1
ἐὰν δὲ ψυχὴ ἁμάρτῃ καὶ ἀκούσῃ φωνὴν ὁρκισμοῦ καὶ οὗτος μάρτυς ἢ ἑώρακεν ἢ σύνοιδεν ἐὰν μὴ ἀπαγγείλῃ λήμψεται τὴν ἁμαρτίαν
And if a person sins and hears the voice of adjuration, and this one is a witness — whether he has seen or knows of it — if he does not report it, he shall bear the guilt.
The conditional ἐὰν … with the aorist subjunctive is the standard form of priestly case-law; δέ links this paragraph of individual liabilities to the burnt-offering legislation preceding. ψυχή ('a person / a soul') as legal subject renders Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ. The case concerns suppression of testimony after an oath of adjuration has been pronounced over potential witnesses (ὁρκισμός), a failure that itself incurs guilt.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the casuistic condition with the subjunctive; the standard form of LXX priestly case-law (rendering כִּי / אִם).
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle linking this new block of individual liabilities to the surrounding sacrificial legislation.
ψυχὴa person / soulNominativesubject of ἁμάρτῃ→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / living being / person'; renders Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ; in priestly law the term functions as a generic legal subject ('anyone'), here the potential witness.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of protasis→ constative aorist subjunctive (the act constituting liability)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark / err'; renders חָטָא; the key verb of the chapter, here defining the general fact of incurred sin spelled out in the clauses that follow.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσῃhearsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of protasis (coordinate with ἁμάρτῃ)→ constative aorist subjunctiveἀκούω: 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; the person hears the formal adjuration calling on any witness to come forward.
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativedirect object of ἀκούσῃ→ object specificationφωνή: 'voice / sound'; renders קוֹל; φωνὴ ὁρκισμοῦ is the publicly uttered oath of adjuration laid on possible witnesses.
ὁρκισμοῦof adjurationGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying φωνήν)→ relational specificationὁρκισμός: 'adjuration / putting under oath'; renders אָלָה ('imprecatory oath'); the solemn charge that legally obligates a witness to testify; failure to respond is the sin in view.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this (one)'; the demonstrative resumes ψυχή, focusing on the person as the implicated witness.
μάρτυςa witnessNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'is')→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: 'witness'; renders עֵד; the legal status that, once established, creates the obligation to testify.
ἢeither / whetherdisjunctive particle (first of pair)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or / whether'; the ἢ … ἢ pair frames the two grounds of knowledge — eyewitness or otherwise informed.
ἑώρακενhas seenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of disjunctive clause→ resultative perfect (he has seen and retains the knowledge)ὁράω: 'see'; renders רָאָה; the perfect expresses settled eyewitness knowledge persisting into the present obligation to speak.
ἢordisjunctive particle (second of pair)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύνοιδενknows of itPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · σύνοιδαverb of disjunctive clause (perfect with present sense)→ stative perfect (settled knowledge / awareness)σύνοιδα: 'be aware / share knowledge / know within oneself'; renders יָדַע; the second perfect functions with present force; covers knowledge held otherwise than by direct sight.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (inner condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the inner condition specifying the culpable failure.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the subjunctive ἀπαγγείλῃ.
ἀπαγγείλῃreportsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωverb of inner condition→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (fails to make the disclosure)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce / declare'; renders נָגַד / הִגִּיד; the witness's silence — refusal to disclose what he knows — is the precise culpable act.
λήμψεταιhe shall bearFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωapodosis main verb→ predictive future (legal consequence)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive / bear'; the idiom λαμβάνειν τὴν ἁμαρτίαν renders נָשָׂא עָוֺן ('bear iniquity / liability'), i.e. become answerable for the guilt; the Hellenistic future λήμψεται with intrusive μ is the regular LXX form.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίανguilt / sinAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / guilt / liability'; renders עָוֺן here in the sense of culpability borne; the silent witness incurs the consequences of the offense.
2
ἢ ψυχή ἥτις ἐὰν ἅψηται παντὸς πράγματος ἀκαθάρτου ἢ θνησιμαίου ἢ θηριαλώτου ἀκαθάρτου ἢ τῶν θνησιμαίων ἢ τῶν βδελυγμάτων τῶν ἀκαθάρτων ἢ τῶν θνησιμαίων κτηνῶν τῶν ἀκαθάρτων
Or a person who touches any unclean thing — whether a carcass, or what is beast-torn and unclean, or the carcasses of unclean creatures, or the abominable unclean things, or the carcasses of unclean cattle —
The disjunctive ἤ chains a second protasis to the first. The relative ἥτις ἐάν ('whoever') with the subjunctive ἅψηται governs a long catalogue of unclean objects, all in the genitive after ἅπτομαι ('touch'). The piling up of θνησιμαῖον ('carcass') and ἀκάθαρτος ('unclean') is characteristically Levitical, fencing the holy from every form of ritual defilement.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἢordisjunctive particle (introducing second case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; links this liability to the preceding case as an alternative situation also requiring the sin offering.
ψυχήa personNominativesubject (nominative, picked up by the relative ἥτις)→ participant prominenceψυχή: again the generic legal subject ('anyone'), rendering נֶפֶשׁ.
ἥτιςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἅψηται)→ participant referenceὅστις: 'whoever / anyone who'; the indefinite relative generalizes the case; with ἐάν + subjunctive it has the force 'whoever may touch'.
ἐὰνif / -evermodal particle reinforcing the indefinite relative→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here joined to the relative (ἥτις ἐάν) to give a generalizing 'whoever may …' sense with the subjunctive.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτομαιverb of relative clause (governs genitive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the defiling contact)ἅπτομαι: 'touch / take hold of'; deponent middle taking the genitive (παντὸς πράγματος); renders נָגַע; ritual contact with the unclean is the defiling act.
παντὸςany / everyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying πράγματος)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / every / any'; genitive agreeing with πράγματος, the object of ἅπτομαι.
πράγματοςthingGenitivegenitive object of ἅψηται→ relational specificationπρᾶγμα: 'thing / matter / object'; renders דָּבָר; the broad head-term under which the specific unclean objects are subsumed.
ἀκαθάρτουuncleanGenitiveattributive adjective (qualifying πράγματος)→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean / impure'; renders טָמֵא; the key cultic category that bars contact and necessitates purification or offering.
ἢordisjunctive particle (item in catalogue)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θνησιμαίουa carcassGenitivegenitive (alternative object of ἅψηται)→ relational specificationθνησιμαῖον: 'carcass / that which has died of itself'; renders נְבֵלָה; an animal not slaughtered ritually, the contact with which defiles (cf. Lev 11:39).
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θηριαλώτουbeast-tornGenitivegenitive (alternative object of ἅψηται)→ relational specificationθηριάλωτος: 'taken/killed by a wild beast'; renders טְרֵפָה; an animal mangled by predators, likewise a source of defilement (cf. Exod 22:30).
ἀκαθάρτουuncleanGenitiveattributive adjective (qualifying θηριαλώτου)→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; reinforces the impurity of the beast-torn animal.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (genitive plural)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θνησιμαίωνcarcassesGenitivegenitive (alternative object of ἅψηται)→ relational specificationθνησιμαῖον (gen. pl.): 'carcasses'; the plural broadens the category to dead creatures generally.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (genitive plural)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βδελυγμάτωνabominationsGenitivegenitive (alternative object of ἅψηται)→ relational specificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders שֶׁקֶץ / תּוֹעֵבָה; the strongest LXX term for ritually loathsome creatures (cf. the swarming things of Lev 11).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθάρτωνuncleanGenitiveattributive adjective (qualifying βδελυγμάτων)→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; the attributive in second-article position ('the abominations, the unclean ones').
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (genitive plural)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θνησιμαίωνcarcassesGenitivegenitive (attributive with κτηνῶν: 'carcasses of cattle')→ relational specificationθνησιμαῖον: here governing κτηνῶν — the dead bodies of cattle.
κτηνῶνof cattleGenitivegenitive (specifying θνησιμαίων)→ relational specificationκτῆνος: 'cattle / beast / domestic animal'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the carcasses of unclean domestic animals complete the catalogue.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθάρτωνuncleanGenitiveattributive adjective (qualifying κτηνῶν)→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; closes the catalogue by marking even the cattle as ritually impure.
3
ἢ ἅψηται ἀπὸ ἀκαθαρσίας ἀνθρώπου ἀπὸ πάσης ἀκαθαρσίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἂν ἁψάμενος μιανθῇ καὶ ἔλαθεν αὐτόν μετὰ τοῦτο δὲ γνῷ καὶ πλημμελήσῃ
or if he touches human uncleanness — any of his uncleanness by which, having touched it, he is defiled — and it escaped his notice, but afterward he comes to know it and so is in trespass;
The third case turns from animal carcasses to human impurity (ἀκαθαρσία ἀνθρώπου). The decisive nuance is the lapse of awareness: ἔλαθεν αὐτόν ('it escaped him') followed by later realization (μετὰ τοῦτο … γνῷ). The verb πλημμελήσῃ here anticipates the trespass vocabulary that dominates vv. 14–26: the discovered, formerly hidden defilement now constitutes liability.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἢordisjunctive particle (introducing third case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; chains the third liability to the catalogue of cases.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτομαιverb of protasis (governs genitive via ἀπό)→ constative aorist subjunctiveἅπτομαι: 'touch'; here construed with ἀπό + genitive (a Hebraizing partitive), 'touch some of …'.
ἀπὸfrom / some ofpreposition + genitive (partitive with ἅπτομαι)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'from / some of'; rendering מִן; the construction ἅπτομαι ἀπό is a LXX Hebraism.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness / impurity'; renders טֻמְאָה; abstract noun for the defiling condition that emanates from a person.
ἀνθρώπουof a humanGenitivegenitive of source (qualifying ἀκαθαρσίας)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; renders אָדָם; specifies that the impurity is human (bodily discharge, contact with the dead, etc.), distinct from the animal carcasses of v. 2.
ἀπὸfrom / any ofpreposition + genitive (resumptive partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: repeated partitive, resuming the object with the totalizing πάσης.
πάσηςall / anyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἀκαθαρσίας)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; widens the reference to every species of human impurity.
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (resumptive)→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: repeated for emphasis on the comprehensiveness of the defiling sources.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the person's uncleanness)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; referring to the unclean person whose impurity is the source of contagion.
ἧςby whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive after ἁψάμενος)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, attracted to the genitive of its antecedent ἀκαθαρσίας; object of the participle ἁψάμενος.
ἂν(modal)modal particle (with subjunctive μιανθῇ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the contingency of the relative clause with the subjunctive.
ἁψάμενοςhaving touchedAor Mid Part Nom Sg Masc · ἅπτομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal/causal: 'on touching')→ antecedent (aorist participle: the contact preceding defilement)ἅπτομαι (aor. ptc.): 'having touched'; the participle expresses the act of contact that brings about the defilement of the main verb.
μιανθῇis defiledAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · μιαίνωverb of relative clause→ resultative aorist passive (defilement incurred)μιαίνω: 'defile / pollute'; renders טָמֵא (in passive 'be made unclean'); the passive marks the person as the recipient of contracted impurity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαθενit escaped noticeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λανθάνωmain verb (indicative within the case description)→ constative aorist (the lapse of awareness)λανθάνω: 'escape notice / be hidden from'; takes the accusative of the person (αὐτόν); renders נֶעְלַם; the defilement was unwitting — the crucial mitigating circumstance.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ἔλαθεν ('escaped him')→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'; the person from whom the defilement was hidden.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; the formula μετὰ τοῦτο ('after this') marks the later moment of discovery.
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (demonstrative)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; refers to the period of unawareness now ended.
δὲbutmild adversative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the shift from ignorance to knowledge.
γνῷhe comes to knowAor Act Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of protasis (the moment of realization)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (comes to recognize)γινώσκω: 'know / come to know / realize'; renders יָדַע; the discovery of the previously hidden defilement is what activates liability.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλημμελήσῃis in trespassAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of protasis (resultant liability)→ resultative aorist subjunctive (incurs guilt-liability)πλημμελέω: 'commit a fault / be in trespass / incur guilt'; renders אָשַׁם; the key trespass-verb of the chapter, here introduced as the consequence of the discovered defilement.
4
ἢ ψυχή ἡ ἂν ὀμόσῃ διαστέλλουσα τοῖς χείλεσιν κακοποιῆσαι ἢ καλῶς ποιῆσαι κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐὰν διαστείλῃ ὁ ἄνθρωπος μεθ᾿ ὅρκου καὶ λάθῃ αὐτὸν πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν καὶ οὗτος γνῷ καὶ ἁμάρτῃ ἕν τι τούτων
or a person who swears, declaring with the lips to do evil or to do good, according to all that a person may declare with an oath, and it escapes him before his eyes, but this one comes to know it and so sins in one of these things —
The fourth and last case of the opening section concerns the thoughtless oath. ὀμόσῃ … διαστέλλουσα τοῖς χείλεσιν ('swears, making a pronouncement with the lips') captures the rashness of the verbal vow, sworn 'to do evil or to do good' — i.e. any binding utterance. Again the structure of forgetting and later recognition (λάθῃ … γνῷ) parallels v. 3, and the closing ἁμάρτῃ ἕν τι τούτων ('sins in one of these things') sums up all four cases before the remedy of vv. 5–6.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἢordisjunctive particle (introducing fourth case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the last of the four alternative liabilities.
ψυχήa personNominativesubject (defined by the relative ἡ … ὀμόσῃ)→ participant prominenceψυχή: again the generic legal subject.
ἡwhoNominativearticle used as relative (subject of ὀμόσῃ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: the feminine article here functions relatively ('the [person] who'), agreeing with ψυχή; with ἄν + subjunctive it generalizes the case.
ἂν(modal)modal particle (with subjunctive ὀμόσῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: marks the contingency of the relative clause.
ὀμόσῃswearsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist subjunctive (the act of swearing)ὀμνύω: 'swear / take an oath'; renders שָׁבַע; the rash oath uttered without due reflection is the defining act of this case.
διαστέλλουσαdeclaringPres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · διαστέλλωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'making a pronouncement')→ imperfective participle (the manner of the oath, ongoing utterance)διαστέλλω: 'distinguish / give express charge / pronounce distinctly'; the feminine participle agrees with ψυχή; here 'declaring / specifying with the lips' describes the explicit verbal commitment of the oath.
τοῖςthe / with theDativearticle (dative)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείλεσινlipsDativedative of instrument (with διαστέλλουσα)→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος (dat. pl. χείλεσιν): 'lip'; renders שָׂפָה; the phrase 'with the lips' stresses that the offense is a verbal, spoken vow — speech that binds.
κακοποιῆσαιto do evilAor Act Inf · κακοποιέωcomplementary infinitive (content of the oath)→ aorist infinitive (the action sworn to)κακοποιέω: 'do harm / do evil'; renders הָרַע; one pole of the merism 'to do evil or to do good' = any sworn course of action whatever.
ἢordisjunctive particle (within the merism)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλῶςwelladverb of manner (with ποιῆσαι)→ clausal contributionκαλῶς: 'well / rightly'; renders הֵיטִיב; the second pole of the merism, 'to do good'.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (content of the oath, with καλῶς)→ aorist infinitive (the action sworn to)ποιέω: 'do / make'; with καλῶς, 'to do good'; the pair κακοποιῆσαι / καλῶς ποιῆσαι is a merism covering every kind of vow.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard / norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; introduces the generalizing clause that subsumes all such oaths.
πάνταall thingsAccusativeobject of κατά (substantival adjective)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα = 'according to all that …', generalizing to every sworn utterance.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of διαστείλῃ)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the correlative relative widening the reference to any oath one might pronounce.
ἐὰν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive διαστείλῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: joined to the relative ὅσα to generalize ('whatever one may declare').
διαστείλῃmay declareAor Act Subj 3 Sg · διαστέλλωverb of generalizing relative clause→ constative aorist subjunctive (any explicit pronouncement)διαστέλλω: 'pronounce distinctly / give express charge'; here 'whatever a person may expressly utter under oath'.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἄνθρωπος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςpersonNominativesubject of διαστείλῃ→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'a person / anyone'; renders אָדָם; the generic human agent of the rash oath.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; μεθ᾿ ὅρκου = 'with an oath', marking the utterance as sworn and therefore binding.
ὅρκουan oathGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationὅρκος: 'oath'; renders שְׁבוּעָה; what raises the careless utterance to a legal trespass is its solemn, sworn character.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάθῃit escapesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λανθάνωverb of protasis (the lapse of awareness)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the matter is forgotten)λανθάνω: 'escape notice / be hidden'; with accusative of person (αὐτόν); the oath, or its rashness, slips from his mind.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of λάθῃ→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'; the swearer from whom the matter is hidden.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (idiomatic: 'before the eyes')→ spatial or relational framingπρό + gen.: 'before'; πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν ('before the eyes') is an idiom for what is kept in view; the negated sense here is that it had slipped from his sight/awareness.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesGenitivegenitive object of πρό→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עַיִן; the idiom 'before the eyes' = present to one's mind/attention.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativesubject (demonstrative, resuming ψυχή)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; the swearer, now recognizing the binding oath he had forgotten.
γνῷcomes to knowAor Act Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of protasis (the moment of realization)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (comes to recognize)γινώσκω: 'come to know / realize'; the recognition that he is bound — and has failed — activates the liability.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of protasis (summary of liability)→ resultative aorist subjunctive (the realized sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the summarizing verb gathering all four cases — to sin 'in one of these things'.
ἕνoneAccusativenumeral adjective (with τι: 'some one')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; neuter ἕν with τι and the partitive τούτων = 'in any one of these things'.
τιsomethingAccusativeindefinite pronoun (with ἕν)→ participant referenceτις, τι: 'someone / something'; ἕν τι = 'some one thing', i.e. any single instance of the foregoing.
τούτωνof theseGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἕν τι)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'these'; partitive, summing up the four enumerated cases (vv. 1–4) as the situations requiring the remedy of vv. 5–6.
5
καὶ ἐξαγορεύσει τὴν ἁμαρτίαν περὶ ὧν ἡμάρτηκεν κατ᾿ αὐτῆς
then he shall confess the sin concerning the things in which he has sinned against it,
After the fourfold protasis (vv. 1–4), the apodosis begins with the prerequisite of contrition: ἐξαγορεύσει τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ('he shall confess the sin'). The future ἐξαγορεύσει carries imperatival force (the regular LXX legal future for 'he must …'); confession precedes and conditions the sacrificial atonement that follows in v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis-opening)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαγορεύσειhe shall confessFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαγορεύωapodosis main verb (legal future = obligation)→ imperatival future (he must confess)ἐξαγορεύω: 'declare openly / confess'; renders הִתְוַדָּה (Hithpael of יָדָה); the prerequisite act of open confession that must accompany the sin offering; the legal future has the binding force of a command.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίανsinAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγορεύσει→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; the specific offense, openly named in confession.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (specifying the sin's content)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / about'; introduces the relative clause defining the matters confessed.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive after περί, by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, attracted to the genitive of περί; 'the things in which he has sinned'.
ἡμάρτηκενhe has sinnedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause→ resultative perfect (the standing fact of his sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the perfect ἡμάρτηκεν stresses the abiding state of guilt requiring confession and atonement.
κατ᾿againstpreposition + genitive (disadvantage, elided)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + gen.: 'against'; κατ᾿ αὐτῆς = 'against it' — i.e. with respect to the matter sinned in (the antecedent being the sin/case).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of κατά→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; refers back to the matter or sin in which he has offended.
6
καὶ οἴσει περὶ ὧν ἐπλημμέλησεν κυρίῳ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἧς ἥμαρτεν θῆλυ ἀπὸ τῶν προβάτων ἀμνάδα ἢ χίμαιραν ἐξ αἰγῶν περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἥμαρτεν καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ ἡ ἁμαρτία
and for the things in which he trespassed against the LORD he shall bring, for the sin which he sinned, a female from the flock — a ewe-lamb or a she-goat from the goats — as a sin offering; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin which he sinned, and the sin shall be forgiven him.
The remedy is completed: the offerer brings (οἴσει) a female animal — a ewe-lamb (ἀμνάς) or a she-goat (χίμαιρα) — as a sin offering (περὶ ἁμαρτίας, the LXX's calque for חַטָּאת). The verse closes with the chapter's governing formula: ἐξιλάσεται … ὁ ἱερεὺς … καὶ ἀφεθήσεται ('the priest shall make atonement … and it shall be forgiven'), pairing the future middle of propitiation with the future passive of forgiveness.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωapodosis main verb (legal future)→ imperatival future (he must bring)φέρω: 'bring / bear'; suppletive future οἴσει; the standard verb for presenting an offering (rendering הֵבִיא); recurs throughout the chapter (vv. 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 25).
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (concerning the trespass)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; introduces the relative clause defining the trespass for which the offering is brought.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive after περί)→ relational specificationὅς: relative, 'the things in which'.
ἐπλημμέλησενhe trespassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the trespass committed)πλημμελέω: 'commit a fault / trespass'; renders אָשַׁם; the trespass-verb here describes the offense against the LORD that the sin offering addresses.
κυρίῳagainst the LORDDativedative of disadvantage (object of the trespass)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative marks the LORD as the one against whom the trespass is reckoned, even when the immediate fault is ritual or interpersonal.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for the sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: introduces the purpose of the offering, 'for / on account of the sin'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; the offense for which expiation is sought.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction; cognate object of ἥμαρτεν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive of its antecedent ἁμαρτίας; functions as a cognate accusative with ἥμαρτεν.
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (cognate construction)→ constative aorist (the committed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the cognate construction ἁμαρτίας ἧς ἥμαρτεν ('the sin which he sinned') is a Hebraism rendering the figura etymologica חָטָא חַטָּאת.
θῆλυa femaleAccusativedirect object of οἴσει (the offering)→ object specificationθῆλυς: 'female'; neuter substantive θῆλυ; renders נְקֵבָה; the commoner's sin offering is specifically a female animal, in contrast to the male ram of the guilt offering (vv. 15, 18).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; partitive, specifying the flock as the source.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνflock / sheepGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / small cattle'; renders צֹאן; the flock (sheep and goats) is the source of the offering.
ἀμνάδαa ewe-lambAccusativeaccusative in apposition to θῆλυ (first option)→ object specificationἀμνάς: 'ewe-lamb / young she-lamb'; renders כִּשְׂבָּה; the first acceptable form of the female offering.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χίμαιρανa she-goatAccusativeaccusative in apposition to θῆλυ (second option)→ object specificationχίμαιρα: 'young she-goat'; renders שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים; the alternative female offering.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; specifying the goats as source of the χίμαιρα.
αἰγῶνgoatsGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; renders עֵז; the herd of goats from which the she-goat is taken.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (purpose: as a sin offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: the phrase περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for sin') is the LXX's standing technical calque for the חַטָּאת sin offering.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: sin offering)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; in περὶ ἁμαρτίας the noun designates the sin offering itself (cf. Heb 10:6, 8).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (atonement formula)→ predictive/imperatival future (the priest's atoning act)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; renders כִּפֶּר (Piel of כפר); the central cultic verb of Leviticus, here in the recurring formula ἐξιλάσεται … καὶ ἀφεθήσεται (vv. 6, 10, 13, 16, 18, 26).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / on behalf of'; the beneficiary of the atonement.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; the offerer on whose behalf atonement is made.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest is the appointed agent of atonement, the indispensable mediator of the sacrificial system.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (the sin atoned for)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; specifying the sin that is the object of atonement.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the offense expiated.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his sin)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's own sin.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (cognate with ἥμαρτεν, by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive ἁμαρτίας; cognate object of ἥμαρτεν.
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (cognate)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the repeated cognate construction ἁμαρτίας ἧς ἥμαρτεν reinforces the Hebraistic figura etymologica.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (passive of forgiveness, result of atonement)→ predictive future passive (divine passive: God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'release / let go / forgive'; renders סָלַח (Niphal, 'be forgiven'); the future passive ἀφεθήσεται is a divine passive — the LORD is the implied agent of forgiveness; the second half of the chapter's atonement formula.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of advantage (the one forgiven)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to/for him'; the offerer who receives forgiveness.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁμαρτία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject of ἀφεθήσεται ('the sin shall be forgiven')→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; here the grammatical subject of the passive — the sin itself is what is 'released' / remitted.
7
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἰσχύσῃ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ τὸ ἱκανὸν εἰς τὸ πρόβατον οἴσει περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἥμαρτεν δύο τρυγόνας ἢ δύο νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν κυρίῳ ἕνα περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ ἕνα εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα
But if his hand cannot afford what is sufficient for a sheep, he shall bring for the sin which he sinned two turtledoves or two young pigeons to the LORD — one for a sin offering and one for a whole burnt offering.
The δέ marks the first step down the graduated scale (vv. 7–13), the great LXX crux of the chapter. The Hebraism ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ … τὸ ἱκανὸν ('his hand [does not] reach to what is sufficient', rendering לֹא תַגִּיעַ יָדוֹ דֵּי) is the idiom for poverty. The substitute is two birds, one assigned περὶ ἁμαρτίας (sin offering), one εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα (whole burnt offering). Cf. Lev 12:8 and Luke 2:24, where Mary brings exactly this poor person's offering.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (new protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the conditional of the first graduated case.
δὲbutadversative/transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the shift to the provision for the poor.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates ἰσχύσῃ.
ἰσχύσῃis able / can affordAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἰσχύωverb of protasis→ constative aorist subjunctive (capacity to afford)ἰσχύω: 'be strong / be able'; here with ἡ χείρ as a Hebraistic idiom for economic capacity — 'his hand is (not) strong enough', i.e. he cannot afford.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with χείρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of ἰσχύσῃ (idiom for means)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ as the seat of one's resources is a Hebraism for financial ability (cf. v. 11; Lev 14:21–22).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's hand/means.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing ἱκανόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱκανὸνsufficient amountAccusativesubstantival adjective (accusative of respect / object)→ object specificationἱκανός: 'sufficient / enough'; τὸ ἱκανόν = 'the sufficient (means)'; renders דֵּי; defines the threshold of affordability for a lamb.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / toward'; εἰς τὸ πρόβατον = 'for the [purchase of a] sheep'.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρόβατον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβατονsheepAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders שֶׂה; the standard offering now beyond the poor man's reach.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωapodosis main verb (legal future)→ imperatival future (he must bring)φέρω: 'bring'; suppletive future οἴσει; the prescribed bringing of the substitute offering.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (concerning the sin)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / concerning'; introduces the sin addressed.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the offense being expiated.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's sin.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (cognate with ἥμαρτεν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative, attracted to the genitive; the recurring cognate idiom.
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (cognate)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the cognate construction again.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying τρυγόνας; indeclinable)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral; renders שְׁתֵּי; the pair of birds replacing the single lamb.
τρυγόναςturtledovesAccusativedirect object of οἴσει (first option)→ object specificationτρυγών: 'turtledove'; renders תֹּר; the affordable substitute offering, paired with pigeons (cf. Lev 1:14; 12:8; Luke 2:24).
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying νεοσσούς; indeclinable)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the alternative pair.
νεοσσοὺςyoung birdsAccusativedirect object of οἴσει (second option)→ object specificationνεοσσός: 'young (bird) / nestling'; renders בְּנֵי (יוֹנָה); the young pigeons that may replace the turtledoves.
περιστερῶνof pigeonsGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying νεοσσούς)→ relational specificationπεριστερά: 'pigeon / dove'; renders יוֹנָה; νεοσσοὶ περιστερῶν = 'young pigeons'.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient (the offering's destination)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative marks the LORD as the recipient of the offering.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral (distributive: 'the one bird')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the masculine accusative ἕνα distributes the two birds to their two functions.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (as a sin offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: περὶ ἁμαρτίας = 'for a sin offering'.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (sin offering)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; designates the first bird as the sin offering.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral (the second bird)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the second bird, assigned to the burnt offering.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα = 'for a whole burnt offering'.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the wholly consumed offering, here paired with the sin offering in the poor man's provision.
8
καὶ οἴσει αὐτὰ πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα καὶ προσάξει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας πρότερον καὶ ἀποκνίσει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ σφονδύλου καὶ οὐ διελεῖ
And he shall bring them to the priest, and the priest shall offer first the one for the sin offering; and the priest shall pinch off its head from the neck, but shall not sever it.
The procedure follows: the sin-offering bird is offered first (πρότερον), and its head is pinched off at the neck-joint (ἀποκνίσει … ἀπὸ τοῦ σφονδύλου) but not fully severed (οὐ διελεῖ). The rare verb ἀποκνίζω ('nip/pinch off', rendering מָלַק) and the anatomical σφόνδυλος ('vertebra/neck-joint') give the prescription clinical precision; the head is left attached, distinguishing the rite from the wringing of the burnt-offering bird (Lev 1:15).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureφέρω: 'bring'; suppletive future οἴσει; the offerer brings the birds to the priest.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (neuter plural: the two birds)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the neuter plural refers to the two birds (τὰ δύο, treated as neuter ὄρνεα).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / toward'; direction of presentation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the one to whom the offering is brought for ritual handling.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξειshall offerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (priest's action)→ imperatival futureπροσάγω: 'bring near / present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; the technical verb for presenting an offering at the altar.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of προσάξει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the officiant.
τὸthe oneAccusativearticle substantivizing the περί-phrase (object of προσάξει)→ noun-phrase markingτό: the neuter article substantivizes the following phrase, 'the [bird] for the sin offering'.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (defining the offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας = 'the one designated for sin', i.e. the sin-offering bird.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; here in the technical sin-offering phrase.
πρότερονfirstadverb of order (the sin offering precedes the burnt offering)→ clausal contributionπρότερος (neut. adv. πρότερον): 'first / earlier'; the sin offering is offered before the burnt offering, the regular ritual sequence (cf. Lev 5:10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκνίσειshall pinch offFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκνίζωmain verb (priest's action)→ imperatival futureἀποκνίζω: 'nip / pinch off'; renders מָלַק; the technical term for the priest's wringing/pinching of the bird's head, peculiar to bird offerings (cf. Lev 1:15).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἀποκνίσει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the officiant repeated for legal clarity.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κεφαλήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect object of ἀποκνίσει→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the head of the bird, pinched at the neck.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the bird's head)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; the bird's head.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the point of severance.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σφονδύλουneck-joint / vertebraGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationσφόνδυλος (σπόνδυλος): 'vertebra / neck-joint'; renders עֹרֶף ('nape'); the precise anatomical point at which the head is pinched from the neck.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with διελεῖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the objective negative; the head is not to be wholly detached.
διελεῖshall severFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διαιρέωmain verb (negated prohibition)→ imperatival future (negated: he must not divide)διαιρέω: 'divide / separate completely'; renders הִבְדִּיל; the negated future prescribes that the head, though pinched, remains attached — the bird is not to be fully divided.
9
καὶ ῥανεῖ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐπὶ τὸν τοῖχον τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τὸ δὲ κατάλοιπον τοῦ αἵματος καταστραγγιεῖ ἐπὶ τὴν βάσιν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ἁμαρτίας γάρ ἐστιν
And he shall sprinkle some of the blood of the sin offering on the wall of the altar, but the rest of the blood he shall drain out at the base of the altar; for it is a sin offering.
The blood rite distinguishes two motions: a sprinkling (ῥανεῖ) of part of the blood on the altar wall, and the draining (καταστραγγιεῖ) of the remainder at the altar's base. The closing causal clause ἁμαρτίας γάρ ἐστιν ('for it is a sin offering') grounds the special handling in the offering's classification. καταστραγγίζω ('drain/squeeze out drop by drop') is a vivid, rare verb appropriate to the small quantity of a bird's blood.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥανεῖshall sprinkleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥαίνωmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureῥαίνω: 'sprinkle'; renders הִזָּה; the sprinkling of sacrificial blood on the altar, a core expiatory gesture.
ἀπὸsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'some of'; only part of the blood is sprinkled.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the blood of the bird, the agent of atonement (cf. Lev 17:11).
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing the περί-phrase, qualifying αἵματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: article linking 'the blood' to 'of the sin offering'.
περὶof / forpreposition + genitive (defining the offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας = the sin offering; here the blood belonging to it.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the technical sin-offering phrase.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place to which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon / against'; the surface receiving the sprinkled blood.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῖχονwallAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationτοῖχος: 'wall'; renders קִיר; the side wall of the altar against which the blood is flicked.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's wall)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar / place of sacrifice'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the LXX-coined cultic term (built on θυσία) for the altar of burnt offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κατάλοιπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative (post-positive; contrasts the two blood-motions)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the contrast between the sprinkled portion and the drained remainder.
κατάλοιπονrest / remainderAccusativedirect object of καταστραγγιεῖ (substantival adjective)→ object specificationκατάλοιπος: 'remaining'; τὸ κατάλοιπον = 'the remainder'; renders הַנִּשְׁאָר; the rest of the blood not used in sprinkling.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivepartitive genitive (with κατάλοιπον)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the remaining blood.
καταστραγγιεῖshall drain outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καταστραγγίζωmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureκαταστραγγίζω: 'drain / squeeze out drop by drop'; renders נִמְצָה; a rare, vivid verb describing the wringing out of the small remainder of the bird's blood at the altar base.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (place to which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'at / upon'; the destination of the drained blood.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσινbaseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / pedestal / foot'; renders יְסוֹד; the foundation of the altar where surplus blood is poured.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's base)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the base belonging to the altar.
ἁμαρτίαςa sin offeringGenitivepredicate genitive (classification: 'it is [a matter] of sin')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin (offering)'; the predicate genitive ἁμαρτίας ἐστιν ('it is a sin offering') classifies the rite and grounds the special blood-handling.
γάρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the reason for the distinctive treatment of the blood.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with predicate genitive ἁμαρτίας)→ stative present (classificatory)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula in the explanatory clause classifying the offering.
10
καὶ τὸ δεύτερον ποιήσει ὁλοκαύτωμα ὡς καθήκει καὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἥμαρτεν καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ
And the second he shall make a whole burnt offering, as is fitting; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin which he sinned, and it shall be forgiven him.
The second bird is made a whole burnt offering 'as is fitting' (ὡς καθήκει), and the verse closes with the recurring atonement formula (ἐξιλάσεται … καὶ ἀφεθήσεται). The impersonal καθήκει ('it is proper / according to the ordinance') signals conformity to the prescribed rite of Lev 1.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δεύτερον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονsecondAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ποιήσει: 'the second [bird]')→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'second'; τὸ δεύτερον = 'the second bird', to be made the burnt offering.
ποιήσειshall make / offerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureποιέω: 'make / do / offer'; here in the cultic sense 'offer / perform as a sacrifice' (rendering עָשָׂה), with double accusative (τὸ δεύτερον … ὁλοκαύτωμα).
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativepredicate accusative (with ποιήσει: 'make it a burnt offering')→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the second accusative of the factitive construction.
ὡςascomparative particle (introducing manner clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / according as'; introduces the conformity clause.
καθήκειis fittingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καθήκωimpersonal verb of manner clause→ stative present (what is proper/ordained)καθήκω: 'be fitting / be proper'; impersonal καθήκει = 'as is prescribed'; renders כַּמִּשְׁפָּט ('according to the ordinance'); signals conformity to the burnt-offering ritual of Lev 1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (atonement formula)→ predictive/imperatival futureἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate'; renders כִּפֶּר; the recurring formula verb.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the mediating agent of atonement.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; specifying the sin atoned for.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the offense expiated.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's sin.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (cognate with ἥμαρτεν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive; the recurring cognate idiom.
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (cognate)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; cognate construction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive)→ predictive future passive (God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive / release'; renders סָלַח; the divine passive completing the atonement formula.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to/for him'; the forgiven offerer.
11
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ εὑρίσκῃ αὐτοῦ ἡ χεὶρ ζεῦγος τρυγόνων ἢ δύο νεοσσοὺς περιστερῶν καὶ οἴσει τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ περὶ οὗ ἥμαρτεν τὸ δέκατον τοῦ οιφι σεμίδαλιν περὶ ἁμαρτίας οὐκ ἐπιχεεῖ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ ἔλαιον οὐδὲ ἐπιθήσει ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ λίβανον ὅτι περὶ ἁμαρτίας ἐστίν
But if his hand does not find a pair of turtledoves or two young pigeons, then he shall bring as his gift, for that in which he sinned, a tenth of an ephah of fine flour for a sin offering; he shall not pour oil on it nor put frankincense on it, because it is a sin offering.
The lowest rung of the graduated scale, and the heart of the chapter's crux: one too poor even for two birds brings τὸ δέκατον τοῦ οιφι σεμίδαλιν ('a tenth of an ephah of fine flour'). Unlike the ordinary cereal offering, this sin-offering flour bears neither oil nor frankincense, because (ὅτι) it is a sin offering — the festive accompaniments are excluded from an expiatory rite. οιφι is an indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אֵיפָה ('ephah').
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (new protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the second graduated case.
δὲbutadversative/transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the further descent in affordability.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates εὑρίσκῃ.
εὑρίσκῃfindsPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis→ imperfective present subjunctive (cannot manage to find/afford)εὑρίσκω: 'find / obtain'; with ἡ χείρ as subject, an idiom for 'his means do not extend to' (cannot afford); parallel to ἰσχύσῃ in v. 7.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χείρ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; modifying ἡ χείρ.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with χείρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of εὑρίσκῃ (idiom for means)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; again the Hebraism for one's resources (cf. v. 7).
ζεῦγοςa pairAccusativedirect object of εὑρίσκῃ→ object specificationζεῦγος: 'pair / yoke'; renders שְׁתֵּי (a couple); ζεῦγος τρυγόνων = 'a pair of turtledoves' (cf. Luke 2:24, ζεῦγος τρυγόνων).
τρυγόνωνof turtledovesGenitivegenitive of definition (with ζεῦγος)→ relational specificationτρυγών: 'turtledove'; the pair the offerer cannot now afford.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (with νεοσσούς; indeclinable)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the alternative pair of birds.
νεοσσοὺςyoung birdsAccusativedirect object of εὑρίσκῃ (second option)→ object specificationνεοσσός: 'young bird / nestling'; the young pigeons.
περιστερῶνof pigeonsGenitivegenitive of definition (with νεοσσούς)→ relational specificationπεριστερά: 'pigeon / dove'; young pigeons.
καὶthen / andapodosis-introducing conjunction (Hebraizing waw-apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces the apodosis after the conditional (a Hebraism rendering the waw of the apodosis).
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωapodosis main verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureφέρω: 'bring'; the prescribed bringing of the flour offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δῶρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονgift / offeringAccusativedirect object of οἴσει→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן ('that which is brought near'); the general term for an offering presented to God.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's gift.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (concerning the sin)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / for'; introduces the relative defining the sin.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive after περί)→ relational specificationὅς: relative, 'that in which (he sinned)'.
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the offense addressed by the flour offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δέκατον; in apposition to δῶρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέκατονa tenthAccusativesubstantival adjective in apposition to δῶρον→ object specificationδέκατος: 'tenth'; τὸ δέκατον = 'a tenth part'; renders עֲשִׂירִת; the measure of flour, specified as a tenth of an ephah.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οιφι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οιφιephahGenitivegenitive of the whole (indeclinable measure)→ relational specificationοιφι: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אֵיפָה ('ephah'), a dry measure (~22 liters); τὸ δέκατον τοῦ οιφι = 'a tenth of an ephah' (one omer).
σεμίδαλινfine flourAccusativeaccusative of content (in apposition: the flour itself)→ object specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; renders סֹלֶת; the high-quality flour of the cereal offering, here the poorest person's sin offering.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (as a sin offering)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: περὶ ἁμαρτίας = 'for a sin offering'.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; designating the flour as the sin offering.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐπιχεεῖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; prohibits the addition of oil.
ἐπιχεεῖshall pour onFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb (negated prohibition)→ imperatival future (negated: he must not pour)ἐπιχέω: 'pour upon'; renders יָצַק / שִׂים; the pouring of oil that accompanies the ordinary cereal offering (Lev 2:1) is forbidden here.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (place, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; the flour as the surface.
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the flour offering)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the flour (τὸ δῶρον / τὸ δέκατον).
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of ἐπιχεεῖ→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the festive oil excluded from the expiatory flour.
οὐδὲnorcoordinating negative (continuing the prohibition)→ clausal contributionοὐδέ: 'nor / and not'; extends the prohibition to frankincense.
ἐπιθήσειshall put onFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (negated prohibition)→ imperatival future (negated)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / add'; renders נָתַן; the placing of frankincense on the cereal offering (Lev 2:1) is likewise forbidden for the sin offering.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + accusative (place, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'.
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the flour.
λίβανονfrankincenseAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει→ object specificationλίβανος: 'frankincense'; renders לְבֹנָה; the aromatic gum excluded from the sin offering as a festive accompaniment unsuited to expiation.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing reason)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; grounds the prohibition in the offering's classification.
περὶfor / a matter ofpreposition + genitive (predicate: 'it is for sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: περὶ ἁμαρτίας ἐστιν = 'it is a sin offering'.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (predicate classification)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the predicate noun classifying the flour as a sin offering.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (in the causal clause)→ stative present (classificatory)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula grounding the prohibition.
12
καὶ οἴσει αὐτὸ πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα καὶ δραξάμενος ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς πλήρη τὴν δράκα τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῆς ἐπιθήσει ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων κυρίῳ ἁμαρτία ἐστίν
And he shall bring it to the priest, and the priest, having taken a handful of it, his full fist, shall put its memorial portion on the altar of whole burnt offerings to the LORD; it is a sin offering.
The priest takes a handful (δραξάμενος … πλήρη τὴν δράκα, 'grasping his full fist') as the memorial portion (τὸ μνημόσυνον, rendering אַזְכָּרָה) and burns it on the altar; the closing ἁμαρτία ἐστίν reasserts the classification. The 'memorial portion' is the token of the whole offered up to God, the rest reverting to the priest (v. 13).
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureφέρω: 'bring'; the offerer brings the flour to the priest.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the flour offering)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the flour (τὸ δῶρον).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the recipient of the offering.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δραξάμενοςhaving taken a handfulAor Mid Part Nom Sg Masc · δράσσομαιcircumstantial participle (antecedent action: 'having grasped')→ antecedent (aorist participle preceding ἐπιθήσει)δράσσομαι: 'grasp / take a handful'; renders קָמַץ; the priest's grasping of a fistful of flour as the token portion.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐπιθήσει (and of the participle)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the officiant taking the handful.
ἀπ᾿from / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'from / of'; a portion taken from the flour.
αὐτῆςitGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπ᾿ (the flour, fem. σεμίδαλις)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it / of it'; feminine, agreeing with σεμίδαλις ('fine flour').
πλήρηfullAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὴν δράκα: 'his full fist')→ object specificationπλήρης: 'full'; πλήρη τὴν δράκα = 'a full handful', the measure of the memorial portion.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with δράκα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δράκαfistful / handfulAccusativeaccusative of measure (the quantity grasped)→ object specificationδράξ (acc. δράκα): 'fistful / handful'; renders מְלֹא קֻמְצוֹ ('the fullness of his fist'); the cognate noun to δράσσομαι, specifying the amount taken.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μνημόσυνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemorial portionAccusativeaccusative in apposition to τὴν δράκα (object of ἐπιθήσει)→ object specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / remembrance portion'; renders אַזְכָּרָה; the token handful burned on the altar 'as a memorial', representing the whole offering before God (cf. Lev 2:2).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the offering's memorial)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; the memorial portion belonging to the flour offering.
ἐπιθήσειshall putFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; renders הִקְטִיר / שָׂם; the priest places the memorial handful on the altar to be burned.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place to which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; the altar as the place of burning.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the altar on which the memorial portion is offered.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ὁλοκαυτωμάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτωμάτωνwhole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying θυσιαστήριον: 'the altar of burnt offerings')→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the genitive plural identifies the great bronze altar of burnt offering as the locus of the rite.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD as recipient of the offering by fire.
ἁμαρτίαa sin offeringNominativepredicate nominative (classification)→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin (offering)'; the predicate noun ἁμαρτία ἐστιν reasserts the classification of the rite.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present (classificatory)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the classifying statement.
13
καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἥμαρτεν ἐφ᾿ ἑνὸς τούτων καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ τὸ δὲ καταλειφθὲν ἔσται τῷ ἱερεῖ ὡς ἡ θυσία τῆς σεμιδάλεως
And the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin which he sinned in one of these, and it shall be forgiven him; and what is left over shall belong to the priest, as the cereal offering of fine flour.
The graduated-offering section closes with the standard atonement formula and a provision for the priest: the remainder (τὸ καταλειφθέν) belongs to him, as with the ordinary cereal offering (ἡ θυσία τῆς σεμιδάλεως). ἐφ᾿ ἑνὸς τούτων ('in any one of these') refers back to the several cases of vv. 1–4 now covered by whichever offering the offerer could afford.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (atonement formula)→ predictive/imperatival futureἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; renders כִּפֶּר; the recurring formula verb.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / on behalf of'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; the offerer.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the mediating agent.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; the sin atoned for.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the offense expiated.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's sin.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (cognate with ἥμαρτεν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive; the cognate idiom.
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (cognate)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; cognate construction.
ἐφ᾿inpreposition + genitive (specifying: 'in respect of', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'in / in the case of'; ἐφ᾿ ἑνὸς τούτων = 'in any one of these (cases)'.
ἑνὸςoneGenitivenumeral (genitive object of ἐφ᾿)→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. ἑνός): 'one'; refers to whichever of the enumerated cases the offerer committed.
τούτωνof theseGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἑνός)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'these'; the cases of vv. 1–4.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive)→ predictive future passive (God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive'; renders סָלַח; the divine passive of the formula.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to/for him'; the forgiven offerer.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with καταλειφθέν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / buttransitional (post-positive; new provision)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: introduces the provision for the priest's portion.
καταλειφθὲνwhat is left overAor Pass Part Nom Sg Neut · καταλείπωsubstantival participle (subject of ἔσται)→ resultative aorist passive participle (the remaining portion)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the neuter participle τὸ καταλειφθέν = 'the remainder'; the flour not burned as the memorial portion.
ἔσταιshall belongFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (with dative of possession)→ predictive future (the remainder's allotment)εἰμί: 'be'; with the dative τῷ ἱερεῖ it denotes possession — 'shall belong to the priest'.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἱερεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative of possession→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the dative marks the priest as the one to whom the remainder belongs (priestly perquisite).
ὡςascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison with the cereal offering.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with θυσία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαofferingNominativenominative of comparison (with ὡς)→ participant prominenceθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; here the cereal offering (מִנְחָה); the remainder reverts to the priest just as with the standard grain offering (Lev 2:3, 10).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σεμιδάλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σεμιδάλεωςfine flourGenitivegenitive of material (the offering of fine flour)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine flour'; renders סֹלֶת; ἡ θυσία τῆς σεμιδάλεως = 'the fine-flour offering', the type whose priestly portion sets the precedent.
14
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX introduction to a fresh divine speech (rendering וַיְדַבֵּר יהוה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר); it marks the transition from the sin offering (vv. 1–13) to the guilt/trespass offering (πλημμέλεια) proper (vv. 14–19).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-formula)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the standard verb of the divine speech-formula introducing a new legal section.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine speaker.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to'; the addressee of the speech.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/third-declension hybrid in the LXX (acc. Μωυσῆν); the mediator of the divine law.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing 'saying' = לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. ptc.): 'saying'; the participle λέγων renders the infinitive לֵאמֹר, the standard Hebrew marker introducing the content of direct speech.
15
ψυχὴ ἐὰν λάθῃ αὐτὸν λήθη καὶ ἁμάρτῃ ἀκουσίως ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων κυρίου καὶ οἴσει τῆς πλημμελείας αὐτοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ κριὸν ἄμωμον ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τιμῆς ἀργυρίου σίκλων τῷ σίκλῳ τῶν ἁγίων περὶ οὗ ἐπλημμέλησεν
If a person — forgetfulness having come over him — sins unwittingly against the holy things of the LORD, then he shall bring for his trespass to the LORD an unblemished ram from the flock, of a silver valuation in shekels, by the shekel of the sanctuary, for that in which he trespassed.
The trespass offering (πλημμέλεια) proper is introduced. The cognate construction λάθῃ … λήθη ('forgetfulness escapes/overtakes him') and the adverb ἀκουσίως ('unwittingly') stress the inadvertence of the offense ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων κυρίου ('against the holy things of the LORD') — misappropriation of consecrated property. The required offering is a κριὸς ἄμωμος ('unblemished ram') of fixed monetary value, reckoned by the sanctuary shekel.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ψυχὴa personNominativesubject (generic legal subject)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the generic subject of the new case.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the protasis of the trespass case.
λάθῃescapesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λανθάνωverb of protasis (cognate with λήθη)→ constative aorist subjunctiveλανθάνω: 'escape notice'; the cognate construction λάθῃ … λήθη ('forgetfulness escapes him') is a Hebraism (rendering תֶּחֱטָא בִּשְׁגָגָה / נֶעְלַם) emphasizing the unintentional character of the offense.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of λάθῃ→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'; the person from whom the matter is hidden.
λήθηforgetfulnessNominativesubject of λάθῃ (cognate noun: 'forgetfulness escapes')→ participant prominenceλήθη: 'forgetfulness / oblivion'; the cognate noun to λανθάνω; together they render the Hebrew sense of acting in ignorance/inadvertence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of protasis→ constative aorist subjunctiveἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the inadvertent offense against the sancta.
ἀκουσίωςunwittinglyadverb of manner→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'involuntarily / unintentionally'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה; the legally decisive qualifier — the trespass offering covers inadvertent, not high-handed, sin (cf. Num 15:30–31).
ἀπὸagainst / frompreposition + genitive (with respect to)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here 'in respect of / against'; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων = 'in the matter of the holy things'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἁγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; τὰ ἅγια = 'the holy things / sancta'; renders קָדָשִׁים; the consecrated offerings and property of the sanctuary, misappropriation of which constitutes trespass (מַעַל).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's holy things)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the sancta belong to the LORD, so trespass against them is trespass against him.
καὶthen / andapodosis-introducing conjunction (Hebraizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the apodosis.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωapodosis main verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureφέρω: 'bring'; the prescribed bringing of the guilt offering.
τῆςthe / for theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςtrespass / guilt offeringGenitivegenitive of purpose / for the trespass offering→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'fault / trespass / guilt offering'; renders אָשָׁם; the technical name of the guilt offering and of the liability it discharges; the genitive denotes the offering brought 'for his trespass'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's trespass.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the recipient of the guilt offering.
κριὸνa ramAccusativedirect object of οἴσει→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; renders אַיִל; the prescribed animal of the guilt offering — a male, in contrast to the female of the sin offering (v. 6).
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (qualifying κριόν)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless'; renders תָּמִים; the indispensable requirement of an unblemished victim (cf. the application to Christ, 1 Pet 1:19).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; the flock as source.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with προβάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνflockGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / flock'; renders צֹאן; the source of the ram.
τιμῆςof a valuationGenitivegenitive of value/price (qualifying κριόν)→ relational specificationτιμή: 'price / value / valuation'; renders עֵרֶךְ; the ram must meet a fixed monetary worth, reckoned in silver shekels.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material (qualifying τιμῆς)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the medium of the valuation.
σίκλωνin shekelsGenitivegenitive of measure (the unit of valuation)→ relational specificationσίκλος: 'shekel'; transliteration/rendering of שֶׁקֶל; the standard weight-unit of the valuation.
τῷby theDativearticle (with σίκλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σίκλῳshekelDativedative of standard/measure ('by the shekel')→ sphere or referenceσίκλος: 'shekel'; τῷ σίκλῳ τῶν ἁγίων = 'by the sanctuary shekel', the official standard weight (cf. Exod 30:13).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνsanctuaryGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive: 'of the holy place')→ relational specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; τῶν ἁγίων here = 'of the sanctuary'; the σίκλος τῶν ἁγίων is the official sanctuary-standard shekel (Hebrew שֶׁקֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (concerning the trespass)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: introduces the relative defining the trespass.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive after περί)→ relational specificationὅς: relative, 'that in which (he trespassed)'.
ἐπλημμέλησενhe trespassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristπλημμελέω: 'trespass / commit a fault'; renders אָשַׁם / מָעַל; the offense for which the guilt offering is brought.
16
καὶ ὃ ἥμαρτεν ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων ἀποτείσαι αὐτὸ καὶ τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον προσθήσει ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ καὶ δώσει αὐτὸ τῷ ἱερεῖ καὶ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ κριῷ τῆς πλημμελείας καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ
And what he sinfully took from the holy things he shall repay, and shall add the fifth part to it, and give it to the priest; and the priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt offering, and it shall be forgiven him.
Beyond the ram, the trespass against the sancta requires material restitution: the offender repays what he misappropriated and adds τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον ('the fifth part', a 20% surcharge) — the reparation principle that distinguishes the guilt offering from the sin offering. The verse then gives the atonement formula in its instrumental form, ἐν τῷ κριῷ τῆς πλημμελείας ('by means of the ram of the guilt offering').
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃwhatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἥμαρτεν/ἀποτείσαι)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, 'that which'; the misappropriated holy property, fronted as the object of restitution.
ἥμαρτενhe sinfully tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; here with the nuance of sinful misappropriation — 'that in which he sinned (by taking) from the holy things'.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the holy things as the source of what was taken.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἁγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; τὰ ἅγια = the sancta; the consecrated property misappropriated.
ἀποτείσαιhe shall repayAor Act Inf · ἀποτίνωinfinitive used imperativally (legal prescription)→ imperatival/jussive infinitive (must make restitution)ἀποτίνω: 'pay back / repay / make restitution'; renders שִׁלֵּם; the legal aorist infinitive here functions as a command ('he is to repay'); restitution of the principal precedes and accompanies the offering.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ἀποτείσαι→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the misappropriated thing to be repaid.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἐπίπεμπτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίπεμπτονfifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει→ object specificationἐπίπεμπτον: 'the added fifth part'; renders חֲמִישִׁית; the 20% reparation surcharge added to the principal, the hallmark of the guilt offering (cf. τὸ πέμπτον, v. 24; Lev 22:14; Num 5:7).
προσθήσειshall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureπροστίθημι: 'add / put to'; renders יָסַף; the adding of the fifth to the restored principal.
ἐπ᾿topreposition + accusative (addition, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon / to'; the principal to which the fifth is added.
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the principal sum.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the restored principal-plus-fifth is given to the priest, who represents the sanctuary as injured party.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of δώσει→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the restitution-payment.
τῷto theDativearticle (with ἱερεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativeindirect object (dative recipient)→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the recipient of the restitution on behalf of the sanctuary.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the mediating agent of atonement.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (atonement formula)→ predictive/imperatival futureἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; renders כִּפֶּר; here construed instrumentally with ἐν τῷ κριῷ ('by means of the ram').
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / on behalf of'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; the offerer.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental 'by means of'; a Hebraizing use of ἐν (rendering בְּ) marking the ram as the means of atonement.
τῷtheDativearticle (with κριῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριῷramDativedative of instrument (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceκριός: 'ram'; the guilt-offering animal, instrument of the atonement.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςguilt offeringGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying κριῷ: 'the ram of the guilt offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'trespass / guilt offering'; renders אָשָׁם; ὁ κριὸς τῆς πλημμελείας is the technical designation of the guilt-offering ram.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive)→ predictive future passive (God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive'; renders סָלַח; the divine passive completing the formula.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to/for him'; the forgiven offerer.
17
καὶ ἡ ψυχή ἣ ἂν ἁμάρτῃ καὶ ποιήσῃ μίαν ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἐντολῶν κυρίου ὧν οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν καὶ οὐκ ἔγνω καὶ πλημμελήσῃ καὶ λάβῃ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν
And the person who sins and does one thing from all the commandments of the LORD which ought not to be done, and did not know it, and so is in trespass and bears the guilt —
A generalizing extension of the guilt offering: beyond the specific sancta-trespass, anyone who unknowingly violates any of the LORD's prohibitions (ὧν οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν, 'things that ought not to be done') and only later recognizes the liability incurs πλημμέλεια. The clause καὶ οὐκ ἔγνω ('and did not know') again marks the inadvertence that brings the case under the guilt-offering rubric.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the general case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήpersonNominativesubject (antecedent of the relative ἥ)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; the generic legal subject.
ἣwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἁμάρτῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive, generalizing ('whoever').
ἂν(modal)modal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: marks the contingency of the generalizing relative clause.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the general fact of transgression.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσῃdoesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveποιέω: 'do / commit'; the doing of one of the forbidden things.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (object of ποιήσῃ: 'one [commandment]')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; feminine μίαν agreeing with the implied ἐντολήν — 'a single one' of the prohibitions.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of / from among'.
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (with ἐντολῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole body of commandments.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐντολῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολῶνcommandmentsGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἐντολή: 'commandment / precept'; renders מִצְוָה; the prohibitive commandments of the LORD.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source/possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the commandments are the LORD's.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, object of ποιεῖν by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive of ἐντολῶν; 'which [things] ought not to be done'.
οὐnotnegative particle (with δεῖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; the prohibited character of the act.
δεῖought / is necessaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb (with complementary infinitive ποιεῖν)→ stative present (obligation/prohibition)δεῖ: impersonal 'it is necessary / one ought'; οὐ δεῖ ποιεῖν = 'ought not to be done', the standard phrasing of a prohibition.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with δεῖ)→ imperfective infinitive (the forbidden doing)ποιέω: 'do'; the infinitive completing the impersonal δεῖ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔγνω)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates ἔγνω; the inadvertence of the offense.
ἔγνωhe knewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (the lack of awareness)→ constative aorist (did not realize)γινώσκω: 'know / realize'; οὐκ ἔγνω = 'did not know' — the unwitting character that brings the act under the guilt offering.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλημμελήσῃis in trespassAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of relative clause (resultant liability)→ resultative aorist subjunctiveπλημμελέω: 'trespass / incur guilt'; renders אָשַׁם; the resultant guilt-liability.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάβῃbearsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of relative clause→ resultative aorist subjunctive (incurs the guilt)λαμβάνω: 'take / bear'; λαβεῖν τὴν ἁμαρτίαν renders נָשָׂא עָוֺן ('bear iniquity / become liable'); echoes the same idiom at v. 1.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίανguiltAccusativedirect object of λάβῃ→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / guilt / liability'; here the culpability borne by the unwitting transgressor.
18
καὶ οἴσει κριὸν ἄμωμον ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τιμῆς ἀργυρίου εἰς πλημμέλειαν πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς ἀγνοίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἠγνόησεν καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ᾔδει καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ
then he shall bring to the priest an unblemished ram from the flock, of a silver valuation, for a guilt offering; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his ignorance in which he sinned ignorantly, though he himself did not know it, and it shall be forgiven him.
The remedy parallels v. 15: an unblemished ram of monetary value, here explicitly εἰς πλημμέλειαν ('for a guilt offering'). The atonement clause stresses the inadvertence with a triple emphasis — περὶ τῆς ἀγνοίας αὐτοῦ ἧς ἠγνόησεν καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ᾔδει ('concerning his ignorance in which he was ignorant, and he himself did not know'), the cognate ἄγνοια/ἀγνοέω heaping up the theme of unknowing sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶand / thenapodosis-introducing conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the apodosis.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωapodosis main verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureφέρω: 'bring'; the bringing of the guilt offering.
κριὸνa ramAccusativedirect object of οἴσει→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; renders אַיִל; the guilt-offering animal.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (qualifying κριόν)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; renders תָּמִים; the requisite spotlessness of the victim.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; the flock as source.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with προβάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνflockGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / flock'; the source of the ram.
τιμῆςof a valuationGenitivegenitive of value (qualifying κριόν)→ relational specificationτιμή: 'price / valuation'; renders עֵרֶךְ; the fixed monetary worth of the ram.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material (with τιμῆς)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; the medium of the valuation.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; εἰς πλημμέλειαν = 'for a guilt offering'.
πλημμέλειανguilt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationπλημμέλεια: 'trespass / guilt offering'; renders אָשָׁם; specifies the function of the ram.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to'; the priest as recipient.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the one to whom the offering is brought.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (atonement formula)→ predictive/imperatival futureἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; renders כִּפֶּר; the recurring formula verb.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / on behalf of'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; the offerer.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the mediating agent.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (the ignorance atoned for)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; specifying the inadvertence as the object of atonement.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἀγνοίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγνοίαςignoranceGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἄγνοια: 'ignorance / inadvertence'; renders שְׁגָגָה; the unwitting error, here treated as itself requiring expiation (cf. Acts 3:17; Heb 9:7 'the sins of ignorance').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's ignorance.
ἧςin whichGenitiverelative pronoun (cognate with ἠγνόησεν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive ἀγνοίας; cognate object of ἠγνόησεν.
ἠγνόησενhe sinned ignorantlyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγνοέωverb of relative clause (cognate construction)→ constative aoristἀγνοέω: 'be ignorant / err through ignorance'; the cognate construction ἀγνοίας ἧς ἠγνόησεν ('the ignorance in which he was ignorant') is a Hebraizing figura etymologica reinforcing the inadvertence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject of ᾔδει)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'himself'; the intensive pronoun underlining that the offender was personally unaware.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ᾔδει)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates ᾔδει.
ᾔδειdid knowPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (the persistent ignorance)→ stative pluperfect (with imperfect sense: he was unaware)οἶδα: 'know'; the pluperfect ᾔδει functions with simple past/imperfect force ('he did not know'); reiterates that the offender remained ignorant of his transgression.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive)→ predictive future passive (God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive'; renders סָלַח; the divine passive of the formula.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to/for him'; the forgiven offerer.
19
ἐπλημμέλησεν γὰρ πλημμέλησιν ἔναντι κυρίου
for he has indeed committed a trespass before the LORD.
A terse causal coda. The cognate accusative ἐπλημμέλησεν … πλημμέλησιν ('he has trespassed a trespass') is a Hebraism (figura etymologica, rendering אָשֹׁם אָשַׁם) intensifying the certainty of the guilt: even an unwitting offense is a real trespass ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD'), and so demands the guilt offering.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
ἐπλημμέλησενhe has trespassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλημμελέωmain verb (causal clause; cognate construction)→ constative aorist (the established fact of trespass)πλημμελέω: 'trespass / commit a fault'; renders אָשַׁם; the cognate accusative with πλημμέλησιν intensifies — 'he has surely committed a trespass'.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the requirement of the guilt offering in the reality of the trespass.
πλημμέλησινa trespassAccusativecognate accusative (with ἐπλημμέλησεν)→ object specificationπλημμέλησις: 'trespass / fault'; the cognate noun to πλημμελέω; the construction ἐπλημμέλησεν πλημμέλησιν renders the Hebrew infinitive-absolute emphasis אָשֹׁם אָשַׁם ('he is certainly guilty').
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; locates the trespass coram Deo — every fault, even inadvertent, is reckoned in the LORD's sight.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one before whom the trespass stands and to whom satisfaction is owed.
20
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The third divine speech-formula of the chapter opens the final section (vv. 20–26), which English Bibles number as 6:1–7. The repetition of the formula marks a distinct legal unit: trespass not against the sancta but against a fellow human, treated nonetheless as a trespass against the LORD.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-formula)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the standard verb of the divine speech-formula. Note: this verse opens the material numbered 6:1 in English Bibles.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine speaker.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to'.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; the mediator of the law (acc. Μωυσῆν).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing 'saying' = לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. ptc.): 'saying'; renders לֵאמֹר, the standard marker of the content of speech.
21
ψυχὴ ἐὰν ἁμάρτῃ καὶ παριδὼν παρίδῃ τὰς ἐντολὰς κυρίου καὶ ψεύσηται τὰ πρὸς τὸν πλησίον ἐν παραθήκῃ ἢ περὶ κοινωνίας ἢ περὶ ἁρπαγῆς ἢ ἠδίκησέν τι τὸν πλησίον
If a person sins and willfully disregards the commandments of the LORD and deals falsely with his neighbor in a matter of a deposit, or of a partnership, or of robbery, or has wronged his neighbor in some way,
The final case (Eng 6:2) enumerates social offenses treated as trespass against the LORD: a withheld deposit (παραθήκη), a partnership/pledge (κοινωνία), robbery (ἁρπαγή), or general wronging of a neighbor. The intensifying cognate participle παριδὼν παρίδῃ ('disregarding he disregards', rendering the Hebrew infinitive absolute מָעֹל מַעַל) frames the fraud as a deliberate breach of faith — the Hebrew מַעַל ('treachery/sacrilege') that links interpersonal deceit to sacrilege against God.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ψυχὴa personNominativesubject (generic legal subject)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; the generic subject of the case.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the protasis of the neighbor-trespass case.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of protasis→ constative aorist subjunctiveἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the general fact of the offense.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παριδὼνdisregardingAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · παροράωcognate participle (intensifying παρίδῃ)→ antecedent participle (Hebraizing infinitive-absolute emphasis)παροράω: 'overlook / disregard / connive at'; the cognate construction παριδὼν παρίδῃ ('disregarding he disregards') renders the Hebrew infinitive absolute מָעֹל מַעַל, intensifying the willful breach of faith.
παρίδῃdisregardsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · παροράωverb of protasis (cognate with the participle)→ constative aorist subjunctive (intensified)παροράω: 'disregard / overlook'; the finite verb of the cognate pair; the deliberate setting aside of the LORD's commandments.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of παρίδῃ→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; the LORD's commands, disregarded by the fraud against the neighbor.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source/possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the commandments are his — hence interpersonal fraud is sin against God.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψεύσηταιdeals falselyAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ψεύδομαιverb of protasis→ constative aorist subjunctiveψεύδομαι: 'lie / deal falsely / deceive'; renders כִּחֵשׁ; here of fraudulent denial in matters of property entrusted or owed.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle substantivizing the πρός-phrase (adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτά: the neuter article substantivizes 'the things toward the neighbor', i.e. the dealings/affairs between them.
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (relation: dealings with)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'with / toward'; τὰ πρὸς τὸν πλησίον = 'the matters between him and his neighbor'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (substantivized adverb)→ object specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor / fellow'; renders רֵעַ / עָמִית; the wronged party in the fraud.
ἐνin / concerningpreposition + dative (sphere of the offense)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'in (the matter of)'; introduces the first category of fraud.
παραθήκῃa depositDativedative object of ἐν (sphere)→ sphere or referenceπαραθήκη: 'deposit / something entrusted for safekeeping'; renders פִּקָּדוֹן; goods left in trust and then fraudulently denied (cf. the same term, of the gospel deposit, 2 Tim 1:14).
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (sphere of offense)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; introduces the second category.
κοινωνίαςa partnershipGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationκοινωνία: 'partnership / fellowship / joint dealing'; renders תְּשׂוּמֶת יָד ('a pledge / something given in hand'); a commercial association in which faith is breached.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (sphere of offense)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; introduces the third category.
ἁρπαγῆςrobberyGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁρπαγή: 'robbery / plunder / seizure'; renders גָּזֵל; violent or forcible taking of a neighbor's property.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠδίκησένhe wrongedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀδικέωverb of disjunctive clause (general category)→ constative aoristἀδικέω: 'do wrong / injure / defraud'; renders עָשַׁק ('oppress / extort'); the catch-all category of having wronged a neighbor in any way.
τιin some way / somethingAccusativeaccusative of respect / inner object (indefinite)→ participant referenceτις, τι: 'something / in some respect'; the indefinite generalizes the wrong done.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborAccusativedirect object of ἠδίκησεν→ object specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the person wronged.
22
ἢ εὗρεν ἀπώλειαν καὶ ψεύσηται περὶ αὐτῆς καὶ ὀμόσῃ ἀδίκως περὶ ἑνὸς ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν ἐὰν ποιήσῃ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὥστε ἁμαρτεῖν ἐν τούτοις
or has found something lost and lies about it and swears falsely concerning any one of all the things that a person may do so as to sin in them —
The last specific case is the lost-and-found object denied under false oath (ψεύσηται … καὶ ὀμόσῃ ἀδίκως): finding lost property and then perjuring oneself to keep it. The summarizing relative ὧν … ὥστε ἁμαρτεῖν ('any of all the things one may do so as to sin in them') gathers the whole catalogue, the result clause ὥστε + infinitive marking the sinful upshot.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἢordisjunctive particle (introducing the final case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the last item in the catalogue of frauds.
εὗρενhas foundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; renders מָצָא; the finding of lost property, which one is obliged to restore (cf. Deut 22:1–3) but here wrongfully keeps.
ἀπώλειανsomething lostAccusativedirect object of εὗρεν→ object specificationἀπώλεια: 'a lost thing / loss'; renders אֲבֵדָה; here concretely 'lost property' that has been found.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψεύσηταιliesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ψεύδομαιverb of protasis→ constative aorist subjunctiveψεύδομαι: 'lie / deal falsely'; renders כִּחֵשׁ; the denial of having found the lost item.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (concerning)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'about / concerning'; the matter lied about.
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of περί (the lost thing)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; feminine, agreeing with ἀπώλειαν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀμόσῃswearsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of protasis→ constative aorist subjunctiveὀμνύω: 'swear'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; the false oath compounding the fraud — perjury added to theft (cf. v. 4).
ἀδίκωςfalsely / unjustlyadverb of manner (qualifying ὀμόσῃ)→ clausal contributionἀδίκως: 'unjustly / falsely'; renders עַל־שָׁקֶר ('to a falsehood'); marks the oath as perjurious.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (the matter sworn about)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; introduces the summarizing reference.
ἑνὸςoneGenitivenumeral (genitive object of περί)→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. ἑνός): 'one'; 'any one' of the enumerated offenses.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of / from among'.
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantival adjective (partitive: 'all the things')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of such sinful acts.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ποιήσῃ, by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive of πάντων; 'which (things a person may do)'.
ἐὰν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive ποιήσῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: joined to the relative to generalize ('whatever a person may do').
ποιήσῃmay doAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of generalizing relative clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveποιέω: 'do / commit'; the doing of any of the foregoing offenses.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἄνθρωπος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςpersonNominativesubject of ποιήσῃ→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'a person / anyone'; the generic human agent.
ὥστεso as toresult conjunction (with infinitive ἁμαρτεῖν)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / so that'; introduces the result infinitive expressing the sinful upshot.
ἁμαρτεῖνto sinAor Act Inf · ἁμαρτάνωresult infinitive (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive of resultἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the result — committing such acts amounts to sin requiring the guilt offering.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'in'; ἐν τούτοις = 'in these (things)'.
τούτοιςthese thingsDativedative object of ἐν (demonstrative)→ sphere or referenceοὗτος: 'these'; sums up the catalogue of frauds as the sphere in which one sins.
23
καὶ ἔσται ἡνίκα ἐὰν ἁμάρτῃ καὶ πλημμελήσῃ καὶ ἀποδῷ τὸ ἅρπαγμα ὃ ἥρπασεν ἢ τὸ ἀδίκημα ὃ ἠδίκησεν ἢ τὴν παραθήκην ἥτις παρετέθη αὐτῷ ἢ τὴν ἀπώλειαν ἣν εὗρεν
then it shall be, whenever he sins and is in trespass, that he shall give back the plunder which he seized, or the wrong which he did, or the deposit which was entrusted to him, or the lost thing which he found,
The apodosis opens with the Hebraizing καὶ ἔσται ('and it shall be', rendering וְהָיָה) + temporal ἡνίκα ἐάν ('whenever'). The required restitution is itemized item-by-item, each matched to the corresponding offense of vv. 21–22 by a relative clause containing the cognate verb (τὸ ἅρπαγμα ὃ ἥρπασεν, τὸ ἀδίκημα ὃ ἠδίκησεν): the offender must return precisely what he wrongfully took or withheld.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶand / thenapodosis-introducing conjunction (Hebraizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: with ἔσται forms the Hebraism καὶ ἔσται (וְהָיָה) introducing the apodosis.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis-marker)→ predictive future (Hebraizing transition formula)εἰμί: 'be'; the impersonal καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, a stock LXX transition introducing the consequent legislation.
ἡνίκαwhenevertemporal conjunction (with ἐάν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: 'when / at the time when'; with ἐάν, 'whenever'; introduces the temporal condition of the restitution.
ἐὰν(-ever)conditional particle (reinforcing ἡνίκα)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: joined to ἡνίκα for the generalizing 'whenever'.
ἁμάρτῃhe sinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of temporal clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; resumes the offense as the trigger of the obligation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλημμελήσῃis in trespassAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of temporal clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveπλημμελέω: 'trespass / incur guilt'; renders אָשַׁם; reasserts the guilt-liability of the fraud.
καὶand / thatcoordinate conjunction (introducing the main obligation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: links to the principal verb of restitution ἀποδῷ.
ἀποδῷhe shall give backAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb of obligation (subjunctive after the temporal frame)→ jussive-equivalent aorist subjunctive (must restore)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / restore / repay'; renders הֵשִׁיב; the core obligation — restoration of what was wrongfully taken or withheld.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἅρπαγμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρπαγμαplunderAccusativedirect object of ἀποδῷ (first item)→ object specificationἅρπαγμα: 'thing seized / plunder / spoil'; renders הַגָּזֵל; the robbed property of v. 21 (the same rare noun famously used at Phil 2:6).
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (cognate object of ἥρπασεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the cognate construction τὸ ἅρπαγμα ὃ ἥρπασεν ('the plunder which he plundered').
ἥρπασενhe seizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁρπάζωverb of relative clause (cognate)→ constative aoristἁρπάζω: 'seize / snatch / plunder'; cognate to ἅρπαγμα; the act of robbery now to be undone by restitution.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἀδίκημα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδίκημαthe wrongAccusativedirect object of ἀποδῷ (second item)→ object specificationἀδίκημα: 'wrong / injustice / injury'; renders הָעֹשֶׁק ('the extortion'); the wrongfully gained thing to be restored.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (cognate object of ἠδίκησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative; cognate construction τὸ ἀδίκημα ὃ ἠδίκησεν ('the wrong which he wronged').
ἠδίκησενhe did wrongAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀδικέωverb of relative clause (cognate)→ constative aoristἀδικέω: 'wrong / defraud'; cognate to ἀδίκημα; the wrong committed against the neighbor (cf. v. 21).
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with παραθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραθήκηνdepositAccusativedirect object of ἀποδῷ (third item)→ object specificationπαραθήκη: 'deposit / thing entrusted'; renders פִּקָּדוֹן; the entrusted property of v. 21, now to be returned.
ἥτιςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of παρετέθη)→ participant referenceὅστις: relative pronoun; introduces the clause specifying the deposit as entrusted to him.
παρετέθηwas entrustedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · παρατίθημιverb of relative clause (passive)→ constative aorist passiveπαρατίθημι: 'set before / entrust / deposit'; the passive 'was deposited/entrusted'; cognate to παραθήκη; renders הָפְקַד.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient (with παρετέθη)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him'; the trustee with whom the deposit was placed.
ἢordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀπώλειαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπώλειανlost thingAccusativedirect object of ἀποδῷ (fourth item)→ object specificationἀπώλεια: 'lost thing'; renders אֲבֵדָה; the found-and-denied property of v. 22, now to be restored.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εὗρεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; τὴν ἀπώλειαν ἣν εὗρεν ('the lost thing which he found').
εὗρενhe foundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; recalls v. 22; the finding now obliges restitution.
24
ἀπὸ παντὸς πράγματος οὗ ὤμοσεν περὶ αὐτοῦ ἀδίκως καὶ ἀποτείσει αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον καὶ τὸ πέμπτον προσθήσει ἐπ᾿ αὐτό τίνος ἐστίν αὐτῷ ἀποδώσει ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ἐλεγχθῇ
of everything concerning which he swore falsely — he shall even repay it, the principal sum, and shall add the fifth to it; to whomever it belongs, to him he shall give it on the day he is convicted.
The reparation rule mirrors v. 16 but in the interpersonal sphere: full restitution of the principal (τὸ κεφάλαιον) plus a fifth (τὸ πέμπτον) is paid to the rightful owner (τίνος ἐστίν, 'to whomever it belongs') on the very day his guilt is established (ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ἐλεγχθῇ). The passive ἐλεγχθῇ ('he is convicted / proven guilty') sets the legal timing of the payment.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive/respect)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'of / from'; ἀπὸ παντὸς πράγματος = 'in respect of everything'.
παντὸςeveryGenitiveattributive adjective (with πράγματος)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; the totality of matters falsely sworn about.
πράγματοςthing / matterGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationπρᾶγμα: 'thing / matter'; renders דָּבָר; every matter touched by the false oath.
οὗconcerning whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, with περί)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, antecedent πράγματος; 'concerning which he swore'.
ὤμοσενhe sworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristὀμνύω: 'swear'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; the false oath that compounds the fraud (cf. v. 22).
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; the matter sworn about.
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of περί (resuming πράγματος)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the matter falsely sworn about.
ἀδίκωςfalselyadverb of manner (with ὤμοσεν)→ clausal contributionἀδίκως: 'unjustly / falsely'; renders עַל־שָׁקֶר; marks the oath as perjury.
καὶand / evencoordinate conjunction (resuming the main obligation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: links to the principal verb ἀποτείσει.
ἀποτείσειhe shall repayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποτίνωmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureἀποτίνω: 'pay back / make restitution'; renders שִׁלֵּם; the obligatory repayment, here of the principal sum.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ἀποτείσει→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the thing to be repaid, defined appositionally as τὸ κεφάλαιον.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κεφάλαιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφάλαιονprincipal sumAccusativeaccusative in apposition to αὐτό→ object specificationκεφάλαιον: 'principal / capital sum / main amount'; renders רֹאשׁ ('the head/principal'); the full base value to be restored, before the added fifth.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πέμπτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέμπτονfifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει→ object specificationπέμπτος: 'fifth'; τὸ πέμπτον = 'the fifth part'; renders חֲמִישִׁית; the 20% reparation surcharge (= τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον of v. 16) added to the restored principal.
προσθήσειhe shall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureπροστίθημι: 'add'; renders יָסַף; the adding of the fifth to the principal, the reparation principle of the guilt offering.
ἐπ᾿topreposition + accusative (addition, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon / to'; the principal to which the fifth is added.
αὐτόitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the principal sum.
τίνοςto whomeverGenitiveinterrogative/indefinite pronoun (genitive of possession)→ relational specificationτίς: here functioning in an indirect-question/indefinite sense, 'whose it is'; τίνος ἐστίν = 'to whomever it belongs', identifying the rightful owner.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with genitive of possession τίνος)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; τίνος ἐστίν = 'whose it is', i.e. the property's rightful owner.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient (with ἀποδώσει)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him'; the rightful owner, to whom restitution is due.
ἀποδώσειhe shall give itFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / restore'; renders נָתַן / הֵשִׁיב; restitution is made directly to the wronged owner.
ᾗon whichDativerelative pronoun (dative, with ἡμέρᾳ: 'on the day')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative of time; ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ = 'on the day on which'.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when the restitution is made)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the restitution is due on the very day of conviction.
ἐλεγχθῇhe is convictedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἐλέγχωverb of relative-temporal clause (passive)→ constative aorist passive (proven guilty)ἐλέγχω: 'convict / expose / prove guilty'; renders the sense of being found out; the passive sets the legal trigger — once guilt is established, restitution and the offering follow at once.
25
καὶ τῆς πλημμελείας αὐτοῦ οἴσει τῷ κυρίῳ κριὸν ἀπὸ τῶν προβάτων ἄμωμον τιμῆς εἰς ὃ ἐπλημμέλησεν αὐτῷ
And for his trespass he shall bring to the LORD an unblemished ram from the flock, of valuation, for the offense in which he trespassed,
After making the offended neighbor whole, the offender must still satisfy the LORD: he brings the same κριὸς ἄμωμος ('unblemished ram') of fixed valuation as in vv. 15, 18. The dual structure — restitution to the human victim plus a sacrifice to God — embodies the chapter's insistence that fraud against a neighbor is at once a trespass before the LORD (cf. v. 19).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthe / for theGenitivearticle (with πλημμελείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςtrespass / guilt offeringGenitivegenitive of purpose (the offering brought for the trespass)→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'trespass / guilt offering'; renders אָשָׁם; here fronted ('and for his trespass'), emphasizing the cultic obligation that follows the restitution.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the offerer's trespass.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb (legal future)→ imperatival futureφέρω: 'bring'; the bringing of the guilt-offering ram to the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the recipient of the offering — the offense against the neighbor is satisfied before God.
κριὸνa ramAccusativedirect object of οἴσει→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; renders אַיִל; the guilt-offering animal, as in vv. 15, 18.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the flock as source.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with προβάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνflockGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / flock'; the source of the ram.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (qualifying κριόν)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; renders תָּמִים; the requisite spotlessness of the victim.
τιμῆςof valuationGenitivegenitive of value (qualifying κριόν)→ relational specificationτιμή: 'price / valuation'; renders עֵרֶךְ; the fixed monetary worth required of the guilt-offering ram (cf. vv. 15, 18).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/respect)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / with respect to'; introduces the relative defining the offense.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰς; cognate with ἐπλημμέλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; 'for that in which he trespassed'.
ἐπλημμέλησενhe trespassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristπλημμελέω: 'trespass'; renders אָשַׁם; the offense for which the ram is brought.
αὐτῷin itDativedative (of respect/reference: 'in it / thereby')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'in it / thereby'; the dative refers to the matter in which the trespass was committed.
26
καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ περὶ ἑνὸς ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν ἐποίησεν καὶ ἐπλημμέλησεν αὐτῷ
and the priest shall make atonement for him before the LORD, and it shall be forgiven him for any one of all the things that he did and in which he trespassed.
The chapter closes with the atonement formula in its fullest form, the added ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD') underscoring that even the interpersonal trespass is resolved in the divine presence. The sweeping περὶ ἑνὸς ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν ἐποίησεν ('for any one of all the things he did') gathers up the entire catalogue of vv. 21–24 under the promise of forgiveness, sealing both the πλημμέλεια section and the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (atonement formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (atonement formula)→ predictive/imperatival futureἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; renders כִּפֶּר; the chapter's recurring formula verb, here in its sixth occurrence.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / on behalf of'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; the offerer.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the mediating agent of atonement.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the atonement is enacted coram Deo, underscoring that the neighbor-offense is resolved before the LORD.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; in whose presence the atonement is made.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιshall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive)→ predictive future passive (God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'forgive'; renders סָלַח; the divine passive completing the formula and the chapter.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to/for him'; the forgiven offerer.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (concerning)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / concerning'; introduces the comprehensive scope of the forgiveness.
ἑνὸςoneGenitivenumeral (genitive object of περί)→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. ἑνός): 'one'; 'any one' of the catalogued offenses.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'of / from among'.
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantival adjective (partitive)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole range of offenses now covered by forgiveness.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν, by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative attracted to the genitive of πάντων; 'which (things he did)'.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / commit'; the deeds for which forgiveness is granted.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλημμέλησενhe trespassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλημμελέωverb of relative clause (coordinate with ἐποίησεν)→ constative aoristπλημμελέω: 'trespass'; renders אָשַׁם; the final occurrence of the chapter's signature trespass-verb, closing the πλημμέλεια legislation.
αὐτῷin itDativedative (of respect/reference: 'in it / thereby')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'in it / thereby'; refers to the matter in which the trespass was committed (cf. v. 25).