1
ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν ἐν χώρᾳ τῇ Αυσίτιδι ᾧ ὄνομα Ιωβ καὶ ἦν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος ἀληθινός ἄμεμπτος δίκαιος θεοσεβής ἀπεχόμενος ἀπὸ παντὸς πονηροῦ πράγματος
There was a certain man in the land of Ausitis whose name was Job, and that man was genuine, blameless, righteous, God-fearing, keeping away from every evil thing.
The prologue opens by identifying Job through geography and name, then loading the portrait with moral predicates that make his coming test theologically weighty.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἄνθρωπόςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄνθρωπός: lexical item rendered here as “man”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceτις: pronominal form rendered here as “a certain”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: preposition rendered here as “in”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
χώρᾳlandN1A DSF · χώραdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantχώρᾳ: lexical item rendered here as “land”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ΑυσίτιδιAusitisN3D DSF · Αυσῖτιςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantΑυσίτιδι: dative form of Ausitis, the land that locates Job in the eastern setting of the prologue.
ᾧwhoseRR DSM · ὅςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceᾧ: pronominal form rendered here as “whose”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὄνομα: lexical item rendered here as “name”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ΙωβJobN NSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as “man”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐκεῖνοςthatRD NSM · ἐκεῖνοςnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceἐκεῖνος: pronominal form rendered here as “that”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἀληθινόςgenuineA1 NSM · ἀληθινόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἀληθινός: lexical item rendered here as “genuine”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἄμεμπτοςblamelessA1B NSM · ἄμεμπτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἄμεμπτος: lexical item rendered here as “blameless”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
δίκαιοςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionδίκαιος: lexical item rendered here as “righteous”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
θεοσεβήςGod-fearingA3H NSM · θεοσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionθεοσεβής: “God-fearing, reverent toward God”; the adjective is central to the chapter’s debate over whether Job’s piety is genuine or merely rewarded.
ἀπεχόμενοςkeeping awayV1 · πμπνσμ ἔχω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἀπεχόμενος: participial form meaning “keeping away from, abstaining from”; it presents Job’s righteousness as active moral refusal, not merely private sentiment.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπὸ: preposition rendered here as “from”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
παντὸςeveryA3 GSN · πᾶςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionπαντὸς: lexical item rendered here as “every”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πονηροῦevilA1A GSN · πονηρόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionπονηροῦ: lexical item rendered here as “evil”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πράγματοςthingN3M GSN · πρᾶγμαgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantπράγματος: lexical item rendered here as “thing”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
2
ἐγένοντο δὲ αὐτῷ υἱοὶ ἑπτὰ καὶ θυγατέρες τρεῖς
And there were born to him seven sons and three daughters.
The scene broadens from Job himself to the size of his household; sons and daughters complete the picture of settled blessing.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐγένοντο: verbal form of γίγνομαι, rendered here as “came to be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
δὲbutX · δέconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ developmentδὲ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered here as “to him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantυἱοὶ: lexical item rendered here as “sons”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἑπτὰ: lexical item rendered here as “seven”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθυγατέρες: lexical item rendered here as “daughters”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τρεῖςthreeA3 NPF · τρεῖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionτρεῖς: lexical item rendered here as “three”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
3
καὶ ἦν τὰ κτήνη αὐτοῦ πρόβατα ἑπτακισχίλια κάμηλοι τρισχίλιαι ζεύγη βοῶν πεντακόσια ὄνοι θήλειαι νομάδες πεντακόσιαι καὶ ὑπηρεσία πολλὴ σφόδρα καὶ ἔργα μεγάλα ἦν αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἦν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος εὐγενὴς τῶν ἀφ' ἡλίου ἀνατολῶν
His livestock were seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke-teams of oxen, five hundred grazing she-donkeys, and a very large retinue; he also had great possessions on the land, and that man was the noblest of the people of the east.
A long inventory of animals, servants, and landed wealth establishes Job as an eastern grandee whose prosperity is visible and measurable.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κτήνηlivestockN3E NPN · κτῆνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκτήνη: lexical item rendered here as “livestock”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
πρόβαταsheepN2N NPN · πρόβατονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπρόβατα: lexical item rendered here as “sheep”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἑπτακισχίλιαseven thousandA1A NPN · ἑπτακισχίλιοιnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἑπτακισχίλια: lexical item rendered here as “seven thousand”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
κάμηλοιcamelsN2 NPF · κάμηλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκάμηλοι: lexical item rendered here as “camels”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τρισχίλιαιthree thousandA1A NPF · τρισχίλιοιnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionτρισχίλιαι: lexical item rendered here as “three thousand”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ζεύγηyoke-teamsN3E NPN · ζεῦγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantζεύγη: lexical item rendered here as “yoke-teams”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
βοῶνoxenN3 GPF · βοῦςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantβοῶν: lexical item rendered here as “oxen”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πεντακόσιαfive hundredA1A APN · πεντακόσιοιaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionπεντακόσια: lexical item rendered here as “five hundred”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ὄνοιdonkeysN2 NPF · ὄνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὄνοι: lexical item rendered here as “donkeys”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
θήλειαιfemaleA3U NPF · θῆλυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionθήλειαι: lexical item rendered here as “female”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
νομάδεςgrazingN3D NPF · νομάςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantνομάδες: lexical item rendered here as “grazing”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πεντακόσιαιfive hundredA1A NPF · πεντακόσιοιnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionπεντακόσιαι: lexical item rendered here as “five hundred”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ὑπηρεσίαretinueN1A NSF · ὑπηρεσίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὑπηρεσία: lexical item rendered here as “retinue”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πολλὴgreatA1 NSF · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionπολλὴ: lexical item rendered here as “great”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationσφόδρα: lexical item rendered here as “very”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἔργαpossessionsN2N NPN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἔργα: lexical item rendered here as “possessions”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μεγάλαgreatA1P NPN · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionμεγάλα: lexical item rendered here as “great”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered here as “to him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐπὶ: preposition rendered here as “upon”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantγῆς: lexical item rendered here as “earth”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as “man”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐκεῖνοςthatRD NSM · ἐκεῖνοςnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceἐκεῖνος: pronominal form rendered here as “that”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
εὐγενὴςnobleA3H NSM · εὐγενήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionεὐγενὴς: lexical item rendered here as “noble”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀφ': preposition rendered here as “from”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
ἡλίουsunN2 GSM · ἥλιοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantἡλίου: lexical item rendered here as “sun”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀνατολῶνeastN1 GPF · ἀνατολήgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantἀνατολῶν: lexical item rendered here as “east”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
4
συμπορευόμενοι δὲ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐποιοῦσαν πότον καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν συμπαραλαμβάνοντες ἅμα καὶ τὰς τρεῖς ἀδελφὰς αὐτῶν ἐσθίειν καὶ πίνειν μετ' αὐτῶν
His sons would go to one another and hold a feast, each on his own day, and they would bring along their three sisters to eat and drink with them.
The children’s recurring feasts describe the family’s ordinary rhythm of abundance before disaster interrupts it.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
συμπορευόμενοιgoing togetherV1 · πμπνπμ πορεύομαι + συνparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceσυμπορευόμενοι: verbal form of πορεύομαι + συν, rendered here as “going together”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
δὲbutX · δέconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ developmentδὲ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantυἱοὶ: lexical item rendered here as “sons”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπρὸς: preposition rendered here as “to”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
ἀλλήλουςone anotherRD APM · ἀλλήλωaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceἀλλήλους: pronominal form rendered here as “one another”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἐποιοῦσανwere makingVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐποιοῦσαν: verbal form of ποιέω, rendered here as “were making”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
πότονfeastN2 ASM · πότοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπότον: lexical item rendered here as “feast”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καθ'according to/againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationκαθ': preposition rendered here as “according to/against”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
ἑκάστηνeachA1 ASF · ἕκαστοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionἑκάστην: lexical item rendered here as “each”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἡμέραν: lexical item rendered here as “day”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
συμπαραλαμβάνοντεςbringing alongV1 · παπνπμ λαμβάνω + συν + παραparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceσυμπαραλαμβάνοντες: verbal form of λαμβάνω + συν + παρα, rendered here as “bringing along”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἅμα: lexical item rendered here as “together”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandD · καίindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationκαὶ: lexical item rendered here as “and”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
τρεῖςthreeA3 APF · τρεῖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionτρεῖς: lexical item rendered here as “three”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀδελφὰςsistersN1 APF · ἀδελφήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἀδελφὰς: lexical item rendered here as “sisters”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἐσθίεινto eatV1 PAN · ἐσθίωinfinitive complement expressing purpose, content, or resultant action→ purposeἐσθίειν: verbal form of ἐσθίω, rendered here as “to eat”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
πίνεινto drinkV1 PAN · πίνωinfinitive complement expressing purpose, content, or resultant action→ purposeπίνειν: verbal form of πίνω, rendered here as “to drink”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
μετ'withP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετ': preposition rendered here as “with”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
5
καὶ ὡς ἂν συνετελέσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ πότου ἀπέστελλεν Ιωβ καὶ ἐκαθάριζεν αὐτοὺς ἀνιστάμενος τὸ πρωὶ καὶ προσέφερεν περὶ αὐτῶν θυσίας κατὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν αὐτῶν καὶ μόσχον ἕνα περὶ ἁμαρτίας περὶ τῶν ψυχῶν αὐτῶν ἔλεγεν γὰρ Ιωβ μήποτε οἱ υἱοί μου ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ αὐτῶν κακὰ ἐνενόησαν πρὸς θεόν οὕτως οὖν ἐποίει Ιωβ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας
Whenever the days of the feast had run their course, Job would send for them and purify them; rising early in the morning, he would offer sacrifices for them according to their number, and one calf as a sin offering for their lives. For Job said, “Perhaps my sons have conceived evil thoughts in their minds toward God.” Thus Job would do every day.
Job’s regular purification and sacrifice show that his righteousness is not superficial; he fears even inward sin that has not yet become public.
Word-by-word analysis· 56 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ temporal linkὡς: connective or particle rendered here as “when”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἂνeverX · ἄνconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ linkageἂν: connective or particle rendered here as “ever”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
συνετελέσθησανwere completedVSI API3P · τελέω + συνmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventσυνετελέσθησαν: verbal form of τελέω + συν, rendered here as “were completed”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationαἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἡμέραιdaysN1A NPF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἡμέραι: lexical item rendered here as “days”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
πότουfeastN2 GSM · πότοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantπότου: lexical item rendered here as “feast”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀπέστελλενwould sendV1I IAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἀπέστελλεν: verbal form of στέλλω + ἀπο, rendered here as “would send”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ΙωβJobN NSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐκαθάριζενwould purifyV1I IAI3S · καθαρίζωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐκαθάριζεν: verbal form of καθαρίζω, rendered here as “would purify”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceαὐτοὺς: pronominal form rendered here as “them”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἀνιστάμενοςrisingV6 · πμπνσμ ἵστημι + ἀναparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἀνιστάμενος: verbal form of ἵστημι + ἀνα, rendered here as “rising”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
πρωὶearlyD · πρωί̈indeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationπρωὶ: lexical item rendered here as “early”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
προσέφερενwould offerV1I IAI3S · φέρω + προςmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventπροσέφερεν: verbal form of φέρω + προς, rendered here as “would offer”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
περὶforP · περίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπερὶ: preposition rendered here as “for”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
θυσίαςsacrificesN1A APF · θυσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantθυσίας: lexical item rendered here as “sacrifices”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
κατὰaccording to/againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationκατὰ: preposition rendered here as “according to/against”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀριθμὸνnumberN2 ASM · ἀριθμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἀριθμὸν: lexical item rendered here as “number”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
μόσχονcalfN2 ASM · μόσχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantμόσχον: lexical item rendered here as “calf”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἕναoneA3 ASM · εἷςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionἕνα: lexical item rendered here as “one”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
περὶforP · περίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπερὶ: preposition rendered here as “for”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἁμαρτίας: “sin”; in the sacrificial context it names the offense for which Job offers atoning worship on behalf of his children.
περὶforP · περίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπερὶ: preposition rendered here as “for”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ψυχῶνlivesN1 GPF · ψυχήgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantψυχῶν: lexical item rendered here as “lives”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἔλεγενwas sayingV1I IAI3S · λέγωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔλεγεν: verbal form of λέγω, rendered here as “was saying”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
γὰρforX · γάρconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ explanationγὰρ: connective or particle rendered here as “for”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ΙωβJobN NSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
μήποτεperhapsD · μήποτεindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationμήποτε: lexical item rendered here as “perhaps”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
υἱοίsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantυἱοί: lexical item rendered here as “sons”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantμου: lexical item rendered here as “my”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: preposition rendered here as “in”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διανοίᾳmindN1A DSF · διάνοιαdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantδιανοίᾳ: lexical item rendered here as “mind”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
κακὰevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionκακὰ: lexical item rendered here as “evil”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐνενόησανconceivedVAI AAI3P · νοέω + ἐνmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐνενόησαν: verbal form of νοέω + ἐν, rendered here as “conceived”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπρὸς: preposition rendered here as “to”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
θεόνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantθεόν: lexical item rendered here as “God”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationοὕτως: lexical item rendered here as “thus”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ inferenceοὖν: connective or particle rendered here as “therefore”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐποίειwould doV2I IAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐποίει: verbal form of ποιέω, rendered here as “would do”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ΙωβJobN NSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionπάσας: lexical item rendered here as “all”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἡμέραςdayN1A APF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἡμέρας: lexical item rendered here as “day”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
6
καὶ ὡς ἐγένετο ἡ ἡμέρα αὕτη καὶ ἰδοὺ ἦλθον οἱ ἄγγελοι τοῦ θεοῦ παραστῆναι ἐνώπιον τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ὁ διάβολος ἦλθεν μετ' αὐτῶν
And when this day came, behold, the angels of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and the slanderer came with them.
The narrative moves from domestic routine to the heavenly court, where the unseen cause of Job’s trial is disclosed to the reader.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ temporal linkὡς: connective or particle rendered here as “when”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐγένετοit happenedVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐγένετο: verbal form of γίγνομαι, rendered here as “it happened”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as “day”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceαὕτη: pronominal form rendered here as “this”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἰδοὺ: lexical item rendered here as “behold”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθον: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “came”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἄγγελοιangelsN2 NPM · ἄγγελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄγγελοι: lexical item rendered here as “angels”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
θεοῦof GodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantθεοῦ: lexical item rendered here as “of God”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
παραστῆναιto present themselvesVH AAN · ἵστημι + παραinfinitive complement expressing purpose, content, or resultant action→ purposeπαραστῆναι: verbal form of ἵστημι + παρα, rendered here as “to present themselves”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐνώπιον: preposition rendered here as “before”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantκυρίου: genitive form of κύριος, “of the Lord”; it marks divine ownership, presence, or evaluation throughout the chapter.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διάβολοςslandererN2 NSM · διάβολοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantδιάβολος: literally “slanderer” or “accuser”; in Job 1 the figure functions within the heavenly court as the adversarial tester of human piety.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθεν: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “come”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
μετ'withP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationμετ': preposition rendered here as “with”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
7
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ κύριος τῷ διαβόλῳ πόθεν παραγέγονας καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ διάβολος τῷ κυρίῳ εἶπεν περιελθὼν τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐμπεριπατήσας τὴν ὑπ' οὐρανὸν πάρειμι
And the Lord said to the slanderer, “From where have you come?” And the slanderer answered the Lord and said, “I have come from roaming the earth and walking about under heaven.”
The Lord initiates the exchange, and the slanderer presents himself as a roaming observer of the human world.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκύριος: “Lord”; throughout the prologue the divine name is voiced through this title, which frames both heavenly authority and Job’s confession of trust.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διαβόλῳto the slandererN2 DSM · διάβολοςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantδιαβόλῳ: lexical item rendered here as “to the slanderer”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πόθενfrom whereD · πόθενindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationπόθεν: lexical item rendered here as “from where”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
παραγέγοναςhave comeVM XMI2S · γίγνομαι + παραmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventπαραγέγονας: verbal form of γίγνομαι + παρα, rendered here as “have come”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringVC · αππνσμ κρίνω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἀποκριθεὶς: verbal form of κρίνω + ἀπο, rendered here as “answering”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διάβολοςslandererN2 NSM · διάβολοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantδιάβολος: literally “slanderer” or “accuser”; in Job 1 the figure functions within the heavenly court as the adversarial tester of human piety.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantκυρίῳ: lexical item rendered here as “Lord”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
περιελθὼνroamingVB · ααπνσμ ἔρχομαι + περιparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπεριελθὼν: verbal form of ἔρχομαι + περι, rendered here as “roaming”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantγῆν: lexical item rendered here as “earth”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐμπεριπατήσαςwalking aboutVA · ααπνσμ πατέω + ἐν + περιparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἐμπεριπατήσας: verbal form of πατέω + ἐν + περι, rendered here as “walking about”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ὑπ'underP · ὑπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationὑπ': preposition rendered here as “under”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantοὐρανὸν: lexical item rendered here as “heaven”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πάρειμιhave comeV9 PAI1S · εἰμί + παραmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventπάρειμι: verbal form of εἰμί + παρα, rendered here as “have come”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
8
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ κύριος προσέσχες τῇ διανοίᾳ σου κατὰ τοῦ παιδός μου Ιωβ ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατ' αὐτὸν τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἄνθρωπος ἄμεμπτος ἀληθινός θεοσεβής ἀπεχόμενος ἀπὸ παντὸς πονηροῦ πράγματος
And the Lord said to him, “Have you fixed your mind on my servant Job, that there is no man like him on the earth, blameless, genuine, God-fearing, keeping away from every evil thing?”
The Lord’s speech frames Job as his servant and repeats the key moral descriptors from the opening portrait.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered here as “to him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκύριος: “Lord”; throughout the prologue the divine name is voiced through this title, which frames both heavenly authority and Job’s confession of trust.
προσέσχεςfixed your mindVBI AAI2S · ἔχω + προςmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventπροσέσχες: verbal form of ἔχω + προς, rendered here as “fixed your mind”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διανοίᾳmindN1A DSF · διάνοιαdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantδιανοίᾳ: lexical item rendered here as “mind”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantσου: lexical item rendered here as “your”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
κατὰaccording to/againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationκατὰ: preposition rendered here as “according to/against”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
παιδόςservantN3D GSM · παῖςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantπαιδός: lexical item rendered here as “servant”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantμου: lexical item rendered here as “my”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ΙωβJobN GSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ groundὅτι: connective or particle rendered here as “because”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
οὐκnotD · οὐindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationοὐκ: lexical item rendered here as “not”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔστιν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “there is”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
κατ'according to/againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationκατ': preposition rendered here as “according to/against”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceαὐτὸν: pronominal form rendered here as “him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐπὶ: preposition rendered here as “upon”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantγῆς: lexical item rendered here as “earth”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as “man”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἄμεμπτοςblamelessA1B NSM · ἄμεμπτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἄμεμπτος: lexical item rendered here as “blameless”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀληθινόςgenuineA1 NSM · ἀληθινόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἀληθινός: lexical item rendered here as “genuine”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
θεοσεβήςGod-fearingA3H NSM · θεοσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionθεοσεβής: “God-fearing, reverent toward God”; the adjective is central to the chapter’s debate over whether Job’s piety is genuine or merely rewarded.
ἀπεχόμενοςkeeping awayV1 · πμπνσμ ἔχω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἀπεχόμενος: participial form meaning “keeping away from, abstaining from”; it presents Job’s righteousness as active moral refusal, not merely private sentiment.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἀπὸ: preposition rendered here as “from”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
παντὸςeveryA3 GSN · πᾶςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionπαντὸς: lexical item rendered here as “every”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πονηροῦevilA1A GSN · πονηρόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionπονηροῦ: lexical item rendered here as “evil”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πράγματοςthingN3M GSN · πρᾶγμαgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantπράγματος: lexical item rendered here as “thing”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
9
ἀπεκρίθη δὲ ὁ διάβολος καὶ εἶπεν ἐναντίον τοῦ κυρίου μὴ δωρεὰν σέβεται Ιωβ τὸν θεόν
But the slanderer answered and said before the Lord, “Does Job fear God for nothing?
The slanderer challenges not Job’s conduct but its motive, suggesting that reverence lasts only as long as reward does.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀπεκρίθηanswerVCI API3S · κρίνω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἀπεκρίθη: verbal form of κρίνω + ἀπο, rendered here as “answer”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
δὲbutX · δέconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ developmentδὲ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διάβολοςslandererN2 NSM · διάβολοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantδιάβολος: literally “slanderer” or “accuser”; in Job 1 the figure functions within the heavenly court as the adversarial tester of human piety.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐναντίον: preposition rendered here as “before”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantκυρίου: genitive form of κύριος, “of the Lord”; it marks divine ownership, presence, or evaluation throughout the chapter.
μὴnotD · μήindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationμὴ: lexical item rendered here as “not”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
δωρεὰνfor nothingN1A ASF · δωρεάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantδωρεὰν: lexical item rendered here as “for nothing”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σέβεταιfearsV1 PMI3S · σέβομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventσέβεται: verbal form of σέβομαι, rendered here as “fears”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ΙωβJobN NSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
θεόνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantθεόν: lexical item rendered here as “God”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
10
οὐ σὺ περιέφραξας τὰ ἔξω αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ ἔσω τῆς οἰκίας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ ἔξω πάντων τῶν ὄντων αὐτῷ κύκλῳ τὰ ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ εὐλόγησας καὶ τὰ κτήνη αὐτοῦ πολλὰ ἐποίησας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς
Have you not fenced in what is around him, the inside of his house, and everything that belongs to him on every side? You have blessed the works of his hands and made his livestock many upon the earth.
The accusation is argued from divine protection and blessing: Job’s piety, the slanderer says, is enclosed by advantage on every side.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
οὐnotD · οὐindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationοὐ: lexical item rendered here as “not”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σὺyouRP NS · σύnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantσὺ: lexical item rendered here as “you”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
περιέφραξαςfenced inVAI AAI2S · φράσσω + περιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventπεριέφραξας: verbal form of φράσσω + περι, rendered here as “fenced in”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἔξωoutsideD · ἔξωindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἔξω: lexical item rendered here as “outside”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἔσωinsideP · ἔσωprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἔσω: preposition rendered here as “inside”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantοἰκίας: lexical item rendered here as “house”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἔξωoutsideP · ἔξωprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἔξω: preposition rendered here as “outside”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionπάντων: lexical item rendered here as “all”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ὄντωνthingsV9 · παπγπμ εἰμίparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceὄντων: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “things”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered here as “to him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
κύκλῳall aroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantκύκλῳ: lexical item rendered here as “all around”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἔργαpossessionsN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἔργα: lexical item rendered here as “possessions”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantχειρῶν: lexical item rendered here as “hands”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
εὐλόγησαςblessedVA AAI2S · εὐλογέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεὐλόγησας: verbal form of εὐλογέω, rendered here as “blessed”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κτήνηlivestockN3E APN · κτῆνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκτήνη: lexical item rendered here as “livestock”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
πολλὰmanyA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionπολλὰ: lexical item rendered here as “many”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐποίησαςmadeVAI AAI2S · ποιέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐποίησας: verbal form of ποιέω, rendered here as “made”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐπὶ: preposition rendered here as “upon”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantγῆς: lexical item rendered here as “earth”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
11
ἀλλὰ ἀπόστειλον τὴν χεῖρά σου καὶ ἅψαι πάντων ὧν ἔχει εἰ μὴν εἰς πρόσωπόν σε εὐλογήσει
But stretch out your hand and touch everything that he has; surely he will renounce you to your face.”
The slanderer presses for a concrete test, predicting that touched possessions will expose a heart willing to repudiate God openly.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ contrastἀλλὰ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἀπόστειλονstretch outVA AAD2S · στέλλω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἀπόστειλον: verbal form of στέλλω + ἀπο, rendered here as “stretch out”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
χεῖράhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantχεῖρά: lexical item rendered here as “hand”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantσου: lexical item rendered here as “your”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἅψαιtouchVA AMD2S · ἅπτομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἅψαι: verbal form of ἅπτομαι, rendered here as “touch”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
πάντωνallA3 GPN · πᾶςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionπάντων: lexical item rendered here as “all”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ὧνwhichRR GPN · ὅςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceὧν: pronominal form rendered here as “which”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἔχειhasV1 PAI3S · ἔχωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔχει: verbal form of ἔχω, rendered here as “has”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
εἰifC · εἰconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ conditionεἰ: connective or particle rendered here as “if”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
μὴνsurelyX · μήνconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ emphasisμὴν: connective or particle rendered here as “surely”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationεἰς: preposition rendered here as “into”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
πρόσωπόνfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπρόσωπόν: lexical item rendered here as “face”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantσε: lexical item rendered here as “you”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
εὐλογήσειrenounceVF FAI3S · εὐλογέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεὐλογήσει: literally “will bless,” but in Job’s idiom the verb can be used euphemistically for open repudiation of God; the slanderer predicts exactly that outcome here.
12
τότε εἶπεν ὁ κύριος τῷ διαβόλῳ ἰδοὺ πάντα ὅσα ἔστιν αὐτῷ δίδωμι ἐν τῇ χειρί σου ἀλλὰ αὐτοῦ μὴ ἅψῃ καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ διάβολος παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου
Then the Lord said to the slanderer, “Behold, I give into your hand everything that he has; only do not touch him himself.” And the slanderer went out from the Lord.
The Lord grants limited authority over Job’s estate while preserving a boundary around Job’s own person.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
τότεthenD · τότεindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationτότε: lexical item rendered here as “then”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκύριος: “Lord”; throughout the prologue the divine name is voiced through this title, which frames both heavenly authority and Job’s confession of trust.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διαβόλῳto the slandererN2 DSM · διάβολοςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantδιαβόλῳ: lexical item rendered here as “to the slanderer”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἰδοὺ: lexical item rendered here as “behold”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πάνταallA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionπάντα: lexical item rendered here as “all”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ὅσαas many asA1 NPN · ὅσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionὅσα: lexical item rendered here as “as many as”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔστιν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “there is”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered here as “to him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
δίδωμιI giveV8 PAI1S · δίδωμιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventδίδωμι: verbal form of δίδωμι, rendered here as “I give”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: preposition rendered here as “in”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
χειρίhandN3 DSF · χείρdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantχειρί: lexical item rendered here as “hand”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantσου: lexical item rendered here as “your”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ contrastἀλλὰ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
μὴnotD · μήindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationμὴ: lexical item rendered here as “not”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἅψῃtouchVF FMI2S · ἅπτομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἅψῃ: verbal form of ἅπτομαι, rendered here as “touch”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐξῆλθεν: verbal form of ἔρχομαι + ἐκ, rendered here as “went out”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
διάβολοςslandererN2 NSM · διάβολοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantδιάβολος: literally “slanderer” or “accuser”; in Job 1 the figure functions within the heavenly court as the adversarial tester of human piety.
παρὰatP · παράprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπαρὰ: preposition rendered here as “at”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantκυρίου: genitive form of κύριος, “of the Lord”; it marks divine ownership, presence, or evaluation throughout the chapter.
13
καὶ ἦν ὡς ἡ ἡμέρα αὕτη οἱ υἱοὶ Ιωβ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες αὐτοῦ ἔπινον οἶνον ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτῶν τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου
Now it happened on this day that Job’s sons and daughters were drinking wine in the house of their elder brother.
The narrative returns to the feast-cycle on earth, placing Job’s children in the very setting already described in the chapter’s quiet opening.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦν: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ temporal linkὡς: connective or particle rendered here as “when”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as “day”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceαὕτη: pronominal form rendered here as “this”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantυἱοὶ: lexical item rendered here as “sons”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ΙωβJobN GSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationαἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantθυγατέρες: lexical item rendered here as “daughters”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἔπινονwere drinkingV1I IAI3P · πίνωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔπινον: verbal form of πίνω, rendered here as “were drinking”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantοἶνον: lexical item rendered here as “wine”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: preposition rendered here as “in”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῇ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
οἰκίᾳhouseN1A DSF · οἰκίαdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantοἰκίᾳ: lexical item rendered here as “house”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantἀδελφοῦ: lexical item rendered here as “brother”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
πρεσβυτέρουelderA1A GSM · πρεσβύτεροςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionπρεσβυτέρου: lexical item rendered here as “elder”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
14
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος ἦλθεν πρὸς Ιωβ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ τὰ ζεύγη τῶν βοῶν ἠροτρία καὶ αἱ θήλειαι ὄνοι ἐβόσκοντο ἐχόμεναι αὐτῶν
And behold, a messenger came to Job and said to him, “The yoke-teams of oxen were plowing, and the she-donkeys were grazing beside them,
The first messenger arrives abruptly, beginning the sequence of stacked disaster reports with loss in the fields.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἰδοὺ: lexical item rendered here as “behold”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἄγγελοςmessenger/angelN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄγγελος: lexical item rendered here as “messenger/angel”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθεν: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “come”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπρὸς: preposition rendered here as “to”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
ΙωβJobN ASM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered here as “to him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ζεύγηyoke-teamsN3E NPN · ζεῦγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantζεύγη: lexical item rendered here as “yoke-teams”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
βοῶνoxenN3 GPF · βοῦςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantβοῶν: lexical item rendered here as “oxen”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἠροτρίαwere plowingV3I IAI3S · ἀροτριάωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἠροτρία: verbal form of ἀροτριάω, rendered here as “were plowing”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationαἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
θήλειαιfemaleA3U NPF · θῆλυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionθήλειαι: lexical item rendered here as “female”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ὄνοιdonkeysN2 NPF · ὄνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὄνοι: lexical item rendered here as “donkeys”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐβόσκοντοwere grazingV1I IMI3P · βόσκωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐβόσκοντο: verbal form of βόσκω, rendered here as “were grazing”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐχόμεναιbesideV1 · πμπνπφ ἔχωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἐχόμεναι: verbal form of ἔχω, rendered here as “beside”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPF · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
15
καὶ ἐλθόντες οἱ αἰχμαλωτεύοντες ᾐχμαλώτευσαν αὐτὰς καὶ τοὺς παῖδας ἀπέκτειναν ἐν μαχαίραις σωθεὶς δὲ ἐγὼ μόνος ἦλθον τοῦ ἀπαγγεῖλαί σοι
when raiders came and carried them off captive, and they killed the servants with swords. I alone escaped to tell you.”
Raiders seize the animals, kill the servants, and leave the familiar refrain of a single survivor to carry the news.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐλθόντεςcomingVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαιparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἐλθόντες: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “coming”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
αἰχμαλωτεύοντεςraidersV1 · παπνπμ αἰχμαλωτεύωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceαἰχμαλωτεύοντες: verbal form of αἰχμαλωτεύω, rendered here as “raiders”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ᾐχμαλώτευσανtook captiveVAI AAI3P · αἰχμαλωτεύωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventᾐχμαλώτευσαν: verbal form of αἰχμαλωτεύω, rendered here as “took captive”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτὰςthemRD APF · αὐτόςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceαὐτὰς: pronominal form rendered here as “them”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοὺς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
παῖδαςservantsN3D APM · παῖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπαῖδας: lexical item rendered here as “servants”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀπέκτεινανkilledVAI AAI3P · κτείνω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἀπέκτειναν: verbal form of κτείνω + ἀπο, rendered here as “killed”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: preposition rendered here as “in”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
μαχαίραιςwith swordsN1A DPF · μάχαιραdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantμαχαίραις: lexical item rendered here as “with swords”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σωθεὶςescapingVC · αππνσμ σώζωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceσωθεὶς: verbal form of σώζω, rendered here as “escaping”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
δὲbutX · δέconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ developmentδὲ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἐγὼ: lexical item rendered here as “I”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionμόνος: lexical item rendered here as “alone”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI1S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθον: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “came”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀπαγγεῖλαίto tellVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποinfinitive complement expressing purpose, content, or resultant action→ purposeἀπαγγεῖλαί: verbal form of ἀγγέλλω + ἀπο, rendered here as “to tell”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantσοι: lexical item rendered here as “to you”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
16
ἔτι τούτου λαλοῦντος ἦλθεν ἕτερος ἄγγελος καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς Ιωβ πῦρ ἔπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέκαυσεν τὰ πρόβατα καὶ τοὺς ποιμένας κατέφαγεν ὁμοίως καὶ σωθεὶς ἐγὼ μόνος ἦλθον τοῦ ἀπαγγεῖλαί σοι
While that one was still speaking, another messenger came and said to Job, “Fire fell from heaven and burned up the sheep and the shepherds and consumed them; likewise I alone escaped to tell you.”
The second report overlaps the first, intensifying the tempo and adding a catastrophe described as fire from heaven.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἔτι: lexical item rendered here as “still”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τούτουthis oneRD GSM · οὗτοςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceτούτου: pronominal form rendered here as “this one”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
λαλοῦντοςspeakingV2 · παπγσμ λαλέωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceλαλοῦντος: verbal form of λαλέω, rendered here as “speaking”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθεν: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “come”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἕτεροςanotherA1A NSM · ἕτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἕτερος: lexical item rendered here as “another”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἄγγελοςmessenger/angelN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄγγελος: lexical item rendered here as “messenger/angel”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπρὸς: preposition rendered here as “to”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
ΙωβJobN ASM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπῦρ: lexical item rendered here as “fire”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἔπεσενfellVBI AAI3S · πίπτωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔπεσεν: verbal form of πίπτω, rendered here as “fell”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐκfromP · ἐκprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐκ: preposition rendered here as “from”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantοὐρανοῦ: lexical item rendered here as “heaven”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
κατέκαυσενburned upVAI AAI3S · καίω + καταmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventκατέκαυσεν: verbal form of καίω + κατα, rendered here as “burned up”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
πρόβαταsheepN2N APN · πρόβατονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπρόβατα: lexical item rendered here as “sheep”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοὺς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ποιμέναςshepherdsN3 APM · ποιμήνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantποιμένας: lexical item rendered here as “shepherds”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
κατέφαγενconsumedVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίω + καταmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventκατέφαγεν: verbal form of ἐσθίω + κατα, rendered here as “consumed”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁμοίωςlikewiseD · ὁμοίωςindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationὁμοίως: lexical item rendered here as “likewise”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
σωθεὶςescapingVC · αππνσμ σώζωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceσωθεὶς: verbal form of σώζω, rendered here as “escaping”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἐγὼ: lexical item rendered here as “I”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionμόνος: lexical item rendered here as “alone”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI1S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθον: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “came”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀπαγγεῖλαίto tellVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποinfinitive complement expressing purpose, content, or resultant action→ purposeἀπαγγεῖλαί: verbal form of ἀγγέλλω + ἀπο, rendered here as “to tell”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantσοι: lexical item rendered here as “to you”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
17
ἔτι τούτου λαλοῦντος ἦλθεν ἕτερος ἄγγελος καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς Ιωβ οἱ ἱππεῖς ἐποίησαν ἡμῖν κεφαλὰς τρεῖς καὶ ἐκύκλωσαν τὰς καμήλους καὶ ᾐχμαλώτευσαν αὐτὰς καὶ τοὺς παῖδας ἀπέκτειναν ἐν μαχαίραις ἐσώθην δὲ ἐγὼ μόνος καὶ ἦλθον τοῦ ἀπαγγεῖλαί σοι
While that one was still speaking, another messenger came and said to Job, “The horsemen made three bands against us and encircled the camels and carried them off captive, and they killed the servants with swords. I alone escaped and came to tell you.”
A third messenger adds coordinated human violence, showing that Job’s losses are total across different kinds of property.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἔτι: lexical item rendered here as “still”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τούτουthis oneRD GSM · οὗτοςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceτούτου: pronominal form rendered here as “this one”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
λαλοῦντοςspeakingV2 · παπγσμ λαλέωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceλαλοῦντος: verbal form of λαλέω, rendered here as “speaking”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθεν: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “come”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἕτεροςanotherA1A NSM · ἕτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionἕτερος: lexical item rendered here as “another”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἄγγελοςmessenger/angelN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄγγελος: lexical item rendered here as “messenger/angel”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπρὸς: preposition rendered here as “to”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
ΙωβJobN ASM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationοἱ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἱππεῖςhorsemenN3V NPM · ἱππεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἱππεῖς: lexical item rendered here as “horsemen”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐποίησανmadeVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐποίησαν: verbal form of ποιέω, rendered here as “made”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἡμῖνusRP DP · ἐγώdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantἡμῖν: lexical item rendered here as “us”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
κεφαλὰςbandsN1 APF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκεφαλὰς: lexical item rendered here as “bands”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τρεῖςthreeA3 APF · τρεῖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionτρεῖς: lexical item rendered here as “three”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐκύκλωσανencircledVAI AAI3P · κυκλόωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐκύκλωσαν: verbal form of κυκλόω, rendered here as “encircled”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
καμήλουςcamelsN2 APF · κάμηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκαμήλους: lexical item rendered here as “camels”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ᾐχμαλώτευσανtook captiveVAI AAI3P · αἰχμαλωτεύωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventᾐχμαλώτευσαν: verbal form of αἰχμαλωτεύω, rendered here as “took captive”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτὰςthemRD APF · αὐτόςaccusative pronominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ referenceαὐτὰς: pronominal form rendered here as “them”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοὺς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
παῖδαςservantsN3D APM · παῖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπαῖδας: lexical item rendered here as “servants”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀπέκτεινανkilledVAI AAI3P · κτείνω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἀπέκτειναν: verbal form of κτείνω + ἀπο, rendered here as “killed”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: preposition rendered here as “in”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
μαχαίραιςwith swordsN1A DPF · μάχαιραdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantμαχαίραις: lexical item rendered here as “with swords”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐσώθηνI escapedVSI API1S · σώζωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐσώθην: verbal form of σώζω, rendered here as “I escaped”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
δὲbutX · δέconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ developmentδὲ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἐγὼ: lexical item rendered here as “I”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionμόνος: lexical item rendered here as “alone”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI1S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθον: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “came”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀπαγγεῖλαίto tellVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποinfinitive complement expressing purpose, content, or resultant action→ purposeἀπαγγεῖλαί: verbal form of ἀγγέλλω + ἀπο, rendered here as “to tell”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantσοι: lexical item rendered here as “to you”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
18
ἔτι τούτου λαλοῦντος ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἔρχεται λέγων τῷ Ιωβ τῶν υἱῶν σου καὶ τῶν θυγατέρων σου ἐσθιόντων καὶ πινόντων παρὰ τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτῶν τῷ πρεσβυτέρῳ
While that one was still speaking, another messenger came, saying to Job, “Your sons and your daughters were eating and drinking at the house of their elder brother,
The fourth messenger begins with the children’s feast, signaling that the final blow will strike the most intimate part of Job’s life.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἔτι: lexical item rendered here as “still”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τούτουthis oneRD GSM · οὗτοςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceτούτου: pronominal form rendered here as “this one”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
λαλοῦντοςspeakingV2 · παπγσμ λαλέωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceλαλοῦντος: verbal form of λαλέω, rendered here as “speaking”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἄλλοςanotherRD NSM · ἄλλοςnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceἄλλος: pronominal form rendered here as “another”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
ἄγγελοςmessenger/angelN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἄγγελος: lexical item rendered here as “messenger/angel”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἔρχεταιcomesV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔρχεται: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “comes”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceλέγων: verbal form of λέγω, rendered here as “saying”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ΙωβJobN DSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantυἱῶν: lexical item rendered here as “sons”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantσου: lexical item rendered here as “your”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
θυγατέρωνdaughtersN3 GPF · θυγάτηρgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantθυγατέρων: lexical item rendered here as “daughters”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantσου: lexical item rendered here as “your”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐσθιόντωνeatingV1 · παπγπμ ἐσθίωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἐσθιόντων: verbal form of ἐσθίω, rendered here as “eating”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
πινόντωνdrinkingV1 · παπγπμ πίνωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπινόντων: verbal form of πίνω, rendered here as “drinking”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
παρὰatP · παράprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationπαρὰ: preposition rendered here as “at”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀδελφῷbrotherN2 DSM · ἀδελφόςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantἀδελφῷ: lexical item rendered here as “brother”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτῶν: pronominal form rendered here as “their”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
πρεσβυτέρῳelderA1A DSM · πρεσβύτεροςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ descriptionπρεσβυτέρῳ: lexical item rendered here as “elder”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
19
ἐξαίφνης πνεῦμα μέγα ἐπῆλθεν ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου καὶ ἥψατο τῶν τεσσάρων γωνιῶν τῆς οἰκίας καὶ ἔπεσεν ἡ οἰκία ἐπὶ τὰ παιδία σου καὶ ἐτελεύτησαν ἐσώθην δὲ ἐγὼ μόνος καὶ ἦλθον τοῦ ἀπαγγεῖλαί σοι
when suddenly a great wind came from the wilderness and struck the four corners of the house, and the house fell upon your children, and they died. I alone escaped and came to tell you.”
Wind from the wilderness collapses the house and turns the pattern of economic loss into familial devastation.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐξαίφνηςsuddenlyD · ἐξαίφνηςindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἐξαίφνης: lexical item rendered here as “suddenly”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
πνεῦμαwindN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantπνεῦμα: lexical item rendered here as “wind”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μέγαgreatA1P NSN · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionμέγα: lexical item rendered here as “great”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐπῆλθενcame uponVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐπῆλθεν: verbal form of ἔρχομαι + ἐπι, rendered here as “came upon”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐκfromP · ἐκprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐκ: preposition rendered here as “from”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantἐρήμου: lexical item rendered here as “wilderness”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἥψατοstruckVAI AMI3S · ἅπτομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἥψατο: verbal form of ἅπτομαι, rendered here as “struck”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῶν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
τεσσάρωνfourA3 GPF · τέσσαρεςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ descriptionτεσσάρων: lexical item rendered here as “four”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
γωνιῶνcornersN1A GPF · γωνίαgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantγωνιῶν: lexical item rendered here as “corners”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantοἰκίας: lexical item rendered here as “house”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἔπεσενfellVBI AAI3S · πίπτωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔπεσεν: verbal form of πίπτω, rendered here as “fell”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationἡ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
οἰκίαhouseN1A NSF · οἰκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantοἰκία: lexical item rendered here as “house”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐπὶ: preposition rendered here as “upon”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
παιδίαchildrenN2N APN · παιδίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantπαιδία: lexical item rendered here as “children”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantσου: lexical item rendered here as “your”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐτελεύτησανdiedVAI AAI3P · τελευτάωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐτελεύτησαν: verbal form of τελευτάω, rendered here as “died”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐσώθηνI escapedVSI API1S · σώζωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐσώθην: verbal form of σώζω, rendered here as “I escaped”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
δὲbutX · δέconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ developmentδὲ: connective or particle rendered here as “but”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantἐγὼ: lexical item rendered here as “I”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionμόνος: lexical item rendered here as “alone”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI1S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἦλθον: verbal form of ἔρχομαι, rendered here as “came”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἀπαγγεῖλαίto tellVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποinfinitive complement expressing purpose, content, or resultant action→ purposeἀπαγγεῖλαί: verbal form of ἀγγέλλω + ἀπο, rendered here as “to tell”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
σοιto youRP DS · σύdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantσοι: lexical item rendered here as “to you”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
20
οὕτως ἀναστὰς Ιωβ διέρρηξεν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκείρατο τὴν κόμην τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ πεσὼν χαμαὶ προσεκύνησεν καὶ εἶπεν
Then Job arose, tore his garments, shaved the hair of his head, and falling to the ground worshiped
Job answers catastrophe with visible mourning, yet his grief immediately bends toward worship rather than accusation.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationοὕτως: lexical item rendered here as “thus”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἀναστὰςarisingVH · ααπνσμ ἵστημι + ἀναparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceἀναστὰς: verbal form of ἵστημι + ἀνα, rendered here as “arising”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ΙωβJobN NSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
διέρρηξενtoreVAI AAI3S · ῥήγνυμι + διαmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventδιέρρηξεν: verbal form of ῥήγνυμι + δια, rendered here as “tore”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὰ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἱμάτια: lexical item rendered here as “garments”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐκείρατοshavedVAI AMI3S · κείρωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐκείρατο: verbal form of κείρω, rendered here as “shaved”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὴν: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κόμηνhairN1 ASF · κόμηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantκόμην: lexical item rendered here as “hair”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῆς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantκεφαλῆς: lexical item rendered here as “head”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronominal element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ referenceαὐτοῦ: pronominal form rendered here as “his”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
πεσὼνfallingVB · ααπνσμ πίπτωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceπεσὼν: verbal form of πίπτω, rendered here as “falling”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
χαμαὶto the groundD · χαμαίindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationχαμαὶ: lexical item rendered here as “to the ground”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
προσεκύνησενworshipedVAI AAI3S · κυνέω + προςmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventπροσεκύνησεν: verbal form of κυνέω + προς, rendered here as “worshiped”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἶπεν: verbal form of εἶπον, rendered here as “said”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
21
αὐτὸς γυμνὸς ἐξῆλθον ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου γυμνὸς καὶ ἀπελεύσομαι ἐκεῖ ὁ κύριος ἔδωκεν ὁ κύριος ἀφείλατο ὡς τῷ κυρίῳ ἔδοξεν οὕτως καὶ ἐγένετο εἴη τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου εὐλογημένον
and said, “Naked I came out from my mother’s womb, and naked I shall depart there. The Lord gave; the Lord has taken away. As it seemed good to the Lord, so also it came to pass. May the name of the Lord be blessed.”
Job interprets loss within the Lord’s sovereign freedom to give and take, and he blesses the divine name instead of cursing it.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
αὐτὸςhimselfRD NSM · αὐτόςnominative pronominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ referenceαὐτὸς: pronominal form rendered here as “himself”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
γυμνὸςnakedA1 NSM · γυμνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionγυμνὸς: lexical item rendered here as “naked”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἐξῆλθονcame outVBI AAI1S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐξῆλθον: verbal form of ἔρχομαι + ἐκ, rendered here as “came out”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐκfromP · ἐκprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐκ: preposition rendered here as “from”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
κοιλίαςwombN1A GSF · κοιλίαgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantκοιλίας: lexical item rendered here as “womb”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μητρόςmotherN3 GSF · μήτηρgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantμητρός: lexical item rendered here as “mother”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantμου: lexical item rendered here as “my”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
γυμνὸςnakedA1 NSM · γυμνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ descriptionγυμνὸς: lexical item rendered here as “naked”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἀπελεύσομαιshall departVF FMI1S · ἔρχομαι + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἀπελεύσομαι: verbal form of ἔρχομαι + ἀπο, rendered here as “shall depart”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationἐκεῖ: lexical item rendered here as “there”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκύριος: “Lord”; throughout the prologue the divine name is voiced through this title, which frames both heavenly authority and Job’s confession of trust.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔδωκεν: verbal form of δίδωμι, rendered here as “gave”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationὁ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantκύριος: “Lord”; throughout the prologue the divine name is voiced through this title, which frames both heavenly authority and Job’s confession of trust.
ἀφείλατοtook awayVBI AMI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἀφείλατο: verbal form of αἱρέω + ἀπο, rendered here as “took away”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ὡςwhenC · ὡςconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ temporal linkὡς: connective or particle rendered here as “when”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κυρίῳLordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantκυρίῳ: lexical item rendered here as “Lord”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἔδοξενseemed goodVAI AAI3S · δοκέωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔδοξεν: verbal form of δοκέω, rendered here as “seemed good”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationοὕτως: lexical item rendered here as “thus”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
ἐγένετοit happenedVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἐγένετο: verbal form of γίγνομαι, rendered here as “it happened”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
εἴηmay it beV9 PAO3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventεἴη: verbal form of εἰμί, rendered here as “may it be”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτὸ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participantὄνομα: lexical item rendered here as “name”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantκυρίου: genitive form of κύριος, “of the Lord”; it marks divine ownership, presence, or evaluation throughout the chapter.
εὐλογημένονblessedVM · χμπνσν εὐλογέωparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceεὐλογημένον: passive form of εὐλογέω, “blessed”; Job turns the vocabulary of blessing back toward praise of the Lord even in loss.
22
ἐν τούτοις πᾶσιν τοῖς συμβεβηκόσιν αὐτῷ οὐδὲν ἥμαρτεν Ιωβ ἐναντίον τοῦ κυρίου καὶ οὐκ ἔδωκεν ἀφροσύνην τῷ θεῷ
In all these things that happened to him, Job did not sin at all before the Lord, and he did not attribute folly to God.
The narrator seals the episode by certifying that Job neither sins nor attributes moral perversity to God.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐν: preposition rendered here as “in”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τούτοιςthese thingsRD DPN · οὗτοςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceτούτοις: pronominal form rendered here as “these things”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
πᾶσινallA3 DPN · πᾶςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ descriptionπᾶσιν: lexical item rendered here as “all”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῖς: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
συμβεβηκόσινhaving happenedVX · χαπδπν βαίνω + συνparticipial verbal form supplementing the clause with attendant circumstance or description→ circumstanceσυμβεβηκόσιν: verbal form of βαίνω + συν, rendered here as “having happened”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronominal element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ referenceαὐτῷ: pronominal form rendered here as “to him”; it tracks reference within the clause and ties the sentence back to its participants.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ descriptionοὐδὲν: lexical item rendered here as “nothing”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἥμαρτενsinnedVBI AAI3S · ἁμαρτάνωmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἥμαρτεν: verbal form of ἁμαρτάνω, rendered here as “sinned”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ΙωβJobN NSM · Ιωβproper name identifying a key figure or place in the narrative→ identificationΙωβ: Job, the blameless protagonist whose tested integrity structures the entire chapter.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονprepositional element governing its complement and marking relation→ relationἐναντίον: preposition rendered here as “before”; it marks the spatial, relational, or rhetorical connection of its phrase in Job 1.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτοῦ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive element marking relation, possession, source, or description→ participantκυρίου: genitive form of κύριος, “of the Lord”; it marks divine ownership, presence, or evaluation throughout the chapter.
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the clause to the surrounding discourse→ additionκαὶ: connective or particle rendered here as “and”; it helps pace the chapter’s movement, contrast, or emphasis.
οὐκnotD · οὐindeclinable element functioning within the clause or phrase→ identificationοὐκ: lexical item rendered here as “not”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal element carrying the clause’s action or state→ eventἔδωκεν: verbal form of δίδωμι, rendered here as “gave”; it carries the chapter’s action, report, or response at this point in the scene.
ἀφροσύνηνfollyN1 ASF · ἀφροσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ participantἀφροσύνην: lexical item rendered here as “folly”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle or determiner marking the noun phrase→ determinationτῷ: form of the Greek article, rendered here as “the”; it marks the following noun phrase as definite or otherwise bounded in context.
θεῷto GodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or recipient→ participantθεῷ: lexical item rendered here as “to God”; in this verse it supplies a concrete participant, quality, or object within Job 1’s narrative world.