1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX hinge introducing a new block of cultic legislation (cf. Lev 4:1; 5:14; 6:12, 17); καί continues the paratactic chain of Yahweh-speeches that structures Leviticus. Here it opens the priestly manual of the offerings (Rahlfs Lev 6–7), redirecting the address from the lay worshipper of chs. 1–5 to Aaron and his sons.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the paratactic καί renders the Hebrew waw-consecutive; throughout Leviticus it chains successive divine speeches into a continuous legislative discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders Hebrew דִּבֶּר (Piel of דבר); the aorist ἐλάλησεν introduces direct YHWH-speech and recurs as the structural divider of the offering-laws (Lev 6:1, 12, 17).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech, the divine author of the cultic legislation.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός; Moses remains the sole mediator through whom the priestly torah is transmitted to Aaron.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (speech-framing, untensed in Hebraism)λέγω: the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a fixed LXX calque introducing the content of a divine command; it is grammatically redundant after ἐλάλησεν but obligatory in the Hebraizing idiom.
2
ἔντειλαι Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ λέγων οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως αὐτὴ ἡ ὁλοκαύτωσις ἐπὶ τῆς καύσεως αὐτῆς ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ἕως τὸ πρωί καὶ τὸ πῦρ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καυθήσεται ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ οὐ σβεσθήσεται
Command Aaron and his sons, saying, This is the law of the burnt offering: the burnt offering itself shall be on its hearth upon the altar all night until the morning, and the fire of the altar shall be kept burning on it; it shall not be quenched.
The aorist imperative ἔντειλαι ('command') addresses Aaron and his sons, marking the shift from worshipper-instruction to priestly torah. The casus-pendens heading οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως ('this is the law of the burnt offering') is a Hebraism (זֹאת תּוֹרַת); it is then expounded by the nominal clause αὐτὴ ἡ ὁλοκαύτωσις … The verse climaxes in the first statement of the perpetual-fire theme: οὐ σβεσθήσεται.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἔντειλαιcommandAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (issue this charge)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / give orders'; renders Hebrew צַו (Piel of צוה); the middle-deponent aorist imperative ἔντειλαι is the technical verb for commissioning the priests; the parallel Hebrew opening צַו אֶת־אַהֲרֹן gives this section its traditional name.
ΑαρωνAarondative addressee (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; functions here as the (dative) object of ἔντειλαι, paired with τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ — Aaron and the priestly line are the addressees of the whole offering-manual.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative addressee (coordinate with Ααρων)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων are the priestly line who will perform the offerings; the dative marks them as co-recipients of the charge.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Aaron's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Aaron's sons).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing the quoted law)→ imperfective participle (speech-framing)λέγω: the participle λέγων (rendering לֵאמֹר) introduces the verbatim content of the command Moses is to relay to Aaron.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (casus pendens subject of the heading)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the masculine οὗτος agrees with νόμος; the formula οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως renders זֹאת תּוֹרַת הָעֹלָה, the rubric-heading that labels each offering-law in this manual (cf. 6:7, 18; 7:1, 11).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative (heading: 'the law of the burnt offering')→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / instruction'; renders תּוֹרָה; here in its technical cultic sense of a 'ritual prescription / procedure-rule' for a particular offering, not the moral or covenantal Torah as a whole.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώσεωςof the burnt offeringGenitivegenitive (defining the law: 'of the whole burnt offering')→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'whole burnt offering / holocaust' (lit. 'a burning whole'); from ὅλος + καίω; the LXX's term for עֹלָה, the offering wholly consumed on the altar; distinguished from the partly-eaten sacrifices treated later in the manual.
αὐτὴthis / itselfNominativeintensive/demonstrative pronoun (subject of the nominal clause)→ participant referenceαὐτός: here in the demonstrative-resumptive sense 'this very (offering)'; αὐτὴ ἡ ὁλοκαύτωσις resumes the heading and begins the prescription proper, rendering the Hebrew הִוא הָעֹלָה.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωσιςburnt offeringNominativesubject of the nominal clause (verbless: 'shall be')→ participant prominenceὁλοκαύτωσις: repeated from the heading; the verbless clause supplies an implied 'shall be / remains' — the burnt offering stays on the hearth through the night.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location: 'on its hearth')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: 'on its hearth').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καύσεωςburning / hearthGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location of burning)→ relational specificationκαῦσις: 'a burning / combustion'; here the place of burning, i.e. the altar-hearth, rendering מוֹקְדָה ('the hearth / fireplace' of the altar); the offering lies ἐπὶ τῆς καύσεως — on the burning-place — all night.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the offering's hearth)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the offering's hearth).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location: 'on the altar')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: 'on the altar').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location: 'upon the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar / place of sacrifice'; a LXX coinage from θυσιάζω, rendering מִזְבֵּחַ; the altar of burnt offering is the spatial center of this whole chapter — every offering is processed 'upon' or 'beside' it.
ὅληνwhole / allAccusativeattributive adjective (extent of time: modifying νύκτα)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; ὅλην τὴν νύκτα is an accusative of extent of time ('throughout the whole night'), rendering כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה; the burnt offering smolders on the hearth continuously until dawn.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationνύξ: 'night'; the accusative of temporal extent marks the duration over which the offering remains on the altar; the night-long burning anticipates the perpetual fire of vv. 5–6.
ἕωςuntilpreposition / conjunction (temporal terminus: 'until morning')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; here marking the temporal end-point of the night-burning, rendering עַד; the pairing ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ἕως τὸ πρωί ('all night until the morning') brackets the full overnight duration.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρωί)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωίmorningAccusativeobject of ἕως (temporal terminus)→ object specificationπρωί: 'morning / early'; an indeclinable adverbial substantive here taken as a neuter noun with the article τό; renders בֹּקֶר; marks dawn as the moment the priest renews the fire and removes the ash.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the fire-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πῦρfireNominativesubject (of καυθήσεται)→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; τὸ πῦρ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ('the fire of the altar') is the divinely-kindled fire of Lev 9:24 which the priests are now charged never to let die — the central concern of this opening unit.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουof the altarGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's fire)→ relational specificationθυσιαστηρίου: meaning 'of the altar'; it serves as genitive of possession (the altar's fire).
καυθήσεταιshall be kept burningFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καίωmain verb (legislative future: prescriptive)→ prescriptive/jussive future (standing obligation)καίω: 'kindle / burn'; the future passive καυθήσεται ('shall be burning / shall be kept alight') functions as a legislative imperative — the fire is to be maintained continuously; renders the Hebrew imperfect/Hophal of יקד / בער.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (location: 'on it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: 'on it').
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (referring to the altar)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπί (referring to the altar).
οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative: emphatic prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the objective negative; with the future indicative σβεσθήσεται it forms an apodictic prohibition ('it shall not be quenched'), the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew לֹא + imperfect in legal prohibitions.
σβεσθήσεταιshall be quenchedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · σβέννυμιmain verb (negated future: prohibition)→ apodictic future (absolute prohibition)σβέννυμι: 'extinguish / quench / put out'; the negated future passive οὐ σβεσθήσεται ('it shall not be put out') is the first and programmatic statement of the perpetual-fire law repeated at v. 6; renders Hebrew לֹא תִכְבֶּה; metaphorically extended in the NT to unquenched judgment-fire (Mark 9:48) and to the Spirit (1 Thess 5:19, τὸ πνεῦμα μὴ σβέννυτε).
3
καὶ ἐνδύσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς χιτῶνα λινοῦν καὶ περισκελὲς λινοῦν ἐνδύσεται περὶ τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀφελεῖ τὴν κατακάρπωσιν ἣν ἂν καταναλώσῃ τὸ πῦρ τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ παραθήσει αὐτὸ ἐχόμενον τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου
And the priest shall put on a linen tunic, and he shall put linen breeches around his body, and he shall remove the ash-remains which the fire has consumed of the burnt offering from the altar, and he shall set it beside the altar.
A chain of prescriptive futures (ἐνδύσεται … ἐνδύσεται … ἀφελεῖ … παραθήσει) details the morning rite: the priest vests in linen, removes the fatty ash (κατακάρπωσις) of the consumed offering, and sets it beside the altar. The linen garments mark the holiness of the act; the careful disposal of the ash treats even the offering's remains as sacred.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (procedural sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνδύσεταιshall put onFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἐνδύω (mid. ἐνδύομαι): 'put on / clothe oneself'; renders לָבַשׁ; the middle voice indicates donning one's own clothing; the priest's vesting in linen is the prescribed condition for handling the holy ash.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the singular ὁ ἱερεύς designates the officiating priest on duty, the agent of the entire procedure in vv. 3–8.
χιτῶναtunicAccusativedirect object of ἐνδύσεται→ object specificationχιτών: 'tunic / undergarment'; renders מִדּוֹ ('his garment'); the priestly χιτὼν λινοῦς is the basic linen body-garment prescribed for altar service (cf. Exod 28:39; Lev 16:4).
λινοῦνlinenAccusativeattributive adjective (material of the tunic)→ object specificationλινοῦς: 'made of linen / flaxen'; renders בַּד; linen (not wool) is the prescribed priestly fabric for service at the altar, associated with purity and freedom from sweat (cf. Ezek 44:17–18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περισκελὲςbreeches / undergarmentAccusativedirect object of the following ἐνδύσεται→ object specificationπερισκελές: 'that which is around the legs', i.e. breeches / drawers; from περί + σκέλος ('leg'); renders מִכְנְסֵי בַד ('linen breeches'); worn 'around his body' to cover nakedness during altar service (Exod 28:42).
λινοῦνlinenAccusativeattributive adjective (material of the breeches)→ object specificationλινοῦς: 'of linen'; repeated to specify the breeches as linen, like the tunic.
ἐνδύσεταιhe shall put onFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb (prescriptive future, second vesting clause)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἐνδύω: the repetition of ἐνδύσεται for both garments emphasizes the full vesting required before the priest may approach the altar's ash.
περὶaroundpreposition + accusative (around the body)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'around'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (around the body).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativeaccusative object of περί→ object specificationσῶμα: 'body'; renders בָּשָׂר ('flesh / body') in the idiom 'upon his flesh'; the breeches cover the priest's body for modesty in the holy precinct.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφελεῖshall removeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove / lift off'; renders הֵרִים ('lift up / take up'); the priest gathers the fatty ash left after the night's burning; the same verb is used for the priestly 'heave / removal' of holy portions.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακάρπωσινash-remainsAccusativedirect object of ἀφελεῖ→ object specificationκατακάρπωσις: a rare LXX noun (from κατά + καρπόω, 'offer up wholly'), here the fatty ash left after the offering is fully burned; renders Hebrew דֶּשֶׁן ('fat-ash, the greasy ash of the burnt offering'); not to be confused with the live offering — it is the sanctified residue, disposed of with reverence.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of καταναλώσῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the feminine ἥν agrees with κατακάρπωσιν; introduces a relative clause explaining the ash as what the fire has consumed of the offering.
ἂν(should)modal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle; with the aorist subjunctive καταναλώσῃ it forms an indefinite/general relative clause ('whatever the fire consumes'), describing the customary product of the night-burning.
καταναλώσῃconsumesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καταναλίσκωverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the completed act of consuming)καταναλίσκω: 'consume / use up entirely'; the intensive κατα- stresses total consumption; renders the Hebrew of the fire 'eating' (אָכַל) the offering; the fire fully reduces the offering to the ash now to be removed.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of καταναλώσῃ→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the altar fire is here the grammatical agent that 'consumes' the offering, leaving the ash; this connects the disposal-rite to the perpetual-fire theme.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωσινburnt offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition / object (the offering consumed)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: the burnt offering, here named as the substance the fire consumes; the ash-remains (κατακάρπωσις) are what is left of τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν after the night.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the altar')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from the altar').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source of the ash)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar from whose top the ash is first lifted before being set beside it and later carried out.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραθήσειshall set besideFut Act Indic 3 Sg · παρατίθημιmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)παρατίθημι: 'place beside / set near'; the παρα- prefix ('alongside') indicates the ash is deposited just beside the altar as an interim step before its removal from the camp (v. 4); renders the Hebrew of placing (שׂוּם) the ash beside the altar.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the ash)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter αὐτό refers to the ash-mass; the gender shifts to neuter by sense (the heap of ash) rather than agreeing with feminine κατακάρπωσιν.
ἐχόμενονadjoining / next toPres Mid Ptcp Acc Neut Sg · ἔχωcircumstantial participle functioning prepositionally (with genitive: 'close by')→ imperfective participle (state of adjacency)ἔχω (mid. ptcp. ἐχόμενος): in the middle 'hold oneself to / be next to'; the participle ἐχόμενον + genitive is a fixed LXX idiom for 'adjacent to / right beside' (cf. Lev 6:3 of the altar); renders Hebrew אֵצֶל ('beside').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive with ἐχόμενον ('beside the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστηρίου: meaning 'altar'; it serves as genitive with ἐχόμενον ('beside the altar').
4
καὶ ἐκδύσεται τὴν στολὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνδύσεται στολὴν ἄλλην καὶ ἐξοίσει τὴν κατακάρπωσιν ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς εἰς τόπον καθαρόν
And he shall take off his garment and put on another garment, and he shall carry the ash-remains outside the camp to a clean place.
The priest changes out of the linen service-vestments before carrying the ash beyond the camp — the holy garments are not to be worn outside the sacred precinct. The ash goes εἰς τόπον καθαρόν ('to a clean place'), preserving the sanctity of even the offering's residue (cf. the disposal of the sin-offering carcass at Lev 4:12).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (procedural sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδύσεταιshall take offFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκδύωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἐκδύω (mid.): 'strip off / take off (one's own clothes)'; the ἐκ- prefix marks removal; renders פָּשַׁט; antonym of ἐνδύσεται in v. 3 — the priest sheds the holy linen before leaving the sacred area.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στολὴνgarment / robeAccusativedirect object of ἐκδύσεται→ object specificationστολή: 'robe / vestment / set of garments'; renders בֶּגֶד ('garment'); here the priestly service-vestments collectively; their removal before exiting the camp guards their holiness from contact with the common.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνδύσεταιshall put onFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἐνδύω: 'put on'; the priest dons ordinary (non-holy) clothing to carry the ash outside — the holiness of the linen vestments is reserved to the altar-precinct.
στολὴνgarmentAccusativedirect object of ἐνδύσεται→ object specificationστολή: here the 'other' garments — ordinary clothing distinct from the consecrated linen of service.
ἄλληνanotherAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying στολήν)→ object specificationἄλλος: 'other / another'; renders אֲחֵרִים; the change to 'other garments' distinguishes the holy service-vestments from common clothing fit for leaving the camp.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξοίσειshall carry outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἐκφέρω: 'carry out / bring out'; the ἐκ- prefix marks motion out of the camp; renders הוֹצִיא; the same verb describes the removal of the sin-offering carcass to a clean place outside the camp (Lev 4:12), a parallel echoed in Heb 13:11–13.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακάρπωσινash-remainsAccusativedirect object of ἐξοίσει→ object specificationκατακάρπωσις: the fatty ash (דֶּשֶׁן) gathered in v. 3 is now carried beyond the camp; even the consumed offering's residue is treated as holy and given dignified disposal.
ἔξωoutsideadverb / improper preposition + genitive (place: 'outside the camp')→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside / out of'; with the genitive τῆς παρεμβολῆς it renders מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה ('outside the camp'); the spatial language of 'outside the camp' becomes theologically loaded in Heb 13:11–13.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive with ἔξω (place from which)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment / army-camp'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the standard LXX term for Israel's wilderness camp surrounding the tabernacle; the ash is removed beyond its boundary to a ritually clean site.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / location'; renders מָקוֹם; the ash is deposited in a designated, ritually clean site, distinct from a refuse heap.
καθαρόνcleanAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπον)→ object specificationκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; renders טָהוֹר; a 'clean place' is one ritually fit to receive holy residue; the requirement underscores that even ash from the altar retains a derived sanctity.
5
καὶ πῦρ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον καυθήσεται ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐ σβεσθήσεται καὶ καύσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ ξύλα τὸ πρωὶ καὶ στοιβάσει ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν καὶ ἐπιθήσει ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ τὸ στέαρ τοῦ σωτηρίου
And fire shall be kept burning on the altar from it, and it shall not be quenched; and the priest shall burn wood on it in the morning, and shall pile the burnt offering on it, and shall lay upon it the fat of the peace offering.
The verse reasserts the perpetual-fire mandate (καυθήσεται … οὐ σβεσθήσεται) and then prescribes the priest's part in maintaining it: each morning he adds wood, arranges the burnt offering, and lays on the fat of the peace offering. The fronted πῦρ and the chain of futures present the unbroken altar-fire as the priest's standing daily duty.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireNominativesubject (fronted for emphasis)→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the fronting of πῦρ at the head of the clause foregrounds the perpetual altar-fire as the topic of the whole sub-unit (vv. 5–6).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (location of the fire)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar on which the perpetual fire burns; the accusative with ἐπί here denotes the fixed location.
καυθήσεταιshall be kept burningFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καίωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/jussive future (standing obligation)καίω: 'burn / kindle'; the future passive again has prescriptive force — the fire is to be perpetually maintained; repeats the verb of v. 2 to bind the disposal-rite to the perpetual-fire law.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from it')→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from it').
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the altar as source of the fire)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (the altar as source of the fire).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative: prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; with σβεσθήσεται renews the apodictic prohibition against letting the altar-fire die.
σβεσθήσεταιshall be quenchedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · σβέννυμιmain verb (negated future: prohibition)→ apodictic future (absolute prohibition)σβέννυμι: 'extinguish / quench'; the second of three occurrences of οὐ σβεσθήσεται in this chapter (vv. 2, 5, 6), driving home the inviolability of the perpetual fire.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καύσειshall kindle / burnFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καίωmain verb (prescriptive future, active)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)καίω (act.): here transitive 'set burning / feed (with fuel)'; the active καύσει (contrast the passive καυθήσεται) makes the priest the agent who feeds the fire with wood each morning; renders Hebrew בִּעֵר ('kindle').
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: the officiating priest, agent of the daily fire-tending; his role is essential — the perpetual fire depends on human ministry as well as divine origin.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the altar)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (the altar).
ξύλαwoodAccusativedirect object of καύσει→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'wood / pieces of wood / firewood'; renders עֵצִים; the wood fuels the perpetual fire; the priest replenishes it 'in the morning' as part of the daily routine.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρωί)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorningAccusativeadverbial accusative of time ('in the morning')→ object specificationπρωί: 'morning'; the adverbial τὸ πρωί ('in the morning') marks the daily time for renewing the fire and rearranging the offering; renders בַּבֹּקֶר.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στοιβάσειshall pile / arrangeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · στοιβάζωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)στοιβάζω: 'pile up / stack in order / arrange'; a rare verb from στοιβή ('a packing / stuffing'); renders Hebrew עָרַךְ ('arrange / set in order'); the priest stacks the burnt offering neatly upon the wood.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the wood/altar)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπί (the wood/altar).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωσινburnt offeringAccusativedirect object of στοιβάσει→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: the burnt offering, arranged on the wood as the daily continual offering (the tamid); cf. Exod 29:38–42.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειshall lay uponFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / lay on'; the ἐπι- prefix marks placement on top; renders הִקְטִיר / שׂוּם; the priest adds the fat of the peace offering on top of the burnt offering, so the fire continually consumes the choicest portions.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat / suet'; renders חֵלֶב; the fat — the LORD's portion — is the choicest part of the animal (Lev 3:16); it is burned on the altar and never eaten.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτηρίουof the peace offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the fat of the peace/salvation offering')→ relational specificationσωτήριον: lit. 'that which pertains to deliverance / well-being'; the standard LXX rendering of שְׁלָמִים, the 'peace / fellowship offering'; the fat of these offerings is added to the perpetual fire.
6
καὶ πῦρ διὰ παντὸς καυθήσεται ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον οὐ σβεσθήσεται
And fire shall be kept burning perpetually upon the altar; it shall not be quenched.
The shortest verse of the chapter distills the whole sub-unit into an apodictic formula: πῦρ διὰ παντὸς καυθήσεται … οὐ σβεσθήσεται. The phrase διὰ παντός ('perpetually / continually') and the third occurrence of οὐ σβεσθήσεται seal the law; the perpetual fire becomes a symbol of the unceasing worship due to YHWH and, in later tradition, of his abiding presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireNominativesubject (fronted)→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the climactic fronting of πῦρ for the third time in the unit makes the perpetual altar-fire the emphatic theme of the law's summary.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (in the idiom διὰ παντός: 'continually')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: in the fixed phrase διὰ παντός, 'continually / always / perpetually'; renders Hebrew תָּמִיד ('continual'), the technical term for the perpetual offering and perpetual fire.
παντὸςall (continually)Genitivegenitive in the temporal idiom διὰ παντός→ relational specificationπᾶς: in διὰ παντός (sc. χρόνου), 'through all (time) = perpetually'; the phrase marks the fire as the תָּמִיד, the never-interrupted altar-flame.
καυθήσεταιshall be kept burningFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καίωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/jussive future (perpetual obligation)καίω: the future passive with διὰ παντός expresses an unbroken, perpetual obligation; the fire is never to be allowed to go out — the most emphatic statement of the law.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (location of the perpetual fire)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar of burnt offering, locus of the perpetual fire; in Jewish tradition this never-extinguished flame became a sign of God's continual presence with Israel.
οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative: prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative completing the third and final οὐ σβεσθήσεται of the chapter — the law's emphatic seal.
σβεσθήσεταιshall be quenchedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · σβέννυμιmain verb (negated future: absolute prohibition)→ apodictic future (absolute, perpetual prohibition)σβέννυμι: 'quench / extinguish'; the threefold οὐ σβεσθήσεται (vv. 2, 5, 6) is the chapter's signature crux — the perpetual fire of the altar must never go out; later applied metaphorically to unquenchable fire (Isa 66:24; Mark 9:48) and the Spirit (1 Thess 5:19).
7
οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς θυσίας ἣν προσάξουσιν αὐτὴν οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων ἔναντι κυρίου ἀπέναντι τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου
This is the law of the grain offering, which the sons of Aaron shall present before the LORD, in front of the altar.
The verse opens the second offering-law with the same Hebraizing rubric-formula as v. 2 (οὗτος ὁ νόμος …), now τῆς θυσίας ('of the grain/cereal offering'). The resumptive αὐτήν after the relative ἥν is a Hebraism (the redundant resumptive pronoun calquing the Hebrew אֲשֶׁר … אֹתָהּ). The location ἔναντι κυρίου ἀπέναντι τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου frames the presentation as a face-to-face approach before YHWH.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (casus pendens subject of the heading)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the heading οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς θυσίας renders זֹאת תּוֹרַת הַמִּנְחָה, parallel to the burnt-offering heading of v. 2; it labels the new offering-law.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative (heading)→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / ritual prescription'; renders תּוֹרָה; the technical heading introducing the procedure for the grain offering.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςof the grain offeringGenitivegenitive (defining the law: 'of the grain offering')→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; here in its specialized LXX sense of the cereal/grain offering (מִנְחָה), the bloodless offering of fine flour, oil, and frankincense (cf. Lev 2); distinct from the burnt offering treated above.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of προσάξουσιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the feminine ἥν agrees with θυσίαν; introduces the relative clause specifying who presents the offering and where.
προσάξουσινshall presentFut Act Indic 3 Pl · προσάγωverb of relative clause (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)προσάγω: 'bring near / present / offer'; a technical cultic verb of approach, renders הִקְרִיב; the sons of Aaron 'bring near' the grain offering before YHWH at the altar.
αὐτὴνitAccusativeresumptive pronoun (redundant object: Hebraism)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive αὐτήν repeats the relative ἥν as a direct object — a Hebraism calquing the Hebrew resumptive pronoun after אֲשֶׁר (אֲשֶׁר … אֹתָהּ); grammatically redundant in Greek but idiomatic in translation-Greek.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of προσάξουσιν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων, the priestly line, are the agents who present the grain offering; the priestly monopoly on the rite is emphasized.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Aaron')→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; here functioning as a genitive ('of Aaron') defining the priestly line.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD') frames the offering as presented in YHWH's presence, i.e. at the sanctuary.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the offering is presented 'before the LORD,' underscoring that the priestly act is directed Godward.
ἀπέναντιin front ofimproper preposition + genitive (directly opposite / in front of)→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: 'opposite / right in front of'; renders אֶל־פְּנֵי / לִפְנֵי; locates the presentation directly before the altar, specifying the physical site of the 'before the LORD' approach.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive object of ἀπέναντι→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar before which the grain offering is brought; the spatial focus remains the altar throughout the manual.
8
καὶ ἀφελεῖ ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ τῇ δρακὶ ἀπὸ τῆς σεμιδάλεως τῆς θυσίας σὺν τῷ ἐλαίῳ αὐτῆς καὶ σὺν τῷ λιβάνῳ αὐτῆς τὰ ὄντα ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας καὶ ἀνοίσει ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον κάρπωμα ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῆς τῷ κυρίῳ
And he shall take from it with his handful, from the fine flour of the grain offering with its oil and with its frankincense, the things that are upon the grain offering, and he shall offer it up on the altar as a fire-offering, an aroma of sweet savor, its memorial portion to the LORD.
The priest lifts a handful (τῇ δρακί, instrumental dative) of the fine flour with its oil and frankincense and burns it as the memorial portion (τὸ μνημόσυνον). The string of appositional nominatives at the end — κάρπωμα, ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας, τὸ μνημόσυνον — characterizes what ascends to the LORD: a fire-offering, a pleasing aroma, the token-portion that represents the whole.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφελεῖshall take / lift offFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove / lift off'; renders הֵרִים; the priest lifts a token handful from the offering — the same verb used for removing the ash in v. 3, here for the memorial portion.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the offering as source)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (the offering as source).
τῇtheDativearticle (with δρακί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δρακὶhandful / with the handDativeinstrumental dative ('with his handful')→ sphere or referenceδράξ (dat. δρακί): 'handful / closed hand, fistful'; renders קֹמֶץ ('handful'); the instrumental dative specifies the measure removed — a single fistful of the flour-mixture as the memorial portion.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σεμιδάλεωςfine flourGenitivegenitive of source (partitive: 'from the fine flour')→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour / semolina'; renders סֹלֶת; the high-quality flour that is the substance of the grain offering; the handful is taken from it.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςgrain offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'fine flour of the grain offering')→ relational specificationθυσία: the grain offering (מִנְחָה) from which the priest's handful is taken.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; marks the oil and frankincense accompanying the flour in the memorial handful.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative object of σύν (accompaniment)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; oil is mixed into the grain offering; a portion of it goes up with the memorial handful.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the offering's oil)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the offering's oil).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (accompaniment).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λιβάνῳfrankincenseDativedative object of σύν (accompaniment)→ sphere or referenceλίβανος: 'frankincense / incense'; renders לְבֹנָה; all the frankincense was burned with the memorial handful (cf. Lev 2:2), its fragrant smoke rising as the 'pleasing aroma.'
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the offering's frankincense)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the offering's frankincense).
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle with participle (substantival: 'the things that are')→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνταbeing / which arePres Act Ptcp Acc Neut Pl · εἰμίsubstantival participle (apposition: 'the things that are upon the offering')→ imperfective participle (state: what is present on the offering)εἰμί (ptcp. ὤν): 'be'; the substantival τὰ ὄντα ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας ('the things that are upon the grain offering') sums up the flour-oil-frankincense complex as the material of the memorial handful.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςgrain offeringGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location of the oil and frankincense)→ relational specificationθυσία: the grain offering on which the oil and frankincense rest.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίσειshall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer up / carry up'; the ἀνα- prefix ('up') captures the upward motion of the smoke; renders הֶעֱלָה / הִקְטִיר; the technical verb for sending an offering up in smoke to God; cf. its sacrificial use in Heb 7:27; 13:15; 1 Pet 2:5.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (location of the offering-up)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar onto which the memorial handful is burned.
κάρπωμαfire-offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (predicative: 'as a fire-offering')→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'fruit-offering / fire-offering'; a distinctively LXX term (from καρπόω, 'offer up by fire') rendering אִשֶּׁה, the offering made by fire; here in apposition, characterizing the burned handful as a fire-gift to YHWH.
ὀσμὴaromaNominativenominative in loose apposition (predicative phrase)→ participant prominenceὀσμή: 'smell / odor / fragrance'; renders רֵיחַ; the nominative in the fixed phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας breaks case-agreement (a frozen formula) describing the burning as a fragrance well-pleasing to God.
εὐωδίαςof sweet savorGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμή: 'fragrant aroma')→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'sweet smell / fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ ('soothing, pleasing'); ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('a pleasing aroma') is the standard LXX formula for an acceptable sacrifice (cf. Gen 8:21; Eph 5:2; Phil 4:18 of Christ's self-offering).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μνημόσυνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemorial portionAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the token-portion offered)→ object specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / remembrance-portion'; renders אַזְכָּרָה, the token handful burned to represent (and so 'bring to remembrance') the whole offering before God; cf. Acts 10:4, where Cornelius' prayers and alms ascend as a μνημόσυνον.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the offering's memorial portion)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the offering's memorial portion).
τῷtheDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage / recipient ('to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative τῷ κυρίῳ marks YHWH as the recipient of the memorial portion — the offering ascends to him alone.
9
τὸ δὲ καταλειφθὲν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἔδεται Ααρων καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ ἄζυμα βρωθήσεται ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ ἐν αὐλῇ τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἔδονται αὐτήν
And what is left over from it Aaron and his sons shall eat; it shall be eaten unleavened in a holy place; in the court of the tent of witness they shall eat it.
δέ marks the shift from what ascends to God (the memorial handful, v. 8) to what remains for the priests. The remainder is the priests' due, but its holiness controls how it is eaten: unleavened (ἄζυμα), in a holy place — specifically the court of the tent of witness. The double mention of eating (ἔδεται … ἔδονται) frames the verse and stresses the priestly privilege.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τὸthe (thing)Nominativearticle with participle (substantival subject)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / butmild adversative / continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here marks the contrast between the burned memorial portion (God's) and the remainder (the priests').
καταλειφθὲνwhat is left overAor Pass Ptcp Nom Neut Sg · καταλείπωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the remainder')→ resultative aorist participle (the state of being left over)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the passive participle τὸ καταλειφθέν ('what is left') denotes the bulk of the grain offering remaining after the memorial handful is burned; renders the Hebrew הַנּוֹתֶרֶת.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the offering as source)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (the offering as source).
ἔδεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prescriptive future; subject Aaron + sons)→ prescriptive future (priestly due / entitlement)ἐσθίω (fut. ἔδομαι): 'eat'; the suppletive future ἔδεται renders אָכַל; the singular agrees with the nearer subject Ααρων before the compound subject 'Aaron and his sons'; eating the offering is the priests' prescribed portion.
ΑαρωνAaronsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; nominative subject here; Aaron and his sons consume the priestly portion of the grain offering.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (coordinate with Ααρων)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the priestly sons share the portion with Aaron.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἄζυμαunleavenedNominativepredicate adjective / adverbial accusative ('as unleavened')→ participant prominenceἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; renders מַצּוֹת; the neuter plural ἄζυμα functions predicatively — the priestly portion is to be eaten without leaven, in keeping with the offering's holiness (leaven and honey being barred from altar-offerings, Lev 2:11).
βρωθήσεταιshall be eatenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · βιβρώσκωmain verb (prescriptive future, passive)→ prescriptive future (regulation of how it is eaten)βιβρώσκω: 'eat / consume'; the future passive βρωθήσεται regulates the manner and place of eating; renders the Hebrew Niphal תֵּאָכֵל ('it shall be eaten').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ ('in a holy place') restricts consumption to the sacred precinct, since the offering is holy.
ἁγίῳholyDativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπῳ)→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קָדוֹשׁ; the holiness of the offering demands a holy setting for its consumption — it cannot be eaten in a common place.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location, epexegetical)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location, epexegetical).
αὐλῇcourtDativedative of place (specifying 'the holy place')→ sphere or referenceαὐλή: 'court / courtyard / enclosure'; renders חָצֵר; the court of the tent of witness is specified as the holy place where priests eat their portion — the open enclosure around the tabernacle.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive of possession (the court of the tent)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן; ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου is the standard LXX designation for the tabernacle, the tent in which the testimony (covenant tablets) was kept.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof witnessGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tent of witness/testimony')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת ('testimony'); the LXX's σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('tent of witness') reads the Hebrew אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting') as 'tent of the testimony' — the tent housing the tablets of the covenant.
ἔδονταιthey shall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (prescriptive future, resumptive)→ prescriptive future (priestly entitlement, restated)ἐσθίω (fut. ἔδονται): the plural resumes the compound subject 'Aaron and his sons'; the repeated verb of eating (after ἔδεται) emphatically secures the priests' right to the remainder.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (the grain offering)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the grain offering).
10
οὐ πεφθήσεται ἐζυμωμένη μερίδα αὐτὴν ἔδωκα αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν καρπωμάτων κυρίου ἅγια ἁγίων ὥσπερ τὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ ὥσπερ τὸ τῆς πλημμελείας
It shall not be baked leavened. I have given it to them as their portion from the fire-offerings of the LORD; it is most holy, like that of the sin offering and like that of the trespass offering.
Two regulations: a negative (no leaven) and a positive grant ('I have given it to them as a portion'). The first-person ἔδωκα is YHWH's own voice granting the priests their share. The verse then grades the offering as ἅγια ἁγίων ('most holy') and aligns it with the sin offering and the trespass offering — the most sacred class of sacrifices, whose holiness is contagious (v. 11).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative: prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; with πεφθήσεται forms an apodictic prohibition against baking the priestly portion with leaven.
πεφθήσεταιshall be bakedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πέσσωmain verb (negated future: prohibition)→ apodictic future (absolute prohibition)πέσσω / πέπτω: 'cook / bake / ripen'; the future passive πεφθήσεται renders the Hebrew of baking (אָפָה); the prohibition οὐ πεφθήσεται ἐζυμωμένη bars leaven from the priestly portion of the grain offering.
ἐζυμωμένηleavenedPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · ζυμόωpredicative participle (state: 'as a leavened thing')→ resultative perfect participle (the settled state of being leavened)ζυμόω: 'leaven / cause to ferment'; the perfect passive participle ἐζυμωμένη ('having been leavened') marks the prohibited state; leaven, a sign of corruption/fermentation, is excluded from altar-offerings (Lev 2:11; cf. 1 Cor 5:6–8).
μερίδαportion / shareAccusativeaccusative (predicative object: 'as their portion')→ object specificationμερίς: 'part / share / portion'; renders חֵלֶק; the priests' allotted share of the offering; the predicative accusative defines what YHWH grants them.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκα→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔδωκα.
ἔδωκαI have givenAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine first-person grant)→ constative aorist (authoritative act of granting)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַתִּי; the first-person ἔδωκα is YHWH speaking — the priestly portion is a divine gift, an entitlement granted from his own fire-offerings, not human spoil.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (the priests)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (the priests).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source of the portion)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of the portion).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπωμάτωνfire-offeringsGenitivegenitive of source (partitive: 'from the fire-offerings')→ relational specificationκάρπωμα: 'fire-offering / offering by fire'; renders אִשֶּׁה; the priests' portion is drawn from the offerings made to YHWH by fire — their livelihood comes from the altar.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's fire-offerings)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the fire-offerings belong to the LORD, and from them he assigns the priests' share.
ἅγιαholyNominativepredicate (superlative phrase: 'most holy')→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the neuter plural ἅγια in the phrase ἅγια ἁγίων ('holy of holies / most holy') renders the Hebrew superlative קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים; this grades the offering at the highest level of sanctity.
ἁγίωνof holiesGenitivegenitive (Hebraic superlative: 'most holy')→ relational specificationἅγιος: the genitive plural ἁγίων completes the superlative idiom ἅγια ἁγίων ('most holy'); the same construction names the inner sanctuary (the Holy of Holies); applied to the grain, sin, and trespass offerings, it marks them as belonging wholly to the sacred sphere.
ὥσπερjust as / likecomparative particle (introducing comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as / even as'; renders כְּ; aligns the holiness of the grain offering with that of the sin and trespass offerings.
τὸthat (of)Nominativearticle used as pronoun ('the one [offering] of')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/τό: the neuter article τό used substantivally ('the [offering] of the sin offering'), an elliptical idiom referring to the sin-offering's holiness.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςof the sin offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'that of the sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; here by metonymy 'the sin offering' (περὶ ἁμαρτίας / τὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, rendering חַטָּאת); the most-holy sin offering provides the comparison for the grain offering's sanctity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust as / likecomparative particle (second comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: repeated to add the trespass offering to the comparison.
τὸthat (of)Nominativearticle used as pronoun ('the one [offering] of')→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλημμελείαςof the trespass offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'that of the trespass offering')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'fault / error / trespass'; the LXX term for אָשָׁם, the guilt/trespass offering; τὸ τῆς πλημμελείας ('that of the trespass offering') completes the list of the most-holy offerings to which the grain offering is likened.
11
πᾶν ἀρσενικὸν τῶν ἱερέων ἔδονται αὐτήν νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ἀπὸ τῶν καρπωμάτων κυρίου πᾶς ὃς ἐὰν ἅψηται αὐτῶν ἁγιασθήσεται
Every male among the priests shall eat it; it is a perpetual statute throughout your generations from the fire-offerings of the LORD. Everyone who touches them shall become holy.
The eating-right is extended to every male of the priestly line and fixed as a νόμιμον αἰώνιον ('perpetual statute'). The verse closes with the first statement of the chapter's holiness-contagion crux: πᾶς ὃς ἐὰν ἅψηται αὐτῶν ἁγιασθήσεται ('everyone who touches them becomes holy') — the most-holy offerings transmit their sanctity by contact (cf. v. 20; Exod 29:37).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀρσενικόν)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the neuter πᾶν agrees with ἀρσενικόν; marks the universal scope of the priestly eating-right among males.
ἀρσενικὸνmaleNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'every male')→ participant prominenceἀρσενικός: 'male'; renders זָכָר; only the male priests may eat the most-holy offerings; the neuter singular is used collectively ('every male person').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωνpriestsGenitivepartitive genitive ('male among the priests')→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the partitive genitive τῶν ἱερέων limits the eating-right to males of the priestly families.
ἔδονταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (perpetual entitlement)ἐσθίω (fut. ἔδονται): 'eat'; the plural with the collective 'every male' grants the priestly males the right to consume the offering.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (the grain offering)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the grain offering).
νόμιμονstatute / ordinanceNominativepredicate nominative ('it is a statute')→ participant prominenceνόμιμον: 'that which is lawful / a statute / ordinance'; renders חֹק; νόμιμον αἰώνιον ('a perpetual statute') is a standard LXX legal formula marking a permanently binding cultic regulation.
αἰώνιονeverlasting / perpetualNominativeattributive adjective (modifying νόμιμον)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'eternal / perpetual / age-long'; renders עוֹלָם; marks the regulation as binding for all future generations, not a temporary measure.
εἰςfor / throughoutpreposition + accusative (extent in time)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here temporal, 'for / throughout'; εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('for/throughout your generations') marks the perpetual duration of the statute.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation / age'; renders דּוֹר; εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('throughout your generations') is a fixed LXX formula for perpetual cultic ordinances.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (your generations)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (your generations).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπωμάτωνfire-offeringsGenitivegenitive of source (the priests' portion comes from the fire-offerings)→ relational specificationκάρπωμα: the fire-offerings (אִשֶּׁה) of YHWH from which the priests' perpetual portion is drawn.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's fire-offerings)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the fire-offerings are the LORD's, and the priests' livelihood is drawn from them.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject of the relative-conditional clause→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everyone / all'; πᾶς ὃς ἐάν ('everyone who[ever]') is a Hebraizing generalizing construction (כֹּל אֲשֶׁר), introducing the rule of contagious holiness.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἅψηται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἐάν + subjunctive forms an indefinite relative ('whoever').
ἐὰνever / ifconditional particle (with subjunctive: indefinite relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / ever'; here with the relative ὅς forms the generalizing 'whoever'; takes the aorist subjunctive ἅψηται.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (any single act of touching)ἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι + gen.): 'touch / take hold of'; the middle with the genitive αὐτῶν ('touches them'); renders נָגַע; physical contact with the most-holy offerings transmits holiness.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἅψηται (the offerings touched)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive (required by ἅπτομαι) refers to the most-holy offerings; the plural broadens the reference to all such holy things.
ἁγιασθήσεταιshall become holyFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (apodosis: result of touching)→ consequential future (automatic transfer of holiness)ἁγιάζω: 'make holy / consecrate / sanctify'; the future passive ἁγιασθήσεται renders יִקְדָּשׁ; the crux of contagious holiness: contact with the most-holy offering transfers a state of consecration to the one (or thing) that touches it (cf. v. 20; Exod 29:37; and the debate of Hag 2:11–13).
12
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The recurring speech-formula (cf. vv. 1, 17) opens the third sub-unit: the law of the anointed priest's daily grain offering. The repetition of the full formula marks a fresh, self-contained legislative paragraph within the offering-manual.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: paratactic, rendering the waw-consecutive; here it opens a new legislative paragraph.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: renders דִּבֶּר; the aorist introduces a new block of priestly legislation (the high priest's daily offering, vv. 13–16).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks unmediated divine speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: acc. of the directional object; Moses remains the mediator of the priestly torah.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (speech-framing)λέγω: the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר, the fixed calque introducing the content of the command.
13
τοῦτο τὸ δῶρον Ααρων καὶ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ ὃ προσοίσουσιν κυρίῳ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ἂν χρίσῃς αὐτόν τὸ δέκατον τοῦ οιφι σεμιδάλεως εἰς θυσίαν διὰ παντός τὸ ἥμισυ αὐτῆς τὸ πρωὶ καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ αὐτῆς τὸ δειλινόν
This is the gift of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer to the LORD on the day in which you anoint him: a tenth of an ephah of fine flour as a perpetual grain offering, half of it in the morning and half of it in the evening.
A new rubric (τοῦτο τὸ δῶρον …) introduces the high priest's offering, presented from the day of his anointing (the second-person χρίσῃς addresses Moses, the anointer). The measure is fixed (a tenth of an ephah of fine flour) and the timing is doubled: half in the morning, half in the evening — a perpetual (διὰ παντός) daily offering paralleling the continual burnt offering of v. 5.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the neuter τοῦτο agrees with δῶρον; the heading τοῦτο τὸ δῶρον ('this is the gift/offering') introduces the high priest's daily offering.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονgift / offeringNominativepredicate nominative (heading)→ participant prominenceδῶρον: 'gift / present / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן ('that which is brought near') and מִנְחָה here; the technical LXX term for an offering presented to God; the high priest's δῶρον is his obligatory daily grain offering.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'of Aaron')→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; here a possessive genitive — the offering belongs to (is incumbent upon) Aaron and his successors.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of possession (coordinate with Ααρων)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the offering is incumbent on Aaron and his successors in the high-priestly line, each anointed in turn.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of προσοίσουσιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the neuter ὅ agrees with δῶρον; introduces the relative clause specifying the offering's presentation.
προσοίσουσινshall offer / presentFut Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωverb of relative clause (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)προσφέρω: 'bring to / offer / present'; a technical cultic verb of presentation, renders הִקְרִיב; the same verb dominates the sacrificial vocabulary of Hebrews (e.g. Heb 5:1; 8:3); here the high priest and his line present the daily offering.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative marks YHWH as the recipient of the offering.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the offering begins on the day the priest is anointed and continues perpetually thereafter.
ᾗon whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, antecedent ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: the feminine dative ᾗ agrees with ἡμέρᾳ; 'the day on which you anoint him'; renders the Hebrew בְּיוֹם הִמָּשַׁח.
ἂν(ever)modal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle; with χρίσῃς (subjunctive) it generalizes the time-reference to each anointing of a high priest.
χρίσῃςyou anointAor Act Subj 2 Sg · χρίωverb of indefinite temporal clause (subjunctive, addressing Moses)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the act of anointing)χρίω: 'anoint'; renders מָשַׁח; the second-person addresses Moses as the consecrator; from this verb derive χριστός ('anointed', v. 15) and ultimately the title Χριστός — the high priest's anointing prefigures the Anointed One (cf. Heb 1:9; Acts 10:38).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of χρίσῃς (the priest anointed)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of χρίσῃς (the priest anointed).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δέκατον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέκατονtenthAccusativeaccusative in apposition (defining the offering's measure)→ object specificationδέκατος: 'tenth'; τὸ δέκατον τοῦ οιφι ('a tenth of an ephah', = an omer) renders עֲשִׂירִת הָאֵפָה; the fixed measure of fine flour for the daily offering.
τοῦthe / of anGenitivearticle (with οιφι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οιφιof an ephahgenitive of the whole (indeclinable measure-word)→ clausal contributionοιφι: an indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אֵיפָה ('ephah'), a dry-measure (≈ 22 liters); the LXX simply transcribes the Hebrew unit rather than translating it; a tenth of it is the daily measure of flour.
σεμιδάλεωςfine flourGenitivegenitive of material (the substance measured)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; renders סֹלֶת; the high-grade flour of which the high priest's daily offering is made.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (purpose / result: 'as a grain offering')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here of purpose/destination, 'for / as'; εἰς θυσίαν ('as a grain offering') marks the function of the flour.
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the offering's category)→ object specificationθυσία: the grain/cereal offering (מִנְחָה); the high priest's daily flour-offering.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (in the idiom διὰ παντός: 'perpetually')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: in διὰ παντός, 'continually / perpetually'; renders תָּמִיד; marks the high priest's grain offering as a daily, never-omitted obligation, like the perpetual fire and burnt offering.
παντόςall (continually)Genitivegenitive in the temporal idiom διὰ παντός→ relational specificationπᾶς: in διὰ παντός, 'through all (time) = perpetually'; the daily offering is the תָּמִיד of the priesthood.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἥμισυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμισυhalfNominativesubstantival adjective (subject of implied verb: 'half [is offered]')→ participant prominenceἥμισυς: 'half'; renders מַחֲצִית; the daily offering is divided into a morning and an evening portion, mirroring the morning and evening burnt offerings (Exod 29:39).
αὐτῆςof itGenitivepartitive genitive ('half of it')→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive ('half of it').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρωί)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorningAccusativeadverbial accusative of time ('in the morning')→ object specificationπρωί: 'morning'; the first of the two daily portions; renders בַּבֹּקֶר.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with second ἥμισυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμισυhalfNominativesubstantival adjective (the second, evening portion)→ participant prominenceἥμισυς: the second half, offered in the evening; the two halves together make up the full daily offering.
αὐτῆςof itGenitivepartitive genitive ('half of it')→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive ('half of it').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δειλινόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δειλινόνin the eveningAccusativeadverbial accusative of time ('in the evening / at twilight')→ object specificationδειλινός: 'of the late afternoon / evening'; τὸ δειλινόν ('at evening / twilight') renders Hebrew בָּעֶרֶב / בֵּין הָעַרְבָּיִם; the second daily offering-time, paired with the morning.
14
ἐπὶ τηγάνου ἐν ἐλαίῳ ποιηθήσεται πεφυραμένην οἴσει αὐτήν ἑλικτά θυσίαν ἐκ κλασμάτων θυσίαν ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ
It shall be prepared on a griddle with oil; he shall bring it kneaded, in twisted pieces, a grain offering of fragments, a grain offering of a pleasing aroma to the LORD.
The preparation is specified: cooked on a griddle with oil, kneaded, and brought as broken/twisted pieces. The verse closes with the recurring acceptance-formula θυσίαν ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ, marking the offering as well-pleasing to YHWH. The grammar is loose (the feminine πεφυραμένην with neuter ἑλικτά), reflecting the compressed translation-Greek of a technical recipe.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location of preparation)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location of preparation).
τηγάνουgriddle / panGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the cooking implement)→ relational specificationτήγανον: 'frying-pan / griddle / flat baking-plate'; renders מַחֲבַת; the implement on which the high priest's grain offering is cooked with oil (cf. Lev 2:5).
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (instrumental/accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental/accompaniment).
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative (means: 'with oil')→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the offering is mixed and cooked with oil, as prescribed for the griddle-offering.
ποιηθήσεταιshall be preparedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future, passive)→ prescriptive future (procedural regulation)ποιέω: 'make / do / prepare'; the future passive ποιηθήσεται here means 'shall be prepared / made up'; renders the Hebrew of being made (תֵּעָשֶׂה).
πεφυραμένηνkneaded / mixedPerf Pass Ptcp Acc Fem Sg · φυράωpredicative participle (state of the offering when brought)→ resultative perfect participle (the settled state of being kneaded)φυράω: 'mix / knead / moisten (flour with oil)'; the perfect passive participle πεφυραμένην ('having been kneaded/soaked') describes the oil-saturated dough; renders מֻרְבֶּכֶת ('well-mixed / soaked').
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)φέρω (fut. οἴσει): 'bring / carry'; the suppletive future; the priest brings the prepared offering to the altar.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of οἴσει→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of οἴσει.
ἑλικτάtwisted / rolled piecesAccusativeaccusative in apposition (describing the form: 'as twisted pieces')→ object specificationἑλικτός: 'rolled / coiled / twisted'; from ἑλίσσω ('roll, wind'); the neuter plural ἑλικτά describes the offering shaped into twisted/rolled cakes; renders the Hebrew of the broken/baked pieces (תֻּפִינֵי).
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the offering's category)→ object specificationθυσία: the grain offering, here in apposition characterizing the prepared cakes.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (composition: 'of fragments')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (composition: 'of fragments').
κλασμάτωνbroken pieces / fragmentsGenitivegenitive of composition (with θυσίαν: 'an offering of fragments')→ relational specificationκλάσμα: 'fragment / broken piece'; from κλάω ('break'); θυσίαν ἐκ κλασμάτων ('a grain offering of broken pieces') describes the baked offering broken up before being burned; the noun κλάσμα reappears for the fragments of the loaves in the Gospel feedings (Matt 14:20; John 6:12).
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (resumptive, with the acceptance-formula)→ object specificationθυσία: repeated to govern the acceptance-formula ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας — the offering is 'a grain offering, a pleasing aroma.'
ὀσμὴνaromaAccusativeaccusative in apposition (acceptance-formula)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'smell / fragrance'; here in the accusative (agreeing with θυσίαν) in the formula ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας ('a fragrant aroma'); cf. the nominative form of the same formula in v. 8.
εὐωδίαςof sweet savorGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ; ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας is the standard formula for an acceptable offering (cf. Eph 5:2; 2 Cor 2:15).
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient ('pleasing aroma to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative marks YHWH as the one to whom the fragrant offering ascends.
15
ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστὸς ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ ποιήσει αὐτήν νόμος αἰώνιος ἅπαν ἐπιτελεσθήσεται
The anointed priest in his place, from among his sons, shall perform it; it is a perpetual law: it shall be wholly offered up.
The succession is regulated: each anointed priest (ὁ χριστός) who follows in office must perform the daily offering. The clause νόμος αἰώνιος ('a perpetual law') fixes the obligation, and ἅπαν ἐπιτελεσθήσεται ('it shall be wholly offered up') anticipates v. 16: unlike the lay grain offering, the priest's own offering is entirely burned, never eaten.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; here the high priest who succeeds Aaron; the daily offering is bound to the office, not the individual.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with χριστός, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χριστὸςanointedNominativeattributive adjective (ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστός: 'the anointed priest')→ participant prominenceχριστός: 'anointed'; the verbal adjective of χρίω (v. 13); ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστός renders הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ ('the anointed priest', the high priest); the very word that, as a title, becomes Χριστός / Messiah — Leviticus' anointed high priest is read in Hebrews as the type of Christ the great high priest (Heb 4:14–5:10).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'in his stead')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: 'instead of / in place of'; renders תַּחְתָּיו ('in his stead'); marks the successor high priest who takes Aaron's place.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (the predecessor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί (the predecessor).
ἐκfrom / amongpreposition + genitive (source/partition)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: 'from / out of / among'; ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ ('from among his sons') specifies that the successor must come from Aaron's line.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivepartitive genitive ('from among his sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the high-priestly succession runs through Aaron's descendants.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ποιήσειshall perform / makeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (perpetual duty of the office)ποιέω: 'do / make / perform (a rite)'; here 'offer / carry out' the daily offering; renders the Hebrew of performing the sacrifice (עָשָׂה).
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (the daily offering)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the daily offering).
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative ('it is a law')→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / statute'; νόμος αἰώνιος ('a perpetual law') fixes the daily priestly offering as a permanently binding ordinance; cf. the parallel formula νόμιμον αἰώνιον (v. 11).
αἰώνιοςeverlastingNominativeattributive adjective (modifying νόμος)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'eternal / perpetual'; renders עוֹלָם; marks the law as binding in perpetuity.
ἅπανwholly / the wholeNominativepredicate/adverbial ('it shall be wholly [offered]')→ participant prominenceἅπας: 'whole / entire / all' (strengthened form of πᾶς); the neuter ἅπαν functions adverbially/predicatively — the priest's offering is offered up in its entirety, with nothing reserved for eating.
ἐπιτελεσθήσεταιshall be wholly offered upFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτελέωmain verb (prescriptive future, passive)→ prescriptive future (total consumption mandated)ἐπιτελέω: 'complete / accomplish / perform fully / offer entire'; the ἐπι- prefix intensifies to 'bring wholly to completion'; here 'shall be wholly burned/offered'; renders the Hebrew of total burning (כָּלִיל תָּקְטָר); the priest's grain offering is entirely consumed, prefiguring v. 16.
16
καὶ πᾶσα θυσία ἱερέως ὁλόκαυτος ἔσται καὶ οὐ βρωθήσεται
And every grain offering of a priest shall be wholly burned; it shall not be eaten.
The verse generalizes the rule of v. 15 into a principle: any grain offering belonging to a priest is ὁλόκαυτος ('wholly burned') and οὐ βρωθήσεται ('not eaten'). Whereas a layperson's grain offering supports the priests, a priest may not profit from his own offering — there is no one 'outside' to whom the priestly portion could fall, so the whole is given to God.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσία)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the feminine πᾶσα agrees with θυσία; generalizes the rule to every priestly grain offering.
θυσίαgrain offeringNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθυσία: the grain offering; here any such offering belonging to a priest, which is wholly burned.
ἱερέωςof a priestGenitivegenitive of possession ('a priest's offering')→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the genitive marks the offering as belonging to a priest — the key condition that makes it wholly burned rather than partly eaten.
ὁλόκαυτοςwholly burnedNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceὁλόκαυτος: 'wholly burned / entirely consumed by fire'; from ὅλος + καίω; renders כָּלִיל ('whole / entire offering'); the priest's offering is a holocaust — fully given to God, none eaten.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίlinking verb (predicate: 'shall be wholly burned')→ predictive/prescriptive future (standing rule)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the copula links the subject to the predicate ὁλόκαυτος, establishing the standing rule.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative: prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; with βρωθήσεται forms an apodictic prohibition against eating the priest's own offering.
βρωθήσεταιshall be eatenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · βιβρώσκωmain verb (negated future: prohibition)→ apodictic future (absolute prohibition)βιβρώσκω: 'eat'; the negated future passive οὐ βρωθήσεται ('it shall not be eaten') closes the unit; the priest's offering, wholly burned, contrasts with the lay grain offering of which the priests eat (v. 9).
17
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The fourth and final occurrence of the full speech-formula (cf. vv. 1, 12) opens the law of the sin offering — the climactic and most holiness-charged unit of the chapter, addressed (like the first) to Aaron and his sons.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: paratactic, rendering the waw-consecutive; opens the final legislative paragraph of the chapter.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: renders דִּבֶּר; introduces the law of the sin offering (vv. 18–23).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; marks unmediated divine speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: acc. of the directional object; Moses is the mediator of the priestly torah.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (speech-framing)λέγω: the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר, the fixed calque introducing the command's content.
18
λάλησον Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ λέγων οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐν τόπῳ οὗ σφάζουσιν τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα σφάξουσιν τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἔναντι κυρίου ἅγια ἁγίων ἐστίν
Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying, This is the law of the sin offering: in the place where they slaughter the burnt offering, they shall slaughter the sin offering before the LORD; it is most holy.
The imperative λάλησον commissions the law, addressed to Aaron and his sons (paralleling ἔντειλαι in v. 2). The rubric οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας heads the unit. The sin offering is slaughtered at the same spot as the burnt offering — north of the altar (Lev 1:11) — and graded as ἅγια ἁγίων ('most holy'), the highest sanctity-class, whose contagious holiness is then regulated in vv. 19–23.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist imperative λάλησον commissions Moses to relay the sin-offering law to the priests; parallel to ἔντειλαι (v. 2) and λάλησον (Lev 1:2 etc.).
Ααρωνto Aarondative addressee (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; the (dative) addressee of λάλησον, paired with τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative addressee (coordinate with Ααρων)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the priestly line, co-addressees of the sin-offering law.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing the quoted law)→ imperfective participle (speech-framing)λέγω: the participle λέγων (rendering לֵאמֹר) introduces the verbatim sin-offering law.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (casus pendens subject of the heading)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the rubric οὗτος ὁ νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας renders זֹאת תּוֹרַת הַחַטָּאת, heading the sin-offering law as the parallel headings did for the burnt and grain offerings (vv. 2, 7).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative (heading)→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / ritual prescription'; renders תּוֹרָה; the technical heading for the sin-offering procedure.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςof the sin offeringGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the law of the sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; here by metonymy 'the sin offering' (חַטָּאת), the offering that purges sin and impurity; the same noun denotes both the offense and its remedy — a usage echoed at 2 Cor 5:21 (τὸν … ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; ἐν τόπῳ οὗ … ('in the place where …') locates the slaughter at the same site as the burnt offering — the north side of the altar (Lev 1:11).
οὗwhererelative adverb of place ('where')→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; renders אֲשֶׁר שָׁם; introduces the locative relative clause identifying the slaughter-site.
σφάζουσινthey slaughterPres Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωverb of relative clause (customary present)→ customary present (habitual practice)σφάζω: 'slay / slaughter (a victim) / cut the throat'; renders שָׁחַט; the present tense describes the customary practice of slaughtering the burnt offering; the same verb is taken up of the slain Lamb in Rev 5:6, 9.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαburnt offeringAccusativedirect object of σφάζουσιν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; a near-synonym of ὁλοκαύτωσις (vv. 2–5), here naming the burnt offering whose slaughter-site is the reference point for the sin offering.
σφάξουσινthey shall slaughterFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σφάζωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (procedural obligation)σφάζω (fut.): the prescriptive future commands that the sin offering be slaughtered at the same holy site as the burnt offering — both are most-holy and require the consecrated place.
τὰthe things (of)Accusativearticle (substantival with περί: 'the sin offering')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/τό: the neuter plural τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ('the things concerning sin') is a periphrasis for 'the sin offering', a fixed LXX idiom (cf. Rom 8:3, περὶ ἁμαρτίας; Heb 10:6, 8 of offerings περὶ ἁμαρτίας).
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (in the idiom τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας: 'the sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / for'; in τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας the prepositional phrase functions as the technical name of the sin offering ('the [offering] for sin').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsin offeringGenitivegenitive (with περί: 'the [offering] for sin')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the object of the slaughter, the sin offering itself.
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the slaughter takes place in YHWH's presence, marking its sacred character.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the sin offering is slaughtered 'before the LORD,' i.e. at the sanctuary.
ἅγιαholyNominativepredicate (superlative phrase: 'most holy')→ participant prominenceἅγιος: the neuter plural ἅγια in ἅγια ἁγίων ('most holy') renders the Hebrew superlative קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים; grades the sin offering at the highest sanctity-level, governing the contagion-rules of vv. 19–23.
ἁγίωνof holiesGenitivegenitive (Hebraic superlative: 'most holy')→ relational specificationἅγιος: the genitive plural completing the superlative ἅγια ἁγίων; the same idiom names the inner sanctuary; here it marks the sin offering's supreme holiness.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίlinking verb (predicate: 'it is most holy')→ gnomic present (statement of standing status)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula ἐστίν asserts the offering's permanent status as most holy — a categorical declaration, not a temporary state.
19
ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ ἀναφέρων αὐτὴν ἔδεται αὐτήν ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ βρωθήσεται ἐν αὐλῇ τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
The priest who offers it shall eat it; in a holy place it shall be eaten, in the court of the tent of witness.
Like the grain offering (v. 9), the sin offering's flesh is the priest's food, but here it is specified as the officiating priest's portion (ὁ ἀναφέρων αὐτήν, 'the one offering it'). The place is again restricted to the holy precinct — the court of the tent of witness — because the offering is most holy and cannot be consumed in a common place.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the officiating priest who presents the sin offering receives its flesh as his portion.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with participle, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφέρωνwho offersPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἀναφέρωattributive participle (ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ ἀναφέρων: 'the priest who offers')→ imperfective participle (the officiating role)ἀναφέρω: 'offer up / present'; the attributive participle ὁ ἀναφέρων αὐτήν identifies the specific priest who performs the offering as the one entitled to eat it; renders the Hebrew participle הַמְחַטֵּא ('the one who offers it as sin offering').
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἀναφέρων (the sin offering)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀναφέρων (the sin offering).
ἔδεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (priestly entitlement)ἐσθίω (fut. ἔδεται): 'eat'; the officiating priest's right to eat the sin offering; renders יֹאכַל; the priest's eating of the sin offering was understood to be part of bearing/removing the people's guilt (cf. Lev 10:17).
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of ἔδεται→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔδεται.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ restricts consumption to a holy site, as with the grain offering (v. 9).
ἁγίῳholyDativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπῳ)→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the most-holy offering may be eaten only in a holy place.
βρωθήσεταιshall be eatenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · βιβρώσκωmain verb (prescriptive future, passive)→ prescriptive future (regulating place of eating)βιβρώσκω: 'eat'; the passive βρωθήσεται regulates where the offering is to be eaten — only in the sacred court.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location, epexegetical)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location, epexegetical).
αὐλῇcourtDativedative of place (specifying the holy place)→ sphere or referenceαὐλή: 'court / courtyard'; renders חָצֵר; the court of the tent of witness, the same holy place specified for the grain offering (v. 9).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive of possession (the court of the tent)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, the standard LXX name for the tabernacle.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof witnessGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tent of witness')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת; the LXX reads אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting') as 'tent of the testimony'.
20
πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος τῶν κρεῶν αὐτῆς ἁγιασθήσεται καὶ ᾧ ἐὰν ἐπιρραντισθῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς ἐπὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον ὃ ἐὰν ῥαντισθῇ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ πλυθήσεται ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ
Everyone who touches its flesh shall become holy; and whatever its blood is spattered on, onto the garment on which it is sprinkled — it shall be washed in a holy place.
The chapter's central holiness-contagion crux: contact with the sin offering's flesh makes one holy (ἁγιασθήσεται, as at v. 11). The danger is then traced through the blood: a garment spattered with the offering's blood must be washed in a holy place. The piling of relative-conditional clauses (ᾧ ἐάν … ὃ ἐάν …) reflects the careful casuistry by which the priests must manage the transferable holiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject (with substantival participle)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everyone / all'; πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος ('everyone who touches') generalizes the rule of contagious holiness to any person making contact.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantival with participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςwho touchesPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἅπτωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the one touching')→ imperfective participle (any act of touching)ἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι + gen.): 'touch / take hold of'; the substantival ὁ ἁπτόμενος ('the one who touches'); renders הַנֹּגֵעַ; physical contact with the most-holy flesh transmits holiness.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρεῶνflesh / meatGenitivegenitive object of ἁπτόμενος (what is touched)→ relational specificationκρέας (pl. κρέα, gen. κρεῶν): 'flesh / meat'; renders בָּשָׂר; the flesh of the sin offering, whose holiness is contagious by touch.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the offering's flesh)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the offering's flesh).
ἁγιασθήσεταιshall become holyFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (consequential future)→ consequential future (automatic transfer of holiness)ἁγιάζω: 'make holy / consecrate'; the future passive ἁγιασθήσεται (as at v. 11) states the contagion of the most-holy: whoever touches the flesh is brought into a consecrated state; renders יִקְדָּשׁ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾧon which / whateverDativerelative pronoun (dative, indefinite: 'whatever [garment]')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾧ (with ἐάν + subjunctive) is indefinite ('whatever thing'); introduces the case of blood spattered on a garment.
ἐὰνever / ifconditional particle (with subjunctive: indefinite relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with the relative ᾧ forms the generalizing 'whatever'; takes the aorist subjunctive ἐπιρραντισθῇ.
ἐπιρραντισθῇis spatteredAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιρραντίζωverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive, passive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (any instance of spattering)ἐπιρραντίζω: 'sprinkle upon / spatter on'; the compound ἐπι- ('upon') intensifies ῥαντίζω; renders the Hebrew of blood spattering (יִזֶּה); the cognate ῥαντίζω/ῥαντισμός is taken up in Heb 9:13, 19, 21; 12:24 for cultic and Christological sprinkling.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive of source (the blood spattered)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the blood of the sin offering is the agent of atonement and itself most holy, so a garment it touches must be specially treated; cf. the centrality of sacrificial αἷμα in Heb 9.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the offering's blood)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the offering's blood).
ἐπὶupon / ontopreposition + accusative (direction of spattering)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of spattering).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarmentAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the garment spattered)→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / outer robe / cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; a garment touched by the holy blood becomes charged with holiness and must be laundered within the sacred precinct.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (indefinite, antecedent ἱμάτιον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the neuter ὅ agrees with ἱμάτιον; with ἐάν + subjunctive forms a second indefinite clause specifying the spattered garment.
ἐὰνever / ifconditional particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / ever'; with the relative ὅ generalizes ('whatever garment'); takes the aorist subjunctive ῥαντισθῇ.
ῥαντισθῇis sprinkledAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ῥαντίζωverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive, passive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (any instance of sprinkling)ῥαντίζω: 'sprinkle / spatter'; renders the Hebrew of blood being sprinkled (יִזֶּה); the simplex of ἐπιρραντίζω above; the cognate noun ῥαντισμός describes the 'sprinkled blood' of Christ at Heb 12:24; 1 Pet 1:2.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (location of sprinkling)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location of sprinkling).
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the garment)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (the garment).
πλυθήσεταιshall be washedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (prescriptive future, apodosis)→ prescriptive future (mandated laundering)πλύνω: 'wash / launder (clothes/objects)'; renders כָּבַס; distinguished from λούω (wash the body) and νίπτω (wash a part); the blood-spattered garment must be laundered, and that within the holy place, lest the transferred holiness be carried into the common sphere.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location of washing)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of washing).
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; the laundering itself must occur ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ, containing the contagious holiness within the sacred precinct.
ἁγίῳholyDativeattributive adjective (modifying τόπῳ)→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the garment is washed in a holy place because the blood has made it holy — the procedure keeps the sancta from profanation.
21
καὶ σκεῦος ὀστράκινον οὗ ἐὰν ἑψηθῇ ἐν αὐτῷ συντριβήσεται ἐὰν δὲ ἐν σκεύει χαλκῷ ἑψηθῇ ἐκτρίψει αὐτὸ καὶ ἐκκλύσει ὕδατι
And an earthen vessel in which it is boiled shall be broken; but if it is boiled in a bronze vessel, he shall scour it and rinse it with water.
The contagion-rules continue with the vessels in which the most-holy flesh is boiled. A porous earthen pot, which absorbs the holy residue and cannot be purged, must be broken; a non-porous bronze vessel may be scoured and rinsed. The δέ marks the contrast between the two cases — the materials' permeability determines the remedy (cf. the parallel for impurity at Lev 11:33–35).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεῦοςvesselNominativesubject (casus pendens)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: 'vessel / pot / implement'; renders כְּלִי; the cooking vessel in which the sin offering's flesh is boiled absorbs its holiness and must be treated accordingly.
ὀστράκινονearthenNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεῦος)→ participant prominenceὀστράκινος: 'made of clay / earthenware'; from ὄστρακον ('potsherd'); renders חֶרֶשׂ; porous pottery absorbs the holy residue and cannot be cleansed, so it must be destroyed; the same adjective describes the 'earthen vessels' that hold the treasure of the gospel at 2 Cor 4:7.
οὗin whichrelative adverb of place ('wherein')→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where / in which'; here resumed by ἐν αὐτῷ, a Hebraistic redundancy ('in which … in it'); renders אֲשֶׁר … בּוֹ.
ἐὰνever / ifconditional particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / ever'; with ἑψηθῇ forms the indefinite condition for the case of the earthen pot.
ἑψηθῇit is boiledAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἕψωverb of conditional/relative clause (subjunctive, passive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (any instance of boiling)ἕψω: 'boil / seethe / cook (in liquid)'; renders בָּשַׁל; the sin offering's flesh may be boiled, and the vessel used absorbs its holiness.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
αὐτῷitDativedative object of ἐν (resumptive: 'in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the resumptive ἐν αὐτῷ repeats the relative οὗ ('in which … in it'), a Hebraism calquing the resumptive pronoun after the relative.
συντριβήσεταιshall be brokenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb (prescriptive future, apodosis)→ prescriptive future (mandated destruction)συντρίβω: 'shatter / break in pieces / crush'; renders שָׁבַר; the earthen vessel, having absorbed the holy residue irrecoverably, must be smashed; the verb is used of the unbroken bones at Exod 12:46 (negated) and applied to Christ at John 19:36.
ἐὰνifconditional particle (introducing the contrasting case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the alternative case of the bronze vessel.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive, marking contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive adversative; marks the contrast between the earthen pot (broken) and the bronze vessel (scoured).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
σκεύειvesselDativedative object of ἐν (the bronze vessel)→ sphere or referenceσκεῦος: 'vessel'; here the bronze cooking-pot, which (unlike the earthen one) can be purged and reused.
χαλκῷbronzeDativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύει)→ sphere or referenceχαλκοῦς / χάλκεος: 'made of bronze / copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; the non-porous metal does not absorb the residue, so the vessel can be scoured and rinsed rather than destroyed.
ἑψηθῇit is boiledAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἕψωverb of conditional clause (subjunctive, passive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (any instance of boiling)ἕψω: 'boil / cook'; the protasis for the bronze-vessel case parallels the earthen-vessel case above.
ἐκτρίψειshall scourFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτρίβωmain verb (prescriptive future, apodosis)→ prescriptive future (mandated scouring)ἐκτρίβω: 'rub out / scour thoroughly'; the ἐκ- prefix marks complete scrubbing-off; renders מָרַק ('scour / polish'); the bronze vessel is purged of the holy residue by scouring, then rinsed.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ἐκτρίψει (the bronze vessel)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκτρίψει (the bronze vessel).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκλύσειshall rinseFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλύζωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (mandated rinsing)ἐκκλύζω: 'wash out / rinse thoroughly'; the ἐκ- prefix marks rinsing-out; renders שָׁטַף ('rinse / flush'); after scouring, the bronze vessel is rinsed with water to complete its purgation.
ὕδατιwith waterDativeinstrumental dative ('with water')→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; the instrumental dative names the means of rinsing; water completes the purgation of the reusable bronze vessel.
22
πᾶς ἄρσην ἐν τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν φάγεται αὐτά ἅγια ἁγίων ἐστὶν κυρίου
Every male among the priests shall eat them; it is most holy to the LORD.
As with the grain offering (v. 11), the eating-right is granted to every male of the priestly line, and the offering is graded ἅγια ἁγίων ('most holy'). The added κυρίου ('to/of the LORD') intensifies the formula: the sin offering is most holy as belonging to YHWH, even though the priests eat it on his behalf.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄρσην)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; marks the universal scope of the eating-right among priestly males.
ἄρσηνmaleNominativesubject ('every male')→ participant prominenceἄρσην: 'male'; renders זָכָר; only the male priests may eat the most-holy sin offering; the equivalent of ἀρσενικόν in v. 11.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (partitive: 'among the priests')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here partitive, 'among'; ἐν τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν limits the eating-right to the priestly class.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῦσινpriestsDativedative object of ἐν (partitive: 'among the priests')→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the dative plural with ἐν marks the group within which every male may eat.
φάγεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive future (priestly entitlement)ἐσθίω (fut. φάγεται): 'eat'; the alternative suppletive future (beside ἔδεται); renders יֹאכַל; secures the priestly males' right to consume the sin offering.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object (the sin offerings, neuter plural)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter plural αὐτά refers back to τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ('the things of the sin offering'), the most-holy offerings.
ἅγιαholyNominativepredicate (superlative phrase: 'most holy')→ participant prominenceἅγιος: the neuter plural ἅγια in ἅγια ἁγίων ('most holy') renders קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים; reaffirms the supreme sanctity of the sin offering.
ἁγίωνof holiesGenitivegenitive (Hebraic superlative: 'most holy')→ relational specificationἅγιος: the genitive plural completing the superlative ἅγια ἁγίων; with κυρίου it stresses that the offering's supreme holiness belongs to YHWH.
ἐστὶνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίlinking verb (predicate: 'it is most holy')→ gnomic present (standing status)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula ἐστίν asserts the offering's permanent most-holy status.
κυρίουto / of the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('most holy of/to the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive κυρίου marks the offering as belonging to YHWH — its holiness is his, and the priests partake only as his ministers.
23
καὶ πάντα τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὧν ἐὰν εἰσενεχθῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῶν εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἐξιλάσασθαι ἐν τῷ ἁγίῳ οὐ βρωθήσεται ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται
And every sin offering, of whose blood any is brought into the tent of witness to make atonement in the holy place, shall not be eaten; it shall be burned up with fire.
The chapter closes with the decisive exception to the eating-rule: any sin offering whose blood is carried into the tent of witness to make atonement in the holy place is not eaten by the priests but wholly burned with fire (ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται). This is the high-grade sin offering of Lev 4:1–21 (for priest and congregation), whose carcass goes outside the camp (4:11–12). The verse seals the priestly torah and grounds the typology of Heb 13:11–13: the bodies of such sin offerings, burned outside the camp, prefigure Jesus suffering 'outside the gate.'
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (concluding)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταall / everyNominativeattributive adjective (with τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; the neuter plural πάντα generalizes the rule to every sin offering of the type described.
τὰthe things (of)Nominativearticle (substantival with περί: 'the sin offerings')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/τό: τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ('the things concerning sin') is the periphrastic name for the sin offering(s), as in v. 18; cf. the same idiom at Rom 8:3; Heb 10:6, 8.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (idiom: 'the [offerings] for sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / for'; in τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας names the sin offering.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsin offeringGenitivegenitive (with περί: 'the [offering] for sin')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; here the sin offering (חַטָּאת), specifically those whose blood is taken into the sanctuary.
ὧνof whichGenitiverelative pronoun (partitive genitive: 'of whose [blood]')→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive plural ὧν is partitive ('of which / of whose'), governing ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῶν — a Hebraistic construction with resumptive αὐτῶν.
ἐὰνever / ifconditional particle (with subjunctive: indefinite)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / ever'; with εἰσενεχθῇ forms the indefinite condition defining which sin offerings are wholly burned.
εἰσενεχθῇis brought inAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωverb of conditional/relative clause (subjunctive, passive)→ constative aorist subjunctive (any instance of bringing in)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in / carry into'; the εἰσ- prefix marks entry into the tent; renders יוּבָא; the criterion is whether the offering's blood is brought inside the sanctuary (as in Lev 4:5–7, 16–18); cf. Heb 13:11, ὧν … εἰσφέρεται τὸ αἷμα … εἰς τὰ ἅγια.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive, 'some of'; ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος ('some of the blood') marks that even a portion of the blood entering the tent triggers the rule.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivepartitive genitive (the blood brought in)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the blood carried into the sanctuary effects atonement; its entry into the holy place is precisely what disqualifies the flesh from being eaten.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (resumptive: 'of whose blood')→ relational specificationαὐτός: the resumptive αὐτῶν repeats the relative ὧν ('of which … of them'), a Hebraism calquing the resumptive pronoun.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of entry)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of entry).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination of the blood)→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, the tabernacle; blood brought into it (the holy place) marks the offering as a high-grade atoning sin offering.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof witnessGenitivegenitive (defining: 'tent of witness')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת; the tent of the testimony, the place of atonement.
ἐξιλάσασθαιto make atonementAor Mid Inf · ἐξιλάσκομαιinfinitive of purpose ('in order to make atonement')→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of bringing in the blood)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; the LXX's technical verb for כִּפֶּר (Piel of כפר, 'cover / atone'); the blood is brought in 'to make atonement'; the cognate ἱλαστήριον ('mercy seat / place of atonement') appears at Rom 3:25; Heb 9:5, and ἱλασμός at 1 John 2:2; 4:10.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location of atonement)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of atonement).
τῷtheDativearticle (substantival with ἁγίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίῳholy placeDativesubstantival adjective (dative of place: 'in the holy place / sanctuary')→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the substantival τὸ ἅγιον ('the holy place / sanctuary'), here dative ἐν τῷ ἁγίῳ; renders בַּקֹּדֶשׁ; the inner sanctuary where the atoning blood is applied.
οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative: prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; with βρωθήσεται forms the apodictic prohibition — such a sin offering is not to be eaten.
βρωθήσεταιshall be eatenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · βιβρώσκωmain verb (negated future: prohibition)→ apodictic future (absolute prohibition)βιβρώσκω: 'eat'; the negated future οὐ βρωθήσεται marks the exception to the priestly eating-right of vv. 19, 22: when the blood has entered the sanctuary, no part of the flesh may be consumed.
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here instrumental, 'with / by'; ἐν πυρί ('with fire') marks the means of total destruction.
πυρὶfireDativeinstrumental dative ('with fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the means by which the disqualified sin offering is wholly consumed; cf. the burning of the sin-offering carcass outside the camp at Lev 4:12.
κατακαυθήσεταιshall be burned upFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (prescriptive future, climactic)→ prescriptive future (mandated total consumption)κατακαίω: 'burn up / consume entirely'; the intensive κατα- marks complete incineration; renders שָׂרַף (often with בָּאֵשׁ, 'burn with fire'); the chapter's closing word: the atoning sin offering is wholly burned, the type to which Heb 13:11–13 appeals — 'the bodies of those animals … are burned outside the camp,' so 'Jesus also suffered outside the gate.'