiom for the ordinary citizenry of the land.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive: temporal/circumstantial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: with the articular infinitive τῷ ποιῆσαι, the construction ἐν τῷ + infinitive is a Hebraizing temporal/circumstantial 'in the doing of / when one does', rendering the Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (governing the articular infinitive ποιῆσαι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τῷ): the dative article forms the articular infinitive with ποιῆσαι under ἐν.
ποιῆσαιto do / doingAor Act Infin · ποιέωarticular infinitive (with ἐν τῷ: temporal 'in doing')→ constative aorist infinitive (the act of transgression)ποιέω: 'do'; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ ποιῆσαι ('in the doing / when he does') frames the sin as the commission of one of the prohibited commandments.
μίανoneAcc Fem Sg · εἷςnumeral (object of ποιῆσαι: 'one of the commandments')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; feminine μίαν agrees with ἐντολῶν; 'one of all the commandments'.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of'.
πασῶνallGenitiveadjective (modifying ἐντολῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole body of commandments.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολῶνcommandmentsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (partitive)→ relational specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; the divine commands.
κυρίουLORD'sGenitivegenitive of source (the LORD's commandments)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
ἣwhichNom Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ποιηθήσεται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ἣ οὐ ποιηθήσεται ('which is not to be done'), the prohibitive definition (cf. vv. 13, 22).
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιηθήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative.
ποιηθήσεταιis to be doneFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause (with οὐ: prohibitive)→ prohibitive future passive (gnomic norm)ποιέω (fut. pass.): 'ought not to be done'; defines the commandment as a standing prohibition.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλημμελήσῃincurs guiltAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of the protasis (the resultant liability)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (incurring of guilt)πλημμελέω: 'be guilty'; renders אָשֵׁם; the layperson falls under objective liability (cf. vv. 13, 22).
28
καὶ γνωσθῇ αὐτῷ ἡ ἁμαρτία ἣν ἥμαρτεν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ οἴσει χίμαιραν ἐξ αἰγῶν θήλειαν ἄμωμον οἴσει περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἧς ἥμαρτεν
and the sin in which he sinned becomes known to him, then he shall bring an unblemished female goat from the goats; he shall bring it for the sin which he committed;
The discovery-clause and cognate relative repeat the now-familiar pattern (vv. 14, 23). The commoner's tariff is a χίμαιρα ἐξ αἰγῶν θήλειαν ('a female goat'), explicitly θήλειαν ('female') in pointed contrast to the ruler's ἄρσεν ('male', v. 23) — the sex of the victim marks the lowest rank. The doubled οἴσει ('he shall bring … he shall bring') is emphatic/resumptive.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνωσθῇbecomes knownAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of the temporal protasis→ ingressive aorist passive subjunctive (the moment of discovery)γινώσκω: 'know'; γνωσθῇ ('becomes known'), the discovery-clause (cf. vv. 14, 23).
αὐτῷto himDat Masc Sg · αὐτόςdative of reference→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him', the layperson.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject of γνωσθῇ→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the layperson's transgression that comes to light.
ἣνwhichAcc Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (object within the cognate relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ἣν ἥμαρτεν ἐν αὐτῇ, the Hebraizing cognate construction (cf. vv. 14, 23).
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; specifies the layperson's actual transgression.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (resumptive Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; ἐν αὐτῇ resumes the relative ἣν pleonastically.
αὐτῇitDat Fem Sg · αὐτόςresumptive pronoun (object of ἐν, redundant with ἣν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: resumptive 'it', referring to ἁμαρτία.
καὶthen / andcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the apodosis ('then he shall bring…').
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb of the apodosis (bringing the victim)→ legislative future (binding prescription)φέρω: 'bring / carry'; the future οἴσει (suppletive future of φέρω); renders הֵבִיא; the layperson brings the offering; the simplex φέρω here (vs. προσφέρω/προσάγω) is a slight variation.
χίμαιρανfemale goatAccusativedirect object of οἴσει→ object specificationχίμαιρα: 'she-goat / young female goat'; the feminine of χίμαρος; renders שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים; the commoner's tariff — a female goat, the lowest-ranked victim, distinguished by sex from the ruler's male goat (v. 23).
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the goats')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; χίμαιραν ἐξ αἰγῶν, specifying the species.
αἰγῶνgoatsGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationαἴξ: 'goat'; the flock from which the female goat is drawn.
θήλειανfemaleAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χίμαιραν: 'female')→ object specificationθῆλυς, θήλεια: 'female'; renders נְקֵבָה; explicitly marks the goat as female, in deliberate contrast to the ruler's male goat (ἄρσεν, v. 23) — the sex tracks the lower rank of the offender.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χίμαιραν)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; renders תָּמִים; the victim must be flawless.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb (resumptive: 'he shall bring it for the sin')→ legislative future (prescribed action)φέρω: the repeated οἴσει is emphatic/resumptive, restating the bringing and specifying its purpose — 'for the sin which he committed'; the doubling reflects the Hebrew syntax.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for the sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'for'; περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, the sin-offering formula.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sin being atoned.
ἧςwhichGen Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (genitive by attraction to ἁμαρτίας)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; ἧς ἥμαρτεν ('which he sinned'), the cognate Hebraism (cf. v. 3).
ἥμαρτενhe committedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the cognate ἁμαρτίας … ἧς ἥμαρτεν re-anchors the offering to the specific transgression.
29
καὶ ἐπιθήσει τὴν χεῖρα ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ ἁμαρτήματος αὐτοῦ καὶ σφάξουσιν τὴν χίμαιραν τὴν τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐν τόπῳ οὗ σφάζουσιν τὰ ὁλοκαυτώματα
And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his sin offering, and they shall slaughter the female goat of the sin offering in the place where they slaughter the whole burnt offerings.
The commoner's rite follows the ruler's (v. 24): hand-laying and slaughter at the burnt-offering site. A striking metonymy appears — ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ ἁμαρτήματος αὐτοῦ ('upon the head of his sin offering'), where the victim is named directly by the word for sin (ἁμάρτημα), the animal so identified with the offerer's guilt that it is simply called 'his sin'.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall layFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (hand-laying)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'lay upon'; the layperson lays his hand on the victim, identifying with it (cf. vv. 4, 24).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει (the single hand)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the single hand of the individual offerer.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the hand on the victim's head.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the point of identification with the victim.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτήματοςsin offering / sinGenitivegenitive of possession (the head of the victim, named 'his sin')→ relational specificationἁμάρτημα: 'sin / sinful act'; here by metonymy the sin-offering victim itself, 'the head of his sin (offering)' — the animal is so fully identified with the offerer's guilt that it is named by the word for the sin; renders the Hebrew construct with חַטָּאת.
αὐτοῦhisGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: 'his sin offering')→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'his'; the victim is the layperson's own sin offering.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξουσινthey shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωmain verb (slaughter; impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)σφάζω: 'slaughter'; the impersonal plural; the goat is slain at the burnt-offering site.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χίμαιρανfemale goatAccusativedirect object of σφάξουσιν→ object specificationχίμαιρα: 'she-goat'; the commoner's female goat.
τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τήν): forms the attributive phrase 'the (goat) of the sin offering'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsin offeringGenitivegenitive of description (the sin-offering goat)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: ἡ χίμαιρα ἡ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, the sin-offering goat.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; locates the slaughter.
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; the designated slaughter-site.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; the place where the burnt offerings are slaughtered (cf. v. 24).
σφάζουσινthey slaughterPres Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωverb of the relative clause (customary practice)→ customary present (standing practice)σφάζω (pres.): the present of customary practice — the place where the burnt offerings are regularly slaughtered.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object of σφάζουσιν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the offerings whose slaughter-site the sin offering shares.
30
καὶ λήμψεται ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς τῷ δακτύλῳ καὶ ἐπιθήσει ἐπὶ τὰ κέρατα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων καὶ πᾶν τὸ αἷμα αὐτῆς ἐκχεεῖ παρὰ τὴν βάσιν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου
And the priest shall take some of its blood with his finger and put it upon the horns of the altar of whole burnt offerings, and all its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
The blood-rite matches the ruler's (v. 25): the priest takes blood with his finger, daubs the horns of the outer altar of burnt offerings, and pours the rest at its base. No entry into the tent, no sprinkling before the veil — the layperson's inadvertent sin is dealt with entirely at the courtyard altar.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεταιhe shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (taking the blood)→ legislative future (prescribed action)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the future middle λήμψεται; renders לָקַח; the priest takes blood with his finger for the daubing (cf. λαβών, v. 5).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood.
αὐτῆςitsGen Fem Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the goat's blood; feminine)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'its', feminine in agreement with χίμαιραν — the she-goat's blood.
τῷwith theDativearticle (with δακτύλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλῳfingerDativedative of instrument (the blood taken 'with the finger')→ sphere or referenceδάκτυλος: 'finger'; the dative of instrument, as in v. 25.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (daubing blood on the horns)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put upon'; the blood is daubed on the horns of the outer altar.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the blood on the horns.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκέρας: 'horn'; the horns of the outer altar.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar of burnt offerings)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτωμάτωνwhole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of description (the altar of burnt offerings)→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: the outer altar of burnt offerings, where the blood is applied.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the blood-pouring)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying αἷμα: 'all its blood')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; all the remaining blood.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐκχεεῖ→ object specificationαἷμα: the remaining blood, poured out at the base.
αὐτῆςitsGen Fem Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the goat's blood)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'its', feminine (the she-goat).
ἐκχεεῖhe shall pour outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb (pouring the remaining blood)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐκχέω: 'pour out'; the disposal of the remaining blood at the altar base.
παρὰbeside / atpreposition + accusative (position: 'at the base')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'beside / at'; locates the pouring at the foot of the altar.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσινbaseAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / foot'; the foot of the altar.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar whose base receives the blood)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar; here without further qualifier, the disposal-point for the blood.
31
καὶ πᾶν τὸ στέαρ περιελεῖ ὃν τρόπον περιαιρεῖται στέαρ ἀπὸ θυσίας σωτηρίου καὶ ἀνοίσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ
And he shall remove all the fat, just as the fat is removed from the sacrifice of deliverance, and the priest shall offer it up upon the altar for a fragrance of sweet savour to the LORD; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him.
The fat is removed and burned 'just as the fat is removed from the peace offering' (the comparison of vv. 10, 26), and the offering ascends εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ ('for a fragrance of sweet savour to the LORD') — the recurring sacrificial phrase signaling divine acceptance (cf. Gen 8:21; Eph 5:2; Phil 4:18). The atonement formula closes the sub-case (cf. vv. 20, 26).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying στέαρ: 'all the fat')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole of the fat is removed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativedirect object of περιελεῖ→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat'; the LORD's portion.
περιελεῖhe shall removeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωmain verb (removing the fat)→ legislative future (prescribed action)περιαιρέω: 'remove'; the technical verb for stripping the fat (cf. vv. 8, 19, 35).
ὃνwhichAcc Masc Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (in the adverbial phrase ὃν τρόπον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον ('just as') draws the comparison with the peace offering.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὃν: 'just as')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον = 'just as'.
περιαιρεῖταιis removedPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωverb of the comparative clause (customary practice)→ customary/gnomic present (standing practice)περιαιρέω (pres. mid./pass.): the present περιαιρεῖται ('is removed') describes the established practice of removing the fat from the peace offering — the model for this rite.
στέαρfatNominativesubject of περιαιρεῖται (the fat that is removed)→ participant prominenceστέαρ: 'fat'; the subject of the passive — the fat 'is removed' from the peace offering.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the fat is removed from the peace offering.
θυσίαςsacrificeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the peace-offering sacrifice)→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; in construct with σωτηρίου, the peace offering (cf. vv. 10, 26).
σωτηρίουof deliverance / peace offeringGenitivegenitive of description (qualifying θυσίας)→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / peace offering'; renders שְׁלָמִים; the model for the fat-disposal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίσειhe shall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (burning the fat on the altar)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἀναφέρω: 'offer up'; the fat is sent up in smoke (cf. vv. 10, 19, 26).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἀνοίσει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant who burns the fat.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place of offering)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the fat is laid on the altar.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar where the fat is burned.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (purpose/result: 'for a fragrance')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας expresses the purpose/effect of the offering — that it become a pleasing aroma.
ὀσμὴνfragrance / smellAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὀσμή: 'smell / odor / fragrance'; renders רֵיחַ; the smoke of the burning fat ascends as a fragrance; the phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας is taken up of Christ's self-offering (Eph 5:2) and of acceptable gifts (Phil 4:18).
εὐωδίαςof sweet savourGenitivegenitive of quality (describing ὀσμήν: 'a pleasing fragrance')→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'sweet smell / fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ ('soothing/pleasing'); ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('a soothing aroma') is the fixed LXX formula for a sacrifice accepted by God (cf. Gen 8:21).
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient (the aroma is 'to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the dative marks the LORD as the one to whom the pleasing aroma ascends.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (the priest's act of atonement)→ legislative future (the effected atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; renders כִּפֶּר; the atonement formula recurs (cf. vv. 20, 26), for the individual layperson.
περὶfor / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (on whose behalf)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'for / on behalf of'.
αὐτοῦhimGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive object of περί: the offerer)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him', the layperson on whose behalf atonement is made.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the priest, agent of atonement.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the forgiveness clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive: the promise of pardon)→ predictive future passive (divine passive: God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive'; renders סָלַח; the divine-passive ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ ('it shall be forgiven him') (cf. vv. 20, 26).
αὐτῷhimDat Masc Sg · αὐτόςdative of advantage (to whom forgiveness is granted)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him', the layperson; the recipient of forgiveness.
32
ἐὰν δὲ πρόβατον προσενέγκῃ τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ εἰς ἁμαρτίαν θῆλυ ἄμωμον προσοίσει αὐτό
But if he brings a sheep as his gift for a sin offering, he shall bring it, an unblemished female.
A sub-condition within the commoner's case: if the offerer brings a πρόβατον ('sheep / lamb') instead of a goat, it too must be θῆλυ ('female') and ἄμωμον ('unblemished'). The lamb-alternative offers a flexible tariff for the layperson, the only species-choice in the chapter. The repeated bringing-verbs (προσενέγκῃ … προσοίσει) frame the presentation.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (sub-case protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the lamb sub-case within the commoner's law.
δὲbut / andmild adversative particle (post-positive; alternative option)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; here marks the alternative — 'but if (instead) a sheep'.
πρόβατονsheep / lambAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκῃ (the alternative victim)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / lamb'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ / שֶׂה; the alternative victim for the layperson — a ewe-lamb instead of the she-goat; the lamb foreshadows the ἀμνός / ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ typology (John 1:29; 1 Pet 1:19).
προσενέγκῃhe bringsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · προσφέρωverb of the protasis (presenting the lamb)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the act of bringing)προσφέρω: 'bring to / present / offer'; the aorist subjunctive in the ἐάν-clause; renders הִקְרִיב; if the offerer presents a sheep rather than a goat.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονgift / offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition to πρόβατον (the sheep as his gift)→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן; the lamb is presented as the offerer's gift to God (cf. v. 23).
αὐτοῦhisGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the offerer's gift)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'his'.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for a sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; εἰς ἁμαρτίαν, 'for a sin offering' — the purpose of the presentation.
ἁμαρτίανsin offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the purpose of the gift)→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; εἰς ἁμαρτίαν ('as/for a sin offering'), the purpose for which the lamb is brought; renders לְחַטָּאת.
θῆλυfemaleAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρόβατον: 'a female')→ object specificationθῆλυς, θῆλυ: 'female'; renders נְקֵבָה; like the she-goat (v. 28), the lamb too must be female — the commoner's victim is female regardless of species, distinguishing it from the ruler's male goat.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρόβατον)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; renders תָּמִים; the lamb must be flawless.
προσοίσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb of the apodosis (resumptive: he shall present it)→ legislative future (prescribed action)προσφέρω: the future προσοίσει resumes the bringing in the apodosis — 'he shall (so) bring it'; the repetition (after προσενέγκῃ) is emphatic, mirroring the doubled οἴσει of v. 28.
αὐτόitAcc Neut Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (direct object of προσοίσει: the lamb)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it', neuter in agreement with πρόβατον — the lamb that is presented.
33
καὶ ἐπιθήσει τὴν χεῖρα ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ σφάξουσιν αὐτὸ ἐν τόπῳ οὗ σφάζουσιν τὰ ὁλοκαυτώματα
And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and they shall slaughter it in the place where they slaughter the whole burnt offerings.
The lamb-rite repeats the now-standard sequence: hand-laying on the head of the victim (here named simply τοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, 'the one of the sin offering') and slaughter at the burnt-offering site. The neuter pronoun αὐτό agrees with πρόβατον.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall layFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (hand-laying)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'lay upon'; the offerer lays his hand on the lamb (cf. vv. 4, 24, 29).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει (the single hand)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the single hand of the individual offerer.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the hand on the lamb's head.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the point of identification with the victim.
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς ἁμαρτίας: 'the one of the sin offering')→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τοῦ): the article substantivizes the phrase — 'the (victim) of the sin offering'; the lamb is named simply as 'the one of the sin'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsin offeringGenitivegenitive of description (the sin-offering victim)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; τοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, 'the (victim) of the sin offering' — the lamb identified by the sin it bears.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξουσινthey shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωmain verb (slaughter; impersonal plural)→ legislative future (prescribed action)σφάζω: 'slaughter'; the impersonal plural; the lamb is slain at the burnt-offering site.
αὐτὸitAcc Neut Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (direct object: the lamb)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it', neuter in agreement with πρόβατον — the lamb.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; locates the slaughter.
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; the designated slaughter-site.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where' (cf. vv. 24, 29).
σφάζουσινthey slaughterPres Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωverb of the relative clause (customary practice)→ customary present (standing practice)σφάζω (pres.): the present of customary practice — where the burnt offerings are regularly slaughtered.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object of σφάζουσιν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the offerings whose slaughter-site the sin offering shares.
34
καὶ λαβὼν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας τῷ δακτύλῳ ἐπιθήσει ἐπὶ τὰ κέρατα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως καὶ πᾶν αὐτοῦ τὸ αἷμα ἐκχεεῖ παρὰ τὴν βάσιν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως
And the priest, having taken some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, shall put it upon the horns of the altar of whole burnt offering, and all its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of whole burnt offering.
The lamb's blood-rite matches the goat's (vv. 25, 30): the priest, having taken blood on his finger, daubs the horns of the outer altar and pours the rest at its base. The altar is here twice called τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως ('the altar of whole burnt offering'), yet another designation of the courtyard altar.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὼνhaving takenAor Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (antecedent action, modifying ὁ ἱερεύς)→ antecedent aorist participle (the act of taking the blood)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the aorist participle λαβών (with ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος) describes the priest taking blood as the preliminary to daubing (cf. λαβών, v. 5).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: the atoning blood.
τοῦof the (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (τοῦ): forms the attributive phrase 'the (blood) of the sin offering'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsin offeringGenitivegenitive of description (the sin-offering blood)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: τὸ αἷμα τὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, the blood of the sin offering.
τῷwith theDativearticle (with δακτύλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλῳfingerDativedative of instrument (the blood taken/applied 'with the finger')→ sphere or referenceδάκτυλος: 'finger'; the dative of instrument, as in vv. 25, 30.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (daubing blood on the horns)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put upon'; the blood is daubed on the horns of the outer altar.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the blood on the horns.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκέρας: 'horn'; the horns of the outer altar.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar of whole burnt offering)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώσεωςwhole burnt offeringGenitivegenitive of description (the altar of whole burnt offering)→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'whole burnt offering / the act of offering wholly burnt'; a variant of ὁλοκαύτωμα; τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως is the outer altar (cf. τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων, vv. 25, 30) — the LXX varies its altar-designations freely.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the blood-pouring)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying αἷμα: 'all its blood')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; all the remaining blood.
αὐτοῦitsGen Neut Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the lamb's blood)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'its', neuter (the lamb, πρόβατον).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐκχεεῖ→ object specificationαἷμα: the remaining blood, poured out at the base.
ἐκχεεῖhe shall pour outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb (pouring the remaining blood)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐκχέω: 'pour out'; the disposal of the remaining blood at the altar base.
παρὰbeside / atpreposition + accusative (position: 'at the base')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'beside / at'; locates the pouring at the foot of the altar.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσινbaseAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / foot'; the foot of the altar.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (the altar of whole burnt offering)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώσεωςwhole burnt offeringGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: the repeated full designation 'altar of whole burnt offering' confirms that the entire rite stays at the outer courtyard altar.
35
καὶ πᾶν αὐτοῦ τὸ στέαρ περιελεῖ ὃν τρόπον περιαιρεῖται στέαρ προβάτου ἐκ τῆς θυσίας τοῦ σωτηρίου καὶ ἐπιθήσει αὐτὸ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἐπὶ τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα κυρίου καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἧς ἥμαρτεν καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ
And he shall remove all its fat, just as the fat of a sheep is removed from the sacrifice of deliverance, and the priest shall put it upon the altar, upon the whole burnt offering of the LORD; and the priest shall make atonement for him for the sin which he committed, and it shall be forgiven him.
The chapter closes with the lamb's fat removed and burned 'just as the fat of a sheep is removed from the peace offering', placed on the altar ἐπὶ τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα κυρίου ('upon the whole burnt offering of the LORD'). The full atonement formula sounds a final time — ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἧς ἥμαρτεν, καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ — uniquely expanded with περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἧς ἥμαρτεν ('for the sin which he committed'), rounding off the whole sin-offering torah on the note of forgiveness.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallAccusativeadjective (modifying στέαρ: 'all its fat')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole of the lamb's fat is removed.
αὐτοῦitsGen Neut Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (possessive: the lamb's fat)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive 'its', neuter (the lamb).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativedirect object of περιελεῖ→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat'; the LORD's portion, removed for burning.
περιελεῖhe shall removeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωmain verb (removing the fat)→ legislative future (prescribed action)περιαιρέω: 'remove'; the technical verb for stripping the fat (cf. vv. 8, 19, 31).
ὃνwhichAcc Masc Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (in the adverbial phrase ὃν τρόπον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον ('just as') draws the comparison with the peace offering.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὃν: 'just as')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον = 'just as' (cf. vv. 10, 31).
περιαιρεῖταιis removedPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωverb of the comparative clause (customary practice)→ customary/gnomic present (standing practice)περιαιρέω (pres. mid./pass.): 'is removed'; the standing practice of removing the lamb's fat from the peace offering.
στέαρfatNominativesubject of περιαιρεῖται (the fat that is removed)→ participant prominenceστέαρ: 'fat'; the subject of the passive — 'the fat of a sheep is removed'.
προβάτουof a sheepGenitivegenitive of source (the sheep's fat)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / lamb'; the genitive specifies that it is specifically the fat of a sheep (which, unlike the goat's, includes the fat tail, Lev 3:9) that is the comparison-point.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; the fat is removed from the peace offering.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςsacrificeGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the peace-offering sacrifice)→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; in construct with σωτηρίου, the peace offering (cf. vv. 10, 26, 31).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτηρίουof deliverance / peace offeringGenitivegenitive of description (qualifying θυσίας)→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / peace offering'; renders שְׁלָמִים; the model for the fat-disposal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (placing the fat on the altar)→ legislative future (prescribed action)ἐπιτίθημι: 'put / place upon'; here of laying the fat on the altar to be burned (varying ἀναφέρω of vv. 10, 31).
αὐτὸitAcc Neut Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (direct object: the fat)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it', neuter agreeing with στέαρ — the fat that is placed on the altar.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐπιθήσει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiant who burns the fat.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place of offering)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; the fat is laid on the altar.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the outer altar where the fat is burned.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (further specification: 'upon the burnt offering')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: the second ἐπί places the fat 'upon the whole burnt offering' already on the altar — the sin offering's fat is added to the regular daily ὁλοκαύτωμα.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of the second ἐπί→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the regular burnt offering on the altar, upon which the sin offering's fat is laid; renders עֹלָה.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (the LORD's burnt offering)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα κυρίου ('the burnt offering of the LORD') is the offering that belongs and ascends to YHWH.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (the priest's act of atonement)→ legislative future (the effected atonement)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; renders כִּפֶּר; the climactic, final occurrence of the atonement formula in the chapter (cf. vv. 20, 26, 31).
περὶfor / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (on whose behalf)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'for / on behalf of'.
αὐτοῦhimGen Masc Sg · αὐτόςpersonal pronoun (genitive object of περί: the offerer)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him', the layperson on whose behalf atonement is made.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the priest, agent of atonement.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (the sin atoned for)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'for / concerning'; the second περί specifies the object of atonement — 'for the sin which he committed', an expansion unique to this closing formula.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (the sin atoned for)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the specific transgression for which atonement is made.
ἧςwhichGen Fem Sg · ὅςrelative pronoun (genitive by attraction to ἁμαρτίας)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; ἧς ἥμαρτεν ('which he sinned'), the cognate Hebraism (cf. vv. 3, 28).
ἥμαρτενhe committedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the cognate ἁμαρτίας … ἧς ἥμαρτεν re-anchors the atonement to the specific sin, closing the chapter as it began (v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the forgiveness clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive: the promise of pardon)→ predictive future passive (divine passive: God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive / remit'; renders סָלַח; the divine-passive ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ ('it shall be forgiven him') is the final word of the chapter — the goal of the entire sin-offering torah is the assurance of forgiveness (cf. vv. 20, 26, 31).
αὐτῷhimDat Masc Sg · αὐτόςdative of advantage (to whom forgiveness is granted)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him', the layperson; the recipient of forgiveness, with which the chapter ends.