1
πρόσεχε οὐρανέ καὶ λαλήσω καὶ ἀκουέτω γῆ ῥήματα ἐκ στόματός μου
Give heed, O heaven, and I will speak; and let the earth hear the words from my mouth.
The canticle opens by summoning heaven and earth as witnesses, so the song immediately takes the form of a public covenant testimony rather than a private meditation.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πρόσεχεgive heedV1 PAD2S · ἔχω + προςmain verb (opening imperative to heaven)→ durative present imperative (sustained attention)ἔχω + προς: meaning 'give heed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (opening imperative to heaven).
οὐρανέO heavenN2 VSM · οὐρανόςvocative (first summoned witness)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὐρανός: meaning 'O heaven'; it serves as vocative (first summoned witness).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαλήσωI will speakVF FAI1S · λαλέωmain verb (Moses' first-person announcement)→ predictive future (the speech-act about to begin)λαλέω: meaning 'I will speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Moses' first-person announcement).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκουέτωlet it hearV1 PAD3S · ἀκούωmain verb (third-person imperative to earth)→ durative present imperative (sustained hearing)ἀκούω: meaning 'let it hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (third-person imperative to earth).
γῆO earthN1 NSF · γῆvocative subject of ἀκουέτω (second summoned witness)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγῆ: meaning 'O earth'; it serves as vocative subject of ἀκουέτω (second summoned witness).
ῥήματαwordsN3M APN · ῥῆμαdirect object of ἀκουέτω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationῥῆμα: meaning 'words'; it serves as direct object of ἀκουέτω.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (source)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
στόματόςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from my mouth')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from my mouth').
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with στόματος)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with στόματος).
2
προσδοκάσθω ὡς ὑετὸς τὸ ἀπόφθεγμά μου καὶ καταβήτω ὡς δρόσος τὰ ῥήματά μου ὡσεὶ ὄμβρος ἐπ' ἄγρωστιν καὶ ὡσεὶ νιφετὸς ἐπὶ χόρτον
Let my utterance be awaited like rain, and let my words come down like dew, like a shower upon the herbage and like snow upon the grass.
The teaching is compared to rain, dew, shower, and snow, presenting Moses' words as descending life from above upon a people who must receive them.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
προσδοκάσθωlet it be awaitedV3 PMD3S · δοκάω + προςmain verb (jussive: 'let my utterance be looked for')→ durative present imperative (continuous expectation)δοκάω + προς: meaning 'let it be awaited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (jussive: 'let my utterance be looked for').
ὡςlikeC · ὡςcomparative particle→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑετὸςrainN2 NSM · ὑετόςpredicate nominative of comparison (with ὡς)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὑετός: meaning 'rain'; it serves as predicate nominative of comparison (with ὡς).
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle (with ἀπόφθεγμα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπόφθεγμάutteranceN3M ASN · ἀπόφθεγμαsubject of προσδοκάσθω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀπόφθεγμα: meaning 'utterance'; it serves as subject of προσδοκάσθω.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταβήτωlet it come downVZ AAD3S · βαίνω + καταmain verb (jussive: 'let my words descend')→ ingressive aorist imperative (the descent of the word)βαίνω + κατα: meaning 'let it come down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (jussive: 'let my words descend').
ὡςlikeC · ὡςcomparative particle→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δρόσοςdewN2 NSF · δρόσοςpredicate nominative of comparison→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδρόσος: meaning 'dew'; it serves as predicate nominative of comparison.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle (with ῥήματα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματάwordsN3M APN · ῥῆμαsubject of καταβήτω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationῥῆμα: meaning 'words'; it serves as subject of καταβήτω.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὡσεὶasX · ὡσείcomparative particle (third simile)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὡσεὶ: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄμβροςshowerN2 NSM · ὄμβροςpredicate nominative of comparison→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὄμβρος: meaning 'shower'; it serves as predicate nominative of comparison.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
ἄγρωστινherbageN3I ASF · ἄγρωστιςaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (target of the shower)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄγρωστις: meaning 'herbage'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπ᾿ (target of the shower).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡσεὶasX · ὡσείcomparative particle (fourth simile)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὡσεὶ: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νιφετὸςsnowN2 NSM · νιφετόςpredicate nominative of comparison→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationνιφετός: meaning 'snow'; it serves as predicate nominative of comparison.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition + accusative→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
χόρτονgrassN2 ASM · χόρτοςaccusative object of ἐπί (target of the snow)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχόρτος: meaning 'grass'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί (target of the snow).
3
ὅτι ὄνομα κυρίου ἐκάλεσα δότε μεγαλωσύνην τῷ θεῷ ἡμῶν
For I have called upon the name of the LORD; give greatness to our God.
The proclamation of the Lord's name grounds the entire song and calls the hearers to answer with confessed greatness given to Israel's God.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (grounding the exordium)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαdirect object of ἐκάλεσα (the Name proclaimed)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as direct object of ἐκάλεσα (the Name proclaimed).
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive of possession (with ὄνομα: 'the name of the LORD')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive of possession (with ὄνομα: 'the name of the LORD').
ἐκάλεσαI have called / proclaimedVAI AAI1S · καλέωmain verb (Moses' act of proclamation)→ constative aorist (the act of proclaiming the Name)καλέω: meaning 'I have called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Moses' act of proclamation).
δότεgiveVO AAD2P · δίδωμιmain verb (plural imperative: doxological call)→ ingressive aorist imperative (ascribe greatness now)δίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (plural imperative: doxological call).
μεγαλωσύνηνgreatnessN1 ASF · μεγαλωσύνηdirect object of δότε (the greatness ascribed)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμεγαλωσύνη: meaning 'greatness'; it serves as direct object of δότε (the greatness ascribed).
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle (with θεῷ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςindirect object of δότε (recipient of greatness)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as indirect object of δότε (recipient of greatness).
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with θεῷ: 'our God')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεῷ: 'our God').
4
θεός ἀληθινὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτοῦ κρίσις θεὸς πιστός καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀδικία δίκαιος καὶ ὅσιος κύριος
God — true are his works, and all his ways are judgments; a faithful God, and there is no injustice in him; righteous and holy is the LORD.
The opening thesis places God's works, ways, faithfulness, justice, and holiness beyond dispute; everything that follows is measured against this standard.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςsubject / topic (the Rock, named at the head)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as subject / topic (the Rock, named at the head).
ἀληθινὰtrueA1 NPN · ἀληθινόςpredicate adjective (neuter plural with ἔργα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀληθινός: meaning 'true'; it serves as predicate adjective (neuter plural with ἔργα).
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle (with ἔργα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksN2N NPN · ἔργονsubject of the predication (ἀληθινά τὰ ἔργα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as subject of the predication (ἀληθινά τὰ ἔργα).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with ἔργα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἔργα).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel predication)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςattributive adjective (feminine plural with ὁδοί)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (feminine plural with ὁδοί).
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle (with ὁδοί)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοὶwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςsubject of the predication (ὁδοὶ … κρίσεις)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as subject of the predication (ὁδοὶ … κρίσεις).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with ὁδοί)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ὁδοί).
κρίσιςjudgmentN3I NSF · κρίσιςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςsubject of the predication (θεὸς πιστός)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as subject of the predication (θεὸς πιστός).
πιστόςfaithfulA1 NSM · πιστόςpredicate adjective (with θεὸς: 'a faithful God')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as predicate adjective (with θεὸς: 'a faithful God').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there is no injustice')→ gnomic present (timeless truth about God)εἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (existential: 'there is no injustice').
ἀδικίαinjusticeN1A NSF · ἀδικίαsubject of ἔστιν (existential: 'no injustice exists')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀδικία: meaning 'injustice'; it serves as subject of ἔστιν (existential: 'no injustice exists').
δίκαιοςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςpredicate adjective (with κύριος)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as predicate adjective (with κύριος).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσιοςholyA1A NSM · ὅσιοςpredicate adjective (with κύριος)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὅσιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as predicate adjective (with κύριος).
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject (the LORD, named at the climax)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject (the LORD, named at the climax).
5
ἡμάρτοσαν οὐκ αὐτῷ τέκνα μωμητά γενεὰ σκολιὰ καὶ διεστραμμένη
They have sinned; not his are they — blemished children, a crooked and perverse generation.
Against the Lord's uprightness stands a blemished and twisted generation, so the song's accusation is stated plainly at the outset.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἡμάρτοσανthey have sinnedVBI AAI3P · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (the people's act of sin)→ constative aorist (the settled fact of their sinning)ἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'they have sinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the people's act of sin).
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷhis / to himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative of relation ('not his are they')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of relation ('not his are they').
τέκναchildrenN2N NPN · τέκνονsubject in apposition (the sinning ones described)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as subject in apposition (the sinning ones described).
μωμητάblemishedA1 NPN · μωμητόςattributive adjective (with τέκνα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμωμητός: meaning 'blemished'; it serves as attributive adjective (with τέκνα).
γενεὰgenerationN1A NSF · γενεάsubject in apposition (further description)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as subject in apposition (further description).
σκολιὰcrookedA1A NSF · σκολιόςattributive adjective (with γενεά)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσκολιός: meaning 'crooked'; it serves as attributive adjective (with γενεά).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεστραμμένηperverse / twistedVP · χμπνσφ στρέφω + διαperfect participle (predicate adjective with γενεά)→ resultative perfect participle (a settled state of distortion)χμπνσφ στρέφω + δια: meaning 'perverse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as perfect participle (predicate adjective with γενεά).
6
ταῦτα κυρίῳ ἀνταποδίδοτε οὕτω λαὸς μωρὸς καὶ οὐχὶ σοφός οὐκ αὐτὸς οὗτός σου πατὴρ ἐκτήσατό σε καὶ ἐποίησέν σε καὶ ἔκτισέν σε
Do you thus requite the LORD, O foolish and unwise people? Is he not himself your father who acquired you, and made you, and created you?
Israel's sin is framed as foolish repayment of the Father who acquired, made, and created them, turning covenant memory into moral indictment.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςdirect object of ἀνταποδίδοτε (the recompense)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὗτος: meaning 'these things'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
κυρίῳto the LORDN2 DSM · κύριοςindirect object of ἀνταποδίδοτε (the one requited)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'to the LORD'; it serves as indirect object of ἀνταποδίδοτε (the one requited).
ἀνταποδίδοτεdo you requiteV8 PAI2P · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verb (indignant rhetorical question)→ progressive present (the ongoing pattern of ingratitude)δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'do you requite'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (indignant rhetorical question).
οὕτωthusD · οὕτωςadverb of manner (with ἀνταποδίδοτε)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὕτω: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςvocative-nominative (address to the people)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as vocative-nominative (address to the people).
μωρὸςfoolishA1A NSM · μωρόςattributive adjective (with λαός)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμωρός: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as attributive adjective (with λαός).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχὶnotD · οὐemphatic negative (with σοφός)→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: meaning 'not'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σοφόςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςpredicate adjective (with λαός: 'not wise')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as predicate adjective (with λαός: 'not wise').
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (introducing rhetorical question)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhimselfRD NSM · αὐτόςintensive pronoun (with οὗτος / πατήρ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as intensive pronoun (with οὗτος / πατήρ).
οὗτόςthis oneRD NSM · οὗτοςdemonstrative subject (this one is your father)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὗτός: meaning 'this one'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative subject (this one is your father).
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive of possession (with πατήρ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατήρ).
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρpredicate nominative (he is your father)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as predicate nominative (he is your father).
ἐκτήσατόacquiredVAI AMI3S · κτάομαιmain verb of relative clause (first of three origination-verbs)→ constative aorist (the act of acquiring Israel as his own)κτάομαι: meaning 'acquired'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of relative clause (first of three origination-verbs).
σεyouRP AS · σύdirect object of ἐκτήσατο→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκτήσατο.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησένmadeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verb (second origination-verb)→ constative aorist (the making of the people)ποιέω: meaning 'made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (second origination-verb).
σεyouRP AS · σύdirect object of ἐποίησεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐποίησεν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκτισένcreatedVAI AAI3S · κτίζωmain verb (third origination-verb)→ constative aorist (the creating of the people)κτίζω: meaning 'created'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (third origination-verb).
σεyouRP AS · σύdirect object of ἔκτισεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔκτισεν.
7
μνήσθητε ἡμέρας αἰῶνος σύνετε ἔτη γενεᾶς γενεῶν ἐπερώτησον τὸν πατέρα σου καὶ ἀναγγελεῖ σοι τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους σου καὶ ἐροῦσίν σοι
Remember the days of old; consider the years of generation upon generation; ask your father, and he will tell you; your elders, and they will say to you.
The hearers are told to remember and ask the elders, because this song argues from the long history of divine action rather than from a single episode only.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
μνήσθητεrememberVS APS2P · μιμνήσκωmain verb (imperative to remember)→ ingressive aorist imperative (call to recollection)μιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (imperative to remember).
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραdirect object of μνήσθητε→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as direct object of μνήσθητε.
αἰῶνοςof old / of eternityN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive (descriptive: 'days of old')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationαἰών: meaning 'of old'; it serves as genitive (descriptive: 'days of old').
σύνετεconsiderA1 VSM · συνετόςmain verb (parallel imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (call to understand)συνετός: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (parallel imperative).
ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςdirect object of σύνετε→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as direct object of σύνετε.
γενεᾶςof generationN1A GSF · γενεάgenitive (with γενεῶν: 'generation of generations')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγενεά: meaning 'of generation'; it serves as genitive (with γενεῶν: 'generation of generations').
γενεῶνof generationsN1A GPF · γενεάgenitive plural (intensifying: 'generation upon generation')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγενεά: meaning 'of generations'; it serves as genitive plural (intensifying: 'generation upon generation').
ἐπερώτησονaskVA AAD2S · ἐρωτάω + ἐπιmain verb (singular imperative: 'ask your father')→ ingressive aorist imperative (inquiry of the tradition)ἐρωτάω + ἐπι: meaning 'ask'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (singular imperative: 'ask your father').
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle (with πατέρα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρdirect object of ἐπερώτησον→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as direct object of ἐπερώτησον.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive of possession (with πατέρα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρα).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναγγελεῖhe will tellVF2 FAI3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναmain verb (the father's response)→ predictive future (the father's certain reply)ἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'he will tell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the father's response).
σοιto youRP DS · σύindirect object of ἀναγγελεῖ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of ἀναγγελεῖ.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle (with πρεσβυτέρους)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersN2 APM · πρεσβύτεροςdirect object (implied 'ask the elders')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elders'; it serves as direct object (implied 'ask the elders').
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive of possession (with πρεσβυτέρους)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πρεσβυτέρους).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσίνthey will sayVF2 FAI3P · εἶπονmain verb (the elders' response)→ predictive future (the elders' certain reply)εἶπον: meaning 'they will say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the elders' response).
σοιto youRP DS · σύindirect object of ἐροῦσιν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of ἐροῦσιν.
8
ὅτε διεμέριζεν ὁ ὕψιστος ἔθνη ὡς διέσπειρεν υἱοὺς Αδαμ ἔστησεν ὅρια ἐθνῶν κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἀγγέλων θεοῦ
When the Most High apportioned the nations, when he dispersed the sons of Adam, he set the boundaries of the nations according to the number of the angels of God.
The Most High's apportioning of the nations gives the song a cosmic horizon, and the Septuagint's 'according to the number of the angels of God' heightens that scale further.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὅτεwhenD · ὅτεtemporal conjunction (introducing the primeval division)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὅτε: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεμέριζενwas apportioningV1I IAI3S · μερίζω + διαverb of temporal clause (the dividing of the nations)→ progressive imperfect (the unfolding act of division)μερίζω + δια: meaning 'was apportioning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of temporal clause (the dividing of the nations).
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle (with ὕψιστος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕψιστοςMost HighA1 NSM · ὕψιστοςsubject (substantivized adjective: the Most High)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὕψιστος: meaning 'Most High'; it serves as subject (substantivized adjective: the Most High).
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςdirect object of διεμέριζεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as direct object of διεμέριζεν.
ὡςwhen / asC · ὡςtemporal conjunction (parallel to ὅτε)→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέσπειρενhe dispersedVAI AAI3S · σπείρω + διαverb of parallel temporal clause (the scattering of mankind)→ constative aorist (the act of dispersal)σπείρω + δια: meaning 'he dispersed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of parallel temporal clause (the scattering of mankind).
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςdirect object of διέσπειρεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object of διέσπειρεν.
Αδαμof AdamN GSM · Αδαμgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΑδαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
ἔστησενhe setVAI AAI3S · ἵστημιmain verb (the fixing of boundaries)→ constative aorist (the establishing act)ἵστημι: meaning 'he set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the fixing of boundaries).
ὅριαboundariesN2N APN · ὅριονdirect object of ἔστησεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὅριον: meaning 'boundaries'; it serves as direct object of ἔστησεν.
ἐθνῶνof nationsN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive (with ὅρια: 'boundaries of nations')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔθνος: meaning 'of nations'; it serves as genitive (with ὅρια: 'boundaries of nations').
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition + accusative (norm/measure)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm/measure).
ἀριθμὸνnumberN2 ASM · ἀριθμόςaccusative object of κατά (the standard of measure)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀριθμός: meaning 'number'; it serves as accusative object of κατά (the standard of measure).
ἀγγέλωνof angelsN2 GPM · ἄγγελοςgenitive (with ἀριθμόν: 'number of the angels')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄγγελος: meaning 'of angels'; it serves as genitive (with ἀριθμόν: 'number of the angels').
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive (with ἀγγέλων: 'angels of God')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive (with ἀγγέλων: 'angels of God').
9
καὶ ἐγενήθη μερὶς κυρίου λαὸς αὐτοῦ Ιακωβ σχοίνισμα κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ Ισραηλ
And the LORD's portion became his people Jacob, the measured allotment of his inheritance, Israel.
After the nations are divided, Jacob and Israel are singled out as the Lord's own measured inheritance, making election the center of the historical retrospect.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίnarrative conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηbecameVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verb (predicative: 'became the LORD's portion')→ constative aorist (the settled fact of election)γίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (predicative: 'became the LORD's portion').
μερὶςportionN3D NSF · μερίςpredicate nominative ('the LORD's portion')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμερίς: meaning 'portion'; it serves as predicate nominative ('the LORD's portion').
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive of possession (with μερίς)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive of possession (with μερίς).
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative in apposition (the portion = his people)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative in apposition (the portion = his people).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with λαός)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with λαός).
ΙακωβJacobN NSM · Ἰακώβappositive (indeclinable proper noun, = his people)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as appositive (indeclinable proper noun, = his people).
σχοίνισμαmeasured allotmentN3M NSN · σχοίνισμαpredicate nominative (parallel to μερίς)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσχοίνισμα: meaning 'measured allotment'; it serves as predicate nominative (parallel to μερίς).
κληρονομίαςof inheritanceN1A GSF · κληρονομίαgenitive (with σχοίνισμα: 'allotment of his inheritance')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκληρονομία: meaning 'of inheritance'; it serves as genitive (with σχοίνισμα: 'allotment of his inheritance').
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with κληρονομίας)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κληρονομίας).
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλappositive (indeclinable proper noun, = his inheritance)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as appositive (indeclinable proper noun, = his inheritance).
10
αὐτάρκησεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἐν δίψει καύματος ἐν ἀνύδρῳ ἐκύκλωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐπαίδευσεν αὐτὸν καὶ διεφύλαξεν αὐτὸν ὡς κόρην ὀφθαλμοῦ
He sustained him in a desert land, in the thirst of burning heat, in a waterless place; he encircled him and instructed him and guarded him as the apple of an eye.
The song remembers Israel in desert thirst and desolation, stressing that encircling, discipline, and protection all came from God himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
αὐτάρκησενhe sustainedVA AAI3S · αὐταρκέωmain verb (God's provision in the wilderness)→ constative aorist (the act of sustaining)αὐταρκέω: meaning 'he sustained'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (God's provision in the wilderness).
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of αὐτάρκησεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of αὐτάρκησεν.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (locative)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳdesertN2 DSF · ἔρημοςattributive adjective (with γῇ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔρημος: meaning 'desert'; it serves as attributive adjective (with γῇ).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (locative)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
δίψειthirstN3E DSN · δίψοςdative of place/circumstance ('in thirst')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδίψος: meaning 'thirst'; it serves as dative of place/circumstance ('in thirst').
καύματοςof burning heatN3M GSN · καῦμαgenitive (with δίψει: 'thirst of heat')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκαῦμα: meaning 'of burning heat'; it serves as genitive (with δίψει: 'thirst of heat').
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (locative)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ἀνύδρῳa waterless placeA1B DSN · ἄνυδροςsubstantivized adjective (dative of place: 'in a waterless [land]')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄνυδρος: meaning 'a waterless place'; it serves as substantivized adjective (dative of place: 'in a waterless [land]').
ἐκύκλωσενhe encircledVAI AAI3S · κυκλόωmain verb (protective surrounding)→ constative aorist (the encircling act)κυκλόω: meaning 'he encircled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (protective surrounding).
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐκύκλωσεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκύκλωσεν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπαίδευσενhe instructedVAI AAI3S · παιδεύωmain verb (formative discipline)→ constative aorist (the act of instruction)παιδεύω: meaning 'he instructed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (formative discipline).
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐπαίδευσεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπαίδευσεν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεφύλαξενhe guardedVAI AAI3S · φυλάσσω + διαmain verb (climactic protection)→ constative aorist (the act of guarding)φυλάσσω + δια: meaning 'he guarded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (climactic protection).
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of διεφύλαξεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of διεφύλαξεν.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative particle (introducing simile)→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόρηνpupilN1 ASF · κόρηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκόρη: meaning 'pupil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀφθαλμοῦof an eyeN2 GSM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive (with κόραν: 'pupil of an eye')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'of an eye'; it serves as genitive (with κόραν: 'pupil of an eye').
11
ὡς ἀετὸς σκεπάσαι νοσσιὰν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς νεοσσοῖς αὐτοῦ ἐπεπόθησεν διεὶς τὰς πτέρυγας αὐτοῦ ἐδέξατο αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀνέλαβεν αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν μεταφρένων αὐτοῦ
As an eagle to shelter his nest, and over his nestlings he yearned; spreading out his wings he received them and took them up upon his back.
The eagle image turns providence into vivid nurture: the Lord hovers, receives, and bears his young, not merely directs them from a distance.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative particle (introducing the eagle-simile)→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀετὸςeagleN2 NSM · ἀετόςsubject of the simile→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀετός: meaning 'eagle'; it serves as subject of the simile.
σκεπάσαιto shelterVA AAN · σκεπάζωinfinitive (epexegetic: the eagle's action of sheltering)→ aorist infinitive (the protective act)σκεπάζω: meaning 'to shelter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive (epexegetic: the eagle's action of sheltering).
νοσσιὰνnest / broodN1A ASF · νοσσιάdirect object of σκεπάσαι→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationνοσσιά: meaning 'nest'; it serves as direct object of σκεπάσαι.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with νοσσιάν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with νοσσιάν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (with ἐπεπόθησεν: 'yearned over')→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (with ἐπεπόθησεν: 'yearned over').
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle (with νεοσσοῖς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεοσσοῖςnestlingsN2 DPM · νεοσσόςobject of ἐπί (with ἐπεπόθησεν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationνεοσσός: meaning 'nestlings'; it serves as object of ἐπί (with ἐπεπόθησεν).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with νεοσσοῖς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with νεοσσοῖς).
ἐπεπόθησενhe yearnedVMI XMI3S · πείθωmain verb (the eagle's longing)→ constative aorist (the act of yearning)πείθω: meaning 'he yearned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the eagle's longing).
διεὶςspreading outVZ · αππνσμ ἵημι + διαcircumstantial participle (means: 'by spreading')→ aorist participle of attendant circumstance (the wing-spreading)αππνσμ ἵημι + δια: meaning 'spreading out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle (means: 'by spreading').
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle (with πτέρυγας)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυγαςwingsN3G APF · πτέρυξdirect object of διεὶς→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπτέρυξ: meaning 'wings'; it serves as direct object of διεὶς.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with πτέρυγας)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πτέρυγας).
ἐδέξατοhe receivedVAI AMI3S · δέχομαιmain verb (gathering the young)→ constative aorist (the act of receiving)δέχομαι: meaning 'he received'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (gathering the young).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐδέξατο→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐδέξατο.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέλαβενhe took upVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνω + ἀναmain verb (lifting the young aloft)→ constative aorist (the act of lifting up)λαμβάνω + ἀνα: meaning 'he took up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (lifting the young aloft).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἀνέλαβεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνέλαβεν.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition + genitive (position: 'upon his back')→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'upon his back').
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle (with μεταφρένων)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεταφρένωνback / shouldersN2N GPN · μετάφρενονobject of ἐπί (the place of carrying)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμετάφρενον: meaning 'back'; it serves as object of ἐπί (the place of carrying).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with μεταφρένων)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with μεταφρένων).
12
κύριος μόνος ἦγεν αὐτούς καὶ οὐκ ἦν μετ' αὐτῶν θεὸς ἀλλότριος
The LORD alone was leading them, and there was no foreign god with them.
This concise line insists that the Lord alone led Israel; the point is exclusivity, preparing for the later exposure of strange gods as frauds.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject.
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςpredicate adjective (with κύριος: 'the LORD alone')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμόνος: meaning 'alone'; it serves as predicate adjective (with κύριος: 'the LORD alone').
ἦγενwas leadingV1I IAI3S · ἄγωmain verb (durative guidance)→ progressive imperfect (the ongoing leading through the wilderness)ἄγω: meaning 'was leading'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (durative guidance).
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἦγεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἦγεν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (introducing antithesis)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ἦν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was no strange god')→ durative imperfect (the continued absence of any other god)ἦν: meaning 'there was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verb (existential: 'there was no strange god').
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel).
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςobject of μετ᾿ (accompaniment)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετ᾿ (accompaniment).
θεὸςgodN2 NSM · θεόςsubject of ἦν (the absent foreign god)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'god'; it serves as subject of ἦν (the absent foreign god).
ἀλλότριοςforeign / strangeA1A NSM · ἀλλότριοςattributive adjective (with θεός)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀλλότριος: meaning 'foreign'; it serves as attributive adjective (with θεός).
13
ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν ἰσχὺν τῆς γῆς ἐψώμισεν αὐτοὺς γενήματα ἀγρῶν ἐθήλασαν μέλι ἐκ πέτρας καὶ ἔλαιον ἐκ στερεᾶς πέτρας
He brought them up onto the strength of the land; he fed them the produce of the fields; they sucked honey out of a rock, and oil out of solid rock.
Provision now shifts from wilderness survival to abundant land-gifts, even rock and flint yielding sweetness and oil under the Lord's hand.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀνεβίβασενhe brought upVAI AAI3S · βιβάζω + ἀναmain verb (elevation onto the heights)→ constative aorist (the act of raising up)βιβάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'he brought up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (elevation onto the heights).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἀνεβίβασεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνεβίβασεν.
ἐπὶontoP · ἐπίpreposition + accusative (direction onto)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'onto'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction onto).
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle (with ἰσχύν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχὺνstrength / heightsN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative object of ἐπί ('onto the strength of the land')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί ('onto the strength of the land').
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle (with γῆς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςof the landN1 GSF · γῆgenitive (with ἰσχύν: 'strength of the land')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγῆ: meaning 'of the land'; it serves as genitive (with ἰσχύν: 'strength of the land').
ἐψώμισενhe fedVAI AAI3S · ψωμίζωmain verb (nourishing with produce)→ constative aorist (the act of feeding)ψωμίζω: meaning 'he fed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (nourishing with produce).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐψώμισεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐψώμισεν.
γενήματαproduceN3M APN · γένημαaccusative of content (what they were fed)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγένημα: meaning 'produce'; it serves as accusative of content (what they were fed).
ἀγρῶνof fieldsN2 GPM · ἀγρόςgenitive (with γενήματα: 'produce of fields')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀγρός: meaning 'of fields'; it serves as genitive (with γενήματα: 'produce of fields').
ἐθήλασανthey suckedVAI AAI3P · θηλάζωmain verb (drawing nourishment)→ constative aorist (the act of suckling)θηλάζω: meaning 'they sucked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (drawing nourishment).
μέλιhoneyN3T NSN · μέλιdirect object of ἐθήλασαν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμέλι: meaning 'honey'; it serves as direct object of ἐθήλασαν.
ἐκout ofP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (source)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
πέτραςa rockN1A GSF · πέτραgenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'out of a rock')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπέτρα: meaning 'a rock'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἐκ: 'out of a rock').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαιονoilN2N NSN · ἔλαιονdirect object (parallel to μέλι)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔλαιον: meaning 'oil'; it serves as direct object (parallel to μέλι).
ἐκout ofP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (source)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
στερεᾶςsolid / hardA1A GSF · στερεόςattributive adjective (with πέτρας)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationστερεός: meaning 'solid'; it serves as attributive adjective (with πέτρας).
πέτραςrockN1A GSF · πέτραgenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'out of solid rock')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπέτρα: meaning 'rock'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἐκ: 'out of solid rock').
14
βούτυρον βοῶν καὶ γάλα προβάτων μετὰ στέατος ἀρνῶν καὶ κριῶν υἱῶν ταύρων καὶ τράγων μετὰ στέατος νεφρῶν πυροῦ καὶ αἷμα σταφυλῆς ἔπιον οἶνον
Butter of cattle and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs and rams, of the young of bulls and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of wheat; and the blood of the grape they drank as wine.
The piling up of curds, milk, fat, grain, and wine intensifies the sense of fullness that will immediately become the moral danger of the next verse.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
βούτυρονbutter / curdsN2N NSN · βούτυρονaccusative (continuing the catalogue of food)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβούτυρον: meaning 'butter'; it serves as accusative (continuing the catalogue of food).
βοῶνof cattleN3 GPM · βοῦςgenitive of source (with βούτυρον)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβοῦς: meaning 'of cattle'; it serves as genitive of source (with βούτυρον).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γάλαmilkN3 NSN · γάλαaccusative (parallel to βούτυρον)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγάλα: meaning 'milk'; it serves as accusative (parallel to βούτυρον).
προβάτωνof sheepN2N GPN · πρόβατονgenitive of source (with γάλα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπρόβατον: meaning 'of sheep'; it serves as genitive of source (with γάλα).
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
στέατοςfatN3T GSN · στέαρobject of μετά ('with the fat of')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationστέαρ: meaning 'fat'; it serves as object of μετά ('with the fat of').
ἀρνῶνof lambsN3 GPM · ἀρνόςgenitive (with στέατος: 'fat of lambs')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀρνός: meaning 'of lambs'; it serves as genitive (with στέατος: 'fat of lambs').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριῶνof ramsN2 GPM · κριόςgenitive (parallel to ἀρνῶν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκριός: meaning 'of rams'; it serves as genitive (parallel to ἀρνῶν).
υἱῶνof the youngN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive (with ταύρων: 'young of bulls')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationυἱός: meaning 'of the young'; it serves as genitive (with ταύρων: 'young of bulls').
ταύρωνof bullsN2 GPM · ταῦροςgenitive (with υἱῶν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationταῦρος: meaning 'of bulls'; it serves as genitive (with υἱῶν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τράγωνof goatsN2 GPM · τράγοςgenitive (parallel to ταύρων)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationτράγος: meaning 'of goats'; it serves as genitive (parallel to ταύρων).
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
στέατοςfatN3T GSN · στέαρobject of μετά (second occurrence)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationστέαρ: meaning 'fat'; it serves as object of μετά (second occurrence).
νεφρῶνof kidneysN2 GPM · νεφρόςgenitive (with στέατος: 'fat of the kidneys')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationνεφρός: meaning 'of kidneys'; it serves as genitive (with στέατος: 'fat of the kidneys').
πυροῦof wheatN2 GSM · πυρόςgenitive (with νεφρῶν: 'kidneys of wheat')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπυρός: meaning 'of wheat'; it serves as genitive (with νεφρῶν: 'kidneys of wheat').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἷμαbloodN3M NSN · αἷμαdirect object of ἔπιον→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as direct object of ἔπιον.
σταφυλῆςof the grapeN1 GSF · σταφυλήgenitive (with αἷμα: 'blood of the grape')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσταφυλή: meaning 'of the grape'; it serves as genitive (with αἷμα: 'blood of the grape').
ἔπιονthey drankVBI AAI3P · πίνωmain verb (the drinking of wine)→ constative aorist (the act of drinking)πίνω: meaning 'they drank'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the drinking of wine).
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative in apposition / object (the wine drunk)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative in apposition / object (the wine drunk).
15
καὶ ἔφαγεν Ιακωβ καὶ ἐνεπλήσθη καὶ ἀπελάκτισεν ὁ ἠγαπημένος ἐλιπάνθη ἐπαχύνθη ἐπλατύνθη καὶ ἐγκατέλιπεν θεὸν τὸν ποιήσαντα αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ θεοῦ σωτῆρος αὐτοῦ
And Jacob ate and was filled, and the Beloved kicked; he grew fat, grew thick, grew broad — and he forsook the God who made him and departed from God his savior.
Abundance turns to arrogance as Jacob, the beloved one, grows fat and kicks against the God who made and saved him.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίnarrative conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφαγενateVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίωmain verb (the eating that leads to satiety)→ constative aorist (the act of eating)ἐσθίω: meaning 'ate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the eating that leads to satiety).
ΙακωβJacobN NSM · Ἰακώβsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεπλήσθηwas filledVSI API3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνmain verb (satiety)→ constative aorist (the state of being filled)πίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'was filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (satiety).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελάκτισενkickedVAI AAI3S · λακτίζω + ἀποmain verb (the act of rebellion)→ constative aorist (the act of kicking out)λακτίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'kicked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of rebellion).
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle (with ἠγαπημένος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἠγαπημένοςthe BelovedVMI XMPNSMA)GAPA/Wsubstantivized participle (subject: the Beloved = Jeshurun)→ resultative perfect participle (one who is and remains beloved)ἠγαπημένος: meaning 'the Beloved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantivized participle (subject: the Beloved = Jeshurun).
ἐλιπάνθηgrew fatVCI API3S · λιπαίνωmain verb (first of three satiety-verbs)→ ingressive aorist passive (became fat)λιπαίνω: meaning 'grew fat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (first of three satiety-verbs).
ἐπαχύνθηgrew thickVCI API3S · παχύνωmain verb (second satiety-verb)→ ingressive aorist passive (became thick/gross)παχύνω: meaning 'grew thick'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (second satiety-verb).
ἐπλατύνθηgrew broadVCI API3S · πλατύνωmain verb (third satiety-verb)→ ingressive aorist passive (became broad/distended)πλατύνω: meaning 'grew broad'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (third satiety-verb).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (introducing the apostasy)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπενhe forsookVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verb (the act of abandonment)→ constative aorist (the act of forsaking)λείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'he forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of abandonment).
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςdirect object of ἐγκατέλιπεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as direct object of ἐγκατέλιπεν.
τὸνthe (one)RA ASM · ὁarticle (with the participle ποιήσαντα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιήσανταwho madeVA · ααπασμ ποιέωattributive participle (modifying θεόν: 'the God who made him')→ constative aorist participle (the completed act of making)ααπασμ ποιέω: meaning 'who made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying θεόν: 'the God who made him').
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of ποιήσαντα→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ποιήσαντα.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηdepartedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποmain verb (the act of apostasy)→ constative aorist (the act of withdrawing)ἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'departed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of apostasy).
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition + genitive (separation)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςobject of ἀπό (the one departed from)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as object of ἀπό (the one departed from).
σωτῆροςsaviorN3H GSM · σωτήρgenitive in apposition (with θεοῦ: 'God his savior')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσωτήρ: meaning 'savior'; it serves as genitive in apposition (with θεοῦ: 'God his savior').
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with σωτῆρος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σωτῆρος).
16
παρώξυνάν με ἐπ' ἀλλοτρίοις ἐν βδελύγμασιν αὐτῶν ἐξεπίκρανάν με
They provoked me with strange gods; with their abominations they embittered me.
The first-person divine complaint begins: foreign gods and abominations are not neutral alternatives but provocations directed against the Lord himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
παρώξυνάνthey provokedVAI AAI3P · ὀξύνω + παραmain verb (the act of provocation)→ constative aorist (the act of provoking to anger)ὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'they provoked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of provocation).
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώdirect object of παρώξυναν (the divine 'me')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρώξυναν (the divine 'me').
ἐπ'with / overP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (cause/occasion, elided before vowel)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (cause/occasion, elided before vowel).
ἀλλοτρίοιςstrange godsA1A DPM · ἀλλότριοςobject of ἐπ᾿ (substantivized: 'with strange [gods]')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀλλότριος: meaning 'strange gods'; it serves as object of ἐπ᾿ (substantivized: 'with strange [gods]').
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
βδελύγμασινabominationsN3M DPN · βδέλυγμαinstrumental dative (means of embittering)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβδέλυγμα: meaning 'abominations'; it serves as instrumental dative (means of embittering).
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with βδελύγμασιν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with βδελύγμασιν).
ἐξεπίκρανάνthey embitteredVZI AAI3P · κραίνω + ἐκ + ἐπιmain verb (parallel to παρώξυναν)→ constative aorist (the act of provoking to bitterness)κραίνω + ἐκ + ἐπι: meaning 'they embittered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (parallel to παρώξυναν).
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώdirect object of ἐξεπίκραναν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξεπίκραναν.
17
ἔθυσαν δαιμονίοις καὶ οὐ θεῷ θεοῖς οἷς οὐκ ᾔδεισαν καινοὶ καὶ πρόσφατοι ἥκασιν οὓς οὐκ ᾔδεισαν οἱ πατέρες αὐτῶν
They sacrificed to demons and not to God, to gods whom they did not know; new, recent ones have come, whom their fathers did not know.
The song sharpens the charge by naming demons and newly arrived gods, exposing Israel's worship as both false and spiritually corrupt.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἔθυσανthey sacrificedVAI AAI3P · θύωmain verb (the act of idolatrous sacrifice)→ constative aorist (the act of sacrificing)θύω: meaning 'they sacrificed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of idolatrous sacrifice).
δαιμονίοιςto demonsN2N DPN · δαιμόνιονindirect object of ἔθυσαν (recipients of sacrifice)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδαιμόνιον: meaning 'to demons'; it serves as indirect object of ἔθυσαν (recipients of sacrifice).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐnegative particle (with θεῷ)→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεῷto GodN2 DSM · θεόςdative (the God they did not sacrifice to)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'to God'; it serves as dative (the God they did not sacrifice to).
θεοῖςto godsN2 DPM · θεόςdative (recipients: 'to gods whom they did not know')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'to gods'; it serves as dative (recipients: 'to gods whom they did not know').
οἷςwhomRR DPM · ὅςrelative pronoun (dative object of ᾔδεισαν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοἷς: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (dative object of ᾔδεισαν).
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ᾔδεισαν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾔδεισανthey knewVXI XAI3P · οἶδαverb of relative clause (the gods were unknown)→ stative pluperfect (a prior state of not-knowing)οἶδα: meaning 'they knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of relative clause (the gods were unknown).
καινοὶnewA1 NPM · καινόςpredicate adjective (the gods as 'new')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκαινός: meaning 'new'; it serves as predicate adjective (the gods as 'new').
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόσφατοιrecentN2 NPM · πρόσφατοςpredicate adjective (parallel to καινοί)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπρόσφατος: meaning 'recent'; it serves as predicate adjective (parallel to καινοί).
ἥκασινhave comeV1 PAI3P · ἥκωmain verb (the recent arrival of the gods)→ resultative perfect (they have recently arrived and are now present)ἥκω: meaning 'have come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the recent arrival of the gods).
οὓςwhomRR APM · ὅςrelative pronoun (accusative object of ᾔδεισαν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὓς: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative object of ᾔδεισαν).
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ᾔδεισαν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾔδεισανknewVXI XAI3P · οἶδαverb of relative clause (the fathers did not know them)→ stative pluperfect (the fathers' prior not-knowing)οἶδα: meaning 'knew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of relative clause (the fathers did not know them).
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle (with πατέρες)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρsubject of the second ᾔδεισαν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as subject of the second ᾔδεισαν.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with πατέρες)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρες).
18
θεὸν τὸν γεννήσαντά σε ἐγκατέλιπες καὶ ἐπελάθου θεοῦ τοῦ τρέφοντός σε
The God who begot you, you forsook, and you forgot the God who nourishes you.
The generation has not merely sinned in abstraction; it has abandoned the God who fathered and nourished it.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςdirect object of ἐγκατέλιπες (fronted for emphasis)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as direct object of ἐγκατέλιπες (fronted for emphasis).
τὸνthe (one)RA ASM · ὁarticle (with the participle γεννήσαντα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεννήσαντάwho begotVA · ααπασμ γεννάωattributive participle (modifying θεόν: 'the God who begot you')→ constative aorist participle (the completed act of begetting)ααπασμ γεννάω: meaning 'who begot'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying θεόν: 'the God who begot you').
σεyouRP AS · σύdirect object of γεννήσαντα→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of γεννήσαντα.
ἐγκατέλιπεςyou forsookVBI AAI2S · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verb (the act of forsaking)→ constative aorist (the act of abandonment)λείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'you forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of forsaking).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελάθουyou forgotVBI AMI2S · λανθάνω + ἐπιmain verb (parallel to ἐγκατέλιπες)→ constative aorist (the act of forgetting)λανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'you forgot'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (parallel to ἐγκατέλιπες).
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive object of ἐπελάθου (verb of forgetting takes genitive)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive object of ἐπελάθου (verb of forgetting takes genitive).
τοῦthe (one)RA GSM · ὁarticle (with the participle τρέφοντος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρέφοντόςwho nourishesV1 · παπγσμ τρέφωattributive participle (modifying θεοῦ: 'the God who nourishes you')→ progressive present participle (the ongoing act of nourishing)παπγσμ τρέφω: meaning 'who nourishes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (modifying θεοῦ: 'the God who nourishes you').
σεyouRP AS · σύdirect object of τρέφοντος→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of τρέφοντος.
19
καὶ εἶδεν κύριος καὶ ἐζήλωσεν καὶ παρωξύνθη δι' ὀργὴν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ θυγατέρων
And the LORD saw, and was jealous, and was provoked because of the anger of his sons and daughters.
The Lord sees and is moved to jealous anger, so the song turns from accusation to announced response.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίnarrative conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verb (the LORD perceives the apostasy)→ constative aorist (the act of seeing)ὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the LORD perceives the apostasy).
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήλωσενwas jealousVAI AAI3S · ζηλόωmain verb (the divine jealousy)→ ingressive aorist (became jealous)ζηλόω: meaning 'was jealous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the divine jealousy).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρωξύνθηwas provokedVCI API3S · ὀξύνω + παραmain verb (the divine provocation)→ ingressive aorist passive (was stirred to anger)ὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'was provoked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the divine provocation).
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition + accusative (cause, elided before vowel)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (cause, elided before vowel).
ὀργὴνanger / provocationN1 ASF · ὀργήaccusative object of διά (cause of the provocation)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὀργή: meaning 'anger'; it serves as accusative object of διά (cause of the provocation).
υἱῶνof sonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive (with ὀργήν: 'anger of his sons')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationυἱός: meaning 'of sons'; it serves as genitive (with ὀργήν: 'anger of his sons').
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with υἱῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱῶν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγατέρωνand daughtersN3 GPF · θυγάτηρgenitive (parallel to υἱῶν: 'sons and daughters')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'and daughters'; it serves as genitive (parallel to υἱῶν: 'sons and daughters').
20
καὶ εἶπεν ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ' αὐτῶν καὶ δείξω τί ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ' ἐσχάτων ὅτι γενεὰ ἐξεστραμμένη ἐστίν υἱοί οἷς οὐκ ἔστιν πίστις ἐν αὐτοῖς
And he said, 'I will turn away my face from them, and I will show what will be for them at the last; for they are a perverse generation, sons in whom there is no faithfulness.'
The hidden face is the first major sentence, and it exposes the end of a generation marked by perversity and lack of faithfulness.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίnarrative conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb (introducing divine speech)→ constative aorist (the speech-act of judgment)εἶπον: meaning 'he said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (introducing divine speech).
ἀποστρέψωI will turn awayVF FAI1S · στρέφω + ἀποmain verb (the divine resolve to hide the face)→ predictive future (the announced withdrawal)στρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'I will turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the divine resolve to hide the face).
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle (with πρόσωπον)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονdirect object of ἀποστρέψω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as direct object of ἀποστρέψω.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with πρόσωπον)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πρόσωπον).
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition + genitive (separation, elided before vowel)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, elided before vowel).
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςobject of ἀπ᾿ (those from whom the face turns)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἀπ᾿ (those from whom the face turns).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δείξωI will showVF FAI1S · δεικνύωmain verb (the divine purpose to reveal their end)→ predictive future (the announced revealing)δεικνύω: meaning 'I will show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the divine purpose to reveal their end).
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςinterrogative pronoun (subject of ἔσται in indirect question)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (subject of ἔσται in indirect question).
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverb of indirect question→ predictive future (their coming fate)εἰμί: meaning 'will be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of indirect question.
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative of advantage/reference (with ἔσται)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage/reference (with ἔσται).
ἐπ'atP · ἐπίpreposition + genitive (temporal: 'at the last', elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal: 'at the last', elided).
ἐσχάτωνthe lastA1 GPM · ἔσχατοςsubstantivized adjective (object of ἐπ᾿: 'at the last [days]')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔσχατος: meaning 'the last'; it serves as substantivized adjective (object of ἐπ᾿: 'at the last [days]').
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (grounding the judgment)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενεὰgenerationN1A NSF · γενεάpredicate nominative (with ἐστίν: 'they are a generation')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as predicate nominative (with ἐστίν: 'they are a generation').
ἐξεστραμμένηperverseVP · χμπνσφ στρέφω + ἐκperfect participle (predicate with γενεά: 'a perverted generation')→ resultative perfect participle (a settled state of perversion)χμπνσφ στρέφω + ἐκ: meaning 'perverse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as perfect participle (predicate with γενεά: 'a perverted generation').
ἐστίνisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίlinking verb (predication about the generation)→ gnomic present (their settled character)εἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as linking verb (predication about the generation).
υἱοίsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative in apposition (the generation = sons without faith)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative in apposition (the generation = sons without faith).
οἷςin whomRR DPM · ὅςrelative pronoun (dative of possession/reference: 'in whom')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοἷς: meaning 'in whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (dative of possession/reference: 'in whom').
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there is no faith in them')→ gnomic present (the abiding absence of faith)εἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (existential: 'there is no faith in them').
πίστιςfaith / faithfulnessN3I NSF · πίστιςsubject of ἔστιν (existential)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπίστις: meaning 'faith'; it serves as subject of ἔστιν (existential).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (locative)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςobject of ἐν (where faith is absent)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν (where faith is absent).
21
αὐτοὶ παρεζήλωσάν με ἐπ' οὐ θεῷ παρώργισάν με ἐν τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν κἀγὼ παραζηλώσω αὐτοὺς ἐπ' οὐκ ἔθνει ἐπ' ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ παροργιῶ αὐτούς
They made me jealous with a no-god; they provoked me with their idols; and I will make them jealous with a no-people; with a foolish nation I will provoke them.
The jealousy of idolatry is answered measure for measure: a no-god leads to a no-people, a line the New Testament later takes up for Gentile inclusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
αὐτοὶthey themselvesRD NPM · αὐτόςsubject (emphatic: 'they')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτός: meaning 'they themselves'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
παρεζήλωσάνthey made jealousVAI AAI3P · ζηλόω + παραmain verb (the people's provocation to jealousy)→ constative aorist (the act of provoking jealousy)ζηλόω + παρα: meaning 'they made jealous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the people's provocation to jealousy).
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώdirect object of παρεζήλωσαν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρεζήλωσαν.
ἐπ'withP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (cause/occasion, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (cause/occasion, elided).
οὐno / notD · οὐnegative particle (with θεῷ: 'a no-god')→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'no'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεῷgodN2 DSM · θεόςobject of ἐπ᾿ (with οὐ: 'a no-god')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'god'; it serves as object of ἐπ᾿ (with οὐ: 'a no-god').
παρώργισάνthey provokedVZ AAI3P · ὀργίζω + παραmain verb (parallel to παρεζήλωσαν)→ constative aorist (the act of provoking to anger)ὀργίζω + παρα: meaning 'they provoked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (parallel to παρεζήλωσαν).
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώdirect object of παρώργισαν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρώργισαν.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle (with εἰδώλοις)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰδώλοιςidolsN2N DPN · εἴδωλονinstrumental dative (means of provocation)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationεἴδωλον: meaning 'idols'; it serves as instrumental dative (means of provocation).
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with εἰδώλοις)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with εἰδώλοις).
κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώemphatic subject of the apodosis (crasis καὶ ἐγώ)→ coordinationκαί̈ἐγώ: meaning 'and I'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
παραζηλώσωI will make jealousVA AAS1S · ζηλόω + παραmain verb (God's retaliatory provocation to jealousy)→ predictive future (the announced provoking of Israel)ζηλόω + παρα: meaning 'I will make jealous'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (God's retaliatory provocation to jealousy).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of παραζηλώσω→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παραζηλώσω.
ἐπ'withP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (means, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means, elided).
οὐκno / notD · οὐnegative particle (with ἔθνει: 'a no-people')→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'no'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθνειpeople / nationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςobject of ἐπ᾿ (with οὐκ: 'a no-people')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔθνος: meaning 'people'; it serves as object of ἐπ᾿ (with οὐκ: 'a no-people').
ἐπ'withP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (means, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means, elided).
ἔθνειnationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςobject of ἐπ᾿ (with ἀσυνέτῳ: 'a foolish nation')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as object of ἐπ᾿ (with ἀσυνέτῳ: 'a foolish nation').
ἀσυνέτῳfoolish / without understandingA1B DSN · ἀσύνετοςattributive adjective (with ἔθνει: 'a foolish nation')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀσύνετος: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ἔθνει: 'a foolish nation').
παροργιῶI will provokeVF2 FAI2S · ὀργίζω + παραmain verb (God's retaliatory provocation to anger)→ predictive future (the announced provoking)ὀργίζω + παρα: meaning 'I will provoke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (God's retaliatory provocation to anger).
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of παροργιῶ→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παροργιῶ.
22
ὅτι πῦρ ἐκκέκαυται ἐκ τοῦ θυμοῦ μου καυθήσεται ἕως ᾅδου κάτω καταφάγεται γῆν καὶ τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς φλέξει θεμέλια ὀρέων
For a fire has been kindled from my wrath; it will burn down to Hades below; it will devour the earth and its produce; it will set ablaze the foundations of the mountains.
Wrath is pictured as fire reaching even to the depths, showing that divine judgment is cosmic and consuming, not momentary irritation.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (grounding the judgment)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρsubject (the fire of wrath)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as subject (the fire of wrath).
ἐκκέκαυταιhas been kindledVM XPI3S · καίω + ἐκmain verb (the wrath already alight)→ resultative perfect (kindled and now burning)καίω + ἐκ: meaning 'has been kindled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the wrath already alight).
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (source)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle (with θυμοῦ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμοῦwrathN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from my wrath')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from my wrath').
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with θυμοῦ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θυμοῦ).
καυθήσεταιit will burnVC FPI3S · καίωmain verb (the spread of the fire)→ predictive future (the burning to come)καίω: meaning 'it will burn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the spread of the fire).
ἕωςdown toP · ἕωςpreposition + genitive (extent: 'as far as')→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'down to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (extent: 'as far as').
ᾅδουHadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςobject of ἕως (the lower limit of the fire)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationᾅδης: meaning 'Hades'; it serves as object of ἕως (the lower limit of the fire).
κάτωbelowD · κάτωadverb of place (intensifying ἕως ᾅδου)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκάτω: meaning 'below'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καταφάγεταιit will devourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταmain verb (the fire consumes the earth)→ predictive future (the devouring to come)ἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'it will devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the fire consumes the earth).
γῆνearth / landN1 ASF · γῆdirect object of καταφάγεται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as direct object of καταφάγεται.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle (with γενήματα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματαproduceN3M APN · γένημαdirect object (parallel to γῆν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγένημα: meaning 'produce'; it serves as direct object (parallel to γῆν).
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with γενήματα: 'its produce')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γενήματα: 'its produce').
φλέξειit will set ablazeVF FAI3S · φλέγωmain verb (the fire reaches the mountains' roots)→ predictive future (the blazing to come)φλέγω: meaning 'it will set ablaze'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the fire reaches the mountains' roots).
θεμέλιαfoundationsN2N APN · θεμέλιονdirect object of φλέξει→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεμέλιον: meaning 'foundations'; it serves as direct object of φλέξει.
ὀρέωνof mountainsN3E GPN · ὄροςgenitive (with θεμέλια: 'foundations of mountains')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὄρος: meaning 'of mountains'; it serves as genitive (with θεμέλια: 'foundations of mountains').
23
συνάξω εἰς αὐτοὺς κακὰ καὶ τὰ βέλη μου συντελέσω εἰς αὐτούς
I will gather evils upon them, and I will spend my arrows upon them.
The Lord gathers evils and spends arrows as though opening an arsenal, preparing for the catalogue of punishments that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
συνάξωI will gatherVF FAI1S · ἄγω + συνmain verb (heaping up calamities)→ predictive future (the announced gathering of evils)ἄγω + συν: meaning 'I will gather'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (heaping up calamities).
εἰςuponP · εἰςpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of εἰς (target of the evils)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of εἰς (target of the evils).
κακὰevilsA1 APN · κακόςdirect object of συνάξω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as direct object of συνάξω.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle (with βέλη)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βέληarrowsN3E APN · βέλοςdirect object of συντελέσω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβέλος: meaning 'arrows'; it serves as direct object of συντελέσω.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with βέλη)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with βέλη).
συντελέσωI will spend / expend fullyVF FAI1S · τελέω + συνmain verb (exhausting the arrows)→ predictive future (the announced spending of the arrows)τελέω + συν: meaning 'I will spend'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (exhausting the arrows).
εἰςuponP · εἰςpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of εἰς (target of the arrows)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of εἰς (target of the arrows).
24
τηκόμενοι λιμῷ καὶ βρώσει ὀρνέων καὶ ὀπισθότονος ἀνίατος ὀδόντας θηρίων ἐξαποστελῶ εἰς αὐτοὺς μετὰ θυμοῦ συρόντων ἐπὶ γῆς
Wasting away with famine and the devouring of birds and incurable spasm; the teeth of beasts I will send against them, with the wrath of creatures crawling upon the earth.
Famine, disease, beasts, and creeping terrors combine to depict judgment as total pressure from every side of life.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τηκόμενοιwasting awayV1 · πμπνπμ τήκωcircumstantial participle (the people consumed)→ progressive present participle (the ongoing wasting)πμπνπμ τήκω: meaning 'wasting away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle (the people consumed).
λιμῷwith famineN2 DSM · λιμόςdative of cause/means (the agent of wasting)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationλιμός: meaning 'with famine'; it serves as dative of cause/means (the agent of wasting).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βρώσειdevouringN3I DSF · βρῶσιςdative of cause/means (parallel to λιμῷ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβρῶσις: meaning 'devouring'; it serves as dative of cause/means (parallel to λιμῷ).
ὀρνέωνof birdsN3I GPM · ὄρνιςgenitive (with βρώσει: 'devouring of birds')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὄρνις: meaning 'of birds'; it serves as genitive (with βρώσει: 'devouring of birds').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀπισθότονοςspasm (backward convulsion)A1B NSM · ὀπισθότονοςnominative (a further calamity: convulsive disease)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὀπισθότονος: meaning 'spasm (backward convulsion)'; it serves as nominative (a further calamity: convulsive disease).
ἀνίατοςincurableA1B NSM · ἀνίατοςattributive adjective (with ὀπισθότονος)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀνίατος: meaning 'incurable'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ὀπισθότονος).
ὀδόνταςteethN3 APM · ὀδούςdirect object of ἀποστελῶ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὀδούς: meaning 'teeth'; it serves as direct object of ἀποστελῶ.
θηρίωνof beastsN2N GPN · θηρίονgenitive (with ὀδόντας: 'teeth of beasts')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθηρίον: meaning 'of beasts'; it serves as genitive (with ὀδόντας: 'teeth of beasts').
ἐξαποστελῶsend outVF2 FAI1S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'send out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
εἰςagainstP · εἰςpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of εἰς (target of the beasts)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of εἰς (target of the beasts).
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
θυμοῦwrath / venomN2 GSM · θυμόςobject of μετά ('with the wrath of')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as object of μετά ('with the wrath of').
συρόντωνof (creatures) crawlingV1 · παπνπμ σύρωattributive participle (the crawling creatures whose wrath is sent)→ progressive present participle (creatures that habitually crawl/trail)παπνπμ σύρω: meaning 'of (creatures) crawling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (the crawling creatures whose wrath is sent).
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition + genitive (place)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place).
γῆςthe earthN1 GSF · γῆobject of ἐπί (where the creatures crawl)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγῆ: meaning 'the earth'; it serves as object of ἐπί (where the creatures crawl).
25
ἔξωθεν ἀτεκνώσει αὐτοὺς μάχαιρα καὶ ἐκ τῶν ταμιείων φόβος νεανίσκος σὺν παρθένῳ θηλάζων μετὰ καθεστηκότος πρεσβυτέρου
Outside the sword will bereave them of children, and terror from the inner chambers — young man with maiden, suckling infant with the aged old man.
Inside and outside alike become unsafe, and the list of youth, maiden, infant, and elder shows that no age group escapes the sentence.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἔξωθενoutsideD · ἔξωθενadverb of place (the sword strikes without)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔξωθεν: meaning 'outside'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀτεκνώσειwill bereave of childrenVF FAI3S · ἀτεκνόωmain verb (the sword's bereavement)→ predictive future (the announced bereavement)ἀτεκνόω: meaning 'will bereave of children'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the sword's bereavement).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἀτεκνώσει→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀτεκνώσει.
μάχαιραswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραsubject of ἀτεκνώσει→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as subject of ἀτεκνώσει.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (source)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle (with ταμιείων)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταμιείωνinner chambersN2N GPN · ταμιεῖονgenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from the chambers')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationταμιεῖον: meaning 'inner chambers'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from the chambers').
φόβοςterrorN2 NSM · φόβοςsubject (terror within, parallel to μάχαιρα without)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationφόβος: meaning 'terror'; it serves as subject (terror within, parallel to μάχαιρα without).
νεανίσκοςyoung manN2 NSM · νεανίσκοςnominative (first of the age-merism)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationνεανίσκος: meaning 'young man'; it serves as nominative (first of the age-merism).
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (accompaniment).
παρθένῳmaidenN2 DSF · παρθένοςobject of σύν (paired with the young man)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπαρθένος: meaning 'maiden'; it serves as object of σύν (paired with the young man).
θηλάζωνsuckling infantV1 · παπνσμ θηλάζωsubstantivized participle (the nursing child, third of the merism)→ progressive present participle (one still at the breast)παπνσμ θηλάζω: meaning 'suckling infant'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantivized participle (the nursing child, third of the merism).
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
καθεστηκότοςaged / advanced (in years)VXI XAPGSM I(/STHMI KATAattributive participle (with πρεσβύτου: 'the settled/aged old man')→ resultative perfect participle (one settled / advanced in age)καθεστηκότος: meaning 'aged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (with πρεσβύτου: 'the settled/aged old man').
πρεσβυτέρουeldestN2 GSM · πρεσβύτεροςgenitive governed by ἀπό (starting from the eldest)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'eldest'; it serves as genitive governed by ἀπό (starting from the eldest).
26
εἶπα διασπερῶ αὐτούς παύσω δὴ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῶν
I said, 'I will scatter them; I will make their memory cease from among men' —
The threat of scattering and erased memory states the full severity of what justice would permit.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονmain verb (the divine deliberation)→ constative aorist (the inner resolve spoken)εἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the divine deliberation).
διασπερῶI will scatterVF2 FAI1S · σπείρω + διαmain verb (the resolve to disperse)→ predictive future (the intended scattering)σπείρω + δια: meaning 'I will scatter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the resolve to disperse).
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of διασπερῶ→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of διασπερῶ.
παύσωI will make ceaseVF FAI1S · παύωmain verb (the resolve to blot out their memory)→ predictive future (the intended erasure)παύω: meaning 'I will make cease'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the resolve to blot out their memory).
δὴindeedX · δήemphatic particle (intensifying the resolve)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδὴ: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfrom amongP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (separation)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ἀνθρώπωνmenN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςobject of ἐξ (from among humankind)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'men'; it serves as object of ἐξ (from among humankind).
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle (with μνημόσυνον)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemory / memorialN2N ASN · μνημόσυνονdirect object of παύσω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμνημόσυνον: meaning 'memory'; it serves as direct object of παύσω.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with μνημόσυνον)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with μνημόσυνον).
27
εἰ μὴ δι' ὀργὴν ἐχθρῶν ἵνα μὴ μακροχρονίσωσιν καὶ ἵνα μὴ συνεπιθῶνται οἱ ὑπεναντίοι μὴ εἴπωσιν ἡ χεὶρ ἡμῶν ὑψηλή καὶ οὐχὶ κύριος ἐποίησεν ταῦτα πάντα
— were it not for the wrath of the enemies, lest they should endure long, and lest the adversaries should band together and say, 'Our own exalted hand, and not the LORD, has done all these things.'
Yet annihilation is restrained so that enemies cannot wrongly claim that their own hand, rather than the Lord, achieved Israel's collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
εἰifC · εἰconditional particle (with μή: 'were it not')→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle (with εἰ: 'were it not')→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition + accusative (cause, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (cause, elided).
ὀργὴνwrath / provocationN1 ASF · ὀργήobject of δι᾿ (the cause of restraint)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as object of δι᾿ (the cause of restraint).
ἐχθρῶνof enemiesN2 GPM · ἐχθρόςgenitive (with ὀργήν: 'wrath of enemies')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐχθρός: meaning 'of enemies'; it serves as genitive (with ὀργήν: 'wrath of enemies').
ἵναso thatC · ἵναpurpose conjunction (with μή: negative purpose)→ coordinationἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle (with the subjunctive)→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μακροχρονίσωσινthey should endure longVA AAS3P · μακροχρονίζωverb of negative purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (the feared long persistence of the enemy)μακροχρονίζω: meaning 'they should endure long'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of negative purpose clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναpurpose conjunction (with μή)→ coordinationἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle (with the subjunctive)→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεπιθῶνταιthey should band together / attackVE AMS3P · τίθημι + συν + ἐπιverb of negative purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (the feared concerted assault)τίθημι + συν + ἐπι: meaning 'they should band together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of negative purpose clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle (with ὑπεναντίοι)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπεναντίοιadversariesA1A NPM · ὑπεναντίοςsubject of συνεπιθῶνται / εἴπωσιν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὑπεναντίος: meaning 'adversaries'; it serves as subject of συνεπιθῶνται / εἴπωσιν.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle (with εἴπωσιν: continuing negative purpose)→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπωσινthey should sayVB AAS3P · εἶπονverb of negative purpose clause (introducing the boast)→ aorist subjunctive (the feared boastful claim)εἶπον: meaning 'they should say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of negative purpose clause (introducing the boast).
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle (with χείρ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρsubject of ἐποίησεν (within the quoted boast)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as subject of ἐποίησεν (within the quoted boast).
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with χείρ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with χείρ).
ὑψηλήraised highA1 NSF · ὑψηλόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὑψηλός: meaning 'raised high'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχὶnotD · οὐemphatic negative (with κύριος)→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: meaning 'not'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject of ἐποίησεν (the one the boast denies)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject of ἐποίησεν (the one the boast denies).
ἐποίησενhas doneVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verb of the quoted boast→ constative aorist (the deed wrongly attributed/denied)ποιέω: meaning 'has done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the quoted boast.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςdirect object of ἐποίησεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὗτος: meaning 'these things'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςattributive adjective (with ταῦτα: 'all these things')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ταῦτα: 'all these things').
28
ὅτι ἔθνος ἀπολωλεκὸς βουλήν ἐστιν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐπιστήμη
For it is a nation that has lost counsel, and there is no understanding in them.
The song now exposes the senselessness of the hostile nation by naming its lack of counsel and understanding.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (grounding the foregoing)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςsubject (the senseless nation)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as subject (the senseless nation).
ἀπολωλεκὸςhaving lost / destroyedVX · χαπνσν ὀλλύω + ἀποattributive participle (with ἔθνος: 'a nation that has lost counsel')→ resultative perfect participle (counsel lost and gone)χαπνσν ὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'having lost'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (with ἔθνος: 'a nation that has lost counsel').
βουλήνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήdirect object of ἀπολωλεκός→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as direct object of ἀπολωλεκός.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίlinking verb (predication about the nation)→ gnomic present (the nation's settled character)εἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as linking verb (predication about the nation).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there is no understanding')→ gnomic present (the abiding absence of understanding)εἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (existential: 'there is no understanding').
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (locative)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςobject of ἐν (where understanding is absent)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν (where understanding is absent).
ἐπιστήμηunderstanding / knowledgeN1 NSF · ἐπιστήμηsubject of ἔστιν (existential)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐπιστήμη: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as subject of ἔστιν (existential).
29
οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν συνιέναι ταῦτα καταδεξάσθωσαν εἰς τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον
They had no mind to understand these things; let them take them to heart for the time to come.
This is almost a lament: if they had discernment, they would grasp what these events mean and read the future differently.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ἐφρόνησαν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφρόνησανthey were mindedVAI AAI3P · φρονέωmain verb (their failure of discernment)→ constative aorist (their settled failure to be wise)φρονέω: meaning 'they were minded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (their failure of discernment).
συνιέναιto understandVH AAN · ἵημι + συνcomplementary infinitive (with ἐφρόνησαν)→ present infinitive (the act of understanding)ἵημι + συν: meaning 'to understand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive (with ἐφρόνησαν).
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςdirect object of συνιέναι→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὗτος: meaning 'these things'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καταδεξάσθωσανlet them take to heartVA AMD3P · δέχομαι + καταmain verb (wistful imperative: 'let them receive')→ ingressive aorist imperative (let them now accept)δέχομαι + κατα: meaning 'let them take to heart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (wistful imperative: 'let them receive').
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition + accusative (temporal goal: 'for the time to come')→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal goal: 'for the time to come').
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle (with χρόνον)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιόνταcoming / approachingVXI XAPASMPI/NWattributive participle (with χρόνον: 'the coming time')→ progressive present participle (the time that is approaching)ἐπιόντα: meaning 'coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (with χρόνον: 'the coming time').
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςobject of εἰς (with ἐπιόντα: 'the coming time')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as object of εἰς (with ἐπιόντα: 'the coming time').
30
πῶς διώξεται εἷς χιλίους καὶ δύο μετακινήσουσιν μυριάδας εἰ μὴ ὁ θεὸς ἀπέδοτο αὐτοὺς καὶ ὁ κύριος παρέδωκεν αὐτούς
How shall one pursue a thousand, and two rout ten thousand, unless God had sold them and the LORD had delivered them up?
Israel's military collapse is interpreted theologically; such defeat only happens because God has handed his people over.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςinterrogative adverb (rhetorical question)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
διώξεταιshall pursueVF FMI3S · διώκωmain verb (the impossible rout)→ deliberative/predictive future (in the rhetorical question)διώκω: meaning 'shall pursue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the impossible rout).
εἷςoneA3 NSM · εἷςsubject of διώξεται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationεἷς: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
χιλίουςa thousandA1A APM · χίλιοιdirect object of διώξεται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχίλιοι: meaning 'a thousand'; it serves as direct object of διώξεται.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoM · δύοsubject of μετακινήσουσιν (indeclinable numeral)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
μετακινήσουσινshall rout / put to flightVF FAI3P · κινέω + μεταmain verb (parallel to διώξεται)→ predictive future (the impossible routing)κινέω + μετα: meaning 'shall rout'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (parallel to διώξεται).
μυριάδαςten thousandsN3D APF · μυριάςdirect object of μετακινήσουσιν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμυριάς: meaning 'ten thousands'; it serves as direct object of μετακινήσουσιν.
εἰifC · εἰconditional particle (with μή: 'unless')→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle (with εἰ: 'unless')→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle (with θεός)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςsubject of ἀπέδοτο→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as subject of ἀπέδοτο.
ἀπέδοτοhad soldVOI AMI3S · δίδωμι + ἀποverb of the εἰ μή clause (God's surrender of Israel)→ constative aorist (the act of selling/handing over)δίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'had sold'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the εἰ μή clause (God's surrender of Israel).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἀπέδοτο→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀπέδοτο.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject of παρέδωκεν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject of παρέδωκεν.
παρέδωκενdelivered upVAI AAI3S · δίδωμι + παραverb of the εἰ μή clause (parallel to ἀπέδοτο)→ constative aorist (the act of handing over)δίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'delivered up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the εἰ μή clause (parallel to ἀπέδοτο).
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of παρέδωκεν→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρέδωκεν.
31
οὐ γάρ εἰσιν οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν ὡς ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν οἱ δὲ ἐχθροὶ ἡμῶν ἀνόητοι
For their gods are not as our God; but our enemies are without sense.
The contrast between their gods and our God restates the song's monotheistic polemic in compressed form.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
γάρforX · γάρconnective or particle shaping the clause relation→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοὶGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative particle ('as our God')→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle (with θεός)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςpredicate of comparison ('as our God')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as predicate of comparison ('as our God').
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with θεός: 'our God')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεός: 'our God').
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle (with θεοί)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέmild adversative (post-positive)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχθροὶenemiesN2 NPM · ἐχθρόςsubject (predicate ἀνόητοι understood with ἔστιν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as subject (predicate ἀνόητοι understood with ἔστιν).
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with ἐχθροί)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἐχθροί).
ἀνόητοιwithout sense / foolishA1B NPM · ἀνόητοςpredicate adjective (with ἐχθροί: 'our enemies are senseless')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀνόητος: meaning 'without sense'; it serves as predicate adjective (with ἐχθροί: 'our enemies are senseless').
32
ἐκ γὰρ ἀμπέλου Σοδομων ἡ ἄμπελος αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ κληματὶς αὐτῶν ἐκ Γομορρας ἡ σταφυλὴ αὐτῶν σταφυλὴ χολῆς βότρυς πικρίας αὐτοῖς
For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and their tendril is of Gomorrah; their grape is a grape of gall, a cluster of bitterness for them.
The vine from Sodom and Gomorrah turns the enemy's moral character into poisoned fruit-bearing imagery.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐκof / fromP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (origin)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
γὰρforX · γάρcausal particle (post-positive)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀμπέλουvineN2 GSF · ἄμπελοςgenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from the vine of')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from the vine of').
Σοδομωνof SodomN GSF · Σοδομωνgenitive (with ἀμπέλου: 'vine of Sodom')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΣοδομων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive (with ἀμπέλου: 'vine of Sodom').
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle (with ἄμπελος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελοςvineN2 NSF · ἄμπελοςsubject ('their vine')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as subject ('their vine').
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with ἄμπελος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἄμπελος).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle (with κληματίς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληματὶςtendril / branchN3D NSF · κληματίςsubject (parallel to ἄμπελος)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκληματίς: meaning 'tendril'; it serves as subject (parallel to ἄμπελος).
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with κληματίς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κληματίς).
ἐκof / fromP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (origin)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
Γομορραςof GomorrahN GSF · Γομορραgenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from Gomorrah')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΓομορρας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from Gomorrah').
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle (with σταφυλή)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταφυλὴgrapeN1 NSF · σταφυλήsubject ('their grape')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσταφυλή: meaning 'grape'; it serves as subject ('their grape').
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with σταφυλή)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σταφυλή).
σταφυλὴa grapeN1 NSF · σταφυλήpredicate nominative ('a grape of gall')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσταφυλή: meaning 'a grape'; it serves as predicate nominative ('a grape of gall').
χολῆςof gallN1 GSF · χολήgenitive of quality (with σταφυλή: 'grape of gall')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχολή: meaning 'of gall'; it serves as genitive of quality (with σταφυλή: 'grape of gall').
βότρυςclusterN3U NSM · βότρυςnominative in apposition ('a cluster of bitterness')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβότρυς: meaning 'cluster'; it serves as nominative in apposition ('a cluster of bitterness').
πικρίαςof bitternessN1A GSF · πικρίαgenitive of quality (with βότρυς: 'cluster of bitterness')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπικρία: meaning 'of bitterness'; it serves as genitive of quality (with βότρυς: 'cluster of bitterness').
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative of disadvantage ('bitterness for them')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage ('bitterness for them').
33
θυμὸς δρακόντων ὁ οἶνος αὐτῶν καὶ θυμὸς ἀσπίδων ἀνίατος
Their wine is the venom of serpents and the incurable venom of asps.
That vine yields venom rather than wine, so corruption is not only moral but deadly in what it produces.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςpredicate nominative ('their wine is venom')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθυμός: meaning 'venom'; it serves as predicate nominative ('their wine is venom').
δρακόντωνof serpents / dragonsN3 GPM · δράκωνgenitive of source (with θυμός: 'venom of serpents')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδράκων: meaning 'of serpents'; it serves as genitive of source (with θυμός: 'venom of serpents').
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle (with οἶνος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςsubject ('their wine')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as subject ('their wine').
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with οἶνος)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with οἶνος).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction (parallel colon)→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυμὸςvenomN2 NSM · θυμόςpredicate nominative (parallel: 'venom of asps')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθυμός: meaning 'venom'; it serves as predicate nominative (parallel: 'venom of asps').
ἀσπίδωνof aspsN3D GPF · ἀσπίςgenitive of source (with θυμός: 'venom of asps')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀσπίς: meaning 'of asps'; it serves as genitive of source (with θυμός: 'venom of asps').
ἀνίατοςincurableA1B NSM · ἀνίατοςattributive adjective (with θυμός: 'incurable venom')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀνίατος: meaning 'incurable'; it serves as attributive adjective (with θυμός: 'incurable venom').
34
οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα πάντα συνῆκται παρ' ἐμοὶ καὶ ἐσφράγισται ἐν τοῖς θησαυροῖς μου
Behold, are not these things stored up with me and sealed in my treasuries?
Nothing has been lost or forgotten; the entire case is gathered and sealed in God's own treasuries awaiting the appointed moment.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (introducing rhetorical question)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection (attention-marker)→ discourse markerἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ταῦταthese thingsRD NPN · οὗτοςsubject of συνῆκται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὗτος: meaning 'these things'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
συνῆκταιhas been stored upVK XMI3S · ἄγω + συνmain verb (the judgment gathered and filed)→ resultative perfect (stored up and remaining in reserve)ἄγω + συν: meaning 'has been stored up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the judgment gathered and filed).
παρ'withP · παράpreposition + dative (location: 'with me', elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'with me', elided).
ἐμοὶmeRP DS · ἐγώobject of παρ᾿ (the divine 'me')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of παρ᾿ (the divine 'me').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσφράγισταιhas been sealedVXI XMI3S · σφραγίζωmain verb (the judgment sealed up)→ resultative perfect (sealed and remaining sealed)σφραγίζω: meaning 'has been sealed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the judgment sealed up).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (locative)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle (with θησαυροῖς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θησαυροῖςtreasuriesN2 DPM · θησαυρόςdative of place (with ἐν: 'in my treasuries')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθησαυρός: meaning 'treasuries'; it serves as dative of place (with ἐν: 'in my treasuries').
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with θησαυροῖς)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θησαυροῖς).
35
ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐκδικήσεως ἀνταποδώσω ἐν καιρῷ ὅταν σφαλῇ ὁ ποὺς αὐτῶν ὅτι ἐγγὺς ἡμέρα ἀπωλείας αὐτῶν καὶ πάρεστιν ἕτοιμα ὑμῖν
In the day of vengeance I will repay, in the time when their foot shall slip; for the day of their destruction is near, and the things prepared for you are at hand.
Vengeance is expressly reserved to God, and the slipping foot image makes the coming reversal both certain and near.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (temporal)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative of time (with ἐν: 'in the day')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time (with ἐν: 'in the day').
ἐκδικήσεωςof vengeanceN3I GSF · ἐκδίκησιςgenitive (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'day of vengeance')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐκδίκησις: meaning 'of vengeance'; it serves as genitive (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'day of vengeance').
ἀνταποδώσωI will repayVF FAI1S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verb (the divine recompense)→ predictive future (the certain repayment)δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'I will repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the divine recompense).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition + dative (temporal)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
καιρῷtime / seasonN2 DSM · καιρόςdative of time (with ἐν: 'in the time')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative of time (with ἐν: 'in the time').
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανtemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφαλῇshall slipVA AAS3S · σφάλλωverb of temporal clause (the slipping of the foot)→ aorist subjunctive (the decisive slip)σφάλλω: meaning 'shall slip'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of temporal clause (the slipping of the foot).
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle (with πούς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποὺςfootN3D NSM · πούςsubject of σφαλῇ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as subject of σφαλῇ.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with πούς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πούς).
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (grounding the certainty)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγγὺςnearD · ἐγγύςadverb of nearness (predicate with ἡμέρα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐγγύς: meaning 'near'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραsubject (predicate ἐγγύς: 'the day is near')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as subject (predicate ἐγγύς: 'the day is near').
ἀπωλείαςof destructionN1A GSF · ἀπώλειαgenitive (with ἡμέρα: 'day of destruction')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀπώλεια: meaning 'of destruction'; it serves as genitive (with ἡμέρα: 'day of destruction').
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with ἡμέρα ἀπωλείας)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἡμέρα ἀπωλείας).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάρεστινis at handV9 PAI3S · εἰμί + παραmain verb (the prepared things are present)→ futuristic present (the imminent presence of judgment)εἰμί + παρα: meaning 'is at hand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the prepared things are present).
ἕτοιμαthings preparedA1 APN · ἕτοιμοςsubject of πάρεστιν (the ready judgments)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἕτοιμος: meaning 'things prepared'; it serves as subject of πάρεστιν (the ready judgments).
ὑμῖνfor youRP DP · σύdative of disadvantage (the recipients of the prepared things)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage (the recipients of the prepared things).
36
ὅτι κρινεῖ κύριος τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ παρακληθήσεται εἶδεν γὰρ αὐτοὺς παραλελυμένους καὶ ἐκλελοιπότας ἐν ἐπαγωγῇ καὶ παρειμένους
For the LORD will judge his people and have compassion on his servants; for he saw them paralyzed and failing under affliction and worn out.
The song pivots again here: the Lord judges his people in the sense of taking up their cause when he sees them exhausted and undone.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρινεῖwill judge / vindicateVF2 FAI3S · κρίνωmain verb (the LORD's judgment for his people)→ predictive future (the certain vindication)κρίνω: meaning 'will judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the LORD's judgment for his people).
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle (with λαόν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςdirect object of κρινεῖ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as direct object of κρινεῖ.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with λαόν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with λαόν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (with παρακληθήσεται: 'have compassion on')→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (with παρακληθήσεται: 'have compassion on').
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle (with δούλοις)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλοιςservantsN2 DPM · δοῦλοςobject of ἐπί (those pitied)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδοῦλος: meaning 'servants'; it serves as object of ἐπί (those pitied).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with δούλοις)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δούλοις).
παρακληθήσεταιwill have compassion / relentVC FPI3S · καλέω + παραmain verb (the divine relenting)→ predictive future (the certain compassion)καλέω + παρα: meaning 'will have compassion'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the divine relenting).
εἶδενhe sawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verb (the ground of compassion)→ constative aorist (the act of seeing their plight)ὁράω: meaning 'he saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the ground of compassion).
γὰρforX · γάρcausal particle (post-positive)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
παραλελυμένουςparalyzedVM · χμπαπμ λύω + παραobject-complement participle (with αὐτούς: 'saw them paralyzed')→ resultative perfect participle (in a settled state of paralysis)χμπαπμ λύω + παρα: meaning 'paralyzed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as object-complement participle (with αὐτούς: 'saw them paralyzed').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλελοιπόταςfailing / faintingVX · χαπαπμ λείπω + ἐκobject-complement participle (parallel to παραλελυμένους)→ resultative perfect participle (in a settled state of having failed)χαπαπμ λείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'failing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as object-complement participle (parallel to παραλελυμένους).
ἐνin / underP · ἐνpreposition + dative (circumstance)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (circumstance).
ἐπαγωγῇaffliction / calamityN1 DSF · ἐπαγωγήdative of circumstance (with ἐν: 'under affliction')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐπαγωγή: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as dative of circumstance (with ἐν: 'under affliction').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρειμένουςworn out / enfeebledVM · χμπαπμ ἵημι + παραobject-complement participle (third of the debility-triad)→ resultative perfect participle (in a settled state of exhaustion)χμπαπμ ἵημι + παρα: meaning 'worn out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as object-complement participle (third of the debility-triad).
37
καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ποῦ εἰσιν οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν ἐφ' οἷς ἐπεποίθεισαν ἐπ' αὐτοῖς
And the LORD said, 'Where are their gods, in whom they had trusted,
God's question about the absent gods opens a taunt section, forcing the worshiped powers to appear if they can.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίnarrative conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb (introducing the divine taunt)→ constative aorist (the speech-act of taunting)εἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (introducing the divine taunt).
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb (taunting question)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationποῦ: meaning 'where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verb (the existential taunt)→ gnomic present (the idols' present nonexistence/absence)εἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the existential taunt).
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle (with θεοί)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοὶgodsN2 NPM · θεόςsubject of εἰσιν (the impotent idols)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'gods'; it serves as subject of εἰσιν (the impotent idols).
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with θεοί)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεοί).
ἐφ'inP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (object of trust, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (object of trust, elided).
οἷςwhomRR DPM · ὅςrelative pronoun (object of ἐπεποίθεισαν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοἷς: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐπεποίθεισαν).
ἐπεποίθεισανthey had trustedVXI YAI3P · πείθωverb of relative clause (the misplaced trust)→ stative pluperfect (a prior settled state of trusting)πείθω: meaning 'they had trusted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of relative clause (the misplaced trust).
ἐπ'inP · ἐπίpreposition + dative (resumptive Hebraism, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (resumptive Hebraism, elided).
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςresumptive pronoun (Hebraism: 'in whom … in them')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as resumptive pronoun (Hebraism: 'in whom … in them').
38
ὧν τὸ στέαρ τῶν θυσιῶν αὐτῶν ἠσθίετε καὶ ἐπίνετε τὸν οἶνον τῶν σπονδῶν αὐτῶν ἀναστήτωσαν καὶ βοηθησάτωσαν ὑμῖν καὶ γενηθήτωσαν ὑμῖν σκεπασταί
the fat of whose sacrifices you used to eat, and you used to drink the wine of their libations? Let them rise up and help you and become your protectors!
The sarcasm sharpens as the idols who received sacrifice are summoned to rise and protect; their silence is part of the point.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὧνwhoseRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun (genitive: 'of whom / whose')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὧν: meaning 'whose'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (genitive: 'of whom / whose').
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle (with στέαρ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatN3 ASN · στέαρdirect object of ἠσθίετε→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationστέαρ: meaning 'fat'; it serves as direct object of ἠσθίετε.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle (with θυσιῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιῶνsacrificesN1A GPF · θυσίαgenitive (with στέαρ: 'fat of the sacrifices')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifices'; it serves as genitive (with στέαρ: 'fat of the sacrifices').
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with θυσιῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θυσιῶν).
ἠσθίετεyou used to eatV1I IAI2P · ἐσθίωmain verb (the habitual idol-feasting)→ customary imperfect (the repeated past eating)ἐσθίω: meaning 'you used to eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the habitual idol-feasting).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίνετεyou used to drinkV1I IAI2P · πίνωmain verb (the habitual idol-libations)→ customary imperfect (the repeated past drinking)πίνω: meaning 'you used to drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the habitual idol-libations).
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle (with οἶνον)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςdirect object of ἐπίνετε→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as direct object of ἐπίνετε.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle (with σπονδῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπονδῶνlibations / drink-offeringsN1 GPF · σπονδήgenitive (with οἶνον: 'wine of the libations')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσπονδή: meaning 'libations'; it serves as genitive (with οἶνον: 'wine of the libations').
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with σπονδῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σπονδῶν).
ἀναστήτωσανlet them rise upVH AAD3P · ἵστημι + ἀναmain verb (ironic imperative to the idols)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the sarcastic challenge to act)ἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'let them rise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (ironic imperative to the idols).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοηθησάτωσανlet them helpVA AAD3P · βοηθέωmain verb (ironic imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the sarcastic challenge to aid)βοηθέω: meaning 'let them help'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (ironic imperative).
ὑμῖνyouRP DP · σύindirect object of βοηθησάτωσαν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of βοηθησάτωσαν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενηθήτωσανlet them becomeVC APD3P · γίγνομαιmain verb (ironic imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the sarcastic challenge to shelter)γίγνομαι: meaning 'let them become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (ironic imperative).
ὑμῖνyour / for youRP DP · σύdative of advantage (with σκεπασταί)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὑμῖν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (with σκεπασταί).
σκεπασταίprotectors / shelterersN1M NPM · σκεπαστήςpredicate nominative (with γενηθήτωσαν: 'become protectors')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationσκεπαστής: meaning 'protectors'; it serves as predicate nominative (with γενηθήτωσαν: 'become protectors').
39
ἴδετε ἴδετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς πλὴν ἐμοῦ ἐγὼ ἀποκτενῶ καὶ ζῆν ποιήσω πατάξω κἀγὼ ἰάσομαι καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὃς ἐξελεῖται ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν μου
See, see that I am, and there is no god besides me; I kill, and I will make alive; I will strike, and I will heal; and there is no one who can deliver out of my hands.
This is the great self-declaration of the song: the Lord alone kills and makes alive, wounds and heals, and no rival hand can snatch away.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἴδετεseeVB AAD2P · ὁράωmain verb (emphatic doubled imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the urgent call to perceive)ὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (emphatic doubled imperative).
ἴδετεseeVB AAD2P · ὁράωmain verb (emphatic repetition)→ ingressive aorist imperative (intensifying repetition)ὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (emphatic repetition).
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction (introducing content of seeing)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώsubject (emphatic: 'I am')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (emphatic: 'I am').
εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίmain verb (absolute self-predication)→ gnomic present (the eternal divine being)εἰμί: meaning 'am'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (absolute self-predication).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there is no god')→ gnomic present (the timeless monotheistic truth)εἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (existential: 'there is no god').
θεὸςgodN2 NSM · θεόςsubject of ἔστιν (existential)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'god'; it serves as subject of ἔστιν (existential).
πλὴνbesides / exceptD · πλήνpreposition + genitive (exception)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπλὴν: meaning 'besides'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (exception).
ἐμοῦmeRP GS · ἐγώobject of πλήν (the sole God)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐγώ: meaning 'me'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώsubject (emphatic, with ἀποκτενῶ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (emphatic, with ἀποκτενῶ).
ἀποκτενῶI will killVF2 FAI1S · κτείνω + ἀποmain verb (sovereignty over death)→ gnomic/predictive future (God's settled power to kill)κτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'I will kill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (sovereignty over death).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζῆνto liveV3 PAN · ζάωcomplementary infinitive (with ποιήσω: 'make to live')→ present infinitive (the act of living)ζάω: meaning 'to live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive (with ποιήσω: 'make to live').
ποιήσωI will makeVA AAS1S · ποιέωmain verb (with ζῆν: 'I will make alive')→ gnomic/predictive future (God's power to give life)ποιέω: meaning 'I will make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (with ζῆν: 'I will make alive').
πατάξωI will strikeVF FAI1S · πατάσσωmain verb (the second sovereignty-pair: wound)→ gnomic/predictive future (God's power to wound)πατάσσω: meaning 'I will strike'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the second sovereignty-pair: wound).
κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώemphatic subject (crasis καὶ ἐγώ, with ἰάσομαι)→ coordinationκαί̈ἐγώ: meaning 'and I'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ἰάσομαιI will healVF FAI1S · ἰάομαιmain verb (the second sovereignty-pair: heal)→ gnomic/predictive future (God's power to heal)ἰάομαι: meaning 'I will heal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the second sovereignty-pair: heal).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there is no one who')→ gnomic present (the abiding impossibility of escape)εἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (existential: 'there is no one who').
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςrelative pronoun (subject of ἐξελεῖται)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of ἐξελεῖται).
ἐξελεῖταιcan deliverVF2 FMI3S · αἱρέω + ἐκverb of relative clause (the impossible rescue)→ predictive future (potential deliverance, denied)αἱρέω + ἐκ: meaning 'can deliver'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of relative clause (the impossible rescue).
ἐκout ofP · ἐκpreposition + genitive (separation)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle (with χειρῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρobject of ἐκ (God's grasp)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as object of ἐκ (God's grasp).
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with χειρῶν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with χειρῶν).
40
ὅτι ἀρῶ εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν τὴν χεῖρά μου καὶ ὀμοῦμαι τῇ δεξιᾷ μου καὶ ἐρῶ ζῶ ἐγὼ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα
For I will lift up my hand to heaven and swear by my right hand, and I will say, 'As I live forever —'
The lifted hand and sworn life-formula make the next words not mere threat but solemn divine oath.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (grounding the self-declaration)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρῶI will lift upVF2 FAI1S · αἴρωmain verb (the oath-gesture)→ predictive future (the solemn raising of the hand)αἴρω: meaning 'I will lift up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the oath-gesture).
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition + accusative (direction)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle (with οὐρανόν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςobject of εἰς (direction of the raised hand)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as object of εἰς (direction of the raised hand).
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle (with χεῖρα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandN3 ASF · χείρdirect object of ἀρῶ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as direct object of ἀρῶ.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with χεῖρα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with χεῖρα).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀμοῦμαιI will swearVF2 FMI1S · ὄμνυμιmain verb (the act of swearing)→ predictive future (the solemn oath)ὄμνυμι: meaning 'I will swear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the act of swearing).
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle (with δεξιᾷ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιᾷright handA1A DSF · δεξιόςdative of means/instrument (the hand sworn by)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδεξιός: meaning 'right hand'; it serves as dative of means/instrument (the hand sworn by).
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with δεξιᾷ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δεξιᾷ).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρῶI will sayVF2 FAI1S · εἶπονmain verb (introducing the oath-formula)→ predictive future (the speaking of the oath)εἶπον: meaning 'I will say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (introducing the oath-formula).
ζῶI liveV3 PAI1S · ζάωmain verb of the oath-formula ('as I live')→ gnomic present (the eternal divine life)ζάω: meaning 'I live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the oath-formula ('as I live').
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώsubject (emphatic, with ζῶ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (emphatic, with ζῶ).
εἰςto / intoP · εἰςpreposition + accusative (extent of time)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent of time).
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle (with αἰῶνα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνobject of εἰς (temporal extent: 'forever')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as object of εἰς (temporal extent: 'forever').
41
ὅτι παροξυνῶ ὡς ἀστραπὴν τὴν μάχαιράν μου καὶ ἀνθέξεται κρίματος ἡ χείρ μου καὶ ἀνταποδώσω δίκην τοῖς ἐχθροῖς καὶ τοῖς μισοῦσίν με ἀνταποδώσω
For I will whet my sword like lightning, and my hand will lay hold on judgment, and I will render vengeance to my enemies, and to those who hate me I will repay.
Sword, judgment, and repayment are gathered into one avenging image as the Lord turns directly against his enemies.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (content/ground of the oath)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροξυνῶI will whet / sharpenVA AAS1S · ὀξύνω + παραmain verb (sharpening the sword)→ predictive future (the whetting of the sword)ὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'I will whet'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (sharpening the sword).
ὡςlikeC · ὡςcomparative particle (simile)→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀστραπὴνlightningN1 ASF · ἀστραπήaccusative of comparison ('like lightning')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀστραπή: meaning 'lightning'; it serves as accusative of comparison ('like lightning').
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle (with μάχαιραν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάχαιράνswordN1A ASF · μάχαιραdirect object of παροξυνῶ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as direct object of παροξυνῶ.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with μάχαιραν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with μάχαιραν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνθέξεταιwill lay hold onVF FMI3S · ἔχω + ἀντιmain verb (the hand grasps judgment)→ predictive future (the seizing of judgment)ἔχω + ἀντι: meaning 'will lay hold on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the hand grasps judgment).
κρίματοςjudgmentN3M GSN · κρίμαgenitive object of ἀνθέξεται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as genitive object of ἀνθέξεται.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle (with χείρ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείρhandN3 NSF · χείρsubject of ἀνθέξεται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as subject of ἀνθέξεται.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with χείρ)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with χείρ).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταποδώσωI will renderVF FAI1S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verb (rendering vengeance to enemies)→ predictive future (the certain recompense)δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'I will render'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (rendering vengeance to enemies).
δίκηνvengeance / penaltyN1 ASF · δίκηdirect object of ἀνταποδώσω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδίκη: meaning 'vengeance'; it serves as direct object of ἀνταποδώσω.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle (with ἐχθροῖς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροῖςenemiesN2 DPM · ἐχθρόςindirect object of ἀνταποδώσω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as indirect object of ἀνταποδώσω.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςthe (ones)RA DPM · ὁarticle (with the participle μισοῦσιν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισοῦσίνthose who hateV2 PAI3P · μισέωsubstantivized participle (indirect object: 'to those who hate me')→ progressive present participle (habitual haters)μισέω: meaning 'those who hate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantivized participle (indirect object: 'to those who hate me').
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώdirect object of μισοῦσιν→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μισοῦσιν.
ἀνταποδώσωI will repayVF FAI1S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verb (closing the recompense-inclusio)→ predictive future (the certain repayment)δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'I will repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (closing the recompense-inclusio).
42
μεθύσω τὰ βέλη μου ἀφ' αἵματος καὶ ἡ μάχαιρά μου καταφάγεται κρέα ἀφ' αἵματος τραυματιῶν καὶ αἰχμαλωσίας ἀπὸ κεφαλῆς ἀρχόντων ἐθνῶν
I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and my sword will devour flesh — with the blood of the slain and the captives, from the head of the rulers of the enemies.
The vengeance reaches its gruesome climax in blood-drunk arrows and a flesh-devouring sword, leaving no doubt about the completeness of judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
μεθύσωI will make drunkVF2 FAI1S · μεθύωmain verb (the arrows gorged with blood)→ predictive future (the making-drunk of the arrows)μεθύω: meaning 'I will make drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the arrows gorged with blood).
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle (with βέλη)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βέληarrowsN3E APN · βέλοςdirect object of μεθύσω→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationβέλος: meaning 'arrows'; it serves as direct object of μεθύσω.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with βέλη)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with βέλη).
ἀφ'with / fromP · ἀπόpreposition + genitive (source/material, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀφ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source/material, elided).
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive of source/material (with ἀφ᾿: 'with blood')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive of source/material (with ἀφ᾿: 'with blood').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle (with μάχαιρα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάχαιράswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραsubject of καταφάγεται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμάχαιρα: meaning 'sword'; it serves as subject of καταφάγεται.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession (with μάχαιρα)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with μάχαιρα).
καταφάγεταιwill devourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταmain verb (the sword consumes flesh)→ predictive future (the devouring to come)ἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'will devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the sword consumes flesh).
κρέαfleshN3 APN · κρέαςdirect object of καταφάγεται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκρέας: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as direct object of καταφάγεται.
ἀφ'with / fromP · ἀπόpreposition + genitive (source, elided)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀφ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source, elided).
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive of source (with ἀφ᾿: 'with the blood of')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἀφ᾿: 'with the blood of').
τραυματιῶνof the slain / woundedN1T GPM · τραυματίαςgenitive (with αἵματος: 'blood of the slain')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationτραυματίας: meaning 'of the slain'; it serves as genitive (with αἵματος: 'blood of the slain').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivity / captivesN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive (parallel to τραυματιῶν)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as genitive (parallel to τραυματιῶν).
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition + genitive (source)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήgenitive of source (with ἀπό: 'from the head')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as genitive of source (with ἀπό: 'from the head').
ἀρχόντωνof rulersN3 GPM · ἄρχωνgenitive (with κεφαλῆς: 'head of the rulers')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄρχων: meaning 'of rulers'; it serves as genitive (with κεφαλῆς: 'head of the rulers').
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
43
εὐφράνθητε οὐρανοί ἅμα αὐτῷ καὶ προσκυνησάτωσαν αὐτῷ πάντες οἱ ἄγγελοι θεοῦ εὐφράνθητε ἔθνη μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνισχυσάτωσαν αὐτῷ πάντες υἱοὶ θεοῦ ὅτι τὸ αἷμα τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ ἐκδικεῖται καὶ ἐκδικήσει καὶ ἀνταποδώσει δίκην τοῖς ἐχθροῖς καὶ τοῖς μισοῦσιν ἀνταποδώσει καὶ ἐκκαθαριεῖ κύριος τὴν γῆν τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ προσευχὴ Αννας μητρὸς Σαμουηλ
Rejoice, O heavens, together with him, and let all the angels of God worship him; rejoice, O nations, with his people, and let all the sons of God strengthen themselves in him; for he avenges the blood of his sons, and he will take vengeance and render justice to his enemies, and to those who hate him he will repay, and the Lord will cleanse the land of his people. Prayer of Hannah the mother of Samuel.
The long Septuagint ending expands the close into cosmic worship: heaven, angels, nations, and God's people are all summoned to rejoice before the next canticle's heading appears.
Word-by-word analysis· 53 words
εὐφράνθητεrejoiceVC APD2P · εὐφραίνωmain verb (summons to the heavens to rejoice)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the call to break into joy)εὐφραίνω: meaning 'rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (summons to the heavens to rejoice).
οὐρανοίO heavensN2 NPM · οὐρανόςvocative (the heavens summoned to rejoice)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationοὐρανός: meaning 'O heavens'; it serves as vocative (the heavens summoned to rejoice).
ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαadverb (with αὐτῷ: 'together with him')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἅμα: meaning 'together'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςdative (with ἅμα: 'together with him')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (with ἅμα: 'together with him').
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσκυνησάτωσανlet them worshipVA AAD3P · κυνέω + προςmain verb (the sons of God summoned to worship)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the call to render worship)κυνέω + προς: meaning 'let them worship'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the sons of God summoned to worship).
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςdative object of προσκυνησάτωσαν (the one worshiped)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of προσκυνησάτωσαν (the one worshiped).
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςattributive adjective (with υἱοὶ θεοῦ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with υἱοὶ θεοῦ).
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγγελοιmessengerN2 NPM · ἄγγελοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἄγγελος: meaning 'messenger'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive (with υἱοί: 'sons of God')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive (with υἱοί: 'sons of God').
εὐφράνθητεrejoiceVC APD2P · εὐφραίνωmain verb (the nations summoned to rejoice)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the call to the Gentiles' joy)εὐφραίνω: meaning 'rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the nations summoned to rejoice).
ἔθνηO nationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςvocative (the nations summoned to rejoice)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἔθνος: meaning 'O nations'; it serves as vocative (the nations summoned to rejoice).
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle (with λαοῦ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςobject of μετά (Israel, with whom the nations rejoice)→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as object of μετά (Israel, with whom the nations rejoice).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with λαοῦ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with λαοῦ).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνισχυσάτωσανlet them strengthen themselvesVA AAD3P · ἰσχύω + ἐνmain verb (the angels summoned to be strong in him)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the call to take strength)ἰσχύω + ἐν: meaning 'let them strengthen themselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the angels summoned to be strong in him).
αὐτῷin himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative (with ἐνισχυσάτωσαν: 'be strong in him')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'in him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (with ἐνισχυσάτωσαν: 'be strong in him').
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςattributive adjective (with ἄγγελοι θεοῦ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ἄγγελοι θεοῦ).
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive (with ἄγγελοι: 'angels of God')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationθεός: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive (with ἄγγελοι: 'angels of God').
ὅτιforC · ὅτιcausal conjunction (ground of the rejoicing)→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle (with αἷμα)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodN3M ASN · αἷμαsubject of ἐκδικᾶται→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as subject of ἐκδικᾶται.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle (with υἱῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive (with αἷμα: 'blood of his sons')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive (with αἷμα: 'blood of his sons').
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with υἱῶν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱῶν).
ἐκδικεῖταιhe avengesV2 PMI3S · δικέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδικέω + ἐκ: meaning 'he avenges'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδικήσειhe will take vengeanceVF FAI3S · δικέω + ἐκmain verb (God's act of vengeance)→ predictive future (the certain vengeance)δικέω + ἐκ: meaning 'he will take vengeance'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (God's act of vengeance).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταποδώσειhe will renderVF FAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verb (rendering vengeance to the enemies)→ predictive future (the certain recompense)δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'he will render'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (rendering vengeance to the enemies).
δίκηνvengeanceN1 ASF · δίκηdirect object of ἀνταποδώσει→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδίκη: meaning 'vengeance'; it serves as direct object of ἀνταποδώσει.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle (with ἐχθροῖς)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροῖςenemiesN2 DPM · ἐχθρόςindirect object of ἀνταποδώσει→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as indirect object of ἀνταποδώσει.
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςthe (ones)RA DPM · ὁarticle (with the participle μισοῦσιν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισοῦσινthose who hateV2 PAI3P · μισέωsubstantivized participle (indirect object: 'to those who hate')→ progressive present participle (the habitual haters)μισέω: meaning 'those who hate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantivized participle (indirect object: 'to those who hate').
ἀνταποδώσειhe will repayVF FAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verb (the repayment to the haters)→ predictive future (the certain repayment)δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'he will repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the repayment to the haters).
καὶandC · καίcoordinate conjunction→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκαθαριεῖwill cleanse / purgeVF2 FAI3S · καθαρίζω + ἐκmain verb (the cleansing of the land)→ predictive future (the certain cleansing)καθαρίζω + ἐκ: meaning 'will cleanse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the cleansing of the land).
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject of ἐκκαθαριεῖ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as subject of ἐκκαθαριεῖ.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle (with γῆν)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆdirect object of ἐκκαθαριεῖ→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as direct object of ἐκκαθαριεῖ.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle (with λαοῦ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive (with γῆν: 'land of his people')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive (with γῆν: 'land of his people').
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession (with λαοῦ)→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with λαοῦ).
προσευχὴprayerN1 NSF · προσευχήsubject nominative→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationπροσευχή: meaning 'prayer'; it serves as subject nominative.
Ανναςof HannahN1A GSF · Ανναgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΑννας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μητρὸςof the motherN3 GSF · μήτηρgenitive of possession (with μήτρας: 'mother's womb')→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationμήτηρ: meaning 'of the mother'; it serves as genitive of possession (with μήτρας: 'mother's womb').
ΣαμουηλSamuelN GSM · Σαμουήλadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationΣαμουηλ: meaning 'Samuel'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.